KR950002561A - 멀티플로우형의 열교환기 - Google Patents
멀티플로우형의 열교환기 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR950002561A KR950002561A KR1019940026275A KR19940026275A KR950002561A KR 950002561 A KR950002561 A KR 950002561A KR 1019940026275 A KR1019940026275 A KR 1019940026275A KR 19940026275 A KR19940026275 A KR 19940026275A KR 950002561 A KR950002561 A KR 950002561A
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- flat
- heat exchanger
- tube
- flat tubes
- multiflow
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
- F28F1/022—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular with multiple channels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/001—Casings in the form of plate-like arrangements; Frames enclosing a heat exchange core
- F28F9/002—Casings in the form of plate-like arrangements; Frames enclosing a heat exchange core with fastening means for other structures
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/03—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits
- F28D1/0308—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits the conduits being formed by paired plates touching each other
- F28D1/0316—Assemblies of conduits in parallel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/03—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits
- F28D1/0391—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with plate-like or laminated conduits a single plate being bent to form one or more conduits
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
- F28D1/0408—Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids
- F28D1/0426—Multi-circuit heat exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat exchangers for more than two fluids with units having particular arrangement relative to the large body of fluid, e.g. with interleaved units or with adjacent heat exchange units in common air flow or with units extending at an angle to each other or with units arranged around a central element
- F28D1/0435—Combination of units extending one behind the other
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
- F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
- F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
- F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
- F28D1/05391—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators with multiple rows of conduits or with multi-channel conduits combined with a particular flow pattern, e.g. multi-row multi-stage radiators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
- F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
- F28F3/025—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being corrugated, plate-like elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
- F28F3/02—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations
- F28F3/04—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element
- F28F3/042—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element in the form of local deformations of the element
- F28F3/044—Elements or assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with recesses, with corrugations the means being integral with the element in the form of local deformations of the element the deformations being pontual, e.g. dimples
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
- F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
- F28D2021/0084—Condensers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
- F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
- F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
- F28D2021/0091—Radiators
- F28D2021/0094—Radiators for recooling the engine coolant
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/02—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular
- F28F2001/027—Tubular elements of cross-section which is non-circular with dimples
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making
- Y10T29/49391—Tube making or reforming
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
열교환 유체가 유통하는 단면이 환상원인 한쌍의 헤더파이프(1,2)를 소정길이(ℓ)이격하여 평행하게 대향설치하고, 이 양 헤더파이프(1,2) 사이를 다수의 편평관(5)에 의해서 연통시켜, 이들 각 편평관(5)을 유통하는 상기 열교환 유체를 방해부재(G)에 의해서 사행 교반시키도록 한 멀티플로우형의열 교환기에 있어서, 각 편평관(5)은 2개의 반 평평관(5a,5b)을 접함하므로서 구성하고, 상기 반 평평관(5a,5b)의 각각에 편평관(5)내의 유로를 부분적으로 구획하도록 상호 대향해서 돌출하는 복수의 딤플(50a,50b)을 형성함과 동시에, 상기 2개의 반 평평관(5a,5b)의 딤플(50a,50b)의 선단(51a,51b) 끼리의 폭은 1~2mm로 접합하고, 서로 인접하는 딤플(50a,50b)는, 2~4mm의 피치(Pb)로서 형성하고, 관 내부의 두께(t)는 0.5~1.7mm로 형성하였음을 특징으로 하는 멀티플로우형의 열 교환기.
Description
본 내용은 요부공개 건이므로 전문내용을 수록하지 않았음
제1도는, 본 발명의 일 실시예를 나타내는 일부 파단 사시도, 제2도는, 동 실시예의 편평관의 성형 과정의 상태를 나타내는 단며도, 제3도는 동 실시예의 평평관의 단면도.
Claims (5)
- 열교환 유체가 유통하는 단면이 환상원인 한쌍의 헤더파이프(1,2)를 소정길이(ℓ) 이격하여 평행하게 대향설치하고, 이 양 헤더파이프(1,2) 사이를 다수의 편평관(5)에 의해서 연통시켜, 이들 각 편평관(5)을 유통하는 상기 열교환 유체를 방해부재(G)에 의해서 사행 교반시키도록 한 멀티플로우형의 열 교환기에 있어서, 각 편평관(5)은 2개의 반 편평관(5a,5b)을 접합하므로서 구성하고, 상기 반 편평관(5a,5b)의 각각에 편평관(5) 내의 유로를 부분적으로 구획하도록상호 대향해서 돌출하는 복수의 딤플(50a,50b)을 형성함과 동시에, 상기 2개의 반 편평관(5a,5b)의 딤플(50a,50b)의 선단(51a,51b)끼리의 폭은 1∼2mm로 접합하고, 서로 인접하는 딤플(50a,50b)는, 2∼4mm의 피치(Pb)로서 형성하고, 관 내부의두께(t)는 0.5∼1.7mm로 형성하였음을 특징으로 하는 멀티플로우형의 열교환기.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 편평관(5)은, 1매의 판재를 굽혀서 형성한 관인 것을 특징으로 하는 멀티플로우형의 열교환기.
- 제 1 항에 있어서, 상기 편평관(5)은 별체의 반 편평관(5a,5b)을 중앙에서 합치게한 것을 특징으로 하는멀티플로우형의 열교환기.
- 제 3 항에 있어서, 상기 편평관(5)은 상기 헤더파이프의 계합공(60) 주연의 형상에 대응해서 당접하도록상기 반 편평관(5a,5b)의 단부에 당접부(61a,61b)를 추가로 포함함을 특징으로 하는 멀티플로우형의 열교환기.
- 제 3 항에 있어서, 상기 반 편평관(5a,5b)의 단부에, 상기 계합공(60)의 형상에 대응한 외형 형상을 갖는 삽입부(62a,62b)와, 상기 계합공(60)의 주연에 당접하는 당접부(61a,61b)를 추가로 포함함을 특징으로 하는 멀티플로우형의 열교환기.※ 참고사항 : 최초출원 내용에 의하여 공개하는 것임.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019940026275A KR950000741B1 (ko) | 1988-08-12 | 1994-10-13 | 멀티플로우형의 열교환기 |
Applications Claiming Priority (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1988106785U JPH073181Y2 (ja) | 1988-08-12 | 1988-08-12 | マルチフロータイプの熱交換器 |
JP63-106784 | 1988-08-12 | ||
JP1988106782U JPH0228980U (ko) | 1988-08-12 | 1988-08-12 | |
JP1988106783U JPH0749253Y2 (ja) | 1988-08-12 | 1988-08-12 | マルチフロータイプの熱交換器の取付構造 |
JP63-106785 | 1988-08-12 | ||
JP1988106784U JPH0228981U (ko) | 1988-08-12 | 1988-08-12 | |
JP63-106782 | 1988-08-12 | ||
JP63-106783 | 1988-08-12 | ||
KR1019890011404A KR940010978B1 (ko) | 1988-08-12 | 1989-08-10 | 멀티플로우형의 열교환기 |
KR1019940026275A KR950000741B1 (ko) | 1988-08-12 | 1994-10-13 | 멀티플로우형의 열교환기 |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019890011404A Division KR940010978B1 (ko) | 1988-08-12 | 1989-08-10 | 멀티플로우형의 열교환기 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR950002561A true KR950002561A (ko) | 1995-01-04 |
KR950000741B1 KR950000741B1 (ko) | 1995-01-28 |
Family
ID=27469466
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019890011404A KR940010978B1 (ko) | 1988-08-12 | 1989-08-10 | 멀티플로우형의 열교환기 |
KR1019940026275A KR950000741B1 (ko) | 1988-08-12 | 1994-10-13 | 멀티플로우형의 열교환기 |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019890011404A KR940010978B1 (ko) | 1988-08-12 | 1989-08-10 | 멀티플로우형의 열교환기 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US5560425A (ko) |
KR (2) | KR940010978B1 (ko) |
AU (1) | AU623669B2 (ko) |
GB (2) | GB2223091B (ko) |
Families Citing this family (87)
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JP3043025B2 (ja) * | 1990-02-01 | 2000-05-22 | 昭和アルミニウム株式会社 | 熱交換器 |
US5186250A (en) * | 1990-05-11 | 1993-02-16 | Showa Aluminum Kabushiki Kaisha | Tube for heat exchangers and a method for manufacturing the tube |
GB9208509D0 (en) * | 1992-04-16 | 1992-06-03 | Labgas Res Lab Ltd | Heat exchanger |
FR2690234B1 (fr) * | 1992-04-16 | 1994-06-03 | Valeo Thermique Moteur Sa | Dispositif pour la fixation d'un echangeur de chaleur a boite collectrice tubulaire. |
JP3146442B2 (ja) * | 1992-11-27 | 2001-03-19 | 株式会社ゼクセルヴァレオクライメートコントロール | 熱交換器用チューブおよびその製造方法 |
US5931226A (en) * | 1993-03-26 | 1999-08-03 | Showa Aluminum Corporation | Refrigerant tubes for heat exchangers |
JP3364665B2 (ja) * | 1993-03-26 | 2003-01-08 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 熱交換器用冷媒流通管 |
US5784776A (en) * | 1993-06-16 | 1998-07-28 | Showa Aluminum Corporation | Process for producing flat heat exchange tubes |
EP0711399A4 (en) * | 1993-08-04 | 1997-07-02 | Insilco Corp | RADIATOR TUBE, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING |
DE69413173T2 (de) * | 1993-10-22 | 1999-06-02 | Zexel Corp | Rohrelement für einen Laminatwärmetauscher |
US5441105A (en) * | 1993-11-18 | 1995-08-15 | Wynn's Climate Systems, Inc. | Folded parallel flow condenser tube |
JPH07227631A (ja) * | 1993-12-21 | 1995-08-29 | Zexel Corp | 積層型熱交換器の熱交換用導管及びその製造方法 |
KR100217515B1 (ko) * | 1994-09-30 | 1999-09-01 | 오타 유다카 | 적층형 열교환기의 열교환용 도관 및 그 제조방법 |
US5730213A (en) * | 1995-11-13 | 1998-03-24 | Alliedsignal, Inc. | Cooling tube for heat exchanger |
US6371201B1 (en) * | 1996-04-03 | 2002-04-16 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Heat exchanger and method of assembly for automotive vehicles |
KR100261006B1 (ko) * | 1996-07-03 | 2000-07-01 | 오타 유다카 | 열교환기용 편평튜우브 |
JPH10274489A (ja) * | 1997-03-28 | 1998-10-13 | Sanden Corp | 熱交換器用チューブおよびその製造方法 |
US5881457A (en) * | 1997-05-29 | 1999-03-16 | Ford Motor Company | Method of making refrigerant tubes for heat exchangers |
US5890288A (en) * | 1997-08-21 | 1999-04-06 | Ford Motor Company | Method for making a heat exchanger tube |
US5934365A (en) * | 1997-08-21 | 1999-08-10 | Ford Motor Company | Heat exchanger |
US6273183B1 (en) * | 1997-08-29 | 2001-08-14 | Long Manufacturing Ltd. | Heat exchanger turbulizers with interrupted convolutions |
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-
1989
- 1989-08-10 KR KR1019890011404A patent/KR940010978B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-08-11 AU AU39561/89A patent/AU623669B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-08-14 GB GB8918475A patent/GB2223091B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1992
- 1992-05-05 GB GB9209675A patent/GB2256471B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-10-13 KR KR1019940026275A patent/KR950000741B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1995
- 1995-05-24 US US08/448,874 patent/US5560425A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-12-27 US US09/748,352 patent/US20010000879A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2002
- 2002-06-10 US US10/165,307 patent/US20020153131A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9209675D0 (en) | 1992-06-17 |
GB8918475D0 (en) | 1989-09-20 |
KR950000741B1 (ko) | 1995-01-28 |
US5560425A (en) | 1996-10-01 |
KR940010978B1 (ko) | 1994-11-21 |
US20020153131A1 (en) | 2002-10-24 |
KR900003608A (ko) | 1990-03-26 |
GB2256471A (en) | 1992-12-09 |
GB2223091A (en) | 1990-03-28 |
AU3956189A (en) | 1990-02-15 |
AU623669B2 (en) | 1992-05-21 |
GB2223091B (en) | 1993-04-28 |
GB2256471B (en) | 1993-05-05 |
US20010000879A1 (en) | 2001-05-10 |
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