JPWO2013125684A1 - 半導体装置及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
半導体装置及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2013125684A1 JPWO2013125684A1 JP2014500951A JP2014500951A JPWO2013125684A1 JP WO2013125684 A1 JPWO2013125684 A1 JP WO2013125684A1 JP 2014500951 A JP2014500951 A JP 2014500951A JP 2014500951 A JP2014500951 A JP 2014500951A JP WO2013125684 A1 JPWO2013125684 A1 JP WO2013125684A1
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Abstract
Description
本実施形態の半導体装置について、図1及び2を用いて以下説明する。図1は、本発明の半導体装置の一実施形態を示す模式断面図である。図1(a)に示すように、半導体装置100は、互いに対向する半導体チップ10及び基板(回路配線基板)20と、半導体チップ10及び基板20の互いに対向する面にそれぞれ配置された配線15と、半導体チップ10及び基板20の配線15を互いに接続する接続バンプ30と、半導体チップ10及び基板20間の空隙に隙間なく充填された接着材料40とを有している。半導体チップ10及び基板20は、配線15及び接続バンプ30によりフリップチップ接続されている。配線15及び接続バンプ30は、接着材料40により封止されており外部環境から遮断されている。接着材料40は、後述する半導体用接着剤の硬化物である。
本実施形態では、例えば、以下のようにして半導体装置を製造することができる。まず、回路が形成された基板(回路基板)を準備する。次に、回路基板に半導体用接着剤を、半導体用接着剤層が配線及び接続バンプを埋めるように供給して回路部材を得る。半導体用接着剤層を回路基板に形成した後、半導体チップのはんだバンプと基板の銅配線をフリップチップボンダーなどの接続装置を用いて、位置合わせした後、半導体チップと基板をはんだバンプの融点以上の温度で加熱しながら押し付けて(接続部にはんだを用いる場合は、はんだ部分に240℃以上かかることが好ましい)、半導体チップと基板を接続するとともに、半導体用接着剤層の硬化物によって接続部を封止する。上記半導体用接着剤層は、下記式(1)で表される基を有する化合物を含有する。
<半導体用接着剤>
本実施形態の半導体用接着剤は、下記式(1)で表される基を有する化合物(以下、場合により「(c)成分」という。)を含有する。さらに、接着性の観点から、熱硬化成分を含むことが好ましい。熱硬化成分は特には制限されないが、耐熱性及び接着性の観点から、エポキシ樹脂(以下、場合により「(a)成分」という。)、硬化剤(以下、場合により「(b)成分」という。)を含有することが好ましい。
エポキシ樹脂としては、分子内に2個以上のエポキシ基を有するものであれば特に制限なく用いることができる。(a)成分として、例えば、ビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂、ビスフェノールF型エポキシ樹脂、ナフタレン型エポキシ樹脂、フェノールノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、クレゾールノボラック型エポキシ樹脂、フェノールアラルキル型エポキシ樹脂、ビフェニル型エポキシ樹脂、トリフェニルメタン型エポキシ樹脂、ジシクロペンタジエン型エポキシ樹脂及び各種多官能エポキシ樹脂を使用することができる。これらは単独で又は2種以上の混合物として使用することができる。
(b)成分としては、例えば、フェノール樹脂系硬化剤、酸無水物系硬化剤、アミン系硬化剤、イミダゾール系硬化剤及びホスフィン系硬化剤が挙げられる。(b)成分がフェノール性水酸基、酸無水物、アミン類又はイミダゾール類を含むと、接続部に酸化膜が生じることを抑制するフラックス活性を示し、接続信頼性・絶縁信頼性を向上させることができる。以下、各硬化剤について説明する。
フェノール樹脂系硬化剤としては、分子内に2個以上のフェノール性水酸基を有するものであれば特に制限はなく、例えば、フェノールノボラック樹脂、クレゾールノボラック樹脂、フェノールアラルキル樹脂、クレゾールナフトールホルムアルデヒド重縮合物、トリフェニルメタン型多官能フェノール樹脂及び各種多官能フェノール樹脂を使用することができる。これらは単独で又は2種以上の混合物として使用することができる。
酸無水物系硬化剤としては、例えば、メチルシクロヘキサンテトラカルボン酸二無水物、無水トリメリット酸、無水ピロメリット酸、ベンゾフェノンテトラカルボン酸二無水物及びエチレングリコールビスアンヒドロトリメリテートを使用することができる。これらは単独で又は2種以上の混合物として使用することができる。
アミン系硬化剤としては、例えばジシアンジアミドを使用することができる。
イミダゾール系硬化剤としては、例えば、2−フェニルイミダゾール、2−フェニル−4−メチルイミダゾール、1−ベンジル−2−メチルイミダゾール、1−ベンジル−2−フェニルイミダゾール、1−シアノエチル−2−ウンデシルイミダゾール、1−シアノ−2−フェニルイミダゾール、1−シアノエチル−2−ウンデシルイミダゾールトリメリテイト、1−シアノエチル−2−フェニルイミダゾリウムトリメリテイト、2,4−ジアミノ−6−[2’−メチルイミダゾリル−(1’)]−エチル−s−トリアジン、2,4−ジアミノ−6−[2’−ウンデシルイミダゾリル−(1’)]−エチル−s−トリアジン、2,4−ジアミノ−6−[2’−エチル−4’−メチルイミダゾリル−(1’)]−エチル−s−トリアジン、2,4−ジアミノ−6−[2’−メチルイミダゾリル−(1’)]−エチル−s−トリアジンイソシアヌル酸付加体、2−フェニルイミダゾールイソシアヌル酸付加体、2−フェニル−4,5−ジヒドロキシメチルイミダゾール、2−フェニル−4−メチル−5−ヒドロキシメチルイミダゾール、及び、エポキシ樹脂とイミダゾール類の付加体が挙げられる。これらの中でも、優れた硬化性、保存安定性及び接続信頼性の観点から、1−シアノエチル−2−ウンデシルイミダゾール、1−シアノ−2−フェニルイミダゾール、1−シアノエチル−2−ウンデシルイミダゾールトリメリテイト、1−シアノエチル−2−フェニルイミダゾリウムトリメリテイト、2,4−ジアミノ−6−[2’−メチルイミダゾリル−(1’)]−エチル−s−トリアジン、2,4−ジアミノ−6−[2’−エチル−4’−メチルイミダゾリル−(1’)]−エチル−s−トリアジン、2,4−ジアミノ−6−[2’−メチルイミダゾリル−(1’)]−エチル−s−トリアジンイソシアヌル酸付加体、2−フェニルイミダゾールイソシアヌル酸付加体、2−フェニル−4,5−ジヒドロキシメチルイミダゾール及び2−フェニル−4−メチル−5−ヒドロキシメチルイミダゾールが好ましい。これらは単独で又は2種以上を併用して用いることができる。また、これらをマイクロカプセル化した潜在性硬化剤としてもよい。
ホスフィン系硬化剤としては、例えば、トリフェニルホスフィン、テトラフェニルホスホニウムテトラフェニルボレート、テトラフェニルホスホニウムテトラ(4−メチルフェニル)ボレート及びテトラフェニルホスホニウム(4−フルオロフェニル)ボレートが挙げられる。
(c)成分は、式(1)で表される基を有する化合物(以下、場合により「フラックス化合物」という。)である。(c)成分はフラックス活性を有する化合物であり、本実施形態の半導体用接着剤において、フラックス剤として機能する。(c)成分としては、フラックス化合物の1種を単独で用いてもよく、フラックス化合物の2種以上を併用してもよい。
本実施形態の半導体用接着剤は、必要に応じて、重量平均分子量が10000以上の高分子成分((d)成分)を含有していてもよい。(d)成分を含有する半導体用接着剤は、耐熱性及びフィルム形成性に一層優れる。
装置:HCL−8320GPC、UV−8320(製品名、東ソー社製)、又はHPLC−8020(製品名、東ソー社製)
カラム:TSKgel superMultiporeHZ−M×2、又は2pieces of GMHXL + 1piece of G−2000XL
検出器:RI又はUV検出器
カラム温度:25〜40℃
溶離液:高分子成分が溶解する溶媒を選択する。例えば、THF(テトラヒドロフラン)、DMF(N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド)、DMA(N,N−ジメチルアセトアミド)、NMP(N−メチルピロリドン)、トルエン。尚、極性を有する溶剤を選択する場合は、リン酸の濃度を0.05〜0.1mol/L(通常は0.06mol/L)、LiBrの濃度を0.5〜1.0mol/L(通常は0.63mol/L)と調整してもよい。
流速:0.30〜1.5mL/分
標準物質:ポリスチレン
本実施形態の半導体用接着剤は、必要に応じて、フィラー((e)成分)を含有していてもよい。(e)成分によって、半導体用接着剤の粘度、半導体用接着剤の硬化物の物性等を制御することができる。具体的には、(e)成分によれば、例えば、接続時のボイド発生の抑制、半導体用接着剤の硬化物の吸湿率の低減、等を図ることができる。
本実施形態の半導体用接着剤には、酸化防止剤、シランカップリング剤、チタンカップリング剤、レベリング剤、イオントラップ剤等の添加剤を配合してもよい。これらは1種を単独で又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。これらの配合量については、各添加剤の効果が発現するように適宜調整すればよい。なお、本実施形態の半導体用接着剤は、絶縁信頼性(特にHAST耐性)の観点から、導電性物質(例えば、はんだ、金、銀、銅等)を含まないことが好ましい。
(a)エポキシ樹脂
・トリフェノールメタン骨格含有多官能固形エポキシ(ジャパンエポキシレジン株式会社製、商品名「EP1032H60」、以下「EP1032」という。)
・ビスフェノールF型液状エポキシ(ジャパンエポキシレジン株式会社製、商品名「YL983U」、以下「YL983」という。)
・柔軟性エポキシ(ジャパンエポキシレジン株式会社製、商品名「YL7175」、以下「YL7175」という。)
(b)硬化剤
・2,4−ジアミノ−6−[2’−メチルイミダゾリル−(1’)]−エチル−s−トリアジンイソシアヌル酸付加体(四国化成株式会社製、商品名「2MAOK−PW」、以下「2MAOK」という。)
(c)式(1)で表される基を有する化合物からなるフラックス剤
・2−メチルグルタル酸(アルドリッチ社製、融点約78℃)
・メチルコハク酸(アルドリッチ社製、融点約116℃)
(c’)他のフラックス剤
・グルタル酸(東京化成株式会社製、融点約98℃)
・コハク酸(アルドリッチ社製、融点約188℃)
・3−メチルグルタル酸(東京化成株式会酸、融点約87℃)
・アジピン酸(東京化成株式会社製、融点約153℃)
・マロン酸(アルドリッチ社製、融点約135〜137℃)
・1,3,5−ペンタントリカルボン酸(東京化成株式会社製、融点約113℃、以下「ペンタントリカルボン酸」という。)
(d)分子量10000以上の高分子成分
・フェノキシ樹脂(東都化成株式会社製、商品名「ZX1356−2」、Tg:約71℃、Mw:約63000、以下「ZX1356」という。)
(e)フィラー
(e−1)無機フィラー
・シリカフィラー(株式会社アドマテックス製、商品名「SE2050」、平均粒径0.5μm、以下「SE2050」という。)
・エポキシシラン処理シリカフィラー(株式会社アドマテックス製、商品名「SE2050−SEJ」、平均粒径0.5μm、以下「SE2050−SEJ」という。)
・アクリル表面処理ナノシリカフィラー(株式会社アドマテックス製、商品名「YA050C−SM」、平均粒径約50nm、以下「SMナノシリカ」という。)
(e−2)樹脂フィラー
・有機フィラー(ロームアンドハースジャパン株式会社製、商品名「EXL−2655」、コアシェルタイプ有機微粒子、以下「EXL−2655」という。)
装置名:HPLC−8020(製品名、東ソー社製)
カラム:2pieces of GMHXL + 1piece of G−2000XL
検出器:RI検出器
カラム温度:35℃
流速:1mL/分
標準物質:ポリスチレン
<フィルム状半導体用接着剤の作製>
エポキシ樹脂3g(「EP1032」を2.4g、「YL983」を0.45g、「YL7175」を0.15g)、硬化剤「2MAOK」0.1g、2−メチルグルタル酸0.1g(0.69mmol)、無機フィラー1.9g(「SE2050」を0.38g、「SE2050−SEJ」を0.38g、「SMナノシリカ」を1.14g)、樹脂フィラー(EXL−2655)0.25g、及びメチルエチルケトン(固形分量が63質量%になる量)を仕込み、直径0.8mmのビーズ及び直径2.0mmのビーズを固形分と同重量加え、ビーズミル(フリッチュ・ジャパン株式会社、遊星型微粉砕機P−7)で30分撹拌した。その後、フェノキシ樹脂(ZX1356)を1.7gを加え、再度ビーズミルで30分撹拌した後、撹拌に用いたビーズをろ過によって除去し、樹脂ワニスを得た。
作製したフィルム状接着剤を所定のサイズ(縦8mm×横8mm×厚さ0.045mm)に切り抜き、ガラスエポキシ基板(ガラスエポキシ基材:420μm厚、銅配線:9μm厚)上に貼付し、はんだバンプ付き半導体チップ(チップサイズ:縦7.3mm×横7.3mm×厚さ0.15mm、バンプ高さ:銅ピラー+はんだ計約40μm、バンプ数328)をフリップ実装装置「FCB3」(パナソニック製、商品名)で実装した(実装条件:圧着ヘッド温度350℃、圧着時間20秒、圧着圧力0.5MPa)。これにより、図4と同様に上記ガラスエポキシ基板と、はんだバンプ付き半導体チップとがデイジーチェーン接続された半導体装置を作製した。
半導体装置の作製に際し、圧着時間をそれぞれ5秒、3.5秒及び2.5秒に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、実施例2〜4の半導体装置を作製した。
使用した材料の組成を下記表1に記載のとおりに変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、実施例5の半導体装置を作製した。
半導体装置の作製に際し、圧着時間をそれぞれ5秒、3.5秒及び2.5秒に変更したこと以外は、実施例5と同様にして、実施例6〜8の半導体装置を作製した。
使用した材料の組成を下記表1に記載のとおりに変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、比較例1〜5のフィルム状接着剤を作製した。
半導体装置の作製に際し、圧着時間を5秒に変更したこと以外は、比較例1〜5と同様にして、比較例6〜10の半導体装置を作製した。
半導体装置の作製に際し、圧着時間を3.5秒に変更したこと以外は、比較例1〜5と同様にして、比較例11〜15の半導体装置を作製した。
半導体装置の作製に際し、圧着時間を2.5秒に変更したこと以外は、比較例1〜5と同様にして、比較例16〜20の半導体装置を作製した。
(1−1)吸湿前の260℃における接着力の測定
作製したフィルム状接着剤を所定のサイズ(縦5mm×横5mm×厚さ0.045mm)に切り抜き、シリコンチップ(縦5mm×横5mm×厚さ0.725mm、酸化膜コーティング)上に70℃で貼付け、熱圧着試験機(日立化成テクノプラント株式会社製)を用いてソルダーレジスト(太陽インキ製、商品名「AUS308」)がコーティングされたガラスエポキシ基板(厚み0.02mm)に圧着した(圧着条件:圧着ヘッド温度250℃、圧着時間5秒、圧着圧力0.5MPa)。次に、クリーンオーブン(ESPEC製)中でアフターキュア(175℃、2h)して、試験サンプルとしての半導体装置を得た。
作製したフィルム状接着剤を所定のサイズ(縦5mm×横5mm×厚さ0.045mm)に切り抜き、シリコンチップ(縦5mm×横5mm×厚さ0.725mm、酸化膜コーティング)上に70℃で貼付け、熱圧着試験機(日立化成テクノプラント株式会社製)を用いてソルダーレジスト(太陽インキ製、商品名「AUS308」)がコーティングされたガラスエポキシ基板(厚み0.02mm)に圧着した(圧着条件:圧着ヘッド温度250℃、圧着時間5秒、圧着圧力0.5MPa)。次に、クリーンオーブン(ESPEC製)中でアフターキュア(175℃、2h)して、試験サンプルとしての半導体装置を得た。
作製したフィルム状接着剤(厚み:45μm)を、くし型電極評価TEG(日立化成工業株式会社製、配線ピッチ:50μm)にボイドなく貼付し、クリーンオーブン(ESPEC製)中、175℃で2時間キュアした。キュア後のサンプルを、加速寿命試験装置(HIRAYAMA社製、商品名「PL−422R8」、条件:130℃/85%RH/100時間、5V印加)に設置し、絶縁抵抗を測定した。100時間後の絶縁抵抗が108Ω以上であった場合を「A」とし、107Ω以上108Ω未満であった場合を「B」とし、107Ω未満であった場合を「C」として評価した。
(2−1)初期接続性の評価
作製した半導体装置の接続抵抗値を、マルチメータ(ADVANTEST製、商品名「R6871E」)を用いて測定することにより、実装後の初期導通を評価した。接続抵抗値が10.0〜13.5Ωの場合を接続性良好「A」とし、接続抵抗値が13.5〜20Ωの場合を接続性不良「B」とし、接続抵抗値が20Ωより大きい場合、接続抵抗値が10Ω未満の場合及び接続不良に因るOpen(抵抗値が表示されない)場合を全て接続性不良「C」として、評価した。
作製した半導体装置について、超音波映像診断装置(商品名「Insight−300」、インサイト製)により外観画像を撮り、スキャナGT−9300UF(EPSON社製、商品名)でチップ上の接着材料層(半導体用接着剤の硬化物からなる層)の画像を取り込み、画像処理ソフトAdobe Photoshopを用いて、色調補正、二階調化によりボイド部分を識別し、ヒストグラムによりボイド部分の占める割合を算出した。チップ上の接着材料部分の面積を100%として、ボイド発生率が10%以下の場合を「A」とし、10〜20%を「B」とし、20%より多い場合を「C」として評価した。
作製した半導体装置について、接続部の断面を観察し、Cu配線の上面に90%以上はんだが濡れている場合を「A」(良好)、はんだの濡れが90%より小さい場合を「B」(濡れ不足)として評価した。
作製した半導体装置を、封止材(日立化成工業株式会社製、商品名「CEL9750ZHF10」)を用いて、180℃、6.75MPa、90秒の条件でモールドし、クリーンオーブン(ESPEC製)中で175℃で5時間アフターキュアを行い、パッケージを得た。次に、このパッケージをJEDEC level 2条件で高温吸湿後、IRリフロー炉(FURUKAWA ELECTRIC製、商品名「SALAMANDER」)にパッケージを3回通過させた。リフロー後のパッケージの接続性について、上述の初期接続性の評価と同様の方法の方法で評価し、耐リフロー性の評価とした。剥離がなく接続良好な場合を「A」とし、剥離や接続不良が生じた場合を「B」とした。
作製した半導体装置を、封止材(日立化成工業株式会社製、商品名「CEL9750ZHF10」)を用いて、180℃、6.75MPa、90秒の条件でモールドし、クリーンオーブン(ESPEC製)中で175℃で5時間アフターキュアを行い、パッケージを得た。次に、このパッケージを冷熱サイクル試験機(ETAC製、商品名「THERMAL SHOCK CHAMBER NT1200」)につなぎ、1mA電流を流し、25℃2分間/−55℃15分間/25℃2分間/125℃15分間/25℃2分間を1サイクルとして、1000サイクル繰り返した後の接続抵抗の変化を評価した。初期の抵抗値波形と比べて1000サイクル後も大きな変化がなかった場合を「A」、1Ω以上の差が生じた場合を「B」とした。
Claims (12)
- 前記化合物が、カルボキシル基を2つ有する化合物である、請求項1に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- mが0〜5の整数である、請求項4に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 前記式(3)中のR2が水素原子である、請求項4又は5に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 前記化合物の融点が、150℃以下である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 前記電子供与性基が、炭素数1〜10のアルキル基である、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 前記半導体用接着剤が、重量平均分子量10000以上の高分子成分を更に含有する、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 前記半導体用接着剤の形状がフィルム状である、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 前記化合物が、メチルコハク酸、2−メチルグルタル酸、2−メチルアジピン酸、2−メチルピメリン酸又は2−メチルスベリン酸である、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の半導体装置の製造方法。
- 請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法によって得られる、半導体装置。
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