KR100437554B1 - 냉매 열전달 유체용의 배합된 폴리올 에스테르 윤활제 - Google Patents

냉매 열전달 유체용의 배합된 폴리올 에스테르 윤활제 Download PDF

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KR100437554B1
KR100437554B1 KR1019970707920A KR19970707920A KR100437554B1 KR 100437554 B1 KR100437554 B1 KR 100437554B1 KR 1019970707920 A KR1019970707920 A KR 1019970707920A KR 19970707920 A KR19970707920 A KR 19970707920A KR 100437554 B1 KR100437554 B1 KR 100437554B1
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South Korea
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heat transfer
ester
refrigerant fluid
acid
amine
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KR1019970707920A
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KR19990008393A (ko
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니콜라스 이. 쉬너
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헨켈 코포레이션
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Publication of KR19990008393A publication Critical patent/KR19990008393A/ko
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    • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
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    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
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Abstract

본 발명은 네오펜틸글리콜 및 이것의 반응성 성분으로서 2-에틸헥산산의 공급원을 갖는 에스테르, 및 펜타에리트리톨 및 이것의 반응성 성분으로서 2-에틸헥산산의 공급원을 갖는 에스테르를 포함하며, 염소 비함유 플루오로카아본 냉매 열전달 유체, 특히 냉매 134a(1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄)용 윤활제로서 특히 효과적인 에스테르 배합물에 관한 것이다.

Description

냉매 열전달 유체용의 배합된 폴리올 에스테르 윤활제 {BLENDED POLYOL ESTER LUBRICANTS FOR REFRIGERANT HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS}
염소 비함유 열전달 유체는 이들이 대기 내로 방출될 때에 트리클로로플루오로메탄 및 디클로로플루오로메탄과 같은 현재 가장 통상적으로 사용되는 클로로플루오로카아본 열전달 유체 보다 환경에 대한 피해를 덜 주기 때문에, 냉각 및 공기 조절 시스템에 사용하기 위해 바람직하다. 그러나, 염소 비함유 냉매 열전달 유체의 보편화된 상업적 사용은 상업용으로 적합한 윤활제의 부족에 의해 방해받아 왔다. 이것은, "냉매 134a" 또는 간단히 "R134a"로서 당분야에 공지된 가장 바람직한 열전달 유체 중 하나인 1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄에 대해서 특히 확실하다.또한, 기타 플루오로 치환된 에탄도 효과적인 열전달 유체이다.
하기의 특허 및 공개된 특허 출원에는 염소 비함유 플루오로기 함유 열전달 유체와 함께 유용한 냉매 윤활유로서 폴리올 에스테르의 많은 일반적 분류 및 특정예가 기술되어 있다 : 미합중국 특허 제 4,851,144호; 영국 특허 제 2 216 541호; 미합중국 특허 제 5,021,179호; 미합중국 특허 제 5,096,606호; WO 90/12849 (Lubrizol); EP 0 406 479 (Kyodo Oil); EP 0 430 657 (Ashai Denka KK); EP 0 435 253 (Nippon Oil); EP 0 445 610 및 EP 0 445 611 (Hoechst AG); EP 0 449 406 (Tonen Corp.); EP 0 458 584 (Unichema Chemie BV); 및 EP 0 485 979 (Hitachi).
냉각 윤활제는 현재 사용하고 있는 많은 상이한 유형의 많은 냉각 장치에서 최적 효율을 달성시키기 위해 매우 다양한 점도 및 기타 물리적 및 화학적 성질을 가져야 한다.
예를 들어, 통상적인 가정용 냉장고는 비교적 작고 잘 단열된 공간 내에서 냉각 온도를 유지시키도록 설계되는 것이 일반적이다. 따라서, 저전력 압축기가 이러한 냉장고에 사용되는 것이 일반적이고, 정상 작동 온도에서 점도가 비교적 낮은 윤활제가 이러한 용도에 일반적으로 만족스럽다. 저점도 윤활제가 경제적 작동을 위해 바람직하며, 그 이유는 모든 다른 인자가 동일한 경우에, 저점도 윤활제를 포함하는 냉매 유체가 보다 낮은 점도의 냉매 유체의 순환의 보다 큰 용이함 때문에 전력 소모를 감소시키기 때문이다. 전력의 비용이 증가하면, 소비자는 이들의 가전 제품에서 보다 큰 효율을 필요로 하게 된다.
대조적으로, 자동차 공기 조절기 및 공업용 냉각 시스템은 이러한 시스템을작동시키는 더욱 극단적인 조건을 이유로 비교적 더 높은 점도의 윤활제를 필요로 한다.
저전력 압축기에서도, 작동 중에 윤활을 필요로 하지만, 예를 들어 냉각 시스템의 압축기 및 다른 이동부가 정지하고 있는 기간 동안 냉매 유체 중에 침지되지는 않는 냉각 기계의 표면으로부터의 윤활제의 지나친 고갈을 피하기 위해 특정의 최소 점도가 필요하다.
냉매 유체중의 윤활제가 고온 또는 저온에서 냉매로부터 분리되지 않아야 하므로, 냉매와 윤활제 사이의 상호 혼화성이 또한 매우 중요하다. 윤활제와 냉매 사이의 혼화성이 낮은 경우, 냉각 시스템의 이동부는 불충분한 급유의 결과로서 멈출 수 있다.
또한, 냉각 시스템용 윤활제는 높은 가수분해 안정성을 가져야 하고, 냉각 기계를 부식시키지 않아야 하고, 넓은 온도 범위에 걸쳐 냉매와 화학적으로 반응하지 않아야 한다. 냉각 윤활제의 가수분해 안정성은 매우 중요하다. 가수분해 안정성이 아닌 에스테르 윤활제는 압축기 중에 존재하는 수분과 반응하여 부식을 일으키거나 압축기의 적합한 작동에 다른식으로 간섭할 수 있는 산성 물질을 생성시키려는 경향이 있다. 관련된 문제점은 윤활제 중의 비반응 산의 상대적 양이다. 이에 대해, 단지 0.2 AV의 산가를 함유하는 윤활제도 부식 문제점을 야기시키거나, 다른식으로 압축기의 효율에 간섭한다. 따라서, 에스테르 윤활제 원료는 가수분해 안정성에 대한 시험에 의해 측정하여, 0.2 AV 이하, 바람직하게는 0.1 AV 이하의 산가를 가져야 하며, 0.08 AV 이하, 0.06 AV 이하, 0.05 AV 이하, 0.04 AV 이하,0.03 AV 이하, 0.02 AV 이하, 0.01 AV 이하(기재된 순서대로 바람직함이 증가함)가 바람직하다.
많은 국가의 법률하에서, 임의의 신규한 화학 물질은 이것을 일반용으로 합법적으로 시판할 수 있기 전에 안전성에 대해 시험하여야 하고, 성분들의 신규한 혼합물을 반응시킴으로써 수득되는 임의의 생성물은 신규한 화학 물질로서 규정하는 것이 일반적이다. 따라서, 폴리에스테르의 모든 독특한 혼합물은 또한 각각의 이러한 독특한 혼합물에 대해 매우 실질적인 비용으로 규정 인가를 받아서 이러한 법률의 효력이 미치는 모든 국가에 합법적으로 시판되어야 한다. 그러한 규정 시스템의 하나로 유럽 EINCES 등록이 있다. 따라서, 냉각용 윤활제를 제형화하는 데에 있어서, 널리 특징화된 성질을 갖는 공지된 화학 약품 실재물, 특히, 정부 관리 기관에 의해 사전에 인가된 화학약품을 사용하여, 상이한 제형에서 이러한 화학 약품이 종종 규정 인가를 위한 법적 요건이 면제되거나, 최소한 신규한 화학 약품 실재물로서 법적으로 분류된 혼합물에 대해 필요한 덜 광범위하고 저렴한 실험만을 거치게하는 것이 타당하다. 따라서, 가능한 가장 적은 수의 화학 성분으로부터의 배합에 의해 윤활 장치의 매우 다양한 조건의 대부분 또는 전부를 위해 적합한 윤활제 원료를 제공하는 것이 기술적 및 경제적으로 능률적이다.
따라서, 본 발명의 목적은 광범위한 온도 범위에서 냉매와 혼화성이지만, 반응하지는 않는 염소 비함유 냉매용 윤활유, 및 특히 1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄 냉매용 윤활유를 제공하는 데에 있다. 본 발명의 또 다른 목적은 조절된 범위의 점도값, 및 만족스러운 가수분해 안정성 및 매우 낮은 농도의 비반응 산을 갖는 윤활제를 제공하는 데에 있다. 본 발명의 추가의 목적은 시판용으로 인가되고 사전 시판 인가를 얻기 위한 노력 및 비용을 거의 필요로 하지 않는 등록된 화학 약품 또는 화학 약품의 배합물로부터 윤활제를 제조하는 데에 있다.
발명의 요약
현재, 필요한 점도 등급을 갖고, 광범위한 온도 범위에서 염소 비함유 플루오로카아본 냉매와 함께 사용할 때에 매우 안정한 양질의 에스테르 윤활제가 얻어질 수 있음이 발견되었다. 이들 에스테르는 또한 우수한 가수분해 안정성 및 저농도의 유리 산을 갖는다. 에스테르는 하기에 기술되는 바와 같이 EINCES에 등록된 화학 약품으로부터 선택된 에스테르를 배합시킴으로써 제조된다.
본 발명의 윤활 조성물은 본질적으로, 네오펜틸글리콜 및 이것의 반응성 성분으로서 2-에틸헥산산의 공급원을 갖는 에스테르(A)를 조성물의 총중량을 기준으로 하여 약 30 내지 90%의 양으로 포함하고, 펜타에리트리톨 및 이것의 반응성 성분으로서 2-에틸헥산산의 공급원을 갖는 에스테르(B)를 조성물의 총중량을 기준으로 하여 약 10 내지 70%의 양으로 포함하는 에스테르 배합물로 구성된다.
윤활 조성물은 50 내지 85 중량%의 에스테르(A) 및 15 내지 50 중량%의 에스테르(B)를 함유하는 것이 바람직하다. 70 내지 85 중량%의 에스테르(A) 및 15 내지 30 중량%의 에스테르(B)를 함유하는 윤활 조성물이 특히 바람직하다.
상기 기술된 에스테르 배합물은 그 자체로 사용될 수 있거나, 최종 용도에 따라, 1종 이상의 첨가제가 그 안에 혼입되어 배합된 윤활제를 제공한다.
본 발명의 에스테르 배합물은 다양한 염소 비함유 플루오로 함유 열전달 유체, 특히 1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄(R-134a)과 함께 냉매 유체의 한 성분으로서 특히 유용하게 사용된다.
본 발명의 냉매 유체는 열전달 유체의 순환식 압축, 액화, 팽창 및 증발을 포함하는 냉장고를 작동시키는 데에 있어서 실시상 우수한 결과를 발생시킨다.
본 발명은 일부 경우에 완전 윤활제로서 또한 사용될 수 있는 폴리올 에스테르 윤활제 원료, 일차 열전달 유체와 함께 본 발명에 따르는 윤활제를 포함하는 냉매 유체, 및 냉각 장치에서 이들 물질을 사용하는 방법에 관한 것이다. 상기 윤활제 및 윤활제 원료는 일반적으로 대부분 또는 모든 할로겐화 탄소 냉매에 사용하기에 적합하고, 펜타플루오로에탄, 1,1-디플루오로에탄, 1,1,1-트리플루오로에탄 및 1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄과 같은, 실질적으로 염소를 함유하지 않는 플루오로기 함유 열전달 유체에 사용하기에 특히 적합하다.
청구범위 및 작용 실시예를 제외하고, 또한 다른식으로 분명히 표현되지 않는 경우에는, 재료의 양 또는 반응 및/또는 사용의 조건을 제시하는 본 명세서 중의 모든 수치는 본 발명의 가장 넓은 범위를 규정하도록 "약"이라는 용어에 의해 변형되는 것으로 이해되어야 한다. 그러나, 규정된 실제량에 상응하는 범위 내에서의 본 발명의 실시가 일반적으로 바람직하다.
본 발명의 윤활 조성물 중에 배합된 에스테르 각각에 대해, 산 자체를 반응시키는 것 대신에, 산 무수물, 아실 염화물 및 산의 에스테르와 같은 산 유도체를 반응시켜서 동일한 에스테르를 수득할 수 있다. 산은 일반적으로 경제적으로 바람직하고, 본원에서 대표적인 것이지만, 산과의 반응에 의해 얻어지는 본원에 규정된 에스테르가 알코올과 상응하는 산 유도체를 반응시킴으로써 동등하게 수득될 수 있음이 이해되어야 한다. 본원에 사용되는 용어 "2-에틸헥산산의 공급원"은 산 그 자체를 언급할 뿐만 아니라, 상응하는 산 무수물, 아실 할로겐화물 및 에스테르 유도체를 언급하는 것이다.
네오펜틸글리콜(이하, "NPG")과 2-에틸헥산산("EHA")의 에스테르가 배합 원료로서 매우 유용하며, 그 이유는 이것이 적어도 -55℃ 내지 80℃의 온도 범위에서대부분 또는 모든 플루오로카아본 냉매에 대해 모든 비율로 혼화성이기 때문이다. 상기 에스테르는 또한 점도가 더 높고 덜 가용성인 다른 장애된 폴리올 에스테르를 용해시킬 수 있다. 상기 에스테르의 또 다른 유용한 성질은, 이러한 에스테르가 이것이 혼합될 수 있는 상이한 유형의 배합 원료의 점도를 효과적으로 감소시키고, 분자 1개당 5개 이하의 탄소 원자를 갖는 산의 에스테르 보다 실질적으로 부식을 덜 조장한다는 것이다. 그러나, 이러한 에스테르의 점도는 현존하는 냉각 장치에 일반적으로 바람직한 점도에 비하여 낮다.
최적 점도보다 더 작은 점도를 지닌 상기 기술된 NPG-EHA 에스테르를, 펜타에리트리톨("PE") 및 EHA로부터 생성시킨 에스테르로서 상기 에스테르 보다 더욱 허용될 수 있는 점도를 갖는 에스테르와 배합시킴으로써, 바람직한 점도 범위, 즉 40℃에서 약 10 내지 약 40 센티스톡(centistoke)의 점도가 얻어진다. 그러나, 마지막에 언급된 에스테르는 NPG-EHA 만큼 혼화성은 아니다.
본 발명의 윤활 조성물을 형성시키는 에스테르의 반응성 성분과 관련하여, 단지 바람직한 알코올 및 산만이 명백하게 명시되어 있지만, 공업용 또는 산업용 등급의 생성물 중에 통상적으로 존재하는 약간량의 불순물이 대부분의 경우에 허용될 수 있다. 예를 들어, "공업용 펜타에리트리톨"(PE)는 10 내지 15 중량%의 디펜타에리트리톨("DPE") 및 0 내지 3 중량%의 트리펜타에리트리톨("TPE")과 함께 85 내지 90 중량% 정도의 모노 PE를 함유하는 것이 통상적이며, 많은 경우에 양질의 에스테르를 제조하기 위해 매우 만족스럽다. 또한 "시판용 네오페틸글리콜"(NPG)는 3 중량% 이하의 불순물을 함유하는 것이 통상적이다. 유사하게, "시판용 2-에틸헥산산"(EHA")는 2 중량% 이하의 불순물을 함유하는 것이 통상적이다.
실시상, 각각의 에스테르의 알코올(들)과 산(들) 반응물 사이의 반응은 초기에 반응 혼합물에 채워진 산의 양이 산과 반응하는 알코올의 당량 보다 산의 당량을 10 내지 25% 과량으로 제공하기에 충분한 경우에 더욱 효과적으로 수행되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. (산의 당량은 본원의 목적을 위해, 1 그램당량의 카르복실기를 함유하는 양으로서 정의되며, 알코올의 당량은 1 그램당량의 히드록시기를 함유하는 양이다.) 실제로 반응하는 산과 알코올의 혼합물의 조성은 아실기 함량에 대해 생성물 에스테르 혼합물을 분석함으로써 측정할 수 있다.
본 발명에 따라 에스테르 배합 성분을 제조하는 데에 있어서, 반응하는 산은 반응하는 알코올(들) 및 생성물 에스테르(들) 보다 비점이 더 낮을 것이다. 상기 조건이 얻어지면, 에스테르화 반응의 종료시에 잔류하는 임의의 과량의 산의 대부분을 증류에 의해, 가장 바람직하게는 1 내지 5 torr의 저압에서 제거하는 것이 바람직하다.
이러한 진공 증류 후에, 상기 생성물은 종종 본 발명에 따르는 윤활제 배합 원료로서 사용되도록 준비된다. 생성물의 추가의 정제가 바람직한 경우에, 첫 번째 진공 증류 후에 생성물 중의 유리 산의 함량은 미합중국 특허 제 3,485,754호에 기술된 바와 같이 에폭시 에스테르의 처리에 의해, 또는 석회, 알칼리 금속 수산화물 또는 알칼리 금속 탄산염과 같은 임의의 적합한 알칼리 물질에 의한 중화에 의해 추가로 감소시킬 수 있다.
에폭시 에스테르에 의한 처리가 사용되는 경우, 과량의 에폭시 에스테르는매우 낮은 압력하에 제 2 증류에 의해 제거될 수 있으며, 에폭시 에스테르와 잔류 산 사이의 반응 생성물은 유해함이 없이 생성물 중에 잔류할 수 있다. 알칼리 물질에 의한 중화가 정제 방법으로서 사용되는 경우, 윤활제 에스테르 배합물을 형성시키는데 상기 생성물을 사용하기 전에, 물로 후속적으로 세척하여 알칼리 물질에 의해 중화된 임의의 과량의 비반응 지방산을 제거하는 것이 매우 바람직하다.
본 발명에 따르는 에스테르 원료는 본질적으로, 약 30 내지 90 중량%의 NPG-EHA 에스테르(A) 및 10 내지 70 중량%의 PE-EHA 에스테르(B)로 구성된다. 추가로 그리고 독립적으로, 본 발명에 따르는 배합 원료는 10 내지 32의 임의의 ISO 등급의 배합물이 2가지 배합 원료로부터 제조될 수 있도록 선택하는 것이 바람직하다.
일부 사용 조건하에서, 본원에 기술된 에스테르 배합물은 완전 윤활제로서 만족스럽게 작용할 것이다. 그러나, 완전 윤활제는 산화방지 및 열안정성 개선제, 부식 억제제, 금속 탈활성화제, 윤활성 첨가제, 점도 지수 개선제, 유동 및/또는 응결점 저하제, 세제, 분산제, 발포 촉진제, 소포제, 마멸방지제 및 극압 저항제와 같은 당업계에서 첨가제로서 일반적으로 공지된 다른 재료를 함유하는 것이 일반적으로 바람직하다. 많은 첨가제는 마멸방지성 및 극압 저항성 둘 모두를 제공하거나, 금속 탈활성화제 및 부식 억제제 둘 모두로서 작용할 수 있다. 점증적으로, 모든 첨가제는 전체 배합된 윤활제 제형의 8 중량%를 초과하지 않는 것이 바람직하고, 5 중량%를 초과하지 않는 것이 더욱 바람직하다.
상기 첨가제 유형의 유효량은 산화방지제 화합물 0.01 내지 5%, 부식 억제제 화합물 0.01 내지 5%, 금속 탈활성화제 화합물 0.001 내지 0.5%, 윤활 첨가제 0.5내지 5%, 점도 지수 개선제 및 유동 및/또는 응결점 저하제 각각 0.01 내지 2%, 세제 및 분산매 각각 0.1 내지 5%, 발포 촉진제 또는 소포제 0.001 내지 0.1%, 및 마멸방지제 및 극압 저항성 성분 각각 0.1 내지 2%이다. 이들 모든 %는 중량%이고, 전체 윤활 조성물을 기준으로 한 것이다. 규정된 양 보다 더 적거나 많은 양의 첨가제가 특정 조건에 더 적합할 수 있고, 단일 분자 유형 또는 이러한 유형의 혼합물이 첨가제 성분의 각각의 유형에 대해 사용될 수 있음이 이해되어야 한다. 또한, 하기에 기재되는 예는 단순히 예시를 위한 것이고, 첨부된 청구범위에 의해 제한되는 것을 제외하고는 제한하고자 하는 것은 아니다.
적합한 산화 산화방지 및 열안정성 개선제의 예로는 페닐 및 나프틸기가 치환될 수 있는 디페닐-아민, 디나프틸-아민 및 페닐-나프틸-아민, 예를 들어 N,N'-디페닐 페닐렌디아민, p-옥틸디페닐아민, p,p-디옥틸디페닐아민, N-페닐-1-나프틸아민, N-페닐-2-나프틸아민, N-(p-도데실)-페닐-2-나프틸아민, 디-1-나프틸아민 및 디-2-나프틸아민; N-알킬페노티아진과 같은 페노티아진; 이미노(-비스벤질); 및 6-(t-부틸) 페놀, 2,6-디(t-부틸) 페놀, 4-메틸-2,6-디-(t-부틸) 페놀, 4,4"-메틸렌비스(-2,6-디(t-부틸) 페놀) 등과 같은 장애된 페놀이 있다.
적합한 제1구리 금속 탈활성화제의 예로는, 이미다졸, 벤즈아미다졸, 2-메르캅토벤즈티아졸, 2,5-디메르캅토티아디아졸, 실리실리딘프로필렌디암, 피라졸, 벤조트리아졸, 톨루트리아졸, 2-메틸벤즈아미다졸, 3,5-디메틸 피라졸 및 메틸렌 비스-벤조트리아졸이 있다. 벤조트리아졸 유도체가 바람직하다. 더욱 일반적인 금속 탈활성화제 및/또는 부식 억제제의 다른 예로는 유기산 및 이들의 에스테르, 금속염 및 무수물, 예를 들어 N-올레일-사르코신, 소르비탄 모노올레에이트, 나프텐산 납, 도데실숙신산 및 이것의 부분 에스테르 및 아미드, 및 4-노닐페녹시아세트산; 일차, 이차 및 삼차 지방족 및 지환족 아민 및 유기 및 무기산의 아민염, 예를 들어 지용성 알킬암모늄 카르복실레이트; 헤테로고리 질소 함유 화합물, 예를 들어 티아디아졸, 치환된 이미다졸린 및 옥사졸린; 퀴놀린, 퀴논 및 안트라퀴논; 프로필 갈레이트; 바륨 디노닐 나프탈렌 술포네이트; 알켄일 숙신산 무수물 또는 산의 에스테르 및 아미드 유도체, 디티오카르바메이트, 디티오포스페이트, 알킬 산 포스페이트의 아민염 및 이들의 유도체가 있다.
적합한 윤활 첨가제의 예로는 에스테르, 아민, 아미드, 이미다졸린 및 붕산염과 같은 천연유 및 지방산의 긴사슬 유도체가 있다.
적합한 점도 지수 개선제의 예로는 폴리메트아크릴레이트, 비닐피롤리돈과 메트아크릴레이트의 공중합체, 폴리부텐 및 스티렌-아크릴레이트 공중합체가 있다.
적합한 유동 및/또는 응결점 저하제의 예로는 메트아크릴레이트-에틸렌-비닐 아세테이트 터어폴리머와 같은 폴리메트아크릴레이트; 알킬화된 나프탈렌 유도체, 및 우레아와 나프탈렌 또는 페놀의 프리델-크라프트 촉매화 축합 생성물이 있다.
적합한 세제 및/또는 분산매의 예로는, 폴리부텐일숙신산 아미드; 폴리부텐일 포스폰산 유도체; 긴사슬 알킬 치환 방향족 술폰산 및 이들의 염; 및 알킬 설파이드의 금속염, 알킬 페놀의 금속염, 및 알킬 페놀과 알데히드의 축합 생성물의 금속염이 있다.
적합한 소포제의 예로는 실리콘 중합체 및 일부 아크릴레이트가 있다.
발포 촉진제의 예로는 소포제로서 사용되는 실리콘 중합체와는 상이한 분자 구조를 갖는 실리콘 중합체가 있다.
적합한 마멸방지 및 극압 저항제의 예로는 황화된 옥틸 탈레이트; 황화된 테르펜; 황화된 올레핀; 유기 폴리설파이드와 같은 황화된 지방산 및 지방산 에스테르; 아민 포스페이트, 알킬 산 포스페이트, 디알킬 포스페이트, 아민디티오포스페이트, 트리알킬 및 트리아릴 포스포로티오네이트, 트리알킬 및 트리아릴 포스핀 및 디알킬포스파이트를 포함하는 유기 인 유도체, 예를 들어, 인산 모노헥실 에스테르의 아민염, 디노닐나프탈렌 술포네이트의 아민염, 트리페닐 포스페이트, 트리나프틸 포스페이트, 디페닐 크레실 및 디크레실 페닐 포스페이트, 나프틸 디페닐 포스페이트, 트리페닐포스포로티오네이트; 안티몬 디알킬 디티오카르바메이트와 같은 디티오카르바메이트; 염소화된 탄화수소 및/또는 플루오르화된 탄화수소, 및 크산테이트가 있다.
일부 작업 조건하에서는, 플루오로카아본 냉매 유체에 사용하기에 유용한 것으로 제시된 대부분의 종래의 윤활제 원료의 우세한 구성을 갖는 폴리에테르 폴리올 유형의 윤활제의 존재가 대부분의 유용한 윤활 첨가제의 일부와 최적으로 안정하지 않거나 불충분하게 양립하는 것으로 믿어진다. 따라서, 본 발명의 한 양태에서는, 윤활제 원료 및 윤활제가 실질적으로 이러한 폴리에테르 폴리올을 함유하지 않는 것이 바람직하다. 표현 "실질적으로 함유하지 않는"은 조성물이 상기 물질을 약 10 중량% 이하, 바람직하게는 약 2.6 중량% 이하 및 가장 바람직하게는 1.2 중량% 이하의 양으로 함유함을 의미한다.
본 발명의 주된 한 양태는 플루오로카아본과 같은 적합한 열전달 유체 및 본 발명에 따르는 배합된 윤활제를 둘 모두 포함하는 냉매 유체이다. 바람직하게는, 냉매 유체 및 배합된 윤활제는 화학적 특징을 가져야 하고, 냉매 유체가 균질성을 유지할 정도로, 즉 냉매 유체가 사용되는 냉각 시스템의 작동 동안 냉매 유체가 노출되는 작용 온도의 전체 범위에 대해 가시적으로 검출될 수 있는 상분리 또는 혼탁성이 없을 정도로 서로에 대한 비율로 존재해야 한다. 이러한 작업 범위는 -60℃로부터 175℃까지 변할 수 있다. 단일상이 40℃ 이하, 56℃ 이하, 71℃ 이하, 99℃ 이하 또는 100℃ 이하에서 유지되는 경우가 점차적으로 더 바람직할 수도 있지만, 냉매 유체가 30℃ 이하에서 단일상을 유지하면 충분하다. 유사하게, 단일상이 -10℃, -20℃, -30℃, -40℃ 또는 -55℃까지 유지되는 경우가 점차적으로 더 바람직할 수도 있지만, 냉매 유체 조성물이 0℃로 냉각되는 경우에도 단일 상을 유지하는 경우가 종종 적합하다. 염소 비함유 히드로플루오로카아본 열전달 유체와의 단일 상 혼합물이 종종 상기 기술된 배합된 에스테르의 사용으로 수득될 수 있으며, 가장 바람직한 에스테르 배합물은 넓은 온도 범위에서 이러한 단일상을 가장 잘 제공할 수 있는 것이다. 배합물이 단일상을 제공하도록 하기 위해 배합 원료 그 자체가 이러한 단일상을 반드시 나타낼 필요는 없음을 유의해야 한다. 예를 들어, PE와 EHA의 에스테르는 -31oF(-35℃) 미만의 온도에서 냉매 134a와 혼화되지 않지만, 상기 에스테르 47.24 중량%와 NPG와 EHA의 에스테르 57.76 중량%의 배합물은 R134a과 함께 훨씬 더 낮은 온도까지 단일상을 나타낸다.
냉매 유체를 형성시키기 위해 얼마나 많은 윤활제를 열전달 유체와 혼합할 것인지 종종 정확하게 예측하는 것이 어려운 경우에는, 윤활 조성물이 상기 기재된 온도 범위에 걸쳐 열전달 유체와 함께 모든 비율로 단일 상을 형성시키는 경우가 가장 바람직하다. 그러나, 이것은 매우 엄밀한 요건이고, 1 중량% 이하의 본 발명에 따르는 윤활제를 함유하는 냉매 유체 혼합물에 대해 전체 온도 범위에 걸쳐 단일상이 존재한다면 그것으로 종종 충분하다. 연속적으로 2 중량% 이하, 4 중량% 이하, 10 중량% 이하 및 15 중량% 이하의 윤활제를 함유하는 혼합물에 대해 임의의 온도 범위에 걸쳐 단일상이 존재하는 것이 더욱 바람직하다.
일부 경우에, 단일상이 필요하지 않다. 용어 "혼화성"은 냉각 윤활제 분야에서 사용되는데, 하기에서는, 문구 "모든 비율로 혼화성"의 부분으로 사용되는 경우를 제외하고는, 2개의 상이 형성되지만, 최소한 중간 정도로 기계적으로 교반되는 한은 즉시 혼합되어 안정하게 유지되는 균일한 분산액으로 되는 경우에 사용된다. 일부 냉각 (및 기타) 압축기는 냉매 유체와 윤활제의 이러한 혼합물을 사용하여 만족스럽게 작동되도록 설계된다. 대조적으로, 응고 및 상당한 점도 부여를 유도하고 2개 이상의 상을 형성하는 혼합물은 상업적으로 허용되지 않으며 본원에서 "비혼화성"으로서 표현된다.
본 발명의 또 다른 주된 양태는 윤활제가 냉매 유체와 접촉하는 방식으로 냉각 기계를 작동시키는 과정에서 윤활제로서, 전체 윤활제 또는 윤활제 원료로서 본 발명에 따르는 윤활제 배합물을 사용하는 것이다.
본 발명에 따르는 윤활제 조성물에 대한 온도에 따른 점도의 바람직한 범위및 점도의 변동은 종래에 열전달 유체, 특히 플루오로카아본 및/또는 클로로플루오로카아본 열전달 유체와 함께 냉각 시스템에 윤활제를 사용하여 달성되는 것과 동일한 것이 일반적이다. 일반적으로, 본 발명에 따르는 윤활제는 국제 표준화 기구("ISO") 점도 등급 번호 10 내지 32를 갖는 것이 바람직하다. ISO 점도 등급 번호의 일부에 대한 점도 범위는 하기의 표 1에 기재되어 있다.
표 1
ISO 점도 등급 40℃에서의 점도 범위 (센티스톡)최소 최대
2 1.98 2.42
3 2.88 3.53
5 4.14 5.06
7 6.12 7.48
10 9.00 11.0
15 13.5 16.5
22 19.8 24.2
32 28.8 35.2
46 41.4 50.6
68 61.2 74.8
100 90.0 110.0
150 135.0 165.0
220 198.0 242.0
320 288.0 352.0
460 414.0 506.0
680 612.0 748.0
1000 900.0 1100.0
1500 1350.0 1650.0
본 발명의 실시는 하기의 실시예 및 비교예를 고려하여 추가로 이해되고 인식될 수 있다.
일반적 에스테르 합성 방법
반응시키려는 알코올 및 산을 디부틸틴 디아세테이트, 옥살산 주석, 인산 및/또는 티탄산 테트라부틸과 같은 적합한 촉매와 함께, 교반기, 온도계, 질소 살포 수단, 응축기 및 재순환 트랩이 장착된 둥근 바닥 플라스크 내에 채웠다. 산을 알코올 보다 약 15 몰% 과량으로 채웠다. 촉매의 양은 반응하는 알코올과 산의 총중량을 기준으로 하여 0.02 내지 0.1 중량%이다.
반응 혼합물을 220 내지 230℃의 온도로 가열하고, 결과된 반응으로부터의 물을 트랩 중에 모으면서, 환류 산을 반응 혼합물로 귀환시켰다. 부분 진공을 필요에 따라 반응 혼합물 위에서 유지시켜서 시간당 8 내지 12 부피%의 원래의 반응 혼합물의 환류 속도를 달성하였다.
반응 혼합물을 경우에 따라 히드록실가의 측정을 위해 샘플화시키고, 히드록실가가 혼합물 1g당 5.0㎎ KOH 미만으로 저하된 후에, 반응 온도를 유지시키면서, 사용되는 장치로 얻을 수 있는 최대 진공 즉, 약 0.05 torr의 체류 압력을 가한 후에 과량의 산의 대부분을 증류에 의해 제거하였다. 반응 혼합물을 냉각시키고, 임의의 잔류 산도를 필요에 따라 석회, 수산화나트륨 또는 에폭시 에스테르로 처리하여 제거하였다. 생성된 윤활제 또는 윤활제 원료를 배합 및 상 양립성 시험 전에 건조시키고 여과시켰다.
상 양립성 시험을 위한 일반 공정
시험용 윤활제 1㎖를 직경이 17㎜이고 길이가 145㎜인 열충격 저항성의 부피 측정 눈금 유리 시험관에 넣었다. 시험관을 뚜껑으로 막고, -29±0.2℃로 조절한 냉각조에 넣었다. 시험관 및 내용물이 냉각조에서 평형된 후에, 관 내용물을 상 분리의 징후에 대해 육안으로 시험하였다. 조금이라도 그러한 상분리가 일어나면, 조합물은 비혼화성인 것으로 기록하였다.
-29℃에서 상분리의 징후가 없으면, 냉각조의 온도를 일반적으로 상분리가 관찰될 때까지 분당 0.3℃씩 저하시켰다. 사용되는 냉각 장치의 범위에 있는 경우에 상분리의 제 1 관찰의 온도를 R134a 혼화성 온도로서 기록하였다.
배합 원료의 조성
실질적으로 100% NPG인 알코올을 실질적으로 100% 2-에틸헥산산을 포함하는 산과 반응시킴으로써 상기 기술된 에스테르 A를 제조하였다. 생성된 에스테르는 40℃에서 8 센티스톡의 점도를 가졌다.
실질적으로 100% PE인 알코올을 실질적으로 100% 2-에틸헥산산인 산과 반응시킴으로써 상기 기술된 에스테르 B를 제조하였다. 생성물은 40℃에서 52 센티스톡의 점도를 가졌다.
특정 배합된 에스테르의 예
상기 기술된 배합 원료를 혼합시킴으로써 제조한 본 발명에 따르는 에스테르 배합물의 예를 하기의 표에 기재하였다.
표에 기재된 데이터로부터 알 수 있는 바와 같이, 본 발명의 에스테르 배합물이 넓은 온도 범위에 걸쳐 냉매 R134a와의 우수한 양립성을 나타내고, 높은 가수분해 안정성 및 낮은 산가(유리 산의 농도를 나타냄)를 갖는다.
가수분해 안정성을 하기와 같이 측정하였다 : 에스테르 윤활제 원료 70g 및 물 1000ppm을 함유하는 R134a 70g을 관에 넣고 밀봉시켰다. 밀봉된 관을 175℃ 까지 가열하고, 이 온도에서 14일 동안 유지시켰다. 그 후에, 생성물의 산가를 본원에 참고로 인용된 ASTM D-924 방법에 의해 가수분해 안정성에 대해 측정하였다.
1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄 냉매와 함께 상기 기술된 에스테르 윤활제의 열안정성을 측정하기 위해, 밀봉된 관의 시험을 고온에서 수행하였다. 시험 방법은하기의 단계를 포함한다 : 먼저, 에스테르 윤활제 1.5㎖, 1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄 1.5㎖ 및 철, 구리 및 알루미늄 시편 각각 1조각(직경 1.7㎜, 길이 40㎜)을 유리관에서 밀봉시키고, 관을 175℃에서 14일(336시간) 동안 가열하였다. 시험을 완결시킨 후, 표본 오일의 색변화를 측정하고, 금속 조각의 상태를 관찰하였다. 에스테르 윤활제 샘플의 특성 및 나머지 시험 결과를 하기의 표 2에 기재하였다.
표 2
E-4159-X E-4160-X E-4161-X E-4162-X E-4164-X
NPG 디-2-에틸렌헥 사노에이트 100 - 78.54 52.76 30.83
PE 테트라-2-에틸 헥사노에이트 - 100 21.46 47.24 69.17
점도 등급 8 44 10 15 22
특성
100℃에서의 점도(cSt) 2.06 6.27 2.46 3.20 4.08
40℃에서의 점도(cSt) 8.01 44.38 10.05 14.94 22.26
VI 22 84 47 62 66
플래시(oF) 355 485 380 390 410
유동(oF) -95 +30 -90 -75 -70
R134a 혼화성(oF) -70 미만 -31 -70 미만 -41.5 -32
가수분해 안정성1
최종 AV 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
밀봉된 관의 열안정성2
오일 비변화 비변화 비변화 비변화 비변화
알루미늄 비변화 비변화 비변화 비변화 비변화
구리 액체 위에서 오렌지색 액체 위에서 오렌지색 비변화 비변화 비변화
강 청색-녹색 액체 위에서 황갈색;아래에서청색-녹색 비변화 청색/녹색 액체 아래에서 청색/녹색;위에서 황갈색
1 시험 방법: 밀봉된 관, 오일/134a, 1000ppm 물, 175℃, 14일
2 175℃, 14일, 오일:134a (1:1)
본 발명의 다양한 양태가 특정의 바람직한 양태에 대해 상기 기술되고 예시되었지만, 다양한 다른 양태가 당업자에게 명백해질 수 있다. 따라서, 본 발명은 본원에 특정하게 기술되고 예시된 양태로 제한되지 않으며, 첨부된 청구의범위로부터 벗어나지 않으면서 수정 및 변형이 이루어질 수 있다.

Claims (20)

  1. 실질적인 염소 비함유 플루오로기 함유 열전달 유체, 및 점도가 40℃에서 10 센티스톡(centistoke)이며 -40℃ 이하의 온도에서 열전달 유체와 단일상을 형성하는 에스테르 배합물을 포함하는 나머지 성분의 윤활 조성물을 필수성분으로 하는 냉매 유체로서, 상기 에스테르 배합물이 (a) 네오펜틸글리콜과 이의 반응성 성분으로서 2-에틸헥산산 공급원을 지니는 에스테르 78 중량% 내지 79 중량%, 및 펜타에리트리톨과 이의 반응성 성분으로서 2-에틸헥산산 공급원을 지니는 에스테르 21 중량% 내지 22 중량%를 포함하며, 상기 윤활 조성물의 산가가 0.02mg KOH/g이하인 냉매 유체.
  2. 제 1항에 있어서, 윤활 조성물이 산화방지 및 열안정성 개선제, 부식 억제제, 금속 탈활성화제, 윤활성 첨가제, 점도 지수 개선제, 유동 또는 응결점 및 이들 둘 모두의 저하제, 세제, 분산제, 소포제, 마멸방지제 및 극압 저항제로 구성된 군으로부터 선택된 하나 이상의 첨가제를 8중량% 이하로 포함함을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  3. 제 2항에 있어서, 산화방지 및 열안정성 개선제가 디페닐-아민, 디나프틸-아민, 페닐-나프틸-아민, 치환된 페닐-나프틸-아민, 페노티아진, 이미노(-비스벤질) 및 장애된 페놀로 구성된 군으로부터 선택됨을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  4. 제 3항에 있어서, 산화방지 및 열안정성 개선제가 4-메틸-2,6-디-(t-부틸)페놀을 포함함을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  5. 제 2항에 있어서, 금속 탈활성화제가 이미다졸, 벤즈아미다졸, 2-메르캅토벤즈티아졸, 2,5-디메르캅토티아디아졸, 살리실리딘-프로필렌디아민, 피라졸, 벤조트리아졸, 톨루트리아졸, 2-메틸벤즈아미다졸, 3,5-디메틸 피라졸 및 메틸렌 비스-벤조트리아졸, 유기산 및 이들의 에스테르, 금속염 및 무수물, N-올레일-사르코신, 소르비탄 모노올레에이트, 나프텐산 납, 도데실-숙신산 및 이것의 부분 에스테르 및 아미드, 4-노닐페녹시아세트산; 일차, 이차 및 삼차 지방족 및 지환족 아민 및 유기 및 무기산의 아민염, 지용성 알킬암모늄 카르복실레이트; 헤테로고리 질소 함유 화합물, 티아디아졸, 치환된 이미다졸린 및 옥사졸린; 퀴놀린, 퀴논 및 안트라퀴논; 프로필 갈레이트; 바륨 디노닐 나프탈렌 술포네이트; 알켄일 숙신산 무수물 또는 산의 에스테르 및 아미드 유도체, 디티오카르바메이트, 디티오포스페이트, 알킬 산 포스페이트의 아민염 및 이들의 유도체로 구성된 군으로부터 선택됨을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  6. 제 2항에 있어서, 윤활성 첨가제가 지방산 및 천연오일의 장쇄 유도체, 에스테르, 아민, 아미드, 이미다졸린 및 붕산염으로 구성된 군으로부터 선택됨을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  7. 제 2항에 있어서, 마멸방지 및 극압 저항제가 황화된 지방산 및 지방산 에스테르, 황화된 옥틸 탈레이트, 황화된 테르펜, 황화된 올레핀, 유기 폴리설파이드, 유기 인 유도체, 아민 포스페이트, 알킬 산 포스페이트, 디알킬 포스페이트, 아민디티오포스페이트, 트리알킬 및 트리아릴 포스포티오네이트, 트리알킬 및 트리아릴 포스핀 및 디알킬포스파이트, 인산 모노헥실 에스테르의 아민염, 디노닐나프탈렌 술포네이트의 아민염, 트리페닐 포스페이트, 트리나프틸 포스페이트, 디페닐 크레실 및 디크레실 페닐 포스페이트, 나프틸 디페닐 포스페이트, 트리페닐포스포로티오네이트, 디티오카르바메이트, 안티몬 디알킬 디티오카르바메이트, 염소화된 탄화수소 또는 플루오르화된 탄화수소 및 이들 둘 모두, 및 크산테이트로 구성된 군으로부터 선택됨을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  8. 제 1항에 있어서, 실질적인 염소 비함유 플루오로기 함유 열전달 유체가 1,1-디플루오로에탄, 1,1,1-트리플루오로에탄, 및 1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄으로 구성된 군으로부터 선택된 열전달 유체를 포함함을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  9. 제 8항에 있어서, 윤활 조성물이 산화방지 및 열안정성 개선제, 부식 억제제, 금속 탈활성화제, 윤활성 첨가제, 점도 지수 개선제, 유동 또는 응결점 및 이들 둘 모두의 억제제, 세제, 분산제, 소포제, 마멸방지 및 극압 저항제로 구성된 군으로부터 선택된 하나 이상의 첨가제를 8중량% 이하로 포함함을 특징으로 하는냉매 유체.
  10. 제 8항에 있어서, 열전달 유체가 1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄임을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  11. 제 1항에 따르는 냉매 유체의 순환식 압축, 액화, 팽창 및 증발을 포함하는 냉장고를 작동시키는 방법.
  12. 실질적인 염소 비함유 플루오로기 함유 열전달 유체, 및 점도가 40℃에서 10 센티스톡(centistoke)이며 -55℃ 이하의 온도에서 열전달 유체와 단일상을 형성하는 에스테르 배합물을 포함하는 나머지 성분의 윤활 조성물을 필수성분으로하는 냉매 유체로서, 상기 에스테르 배합물이 (a) 네오펜틸글리콜과 이의 반응성 성분으로서 2-에틸헥산산 공급원을 지니는 에스테르 78 중량% 내지 79 중량%, 및 펜타에리트리톨과 이의 반응성 성분으로서 2-에틸헥산산 공급원을 지니는 에스테르 21 중량% 내지 22 중량%를 포함하며, 상기 윤활 조성물의 산가가 0.02mg KOH/g이하인 냉매 유체.
  13. 제 12항에 있어서, 윤활 조성물이 산화방지 및 열안정성 개선제, 부식 억제제, 금속 탈활성화제, 윤활성 첨가제, 점도 지수 개선제, 유동 또는 응결점 및 이들 둘 모두의 억제제, 세제, 분산제, 소포제, 마멸방지 및 극압 저항제로 구성된군으로부터 선택된 하나 이상의 첨가제를 8중량% 이하로 포함함을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  14. 제 13항에 있어서, 산화방지 및 열안정성 개선제가 디페닐-아민, 디나프틸-아민, 페닐-나프틸-아민, 치환된 페닐-나프틸-아민, 페노티아진, 이미노(-비스벤질) 및 장애된 페놀로 구성된 군으로부터 선택됨을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  15. 제 14항에 있어서, 산화방지 및 열안정성 개선제가 4-메틸-2,6-디-(t-부틸)페놀을 포함함을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  16. 실질적인 염소 비함유 플루오로기 함유 열전달 유체, 및 점도가 40℃에서 10 센티스톡(centistoke)이며 -70℃ 이하의 온도에서 열전달 유체와 단일상을 형성하는 에스테르 배합물을 포함하는 나머지 성분의 윤활 조성물을 필수성분으로 하는 냉매 유체로서, 상기 에스테르 배합물이 (a) 네오펜틸글리콜과 이의 반응성 성분으로서 2-에틸헥산산 공급원을 지니는 에스테르 78 중량% 내지 79 중량%, 및 펜타에리트리톨과 이의 반응성 성분으로서 2-에틸헥산산 공급원을 지니는 에스테르 21 중량% 내지 22 중량%를 포함하며, 상기 윤활 조성물의 산가가 0.02mg KOH/g이하인 냉매 유체.
  17. 제 16항에 있어서, 윤활 조성물이 4-메틸-2,6-디-(t-부틸)페놀을 포함하는첨가제를 8중량% 이하로 포함함을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  18. 제 16항에 있어서, 염소 비함유 플루오로기 함유 열전달 유체가 펜타플루오로에탄, 1,1-디플루오로에탄, 1,1,1-트리플루오로에탄, 및 1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄으로 구성된 군으로부터 선택됨을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  19. 제 18항에 있어서, 열전달 유체가 1,1,1,2-테트라플루오로에탄임을 특징으로 하는 냉매 유체.
  20. 제 16항에 따르는 냉매 유체의 순환식 압축, 액화, 팽창 및 증발을 포함하는 냉장고를 작동시키는 방법.
KR1019970707920A 1995-06-07 1996-06-06 냉매 열전달 유체용의 배합된 폴리올 에스테르 윤활제 KR100437554B1 (ko)

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US08/482,453 US5976399A (en) 1992-06-03 1995-06-07 Blended polyol ester lubricants for refrigerant heat transfer fluids
PCT/US1996/008584 WO1996040848A1 (en) 1995-06-07 1996-06-06 Blended polyol ester lubricants for refrigerant heat transfer fluids

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EP0830442A4 (en) 1998-12-16
DE69625593D1 (de) 2003-02-06
ATE230430T1 (de) 2003-01-15
CA2221335A1 (en) 1996-12-19
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US5976399A (en) 1999-11-02
AU5976096A (en) 1996-12-30
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CA2221335C (en) 2009-05-12
MX222815B (es) 2004-09-20
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