RU2414116C1 - Method of corn cultivation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture. Method includes preparation of soil, sowing with alternation of corn strips with bare fallow strips in a single field, preemergence harrowing, cultivation of space between rows and fallow and growing plants. At that corn strips are arranged with width of 4.2-5.6 m, and bare fallow strips are 1.5-2.5 m wide. Preemergence harrowing is carried out at least twice along site diagonal lines, postemergence cultivation of space between rows is carried out at least three times, and bare fellow strips are cultivated at least five times for depth of 4-6 cm. As corn grows, width of fallow strips is reduced by value of growth of root system of plants that are extreme in corn strip.

EFFECT: method makes it possible to reduce losses of moisture, nitrogen and carbonic acid and to use them to improve corn crop capacity.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of cultivating corn, and can be used to obtain high yields while maintaining soil fertility.

A known method of artificially extracting nutrients for plants from the deep layers of the soil (Mendeleev DI, Works XVI, ed. USSR Academy of Sciences, L.-M., 1951 - S. 61, 82-83, 197, 455).

The disadvantages of this method are too high costs of extraction, cleaning from ballast, bringing to a higher concentration the elements needed by plants, their transportation, storage, preparation and application when fertilizing in the soil - through the roots or when spraying through the leaves.

There is also known a method of natural use of available nutrients by plants, including cultivated plants with deeply penetrating roots, such as alfalfa, cotton, sunflower, lupine, and others, which, in addition to the large mass of left root residues, have another, no less valuable effect on soil fertility. It consists in the fact that strong rod roots of plants penetrate the dense subsurface layers, making large passages in them. When they die off, such roots leave tubes filled with loose organic matter. In addition to all the above, the roots drain the soil to a great depth, which helps the growth of subsequent crops. The roots of these crops do another important job. They from the deep layers of the soil supply not only water, but also a significant amount of mineral salts. A lot of carbon dioxide accumulates in deep subsurface layers, which, when dissolved, forms carbonic acid H ₂ CO ₃ , which in turn dissolves minerals. In this case, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and other elements pass into the solution. The roots of plants raise dissolved salts, and after dying, a significant part of them is deposited in the arable layer of soil (Stankov N.Z., Root system of plants. - M.: Knowledge 1969. - p.60).

However, this publication only describes the mechanism of the natural course of processes in the soil using the plant root system, and how to achieve this artificially is not shown.

The closest in technical essence is the method of cultivating corn, including soil preparation, sowing and growing plants with alternating in one field strips of corn with strips of pure steam (a.s. SU USSR No. 1724049).

The disadvantage of this method is that during its development and implementation other tasks were set - the prevention of soil erosion, and the observed side effects were not taken into account when determining the technological parameters.

The problem solved by the present invention is to minimize the loss of moisture, nitrogen and carbon dioxide and use them to increase the yield of corn.

The solution to this problem is achieved by the fact that in the method of cultivating corn, including soil preparation, sowing, alternating in one field strips of corn with strips of pure steam, pre-emergence harrowing, cultivation of row-spacing and steam and growing plants, strips of corn are laid in width 4.2-5 , 6 m, strips of pure steam 1.5-2.5 m, while pre-emergence harrowing is carried out at least two times along the diagonals of the site, post-emergence cultivation of row-spacings is carried out at least three times, and strips of steam at least five times, to a depth of 4- 6 cm, with measures growth corn width steam strips reduce the amount of increase of the root system of corn plants in the outer band.

When using a rational sowing structure with a strip of corn of 4.2-5.6 m, with alternating strips of pure steam with a width of 1.5-2.5 m, rows must be arranged from north to south, which makes each plant more fully utilized in the morning and evening weak sunshine from the appearance of seedlings to the end of the entire growing season. When the sowing rows are directed from east to west, each plant at noon is under too intense overheating of the leaves, which sharply reduces or completely stops photosynthesis, the leaves turn yellow and die.

Care of the strips of corn and steam is carried out mainly as with conventional sowing, with the main thing being timely and high-quality harrowing, carried out after sowing before emergence. During harrowing, oxygen supply to the soil for plant respiration increases, at the same time moisture, nitrogen and carbon dioxide come out of the soil into the atmosphere, which moves in calm weather from a higher concentration to less turbulent air flows into the strip with plants, where it is absorbed through leaves, especially on heavy clay soils. In such conditions, pre-emergence harrowing must be carried out simultaneously with strips of pure steam, at least 2-3 times along the diagonals relative to the seed rows. The first harrowing is carried out from the northern left corner to the southern right, the second harrowing from the northern right corner to the southern left corner, the third harrowing is across the seed rows.

Loosening of row-spacings and steam strips is carried out in order to prevent soil drying to the same depth of not more than 4-6 cm. Before loosening row-spacings and steam strips, the height and horizontal distance of the roots from the stem horizontally to the side of the steam strips are determined each time in the tallest plants and row-spacing, so as not to trim them, while reducing the width of the loosening strip of pure steam. Cultivating row-spacings is carried out 3-4 times, strips of pure steam - 5-7 times.

Example 1. On one field of crop rotation after a mixture of grasses in the zone of the Kulundinskaya steppe, tests of the proposed method were carried out. With the SZS-2.1 seeder in four replicates, the usual sowing (control), 6 rows with a row-spacing of 0.7 m sowing strip width in one pass of 4.2 m were sown according to the first option; according to the second option - sowing with the same seeders in the machine with leaving unseeded strips for fallowing with a constant width of 1.5 m. The strip with steam was 5.7 m.

Example 2. On one field of crop rotation after spring wheat in OJSC SPK "Rassvet", located in the Piedmont zone, the tests of the proposed method were carried out. For this, in four replicates, according to the first option, the usual sowing (control), 8 rows with a row-spacing of 0.7 m wide strip per run of 5.6 m; according to the second option - sowing with the same seeder with leaving unseeded strips for fallowing with a constant width of 2.5 m. The sowing strip with the steam was 8.1 m wide.

The proposed method increased the cost per unit area for the care of plants and clean steam, but increased the productivity and soil fertility during fallow, provided an increase in the yield of corn on a given area by 56-73%, on crop rotation by 21-23%. The results of comparative tests are shown in the table.

Table Options Productivity, t / ha Feed units, kg / ha Nitrogen removal (N), kg / ha The removal of phosphorus (P ₂ O ₅ ), kg / ha The removal of potassium (K ₂ O), kg / ha Absorbed carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ), t / ha Assimilated solar energy, kJ / m ² / hour Kulundinskaya zone Conventional sowing 202 50,5 50,5 30.3 101 25,2 16,0 Alternating stripes of steam 315 78.7 78.7 47.2 157 39.3 25.0 Priobsky zone Conventional sowing one hundred 25 25 fifteen fifty 12.5 16,0 Alternating stripes of steam 200 fifty fifty thirty one hundred 25.0 32 Foothill zone Conventional sowing 260 52 65.0 39.0 130 26.0 16,0 Alternating stripes of steam 450 90 112.5 67.5 225 45.0 27.5

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating corn, including preparing the soil, sowing alternating strips of corn with strips of pure steam in one field, pre-emergence harrowing, cultivating row-spacing and steam and growing plants, characterized in that the strips of corn are laid in the width of 4.2-5.6 m, strips pure steam 1.5-2.5 m, while pre-emergence harrowing is carried out at least two times along the diagonals of the site, post-emergence cultivation of row-spacings is carried out at least three times, and steam strips at least five times to a depth of 4-6 cm, while as corn grows steam wide bands are reduced by the magnitude of the increase in the root system of the extreme in the strip of corn plants.