JPWO2020179642A1 - 多孔質体および多孔質体の製造方法 - Google Patents
多孔質体および多孔質体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2020179642A1 JPWO2020179642A1 JP2021504033A JP2021504033A JPWO2020179642A1 JP WO2020179642 A1 JPWO2020179642 A1 JP WO2020179642A1 JP 2021504033 A JP2021504033 A JP 2021504033A JP 2021504033 A JP2021504033 A JP 2021504033A JP WO2020179642 A1 JPWO2020179642 A1 JP WO2020179642A1
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- C08J9/26—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a solid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. leaching out
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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- C08G59/24—Di-epoxy compounds carbocyclic
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- C08G59/20—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the epoxy compounds used
- C08G59/32—Epoxy compounds containing three or more epoxy groups
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Epoxy Resins (AREA)
Abstract
Description
エポキシ化合物と硬化剤との共重合体により形成された多孔質体であって、
前記多孔質体は、1〜3級のアミノ基を含まない多孔質体であり、かつ、その内部に、多孔構造が連通している孔を有することを特徴とする。
エポキシ化合物と硬化剤との共重合体により形成された多孔質体であって、
前記多孔質体は、酸処理により4級化する窒素原子を含まない多孔質体であり、かつ、その内部に、多孔構造が連通している孔を有することを特徴とする。
エポキシ化合物と硬化剤とを含む多孔質体原料を、分散媒中に分散させて分散液を調製する分散液調製工程と、
前記多孔質体原料を前記分散液中で重合させる重合工程と、を含み、
前記重合工程において、スピノーダル分解により前記孔を形成する。
本発明の多孔質体は、前述のとおり、エポキシ化合物と硬化剤との共重合体により形成された多孔質体である。
前記エポキシ化合物は、1〜3級のアミノ基を含まないことが好ましい。また、前記エポキシ化合物は、酸処理により4級化する窒素原子を含まないことが好ましい。アミド結合、ウレタン結合等の窒素原子であれば、酸性下でも4級化しない。
X−(NY2)m (A)
本発明の多孔質体は、前述のとおり、エポキシ化合物と硬化剤との共重合体により形成された多孔質体である。前記硬化剤は、特に限定されない。また、前記硬化剤は、1種類のみ用いても複数種類を併用しても良い。
本発明の多孔質体の製造においては、前記エポキシ化合物および前記硬化剤以外の他の物質を適宜用いてもよいし、用いなくてもよい。なお、本発明の多孔質体の製造方法については、後述する。前記他の物質としては、例えば、硬化促進剤を使用することもできる。硬化促進剤としては特に限定されず、既知のあらゆる化合物を使用することができるが、例えば、トリエチルアミン、トリブチルアミン等の三級アミン、2−フェノール−4−メチルイミダゾール、2−エチル−4−メチルイミダゾール、2−フェノール−4,5−ジヒドロキシメチルイミダゾールなどのイミダゾール類などを好適に用いることができる。また、前記硬化促進剤は、1種類のみ用いても複数種類併用してもよい。
ジアザビシクロウンデセン
(1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene)
ジアザビシクロノネン
(1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene)
本発明の多孔質体の製造においては、前記エポキシ化合物および前記硬化剤以外の他の物質としては、例えば、ポロゲンを使用することもできる。
本発明の多孔質体の製造方法は、前述のとおり、エポキシ化合物と硬化剤とを含む多孔質体原料を、分散媒中に分散させて分散液を調製する分散液調製工程と、前記多孔質体原料を前記分散液中で重合させる重合工程と、を含み、前記重合工程において、スピノーダル分解により前記孔を形成する。前記孔は、例えば、前述のとおり、貫通孔であってもよい。
本発明の製造方法では、まず、エポキシ化合物と硬化剤とを含む多孔質体原料を、分散媒中に分散させて分散液を調製する(分散液調製工程)。前記エポキシ化合物は、特に限定されないが、例えば、前述の各エポキシ化合物が挙げられる。前記エポキシ化合物は、製造しようとする多孔質体の形成材料(例えば、エポキシ樹脂)の原料である。前記エポキシ化合物としては、例えば、前記多孔質体の形成材料に対応したエポキシモノマーおよびエポキシプレポリマーの少なくとも一方を用いることができる。前記エポキシモノマーおよびエポキシプレポリマーは、1種類のみ用いても2種類以上併用しても良い。前記エポキシモノマーおよびエポキシプレポリマーとしては、例えば、前述のとおり、三菱ガス化学工業株式会社の商品名「テトラッド−C」、および日産化学株式会社の商品名「テピック」、三菱化学株式会社の商品名「エピコート828」等が挙げられる。
X−(NY2)m (A)
以下において、前記ブロックコポリマー(分散剤)および前記分散剤製造工程について詳しく説明する。
(1)重金属化合物を使用しない;ATRP法やDT法のような重金属化合物を使用しない。
(2)精製が必須ではない;ATRP法やDT法は重金属、RAFT法やMADIX法は硫黄化合物の除去が必要である。
(3)特殊で高価な化合物を必要とせず、市場にある比較的安価な材料が使用でき、よって低コストである;他のリビングラジカル重合方法では特別な化合物が必要である。
(4)重合条件が温和で、従来のラジカル重合方法と同様の条件で重合を行うことができる;NMP法では高温が必要であり、ATRP法では酸素の除去が必要である。
(5)使用するモノマーや溶媒なども精製する必要がなく、様々なモノマーが使用でき、酸基、アミノ基などの様々な官能基を有するモノマーを使用することが可能で、ポリマーブロックに様々な官能基を導入することができる;特にATRP法では酸基がその触媒毒となり、酸基をそのまま使用することはできない。NMP法ではメタクリレートはうまく重合しない。
(6)分子量と構造が制御でき、所望の結合状態のブロックポリマーが容易に得られ、かつ重合率も非常によい。
[開始化合物1モル×モノマー分子量×モノマー対開始化合物モル比]
で算出することができる。
本発明の多孔質体の製造方法は、具体的には、例えば、以下のようにして行うことができる。なお、以下においては、主に、熱硬化性のモノマーおよびプレポリマーの少なくとも一方を含む前記多孔質体原料を用いた製造方法について説明する。また、前記熱硬化性のモノマーおよびプレポリマーの中でも、特に、エポキシモノマーおよびエポキシプレポリマーの少なくとも一方を含む前記多孔質体原料について説明する。ただし、前記多孔質体原料は、前述のとおり、以下の例に限定されず任意である。
本発明の多孔質体の形状および大きさは、特に限定されない。本発明の多孔質体は、例えば、前述のとおり、多孔性粒子であってもよい。また、前記多孔性粒子は、例えば、略球状の粒子であってもよい。また、本発明の多孔質体の形状および大きさは、これに限定されず任意であり、例えば、バルク体でも薄膜(フィルム)状でもよい。例えば、前述のとおり、重合前の多孔質体原料が液体(例えば、溶液、分散液等)であることから、適切な型の中で重合することにより自由な形状を作ることができる。例えば、本発明の多孔質体は、バルクとしての四角形や円柱状、円筒状に、HPLCのカラムの中で作成すれば均一な多孔性を持つ一体型の充填剤として、ガラス板などの平板の間で作成すれば薄膜状のものが、疎水性溶媒中での乳化重合あるいは分散重合では粒子形状のものなど様々な形状のものを製造することができる。また、例えば、ガラス繊維、セルロースナノファイバー、カーボンファイバー、不織布や和紙などの補強材と組み合わせることも可能である。
以下の合成例1〜2のようにして、疎水性ポリマーブロックAおよび親水性ポリマーブロックBから形成されたA−Bブロックコポリマー(分散剤)を製造(合成)した。これらのブロックコポリマーは、構成するモノマーがすべて(メタ)アクリレート系モノマーで、A鎖のポリマーブロックが、疎水性基を有する(メタ)アクリレートであり、B鎖のポリマーブロックが親水性基を有する(メタ)アクリレートを構成成分とする。また、GPCにおけるポリスチレン換算の数平均分子量が2,000〜100,000であり、そのPDIが1.6以下であり、疎水性基を有する(メタ)アクリレートからなるAのポリマーブロックの数平均分子量が80,000未満かつ全体の構成成分の20〜98質量%である。なお、以下において、各物質の部数は、特に断らない限り、質量部(重量部)である。
撹拌機、還流コンデンサー、温度計および窒素導入管を取り付けた反応容器に、トルエン5.23部、ラウリルメタクリレート(以下、LMAと略記)5部、ヨウ素0.0495部、重合開始剤として2,2’−アゾビス(4−メトキシ−2,4−ジメチルバレロニトリル)(以下、V−70と略記)0.909部、アゾビスジメチルイソバレロニトリル(以下、V−65と略記)0.0183部、およびテトラブチルアンモニウムヨージド(以下、BNIと略す)0.0726部を仕込んで、窒素を流しながら60℃で撹拌した。16時間重合して、ポリマーブロックAを得た。これをサンプリングして、固形分を測定し、不揮発分から換算した重合転化率は90%であった。この時のGPCの示差屈折計での数平均分子量(以下、RI−Mnと略記)は16,500であり、PDIは1.27であった。
撹拌機、還流コンデンサー、温度計および窒素導入管を取り付けた反応容器に、トルエン5.23部、ラウリルメタクリレート(以下、LMAと略記)3部、ヨウ素0.0495部、重合開始剤として2,2’−アゾビス(4−メトキシ−2,4−ジメチルバレロニトリル)(以下、V−70と略記)0.909部、アゾビスジメチルイソバレロニトリル(以下、V−65と略記)0.0183部、およびテトラブチルアンモニウムヨージド(以下、BNIと略す)0.0726部を仕込んで、窒素を流しながら60℃で撹拌した。16時間重合して、ポリマーブロックAを得た。これをサンプリングして、固形分を測定し、不揮発分から換算した重合転化率は90%であった。この時のGPCの示差屈折計での数平均分子量(以下、RI−Mnと略記)は9800であり、PDIは1.19であった。
<多孔質体原料の分散液調製工程>
ガラス製の5号サンプル管瓶(容量20ml)に、PEG200 2.75g、EHPE3150(ダイセル化学株式会社の商品名、下記化学式(E1)、n=10〜15、2,2-ビス(ヒドロキシメチル)-1-ブタノールの1,2-エポキシ-4-(2-オキシラニル)シクロヘキサン付加物)1.0g、DL-92(硬化剤、下記化学式(F1)、n=3〜10程度、明和化成製株式会社製)0.35g、PEG10000 0.15gを80℃加温下に均一に溶解した後、2−メチルイミダゾール(2-Methylimidazole、硬化促進剤)0.06gを加えて十分に溶解し均一な状態とし、多孔質体原料の分散液(重合液)を調製した。
上記の重合液を120℃の恒温槽中に1時間静置することにより、前記多孔質体原料を前記分散液中で重合させる重合工程を行った。得られた重合物をサンプル管ごと水槽に二日間浸けて重合物中の水溶性成分(PEG200、PEG10000)を水と置換することで除去した。この間適宜サンプル管瓶中の水が入れ替わる様にした。その後サンプル管を水槽から取り出し、送風乾燥機中でサンプル管中の多孔質体を十分に乾燥させて白色の本実施例のエポキシ樹脂多孔質体を得た。得られた多孔質体は、その内部に、多孔構造が連通している貫通孔を有していた。なお、この多孔質体の表面には、孔のほとんどないスキン層が薄く形成されていた。この多孔質体内部の貫通孔は、前記重合工程におけるスピノーダル分解により形成された貫通孔である。図1に、そのSEM写真を示す。
実施例1のEHPE3150の一部をエポキシ基のモル量が同じようになる様にTETRAD-C(テトラッド−Cともいう、三菱ガス化学株式会社の商品名)に置き換えたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして本実施例の多孔質体を製造した。
実施例1の硬化促進剤をDBUに置き換えた以外は、実施例1と同様にして本実施例の多孔質体を製造した。
実施例1の硬化剤をMEH-7500(明和化成株式会社の商品名、トリフェニルメタン型フェノール樹脂)に置き換えた以外は、実施例1と同様にして本実施例の多孔質体を製造した。
実施例1に於いて、硬化剤としてDL-92の代わりにH-4(明和化成株式会社の商品名)を使用した以外は同様にしてバルク状の樹脂を製造した。得られた樹脂は、多孔構造が連通している孔を有していなかった。
実施例1において、エポキシ化合物としてEHPE-3150の代わりにTETRAD-C(三菱ガス化学株式会社の商品名)を使用した以外は同様にしてバルク状の樹脂を製造した。得られた樹脂は、多孔構造が連通している孔を有していなかった。
<多孔質体原料の分散液調製工程>
ガラス製の5号サンプル管瓶(容量20ml)に、PEG200 4.0g、グリシジルアミン型のエポキシ化合物であるTETRAD-C 1.0g、アミン型の硬化剤としてBACM(試薬、和光純薬株式会社の商品名)0.32g、を60℃加温下に均一に溶解し、多孔質体原料の分散液(重合液)を調製した。
上記の重合液を110℃の恒温槽中に1時間静置することで重合を行ない、得られた重合物をサンプル管ごと水槽に二日間浸けて重合物中の水溶性成分(PEG200)を水と置換することで除去した。この間適宜サンプル管瓶中の水が入れ替わる様にした。その後サンプル管を水槽から取り出し、送風乾燥機中でサンプル管中のモノリスを十分に乾燥させて白色のエポキシ樹脂多孔質体を得た。得られた多孔質体は、その内部に、多孔構造が連通している貫通孔を有していた。なお、この多孔質体の表面には、孔のほとんどないスキン層が薄く形成されていた。この多孔質体内部の貫通孔は、前記重合工程におけるスピノーダル分解により形成された貫通孔である。
前記実施例1〜4の多孔質体および前記比較例1〜3のエポキシ樹脂を、それぞれ5mm程度の大きさの立方体にしたのち、これを常温(25℃)の純水、1モル濃度の塩酸および苛性ソーダ水溶液に浸漬し24時間放置した。各サンプルの最大辺の大きさ(長さ)を浸漬前後にノギスで測定し、浸漬前との比率(長さ)を%で表した。収縮膨潤がない場合を100%(長さ)とした。この結果を、下記表1に示す。
<エポキシモノマー組成物(分散液)の調製>
分散相として、100mLの四つ口フラスコにポリエチレングリコール200(和光純薬工業株式会社製)27.5重量部およびポリエチレングリコール10000(和光純薬工業株式会社製)1.25重量部、エポキシ当量170〜190(平均180)のエポキシ化合物(商品名「EHPE3150」、(株)ダイセル製)10.0重量部、フェノールノボラック(硬化剤、明和化成株式会社製)3.2重量部、2−メチルイミダゾール(硬化促進剤、和光純薬工業株式会社製)0.55重量部を80℃に加熱下、撹拌して均一溶液(分散液)とした。
連続相として200mLフラスコにドデカン(和光純薬工業株式会社製)40.0gにブロックポリマーK−2(ポリラウリルメタクリレート(Mn=9200、PDI=1.17)−b−ポリ−ポリエチレングリコールメタクリレート(Mn=900)(ブロックポリマー全体Mn=10700、PDI=1.22、固形分濃度99%)2.4gを80℃で十分に混合溶解したものに前記の分散相を全量入れ400回転/分で5分間乳化分散後、回転数を50回転/分とした後120℃に昇温して1時間重合することで、多孔性のエポキシ粒子を得た。
ポリエチレングリコール10000(和光純薬工業株式会社製)の使用量を1.88重量部とした以外は〔実施例5:粒子1〕と同じにして本実施例の多孔性のエポキシ粒子(多孔性粒子である本発明の多孔質体)が得られた。このエポキシ粒子は、平均粒径が29.4μm、細孔径(水銀圧入式ポロシメーター使用)が1100nmであった。また、この多孔性粒子は、その内部に、多孔構造が連通している貫通孔を有していた。本実施例で製造した前記球形の多孔性粒子(球形微粒子)の外観および粒子内部のSEM写真を図3に示す。図示のとおり、このエポキシ樹脂製多孔性粒子の表面にはスキン層が無く、前記貫通孔の端部が、前記多孔性粒子の外部に向かって開口していた。
<エポキシモノマー組成物の調製>
エポキシモノマーとして、エポキシ当量が95〜110(平均102)である下記式(1)で表されるエポキシ化合物(商品名「テトラッド−C」、三菱ガス化学工業株式会社)2.00重量部、硬化剤として、アミン価が520〜550である下記式(2)で表されるビス(4−アミノシクロヘキシル)メタン(東京化成工業株式会社製)1.15重量部、ポロゲンとして、平均分子量が200である下記式(3)で表されるポリエチレングリコール200(和光純薬工業株式会社製)8重量部を用い、これらを、自転・公転ミキサーの「あわとり練太郎」(株式会社シンキーの商品名)で5分間混合することで、エポキシモノマー組成物を得た。
円筒状のガラス製サンプル瓶(内径19mm、高さ60mmの)に上記で得られたエポキシモノマー組成物11.15gを、分散媒としてドデカン10gに上記の前記ブロックコポリマー(分散剤)K−1を0.6g溶解したものの中に加え、分散液を調製した。
前記分散液を、撹拌翼で常温で毎分2000回転で30分間撹拌して乳化分散させた後、毎分回転数を、粒子が沈降および相互付着しない程度の回転数である50回転に下げて高温浴槽中温度140℃で60分間重合した。重合して得られたものをMEKに入れ十分撹拌した後遠心分離機を用いて粒子を分離した。このMEKによる洗浄工程を10回繰り返してポロゲンや残存モノマー等を十分に除去した後、減圧乾燥してエポキシ樹脂からなる球形の多孔性粒子を2.85g得た。前記多孔性粒子の平均粒径は、28μmであった。なお、このエポキシ樹脂製多孔性粒子は、その内部に、多孔構造が連通している貫通孔を有していた。また、このエポキシ樹脂製多孔性粒子の表面にはスキン層が無く、前記貫通孔の端部が、前記多孔性粒子の外部に向かって開口していた。
[実施例5:粒子1] 純水;100%、1M苛性ソーダ水溶液;101%、1M塩酸水溶液;105%
[実施例6:粒子2] 純水;100%、1M苛性ソーダ水溶液;101%、1M塩酸水溶液;106%
[比較例4:粒子3] 純水;100%、1M苛性ソーダ水溶液;114%、1M塩酸水溶液;188%
Claims (23)
- エポキシ化合物と硬化剤との共重合体により形成された多孔質体であって、
前記多孔質体は、1〜3級のアミノ基を含まない多孔質体であり、かつ、その内部に、多孔構造が連通している孔を有することを特徴とする多孔質体。 - エポキシ化合物と硬化剤との共重合体により形成された多孔質体であって、
前記多孔質体は、酸処理により4級化する窒素原子を含まない多孔質体であり、かつ、その内部に、多孔構造が連通している孔を有することを特徴とする多孔質体。 - 前記エポキシ化合物が、1〜3級のアミノ基を含まないエポキシ化合物である請求項1または2記載の多孔質体。
- 前記エポキシ化合物が、酸処理により4級化する窒素原子を含まないエポキシ化合物である請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体。
- 前記化学式(E1)において、nが、10〜15である請求項5記載の多孔質体。
- 前記化学式(E1)で表されるエポキシ化合物が、2,2−ビス(ヒドロキシメチル)−1−ブタノールの1,2−エポキシ−4−(2−オキシラニル)シクロヘキサン付加物である請求項5または6記載の多孔質体。
- 前記硬化剤が、1〜3級のアミノ基を含まない硬化剤である請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体。
- 前記硬化剤が、酸処理により4級化する窒素原子を含まない硬化剤である請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体。
- 前記硬化剤が、フェノール化合物である請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体。
- 前記フェノール化合物が、1分子中にフェノール性水酸基を3個以上含むフェノール化合物である請求項10記載の多孔質体。
- 前記多孔構造が連通している孔は、多孔構造が連通している貫通孔である請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体。
- 前記貫通孔の端部が、前記多孔質体の外部に向かって開口している請求項12記載の多孔質体。
- 多孔性粒子である請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体。
- 前記多孔性粒子が、略球状の粒子である請求項14記載の多孔質体。
- 前記多孔性粒子の長径が短径の1.6倍以下である請求項14または15記載の多孔質体。
- 前記多孔性粒子の平均粒径が0.5〜30,000μmの範囲である請求項14から16のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体。
- エポキシ化合物と硬化剤とを含む多孔質体原料を、分散媒中に分散させて分散液を調製する分散液調製工程と、
前記多孔質体原料を前記分散液中で重合させる重合工程と、を含み、
前記重合工程において、スピノーダル分解により前記孔を形成する請求項1から17のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質体の製造方法。 - 前記分散液調製工程において、さらに、硬化促進剤を分散媒中に分散させる請求項18記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
- 前記分散液調製工程において、前記多孔質体原料を、分散剤とともに分散媒中に分散させる請求項18または19記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
- 前記分散剤が、疎水性ポリマーブロックおよび親水性ポリマーブロックを含んで形成されたブロックコポリマーである請求項20記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
- さらに、前記分散剤を製造する分散剤製造工程を含み、
前記分散剤製造工程が、リビングラジカル重合により前記疎水性ポリマーブロックおよび親水性ポリマーブロックの一方を形成する第1のリビングラジカル重合工程と、
前記第1のリビングラジカル重合工程後に、リビングラジカル重合により前記疎水性ポリマーブロックおよび親水性ポリマーブロックの他方を形成する第2のリビングラジカル重合工程と、を含む
請求項21記載の多孔質体の製造方法。 - 前記分散剤が、界面活性剤である請求項20記載の多孔質体の製造方法。
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