JPWO2015037353A1 - 二次電池用負極、二次電池、電池パック、電動車両、電力貯蔵システム、電動工具および電子機器 - Google Patents
二次電池用負極、二次電池、電池パック、電動車両、電力貯蔵システム、電動工具および電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2015037353A1 JPWO2015037353A1 JP2015536486A JP2015536486A JPWO2015037353A1 JP WO2015037353 A1 JPWO2015037353 A1 JP WO2015037353A1 JP 2015536486 A JP2015536486 A JP 2015536486A JP 2015536486 A JP2015536486 A JP 2015536486A JP WO2015037353 A1 JPWO2015037353 A1 JP WO2015037353A1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
- B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
- B60L50/64—Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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Abstract
Description
1.二次電池用負極
2.二次電池用負極を用いた二次電池
2−1.円筒型
2−2.ラミネートフィルム型
3.二次電池の用途
3−1.電池パック
3−2.電動車両
3−3.電力貯蔵システム
3−4.電動工具
まず、本技術の一実施形態の二次電池用負極(以下、単に「負極」または「本技術の負極」という。)について説明する。ここで説明する負極は、例えば、リチウムイオン二次電池などの二次電池に用いられる。
図1は、負極の断面構成を表している。この負極は、負極集電体1および負極活物質層2を備えている。
負極集電体1は、例えば、銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)およびステンレスなどの導電性材料のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでいる。
負極活物質層2は、負極集電体1の片面または両面に設けられている。なお、図1では、負極活物質層2が負極集電体1の両面に設けられている場合を示している。
(M3は、マグネシウム(Mg)、ホウ素(B)、アルミニウム(Al)、ガリウム(Ga)、インジウム(In)、ケイ素(Si)、ゲルマニウム(Ge)、スズ(Sn)、鉛(Pb)、ビスマス(Bi)、カドミウム(Cd)、銀(Ag)、亜鉛(Zn)、ハフニウム(Hf)、ジルコニウム(Zr)、イットリウム(Y)、パラジウム(Pd)および白金(Pt)のうちの少なくとも1種である。w、x、yおよびzのそれぞれは、3≦w≦7、3≦x≦5、0≦y≦4および10≦z≦12を満たす。)
この負極は、例えば、以下の手順により製造される。
この負極によれば、負極活物質(高電位材料)と金属塩とを一緒に含んでいるので、上記したように、高電位材料と金属塩との相乗作用により、充放電時において負極の化学的安定性が向上する。これにより、充放電を繰り返しても、負極の反応性に起因する電解液の分解反応が抑制されると共に、その電解液の分解反応に起因するガスの発生も抑制される。よって、負極を用いた二次電池の電池特性を向上させることができる。
次に、本技術の負極を用いた二次電池について説明する。
図2および図3は、二次電池の断面構成を表しており、図3では、図2に示した巻回電極体20の一部を拡大している。
ここで説明する二次電池は、電極反応物質であるリチウムの吸蔵放出により負極22の容量が得られる二次電池(リチウムイオン二次電池)である。以下では、既に説明した本技術の負極の構成要素を随時引用する。
正極21は、正極集電体21Aの片面または両面に正極活物質層21Bを有している。正極集電体21Aは、例えば、アルミニウム、ニッケルSまたはステンレスなどの導電性材料により形成されている。
(Mは、コバルト、マンガン、鉄、アルミニウム、バナジウム、スズ、マグネシウム、チタン、ストロンチウム、カルシウム、ジルコニウム、モリブデン、テクネチウム(Tc)、ルテニウム(Ru)、タンタル、タングステン、レニウム(Re)、イッテルビウム(Yb)、銅、亜鉛、バリウム、ホウ素、クロム、ケイ素、ガリウム、リン、アンチモンおよびニオブのうちの少なくとも1種である。zは、0.005<z<0.5を満たす。)
負極22は、負極集電体22Aの片面または両面に負極活物質層22Bを有している。負極集電体22Aおよび負極活物質層22Bの構成は、それぞれ負極集電体1および負極活物質層2の構成と同様である。
セパレータ23は、正極21と負極22とを隔離して、両極の接触に起因する電流の短絡を防止しながらリチウムイオンを通過させるものである。このセパレータ23は、例えば、合成樹脂またはセラミックなどの多孔質膜であり、2種類以上の多孔質膜が積層された積層膜でもよい。合成樹脂は、例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリプロピレンまたはポリエチレンなどである。
セパレータ23には、液状の電解質である電解液が含浸されており、その電解液は、溶媒および電解質塩を含んでいる。ただし、電解液は、さらに添加剤などの他の材料のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでいてもよい。
この二次電池は、例えば、以下のように動作する。充電時には、正極21からリチウムイオンが放出されると、そのリチウムイオンが電解液を介して負極22に吸蔵される。一方、放電時には、負極22からリチウムイオンが放出されると、そのリチウムイオンが電解液を介して正極21に吸蔵される。
この二次電池は、例えば、以下の手順により製造される。
この円筒の二次電池によれば、負極22が本技術の負極と同様の構成を有している。これにより、充放電時において負極22の化学的安定性が向上するため、負極22の反応性に起因する電解液の分解反応が抑制されると共に、その電解液の分解反応に起因するガスの発生も抑制される。よって、優れた電池特性を得ることができる。これ以外の作用および効果は、本技術の負極と同様である。
図4は、本技術の一実施形態の他の二次電池の分解斜視構成を表しており、図5は、図4に示したV−V線に沿った巻回電極体30の断面を拡大している。以下では、既に説明した円筒型の二次電池の構成要素を随時引用する。
ここで説明する二次電池は、いわゆるラミネートフィルム型のリチウムイオン二次電池である。この二次電池では、フィルム状の外装部材40の内部に巻回電極体30が収納されており、その巻回電極体30は、セパレータ35および電解質層36を介して正極33と負極34とが積層されてから巻回されたものである。正極33には、正極リード31が取り付けられていると共に、負極34には、負極リード32が取り付けられている。この巻回電極体30の最外周部は、保護テープ37により保護されている。
この二次電池は、例えば、以下のように動作する。充電時には、正極33からリチウムイオンが放出されると、そのリチウムイオンが電解質層36を介して負極34に吸蔵される。放電時には、負極34からリチウムイオンが放出されると、そのリチウムイオンが電解質層36を介して正極33に吸蔵される。
ゲル状の電解質層36を備えた二次電池は、例えば、以下の3種類の手順により製造される。
このラミネートフィルム型の二次電池によれば、負極34が本技術の負極と同様の構成を有しているので、円筒型の二次電池と同様の理由により、負極34の反応性に起因する電解液の分解反応が抑制されると共に、その電解液の分解反応に起因するガスの発生も抑制される。よって、優れた電池特性を得ることができる。
次に、上記した二次電池の適用例について説明する。
図6は、電池パックのブロック構成を表している。この電池パックは、例えば、プラスチック材料などにより形成された筐体60の内部に、制御部61と、電源62と、スイッチ部63と、電流測定部64と、温度検出部65と、電圧検出部66と、スイッチ制御部67と、メモリ68と、温度検出素子69と、電流検出抵抗70と、正極端子71および負極端子72とを備えている。
図7は、電動車両の一例であるハイブリッド自動車のブロック構成を表している。この電動車両は、例えば、金属製の筐体73の内部に、制御部74と、エンジン75と、電源76と、駆動用のモータ77と、差動装置78と、発電機79と、トランスミッション80およびクラッチ81と、インバータ82,83と、各種センサ84とを備えている。この他、電動車両は、例えば、差動装置78およびトランスミッション80に接続された前輪用駆動軸85および前輪86と、後輪用駆動軸87および後輪88とを備えている。
図8は、電力貯蔵システムのブロック構成を表している。この電力貯蔵システムは、例えば、一般住宅および商業用ビルなどの家屋89の内部に、制御部90と、電源91と、スマートメータ92と、パワーハブ93とを備えている。
図9は、電動工具のブロック構成を表している。この電動工具は、例えば、電動ドリルであり、プラスチック材料などにより形成された工具本体98の内部に、制御部99と、電源100とを備えている。この工具本体98には、例えば、可動部であるドリル部101が稼働(回転)可能に取り付けられている。
以下の手順により、図4および図5に示したラミネートフィルム型の二次電池(リチウムイオン二次電池)を作製した。
表3に示したように、電解液の溶媒にγ−ブチロラクトン(GBL)を含有させたことを除き、同様の手順により二次電池を作製すると共に電池特性を調べた。この場合には、ECとEMCとGBLとの混合比を重量比でEC:EMC:GBL=30:40:30、VCの含有量をECとEMCとGBLとの合計に対して1重量%とした。
表4に示したように、正極活物質としてリチウム遷移金属複合酸化物(LiCoO2 )に代えてリチウム遷移金属リン酸化合物(LiFePO4 )を用いたことを除き、同様の手順により二次電池を作製すると共に電池特性を調べた。
(1)
正極および負極と共に非水電解液を備え、
前記負極は、
1V〜3Vの電位(対リチウム電位)において電極反応物質を吸蔵放出する電極化合物を含有する負極活物質と、
式(1)で表されるカルボン酸型化合物および式(2)で表されるスルホン酸型化合物のうちの少なくとも一方を含有する金属塩と
を含む、二次電池。
(2)
前記式(1)中のaおよび前記式(2)中のeのそれぞれは、1〜5の整数である、
上記(1)に記載の二次電池。
(3)
前記式(1)中のM1および前記式(2)中のM2のそれぞれは、アルカリ金属元素である、
上記(1)または(2)に記載の二次電池。
(4)
前記式(1)中のM1および前記式(2)中のM2のそれぞれは、リチウム(Li)である、
上記(1)ないし(3)のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
(5)
前記電極化合物は、式(3)で表されるリチウムチタン複合酸化物のうちの少なくとも1種を含む、
上記(1)ないし(4)のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
Liw Tix M3y Oz ・・・(3)
(M3は、マグネシウム(Mg)、ホウ素(B)、アルミニウム(Al)、ガリウム(Ga)、インジウム(In)、ケイ素(Si)、ゲルマニウム(Ge)、スズ(Sn)、鉛(Pb)、ビスマス(Bi)、カドミウム(Cd)、銀(Ag)、亜鉛(Zn)、ハフニウム(Hf)、ジルコニウム(Zr)、イットリウム(Y)、パラジウム(Pd)および白金(Pt)のうちの少なくとも1種である。w、x、yおよびzのそれぞれは、3≦w≦7、3≦x≦5、0≦y≦4および10≦z≦12を満たす。)
(6)
前記負極活物質および前記金属塩は、負極活物質層に含有されており、
前記負極活物質層における前記金属塩の含有量は、0.5重量%〜3重量%である、
上記(1)ないし(5)のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
(7)
前記非水電解液は、γ−ブチロラクトンを含む、
上記(1)ないし(6)のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
(8)
前記正極、前記負極および前記非水電解液は、フィルム状の外装部材の内部に収納されている、
上記(1)ないし(7)のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
(9)
前記非水電解液は、高分子化合物により保持されている、
上記(1)ないし(8)のいずれかに記載の二次電池。
(10)
1V〜3Vの電位(対リチウム電位)において電極反応物質を吸蔵放出する電極化合物を含有する負極活物質と、
式(1)で表されるカルボン酸型化合物および式(2)で表されるスルホン酸型化合物のうちの少なくとも一方を含有する金属塩と
含む、二次電池用負極。
(11)
上記(1)ないし(9)のいずれかに記載の二次電池と、
その二次電池の動作を制御する制御部と、
その制御部の指示に応じて前記二次電池の動作を切り換えるスイッチ部と
を備えた、電池パック。
(12)
上記(1)ないし(9)のいずれかに記載の二次電池と、
その二次電池から供給された電力を駆動力に変換する変換部と、
その駆動力に応じて駆動する駆動部と、
前記二次電池の動作を制御する制御部と
を備えた、電動車両。
(13)
上記(1)ないし(9)のいずれかに記載の二次電池と、
その二次電池から電力を供給される1または2以上の電気機器と、
前記二次電池からの前記電気機器に対する電力供給を制御する制御部と
を備えた、電力貯蔵システム。
(14)
上記(1)ないし(9)のいずれかに記載の二次電池と、
その二次電池から電力を供給される可動部と
を備えた、電動工具。
(15)
上記(1)ないし(9)のいずれかに記載の二次電池を電力供給源として備えた、電子機器。
Claims (15)
- 正極および負極と共に非水電解液を備え、
前記負極は、
1V〜3Vの電位(対リチウム電位)において電極反応物質を吸蔵放出する電極化合物を含有する負極活物質と、
式(1)で表されるカルボン酸型化合物および式(2)で表されるスルホン酸型化合物のうちの少なくとも一方を含有する金属塩と
を含む、二次電池。
- 前記式(1)中のaおよび前記式(2)中のeのそれぞれは、1〜5の整数である、
請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 前記式(1)中のM1および前記式(2)中のM2のそれぞれは、アルカリ金属元素である、
請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 前記式(1)中のM1および前記式(2)中のM2のそれぞれは、リチウム(Li)である、
請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 前記電極化合物は、式(3)で表されるリチウムチタン複合酸化物のうちの少なくとも1種を含む、
請求項1記載の二次電池。
Liw Tix M3y Oz ・・・(3)
(M3は、マグネシウム(Mg)、ホウ素(B)、アルミニウム(Al)、ガリウム(Ga)、インジウム(In)、ケイ素(Si)、ゲルマニウム(Ge)、スズ(Sn)、鉛(Pb)、ビスマス(Bi)、カドミウム(Cd)、銀(Ag)、亜鉛(Zn)、ハフニウム(Hf)、ジルコニウム(Zr)、イットリウム(Y)、パラジウム(Pd)および白金(Pt)のうちの少なくとも1種である。w、x、yおよびzのそれぞれは、3≦w≦7、3≦x≦5、0≦y≦4および10≦z≦12を満たす。) - 前記負極活物質および前記金属塩は、負極活物質層に含有されており、
前記負極活物質層における前記金属塩の含有量は、0.5重量%〜3重量%である、
請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 前記非水電解液は、γ−ブチロラクトンを含む、
請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 前記正極、前記負極および前記非水電解液は、フィルム状の外装部材の内部に収納されている、
請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 前記非水電解液は、高分子化合物により保持されている、
請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 1V〜3Vの電位(対リチウム電位)において電極反応物質を吸蔵放出する電極化合物を含有する負極活物質と、
式(1)で表されるカルボン酸型化合物および式(2)で表されるスルホン酸型化合物のうちの少なくとも一方を含有する金属塩と
を含む、二次電池用負極。
- 二次電池と、
その二次電池の動作を制御する制御部と、
その制御部の指示に応じて前記二次電池の動作を切り換えるスイッチ部と
を備え、
前記二次電池は、正極および負極と共に非水電解液を備え、
前記負極は、
1V〜3Vの電位(対リチウム電位)において電極反応物質を吸蔵放出する電極化合物を含有する負極活物質と、
式(1)で表されるカルボン酸型化合物および式(2)で表されるスルホン酸型化合物のうちの少なくとも一方を含有する金属塩と
を含む、電池パック。
- 二次電池と、
その二次電池から供給された電力を駆動力に変換する変換部と、
その駆動力に応じて駆動する駆動部と、
前記二次電池の動作を制御する制御部と
を備え、
前記二次電池は、正極および負極と共に非水電解液を備え、
前記負極は、
1V〜3Vの電位(対リチウム電位)において電極反応物質を吸蔵放出する電極化合物を含有する負極活物質と、
式(1)で表されるカルボン酸型化合物および式(2)で表されるスルホン酸型化合物のうちの少なくとも一方を含有する金属塩と
を含む、電動車両。
- 二次電池と、
その二次電池から電力を供給される1または2以上の電気機器と、
前記二次電池からの前記電気機器に対する電力供給を制御する制御部と
を備え、
前記二次電池は、正極および負極と共に非水電解液を備え、
前記負極は、
1V〜3Vの電位(対リチウム電位)において電極反応物質を吸蔵放出する電極化合物を含有する負極活物質と、
式(1)で表されるカルボン酸型化合物および式(2)で表されるスルホン酸型化合物のうちの少なくとも一方を含有する金属塩と
を含む、電力貯蔵システム。
- 二次電池と、
その二次電池から電力を供給される可動部と
を備え、
前記二次電池は、正極および負極と共に非水電解液を備え、
前記負極は、
1V〜3Vの電位(対リチウム電位)において電極反応物質を吸蔵放出する電極化合物を含有する負極活物質と、
式(1)で表されるカルボン酸型化合物および式(2)で表されるスルホン酸型化合物のうちの少なくとも一方を含有する金属塩と
を含む、電動工具。
- 二次電池を電力供給源として備え、
前記二次電池は、正極および負極と共に非水電解液を備え、
前記負極は、
1V〜3Vの電位(対リチウム電位)において電極反応物質を吸蔵放出する電極化合物を含有する負極活物質と、
式(1)で表されるカルボン酸型化合物および式(2)で表されるスルホン酸型化合物のうちの少なくとも一方を含有する金属塩と
を含む、電子機器。
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