RU2016111763A - Электрод алюминиевого электролизера (варианты) - Google Patents
Электрод алюминиевого электролизера (варианты) Download PDFInfo
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- RU2016111763A RU2016111763A RU2016111763A RU2016111763A RU2016111763A RU 2016111763 A RU2016111763 A RU 2016111763A RU 2016111763 A RU2016111763 A RU 2016111763A RU 2016111763 A RU2016111763 A RU 2016111763A RU 2016111763 A RU2016111763 A RU 2016111763A
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- electrode
- composite material
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims 17
- 239000011214 refractory ceramic Substances 0.000 claims 15
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims 10
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims 9
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims 4
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 claims 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 4
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims 4
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 4
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 229910052580 B4C Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron carbide Chemical compound B12B3B4C32B41 INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
- C25C3/12—Anodes
- C25C3/125—Anodes based on carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/002—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature
- B22F7/004—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of porous nature comprising at least one non-porous part
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- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/008—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression characterised by the composition
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- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/08—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools with one or more parts not made from powder
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- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
- C04B41/51—Metallising, e.g. infiltration of sintered ceramic preforms with molten metal
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- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
- C04B41/81—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/85—Coating or impregnation with inorganic materials
- C04B41/88—Metals
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/047—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy comprising intermetallic compounds
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- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
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- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/07—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on cobalt
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- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
- C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
- C22C32/0052—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only carbides
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- C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
- C22C32/0052—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only carbides
- C22C32/0057—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only carbides based on B4C
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- C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
- C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
- C22C32/0073—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only borides
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
- C23C28/042—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material including a refractory ceramic layer, e.g. refractory metal oxides, ZrO2, rare earth oxides
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
- C23C28/048—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material with layers graded in composition or physical properties
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- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
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- C25B11/043—Carbon, e.g. diamond or graphene
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- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
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- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
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- C25C3/08—Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
- C25C3/12—Anodes
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Claims (20)
1. Электрод электролизера для электролитического получения алюминия из оксида алюминия, растворенного в расплавленном электролите, включающий основу электрода и нанесенное на основу поверхностное покрытие, выполненное на основе тугоплавкой керамики или выполненное из тугоплавкой керамики, отличающийся тем, что основа электрода выполнена из композиционного материала с содержанием от 5 до 90 мас. % тугоплавкой керамики и с содержанием, по меньшей мере, одного металла с температурой плавления выше 1000°C, образующего при взаимодействии с алюминием тугоплавкие интерметаллиды, и/или с содержанием, по меньшей мере, одного сплава такого металла.
2. Электрод по п. 1, отличающийся тем, что в качестве металла с температурой плавления выше 1000°C в составе композиционного материала использован, по меньшей мере, один из следующих металлов: железо, никель, марганец, титан, тантал, цирконий, хром, ниобий, кобальт, ванадий и/или, по меньшей мере, один его сплав.
3. Электрод по п. 1, отличающийся тем, что в качестве тугоплавкой керамики в композиционном материале основы электрода и в композиционном материале поверхностного покрытия использованы бориды и карбиды титана, циркония, ниобия, тантала, вольфрама, молибдена, карбиды бора и/или их смеси.
4. Электрод по п. 3, отличающийся тем, что в композиционном материале основы электрода бориды и карбиды образованы в процессе изготовления электрода путем добавления бора и углерода в металл и/или сплав, входящие в состав композиционного материала.
5. Электрод по п. 3, отличающийся тем, что в композиционном материале тугоплавкая керамика равномерно распределена по всему объему материала в виде частиц размером 1-1000 мкм.
6. Электрод по п. 1, отличающийся тем, что в качестве поверхностного покрытия на основу электрода нанесен композиционный материал с содержанием тугоплавкой керамики более 90 мас. %.
7. Электрод по п. 1, отличающийся тем, что поверхность основы электрода из композиционного материала, расположенная под поверхностным покрытием из тугоплавкой керамики, насыщена углеродом.
8. Электрод по п. 1, отличающийся тем, что он представляет собой катод или катодную часть биполярного электрода.
9. Электрод электролизера для электролитического получения алюминия из оксида алюминия, растворенного в расплавленном электролите, включающий основу электрода и нанесенное на основу поверхностное покрытие, выполненное на основе тугоплавкой керамики или выполненное из тугоплавкой керамики, отличающийся тем, что основа электрода выполнена из стали или металлического сплава с нанесенным на поверхность основы электрода промежуточным слоем из композиционного материала с содержанием от 5 до 90 мас. % тугоплавкой керамики и с содержанием, по меньшей мере, одного металла с температурой плавления выше 1000°C, образующего при взаимодействии с алюминием тугоплавкие интерметаллиды, и/или с содержанием, по меньшей мере, одного сплава такого металла.
10. Электрод по п. 9, отличающийся тем, что в качестве материала основы из металлического сплава использована конструкционная углеродистая сталь.
11. Электрод по п. 10, отличающийся тем, что в качестве материала основы использованы жаропрочная и жаростойкая сталь или жаропрочный и жаростойкий металлический сплав.
12. Электрод по п. 9, отличающийся тем, что в качестве металла с температурой плавления выше 1000°C в составе композиционного материала использован, по меньшей мере, один из следующих металлов: железо, никель, марганец, титан, тантал, цирконий, хром, ниобий, кобальт, ванадий и/или, по меньшей мере, один его сплав.
13. Электрод по п. 9, отличающийся тем, что в качестве тугоплавкой керамики в составе композиционного материала использованы бориды и карбиды титана, циркония, ниобия, тантала, вольфрама, молибдена, карбиды бора и/или их смеси.
14. Электрод по п. 13, отличающийся тем, что бориды и карбиды в композиционном материале основы электрода образованы в процессе изготовления электрода путем добавления бора и углерода в металл или сплав, входящие в состав композиционного материала.
15. Электрод п. 13, отличающийся тем, что тугоплавкая керамика в композиционном материале находится в виде частиц с размером 1-1000 мкм, при этом частицы равномерно распределены по объему материала.
16. Электрод по п. 9, отличающийся тем, что промежуточный слой выполнен из композиционного материала, в котором содержание тугоплавкой керамики увеличено по толщине слоя от основы электрода к поверхностному покрытию от 5 до 90 мас. % вблизи поверхности основы до величины более 90% вблизи поверхностного покрытия.
17. Электрод по п. 9, отличающийся тем, что на поверхность основы электрода, покрытую промежуточным слоем из композиционного материала с содержанием керамики от 5 до 90 мас. % нанесен дополнительный слой с содержанием керамики более 90 мас. %.
18. Электрод по п. 9, отличающийся тем, что суммарная толщина промежуточного слоя и поверхностного покрытия составляет 0,5-10 мм.
19. Электрод по п. 9 или 17, отличающийся тем, что под смачиваемым алюминием поверхностным покрытием на основе тугоплавкой керамики или из тугоплавкой керамики расположена насыщенная углеродом поверхность промежуточного слоя или дополнительного слоя.
20. Электрод по п. 9, отличающийся тем, что он представляет собой катод или катодную часть биполярного электрода.
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CN113860916B (zh) * | 2021-09-14 | 2022-10-14 | 内蒙古科技大学 | 耐侵蚀碳化铌钛涂层、耐侵蚀碳化硅容器及其制备方法和应用 |
CN115947602B (zh) * | 2022-10-10 | 2023-11-07 | 中南大学 | 一种ZrB2基金属陶瓷惰性阳极及其制备方法和应用 |
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RU2660448C2 (ru) | 2018-07-06 |
CA2983583C (en) | 2019-09-17 |
EP3348676A1 (en) | 2018-07-18 |
CA2983583A1 (en) | 2016-10-27 |
US11339490B2 (en) | 2022-05-24 |
WO2016171580A1 (ru) | 2016-10-27 |
US20180038004A1 (en) | 2018-02-08 |
EP3348676A4 (en) | 2021-04-07 |
EP3348676B1 (en) | 2024-06-05 |
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BR112017016120A2 (pt) | 2018-03-27 |
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