JPH0544031B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0544031B2 JPH0544031B2 JP61202730A JP20273086A JPH0544031B2 JP H0544031 B2 JPH0544031 B2 JP H0544031B2 JP 61202730 A JP61202730 A JP 61202730A JP 20273086 A JP20273086 A JP 20273086A JP H0544031 B2 JPH0544031 B2 JP H0544031B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- toner
- component
- polymer
- acid
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 99
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 38
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 aromatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 26
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 23
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 18
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 18
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 12
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229910002012 Aerosilยฎ Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
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- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 7
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OWYWGLHRNBIFJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ipazine Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=NC(Cl)=NC(NC(C)C)=N1 OWYWGLHRNBIFJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 6
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCCCO YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 108091008695 photoreceptors Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N heliogen blue Chemical compound [Cu].[N-]1C2=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=NC([N-]1)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=N2 RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 3
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1 ARCGXLSVLAOJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XVOUMQNXTGKGMA-OWOJBTEDSA-N (E)-glutaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C\C=C\C(O)=O XVOUMQNXTGKGMA-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ARXKVVRQIIOZGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-butanetriol Chemical compound OCCC(O)CO ARXKVVRQIIOZGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UAJRSHJHFRVGMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-4-methoxybenzene Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 UAJRSHJHFRVGMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KUDUQBURMYMBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-2-enoyloxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCCOC(=O)C=C KUDUQBURMYMBIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylmethacrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ORLQHILJRHBSAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]methanol Chemical compound OCC1(CO)CCCCC1 ORLQHILJRHBSAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony trioxide Chemical compound O=[Sb]O[Sb]=O ADCOVFLJGNWWNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000987 azo dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N citraconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C\C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940018557 citraconic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Cu+2].C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000005442 diisocyanate group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N mesaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C/C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylfumaric acid Natural products OC(=O)C(C)=CC(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001007 phthalocyanine dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pimelic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(O)=O WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
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- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M thionine Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N)=CC=C3N=C21 ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFQZKFWQLAHGSL-FNTYJUCDSA-N (3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-18-[(3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-18-[(3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e)-octadeca-3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octaenoyl]oxyoctadeca-3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octaenoyl]oxyoctadeca-3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octaenoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\OC(=O)C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\OC(=O)C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C\C=C CFQZKFWQLAHGSL-FNTYJUCDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OBXZIWAHRABDHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,11-dioxacyclohenicosane-2,10-dione Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCO1 OBXZIWAHRABDHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLLUAUADIMPKIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(C=C)C(C=C)=CC=C21 QLLUAUADIMPKIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FKTHNVSLHLHISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(isocyanatomethyl)benzene Chemical compound O=C=NCC1=CC=CC=C1CN=C=O FKTHNVSLHLHISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OSNILPMOSNGHLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[4-methoxy-3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenyl]ethanone Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C(C)=O)C=C1CN1CCCCC1 OSNILPMOSNGHLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WJNKJKGZKFOLOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecyl-4-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 WJNKJKGZKFOLOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OEVVKKAVYQFQNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-2,4-dimethylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C=C)C(C)=C1 OEVVKKAVYQFQNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NVZWEEGUWXZOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-2-methylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NVZWEEGUWXZOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEDJMOONZLUIMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-tert-butyl-4-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 QEDJMOONZLUIMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HFFXLYHRNRKAPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,5-trichloro-n-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide Chemical compound O1C(C)=CC(NS(=O)(=O)C=2C(=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C=2)Cl)=N1 HFFXLYHRNRKAPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SJIXRGNQPBQWMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(diethylamino)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SJIXRGNQPBQWMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JKNCOURZONDCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CN(C)CCOC(=O)C(C)=C JKNCOURZONDCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OEIJHBUUFURJLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane-1,8-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCCCCO OEIJHBUUFURJLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NZIDBRBFGPQCRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C NZIDBRBFGPQCRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ANISOHQJBAQUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C ANISOHQJBAQUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HDBWAWNLGGMZRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-Vinylbiphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC(C=C)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 HDBWAWNLGGMZRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UWJJYHHHVWZFEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentane-1,1-diol Chemical compound CCCCC(O)O UWJJYHHHVWZFEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WEAYWASEBDOLRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentane-1,2,5-triol Chemical compound OCCCC(O)CO WEAYWASEBDOLRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIWKUEJZZCOPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 QIWKUEJZZCOPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRAQQYDMVSCOTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 WRAQQYDMVSCOTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004986 phenylenediamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940099800 pigment red 48 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940104573 pigment red 5 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940067265 pigment yellow 138 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000921 polyethylene adipate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000913 polyethylene suberate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium silicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052913 potassium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C=C PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940051201 quinoline yellow Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000012752 quinoline yellow Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004172 quinoline yellow Substances 0.000 description 1
- IZMJMCDDWKSTTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoline yellow Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NC(C3C(C4=CC=CC=C4C3=O)=O)=CC=C21 IZMJMCDDWKSTTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012488 sample solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000241 scar Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229940116351 sebacate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019794 sodium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium titanate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001909 styrene-acrylic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940124530 sulfonamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003456 sulfonamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- LXEJRKJRKIFVNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N terephthaloyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(Cl)=O)C=C1 LXEJRKJRKIFVNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl prop-2-enoate Chemical group CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C=C ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFDHBDMSHIXOKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrophthalic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=C(C(O)=O)CCCC1 UFDHBDMSHIXOKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013799 ultramarine blue Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- XSMMCTCMFDWXIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc silicate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O XSMMCTCMFDWXIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 ฮฑ-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702ย -ย G03G9/08775
- G03G9/08786—Graft polymers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702ย -ย G03G9/08775
- G03G9/08788—Block polymers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S524/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
- Y10S524/904—Powder coating compositions
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S525/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
- Y10S525/934—Powdered coating composition
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
Description
ใ็ฃๆฅญไธใฎๅฉ็จๅ้ใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฏใ้ปๅญๅ็ๆณใ้้ปๅฐๅทๆณใ้้ป่จ้ฒ
ๆณ็ญใซใใใฆๅฝขๆใใใ้้ปๆฝๅใฎ็พๅใซ็จใใ
ใใ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใซ้ขใใ็นใซ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ
็็จ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใซ้ขใใใใฎใงใใใ ใ็บๆใฎ่ๆฏใ ไพใใฐ้ปๅญๅ็ๆณใจใใฆใฏๅพๆฅ็จฎใ ใฎๆนๆณใ็ฅ
ใใใฆใใ๏ผ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ2297691ๅท็ญๅ็ ง๏ผใ ไธ่ฌ็ใซใฏใๅ ๅฐ้ปๆงๆๅ ไฝใใใชใ้้ปๅๆ
ๆไฝใซๅธฏ้ปใ้ฒๅ ใซใใ้้ปๆฝๅใๅฝขๆใใๆฌกใ
ใงใใฎ้้ปๆฝๅใใใใใผใจใญใคใชใขใจใใใชใ
๏ผๆๅ็ณป็พๅๅคใใใใฏ็ฃๆงไฝใๅซๆใใใใใผ
ใฎใฟใใใชใ๏ผๆๅ็ณป็พๅๅคใซใใ็พๅใใๅพใ
ใใใใใผๅใ่ปขๅ็ดใชใฉใฎๆฏๆไฝใซ่ปขๅใใๅ
็ฑใใใใฏๅ ๅง็ญใซใใๅฎ็ใใฆๅฏ่ฆ็ปๅใๅฝขๆ
ใใใใ ใใใผๅใๅฎ็ใใๆนๆณใจใใฆใฏใๅพๆฅ็จฎใ ใฎ
ๆนๆณใๆก็จใใใฆใใใใไธญใงใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆน
ๅผใๅฅฝใพใใใใใฎ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆนๅผใฏใใใใผ
ๅใๆ ๆใใใ็ดใชใฉใฎๆฏๆไฝใใๅ ็ฑใใใใญ
ใผใฉใจๆฅ่งฆใใใใใซๆฌ้ใใใใจใซใใใใใผ
ๅใๆฏๆไฝใซๅฎ็ใใใๆนๆณใงใใใใใฎๆนๅผใซ
ใใใฐใๅฎๅ จๆงใฎ็นใงๆๅฉใงใใใใพใ็ฑๆๅคฑใ
ๅฐใชใ็ใจใใซใฎใผใฎ็นใงใๆๅฉใงใใใ ใใใใชใใใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆนๅผใๆก็จใใๅ ด
ๅใซใฏใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆใซใใใฆใฏ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่กจ
้ขใซใใใผใ็่็ถๆ ใงๆฅ่งฆใใใใจใจใชใใใ
ๅพๆฅใฎใใใผใซใใใฆใฏ็่็ถๆ ใซใใใ็ฒ็ๆง
ใ้ซใใใใฎ็ตๆ็่ใใใผใฎไธ้จใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ
่กจ้ขใซ่ปข็งปไป็ใใใใใๆฌกใซ้ใใใฆใใ่ปขๅ
็ดใซๅ่ปข็งปใใฆ็ปๅใๆฑใใจใใใใใใใชใใป
ใใ็พ่ฑกใ็บ็ใใใ ใใใซๆ่ฟใซใใใฆใฏใ้ซ้่คๅๆฉใใใใฏ่ค
ๅๆฉใฎๅฐๅๅใฎ่ฆ่ซใใใๅพๆฅใใไธๅฑคไฝๆธฉใงๅฎ
็ใๅฏ่ฝใชใใใผใฎ้็บใๅผทใๆใพใใฆใใใใ
ใชใใกใ้ซ้่คๅๆฉใซใใใฆใฏใๅคๆฐๆใฎ้ฃ็ถ่ค
ๅใ่กใใจ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ็ฑใ่ปขๅ็ดใซๅฅชใใใฆ็ฑ่ฃ
็ตฆใ้ใซๅใใใใใฎ็ตๆ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๆธฉๅบฆใไฝไธ
ใใฆๅฎ็ไธ่ฏใ็ใใใใใใพใๅฐๅ่คๅๆฉใซใ
ใใฆใฏใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๅ ็ฑ็จใใผใฟใผใฎๅฎน้ใๅฐใ
ใใใใใจใซใใ็ใจใใซใฎใผใงใณใณใใฏใใช่ค
ๅๆฉใจใใใใจใๅฟ ่ฆใงใใใใๅ ็ฑ็จใใผใฟใผ
ใฎๅฎน้ใๅฐใใใใใจ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๅ ็ฑใซๆ้ใ่ฆ
ใใใใๅพ ใกๆ้ใ้ทใใชใคใใใใใใใฏ้ฃ็ถ
่คๅใ่กใใจ็ฑ่ฃ็ตฆใ้ใซๅใใชใใชใใใใฎ็ต
ๆ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๆธฉๅบฆใไฝไธใๅฎ็ไธ่ฏใ็ใใใ
ใใ ๅพใคใฆใใใใฎๅ้กใ่งฃๆฑบใใใใใซใฏใๅพๆฅ
ใใไฝๆธฉใงๅฎ็ใๅฏ่ฝใงใใใใใใ่ใชใใปใ
ใๆงใฎ่ฏๅฅฝใชใใใผใๅฟ ่ฆใจใใใใ ใ็บๆใ่งฃๆฑบใใใใจใใๅ้ก็นใ ๅพๆฅใซใใใฆใฏใไพใใฐ็นๅ ฌๆญ57โ36586ๅทๅ ฌ
ๅ ฑใซใ50ใ150โใฎ่็นใใใณ35kcal๏ผใขใซไปฅไธ
ใฎๆตๅๅใฎใใใฎๆดปๆงๅใจใใซใฎใผใๆใใ็ตๆถ
ๆงใใชใใผใใใใผใฎใใคใณใใผใจใใฆ็จใใใ
ใจใซใใไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ใ้ๆใใๆ่กใ้็คบใใใฆใ
ใใใใใฎใใใผใ็จใใฆ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆนๅผใๆก
็จใใฆ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใ่ใชใใปใใๆง
ใไธๅๅใงใใๅ้ก็นใใใใๅพใคใฆใใชใใปใ
ใ็พ่ฑกใฎ็บ็ใ้ฒๆญขใใใใใซใฏใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่กจ
้ขใซ้ขๅๆงใไปไธใใใใใฎใชใคใซใไพ็ตฆใใ็ญ
ใฎๆๆฎตใๅฟ ่ฆใจใใ่ฃ ็ฝฎใ่ค้ใจใชใๅ้ก็นใใ
ใใใพใใใใฎ็ตๆถๆงใใชใใผใฏ่ป่ณชใงใใใ
ใใใใใผใจใญใคใชใขใจใฎๅไธใชๆททๅใๅฐ้ฃใงใ
ใใใใฎ็ตๆใใใผใฎๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใไธๅฎๅฎใจใช
ใใ็ปๅใไธ้ฎฎๆใจใชใๅ้ก็นใใใใใใใซ
ใฏใใใใผใๆงๆใใ็ตๆถๆงใใชใใผใ้้ขใใฆ
ใญใคใชใข็ฒๅญใๆๅ ไฝ่กจ้ขใธ่ปข็งปไป็ใใใใใ
ใใใใผใใคใซใใณใฐใ็บ็ใใ็ปๅๅฝขๆใซๆชๅฝฑ
้ฟใไธใใๅ้ก็นใใใใใใใซใฏ่ไน ๆงใไฝใ
ๅ้ก็นใใใใ ใพใ่ใชใใปใใๆงใ้ซใใๆ่กใจใใฆใฏใไพ
ใใฐ็นๅ ฌๆญ51โ23354ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ
ใใซใๆถๆฉๆง้ ใฎๆจน่ใ็จใใใใจใ็ฅใใใฆใ
ใใใๆจน่ใฎๆถๆฉๅบฆใ้ซใใฆๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใ
ๆงใๅพใใใจใใใจๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆใ้ซใใชใคใฆไฝๆธฉๅฎ
็ๆงใไฝไธใใใพใๅๅใชไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅพใใใ
ใซๆถๆฉๅบฆใไฝใใใใจๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใๆงใๅพ
ใใใใ็ตๅฑๆถๆฉๆง้ ใฎๆจน่ใซใใใฆใฏ่ใชใใป
ใใๆงใใใณไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใฎไธก่ ใๅ ฑใซๆบ่ถณใใใ
ใฎใจใใใใจใๅฐ้ฃใงใใใ ใพใใชใใปใใ็พๅใฎ็บ็ใ้ฒๆญขใใๆ่กใจใ
ใฆใๅฎ็็จ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่กจ้ขใซ้ขๅๆงใไปไธใใใ
ใใฎใชใคใซใไพ็ตฆใใๆฉๆงใ่จญใใใใจใ็ฅใใ
ใฆใใใใใใฎๆ่กใซใใใฆใฏใใชใคใซไพ็ตฆๆฉๆง
ใๅฟ ่ฆใจใใ่ฃ ็ฝฎใ่ค้ใจใชใๅ้ก็นใใใใใพ
ใใชใคใซใๅ ็ฑ่ธ็บใใฆ็ฐ่ญใๆพใก็ฐๅข่ก็ใๅฎณ
ใใๅ้ก็นใใใใๅพใคใฆใใใฎใใใชๅค็ๆๆฎต
ใซใใใใใใใผ่ชไฝใซใใใฆใใชใใปใใ็บ็
ๆธฉๅบฆใ้ซใใใใๆไฝๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆใไฝใใฆๅๅใช่
ใชใใปใใๆงใใใณไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๆใใฆใใใใจ
ใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใใฎใใใชใใจใใใๆฌ็บๆ่ ใฏใๆถๆฉๆง้ ใฎ
ๆจน่ใซไฝ่็นใฎๆจน่ใๆททๅใใฆใชใๆจน่ใ็จใใ
ใใจใซใใใใใใผใซใใใฆๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใ
ๆงใใใณไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅพใๆ่กใซใคใใฆ้ญๆ็ ็ฉถ
ใ้ใญใฆใใใ ใใใใชใใใใใฎใใใชๆ่กใซใใใฆใๆฐใ
ใชๅ้ก็นใฎใใใใจใๅคๆใใใใใชใใกใๆฏใ
ใๆ่กใซใใใฆใฏใๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใๆงใใใณ
ไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅ ฑใซๅพใใใใซใฏๆถๆฉๆง้ ใฎๆจน่ใจ
ไฝ่็นใฎๆจน่ใจใๅไธใซๆททๅใใใใจใๅฟ ่ฆใจใ
ใใใใใใฎใใใชๅไธๆททๅใๅฐ้ฃใงใใใใใฎ
็ตๆ็จฎใ ใฎๅ้ก็นใๆๆฅใใใ ใใชใใกใ็ฌฌ๏ผใซใไธกๆจน่ใฎๆททๅใไธๅไธใจใช
ใใใไฝ่็นใฎๆจน่ใ้้ขใใใใใใใฎ็ตๆใ
ใใผใซใใใฆใฏไฝ่็นใฎๆจน่ใฎ่ป่ณชใช็นๆงใๅคงใ
ใ็พใใฆใใใใผใ็พๅๅจๅ ็ญใงๅ้ใใใใใ
ใใใญใใญใณใฐ็พ่ฑกใ่ตทใใใใพใใใใผใจใญใค
ใชใขใจใฎๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใไธๅๅใจใชใใใใใใใ
ใ็พๅๅคใฎๆตๅๆงใไฝใใ็ตๅฑๅพใใใ่คๅ็ปๅ
ใใซใใชใฎใใไธ้ฎฎๆใชใใฎใจใชใๅ้ก็นใใ
ใใ ็ฌฌ๏ผใซใ็นฐใ่ฟใใฆ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใใๅ ดๅใซใใ
ใฆใ้้ขใใไฝ่็นใฎๆจน่ใใญใคใชใข็ฒๅญใๆๅ
ไฝ่กจ้ขใธ่ปข็งปไป็ใใใใใใใใใผใใคใซใใณ
ใฐ็พ่ฑกใๆฉๆใซ็บ็ใใใใฎ็ตๆๅพใใใ่คๅ็ป
ๅใซใใใฆใฏใ็ปๅๆฟๅบฆใไฝใใใใใซใใชใฎใ
ใไธ้ฎฎๆใชใใฎใจใชใๅ้ก็นใใใใ ็ฌฌ๏ผใซใไธกๆจน่ใฎๆททๅใไธๅไธใจใชใใใใใ
ใใฎๆททๅๆจน่ไธญใซ็่ฒๅคใๅไธใซๅๆฃใใใใจใ
ๅฐ้ฃใจใชใใใใฎ็ตๆๅพใใใ่คๅ็ปๅใซใใใฆ
ใฏใ่ฒ่ชฟใไฝไธใใๅ้ก็นใใใใ ใใฎใใใซใๅพๆฅใซใใใฆใฏใๅๅใชไฝๆธฉๅฎ็
ๆงใๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใๆงใๆใใใใใๅชใใ
่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใๅชใใๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใๆใใๅช
ใใ่ฒ่ชฟใงใใฎใใใซใใชใฎใชใ้ฎฎๆใช็ปๅใๅฝข
ๆใใใใจใใงใใใใใซใฏๅคๆฐๅใซใใใๅชใ
ใ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใใใใจใใงใใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็็จใ
ใใผใฏใใใพใ ๅพใใใฆใใชใใฎใๅฎๆ ใงใใค
ใใ ใ็บๆใฎ็ฎ็ใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏไปฅไธใฎๅฆใไบๆ ใซๅบใใฆใชใใใใใฎ
ใงใใคใฆใใใฎ็ฎ็ใฏใ(1)ๅๅใชไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๆ
ใใใใจใ(2)ๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใๆงใๆใใใ
ใจใ(3)ๅชใใ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใๆใใใใจใ(4)
ๅชใใๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใๆใใใใจใ(5)ๅชใใ่ฒ่ชฟใฎ
็ปๅใๅพใใใใใจใ(6)ใซใใชใฎใชใ้ฎฎๆใช็ปๅ
ใๅพใใใใใจใ(7)ๅคๆฐๅใซใใใๅชใใ็ปๅใ
ๅพใใใใใจใใฎๅ จใฆใฎๆกไปถใๆบ่ถณใใ็ฑใญใผใฉ
ๅฎ็็จ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใๆไพใใใใจใซใ
ใใ ใๅ้ก็นใ่งฃๆฑบใใใใใฎๆๆฎตใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็็จ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใใผ
ใฏใไธ่จๆๅ(A)๏ผ(B)๏ผ(C)๏ผ(D)ใใใณ(E)ใๅฟ ้ ๆๅ
ใจใใฆๅซๆใใฆใชใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใใ ๆๅ(A)๏ผใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ50ใ80โใฎๆถๆฉในใ
ใฌใณ็ณปใใชใใผใใใณๆถๆฉใใชใจในใใซใใ้ธ
ใฐใใใใใใผใซใใใฆ55ใ95้้๏ผ ใฎ้็ท็ถ
ใใชใใผ ๆๅ(B)๏ผๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ้็ธๆบถๆงใงใใค่็นใ65ใ
120โใๆฐๅนณๅๅๅญ้ใ1000ใ20000ใ้้ๅนณๅ
ๅๅญ้ใ2000ใ100000ใงใใใใใใผใซใใใฆ
๏ผใ40้้๏ผ ใฎไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซ ๆๅ(C)๏ผๅฐใชใใจใๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใฌ
ใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ50ใ80โใฎ็กๅฎๅฝขใปใฐใกใณใ
ใใชใใผใจใๅฐใชใใจใๅ่จๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใ่็นใ50ใ130โใฎ็ตๆถๆงใปใฐใกใณใใใช
ใจในใใซใจใๅๅญฆ็ใซ็ตๅใใฆใชใใใใใผใซ
ใใใฆ๏ผใ40้้๏ผ ใฎใฐใฉใใใณใใชใใผใพใ
ใฏใใญใใฏใณใใชใใผ ๆๅ(D)๏ผ็่ฒๅค ๆๅ(E)๏ผใใชใชใฌใใคใณ ใ็บๆใฎไฝ็จๅนๆใ ไธ่จๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผใจใๆๅ(B)ใฎใใชใใผใจ
ใฏ้็ธๆบถๆงใงใใใใใใใใใฎใฟใงใฏไธกใใชใ
ใผใๅไธใซๆททๅใใใใใใผใๅพใใใจใฏๅฐ้ฃใง
ใใใจใใใๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใฏใใใใซๆๅ(C)ใจ
ใใฆใๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผใใใณๆๅ(B)ใฎใใชใใผ
ใซใใใใ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใ๏ผ็จฎใฎใปใฐใกใณใใใชใ
ใผใๅซใใณใใชใใผใใๅซๆใใฆใชใใฎใงใๅฝ่ฉฒ
ใใใผใซใใใฆใฏใๅฝ่ฉฒๆๅ(C)ใฎใณใใชใใผใใ
ๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผใจๆๅ(B)ใฎใใชใใผใจใฎ็้ขใซ
้ ไฝใใฆใใใฐ็้ขๆดปๆงๅค็ไฝ็จใๆใใใใใซ
ใชใใใใฎ็ตๆๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผไธญใซๆๅ(B)ใฎใ
ใชใใผใใใใฐใใฏใญ็ใซๅไธใซๅๆฃๆททๅใใใ
ใใใซใชใใใใใฆใใฎใใใซๅใใชใใผใๅไธ
ใซๅๆฃๆททๅใใใใใใซใชใใใจใใใ็่ฒๅคใฎ
ใใใผใซใใใๅๆฃๆงใไฝตใใฆๅไธใใใ ๅพใคใฆใใใใผใซใใใฆใฏใๆๅ(A)ใงใใ้็ท
็ถใใชใใผใซๅบใๅชใใ็นๆงใจใๆๅ(B)ใงใใไฝ
่็นใใชใใผใซๅบใๅชใใ็นๆงใจใๅ ฑใซๅฎๅฎใใฆ
็บๆฎใใใใใใซใชใใใใชใใกใๆๅ(A)ใฎใใช
ใใผใฏใ้็ท็ถใงใใคใฆ็กฌ่ณชใงใใใไธปใจใใฆใ
ใใผใฎๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใ่ไน ๆงใ้ซใใๅฝนๅฒใๆใใ
ใจๅ ฑใซใ็ฑใญใผใฉใซใใๅ ็ฑ็่ใใใใจใใซใ
ใใใผใ้ซใ็ฒๅผพๆงใ็คบใใฆ้ซใ้ขๅๆงใๆใใ
่ใชใใปใใๆงใ้ซใใๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใใพใๆๅ
(B)ใฎใใชใใผใฏใ่็น65ใ120โใงใใใไธปใจใ
ใฆใใใผใฎไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใ้ซใใๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใใ
ใใใใใฎๆๅ(B)ใงใใใใชใใผใฏใ่ป่ณชใงใใ
ใใใใใผใฎ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใใใใฏ่ใชใใป
ใใๆงใไฝไธใใใใใใพใๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใๆชๅใ
ใ่ไน ๆงใไฝไธใใใๅๅ ใจใชใใใใใใๆฌ็บ
ๆใฎใใใผใฏใใใใซๆๅ(C)ใจใใฆใๆๅ(A)ใฎใ
ใชใใผใใใณๆๅ(B)ใฎใใชใใผใซใใใใ็ธๆบถๆง
ใฎใใ๏ผ็จฎใฎใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใๅซใใณใใชใ
ใผใใๅซๆใใฆใชใใฎใงใๅใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผ
ใใใใใๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผใใใณๆๅ(B)ใฎใใช
ใใผใซ้จๅ็ใซๆบถ่งฃใใๅพใคใฆๆๅ(C)ใฎใณใใชใ
ใผใใๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผใจๆๅ(B)ใฎใใชใใผใจใฎ
็้ขใซ้ ไฝใใฆใใใฐ็้ขๆดปๆงๅค็ไฝ็จใๆใใ
ใใใซใชใใใใฎ็ตๆๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผไธญใซๆๅ
(B)ใฎใใชใใผใใใใฐใใฏใญ็ใซๅไธใซๅๆฃๆททๅ
ใใใใใใซใชใใ ใใใใฎ็ตๆใๅๅใชไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅๅใช่ใช
ใใปใใๆงใๅชใใ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใๅชใใๆฉ
ๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใๆใใใใใผใจใชใใใซใใชใฎใชใ้ฎฎ
ๆใช็ปๅใๅฎๅฎใซๅฝขๆใใใใจใใงใใใใพใใ
ใฎใใใชๅชใใ็นๆงใๅฎๅฎใซ็บๆฎใใใใใใๅค
ๆฐๅใซใใใๅชใใ็ปๅใๅฎๅฎใซๅฝขๆใใใใจใ
ใงใใใใใใฆใๅใใชใใผใฎๆททๅ็ถๆ ใ่ฏๅฅฝใง
ใใคใฆ็่ฒๅคใฎๅๆฃๆงใ่ฏๅฅฝใงใใใใใๅชใใ
่ฒ่ชฟใฎ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใ็บๆใฎๅ ทไฝ็ๆงๆใ ไปฅไธใๆฌ็บๆใ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ชฌๆใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใซใฏใๅฟ ้ ๆๅใจใใฆใๅ่จๆ
ๅ(A)ไน่ณ(E)ใๅซๆใใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใฏใ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใงใใใใใฎ้
็ท็ถใใชใใผใฏใๆๅ(B)ใงใใไฝ่็นใใชใใผใ
ใใใผไธญใซๅผทใไฟๆใๅพใใจๅ ฑใซ้ซใ้ขๅๆงใๅพ
ใใใใใฎใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใใฎใใใช่ฆณ
็นใใใ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใจใใฆใฏใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็น
Tgใ50ใ80โใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ55ใ70โใฎใใฎใ็จ
ใใใใใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ้ๅฐใฎใจใใซใฏใ
่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใไธๆนใฌ
ใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏใไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใ
ไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใ ใใใงใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใจใฏใ็คบๅทฎ่ตฐๆป็ฑ้
่จใไฝๆธฉDSCใ๏ผ็ๅญฆ้ปๆฐ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใ็จใใๆๆธฉ้
ๅบฆ10โ๏ผminใงๆธฌๅฎใใ้ใซใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นไปฅไธ
ใฎใใผในใฉใคใณใฎๅปถ้ท็ทใจใใผใฏใฎ็ซใกไธใใ้จ
ๅใใใใผใฏใฎ้ ็นใพใงใฎ้ใงใฎๆๅคงๅพๆใ็คบใ
ๆฅ็ทใจใฎไบค็นใฎๆธฉๅบฆใใใใ ใพใใใฎ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใฎ้้ๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mw
ใฏ50000ไปฅไธใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใใฎ้้ๅนณ
ๅๅๅญ้Mwใ้ๅฐใฎใจใใซใฏ่ใชใใปใใๆงใ
ไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใ ใใฎ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใฎๅฒๅใฏใใใใผใซใใใฆ
55ใ95้้๏ผ ใงใใใใใฎๅฒๅใ้ๅฐใฎใจใใซใฏ
่ใชใใปใใๆงใไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใไธๆนใใฎ
ๅฒๅใ้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใไฝไธใใๅ ดๅ
ใใใใ ๆฏใใ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใจใใฆใฏใ็กๅฎๅฝขใใชใ
ใผใๅฅฝใพใใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏใ
ไพใใฐในใใฌใณ็ณปใใชใใผใใใชใจในใใซใๆถๆฉ
ๅคใซใใ้็ท็ถๅใใๆถๆฉในใใฌใณ็ณปใใชใใผใพ
ใใฏๆถๆฉใใชใจในใใซใ็จใใใใใ ๆถๆฉในใใฌใณ็ณปใใชใใผใฏใในใใฌใณ็ณปใขใใ
ใผใใ้ๅๆงใฎ๏ผๅฎ่ฝไปฅไธใฎใใใซๅบใๆใใ้
็ท็ถๅใใชใใกๆถๆฉใฎใใใฎใขใใใผใจๅ ฑใซ้ๅ
ๅๅฟใใใใใจใซใใคใฆๅพใใใจใใงใใใๅฝ่ฉฒ
ในใใฌใณ็ณปใขใใใผใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐในใใฌใณใ
๏ฝโใกใใซในใใฌใณใ๏ฝโใกใใซในใใฌใณใ๏ฝโ
ใจใใซในใใฌใณใฮฑโใกใใซในใใฌใณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโ
ใธใกใใซในใใฌใณใ๏ฝโtertโใใใซในใใฌใณใ
๏ฝโ๏ฝโใชใฏใใซในใใฌใณใ๏ฝโ๏ฝโใใใทใซใน
ใใฌใณใ๏ฝโใกใใญใทในใใฌใณใ๏ฝโใใจใใซใน
ใใฌใณใ๏ฝโใฏใญใซในใใฌใณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใฏใญใซ
ในใใฌใณ็ญใฎในใใฌใณ้กใใใณใใฎ่ชๅฐไฝใใขใฏ
ใชใซ้ ธใกใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใจใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ฝ
โใใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใคใฝใใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธโ
tertโใใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใใญใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธ
๏ฝโใชใฏใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใใใทใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธ
๏ผโใจใใซใใญใทใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธในใใขใชใซใใข
ใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ผโใฏใญใซใจใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใใจใ
ใซใฮฑโใฏใญใซใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใกใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใธ
ใกใใซใขใใใจใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใธใจใใซใขใใ
ใจใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใกใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใจใ
ใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใใญใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ฝโใ
ใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใคใฝใใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธโ
tertโใใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ฝโใชใฏใใซใใกใฟ
ใฏใชใซ้ ธใใใทใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ผโใจใใซใใญ
ใทใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธในใใขใชใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใ
ใจใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใธใกใใซใขใใใจใใซใใก
ใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใธใจใใซใขใใใจใใซ็ญใฎฮฑโใกใใฌ
ใณ่่ชๆใขใใซใซใใณ้ ธใจในใใซ้ก๏ผใขใฏใชใญใ
ใใชใซใใกใฟใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใขใฏใชใซใขใใ
็ญใฎใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใใใใฏใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธ่ชๅฐไฝใใ
ใฎไปใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใ้ๅๆงใฎ๏ผๅฎ่ฝไปฅไธใฎใใใซๅบใๆใใ้
็ท็ถๅ๏ผๆถๆฉ๏ผใฎใใใฎใขใใใผใจใใฆใฏใไพใ
ใฐใธใใใซใใณใผใณใใธใใใซใใใฟใฌใณใใใ
ใใฎ่ชๅฐไฝใใใฎไปใฎ่ณ้ฆๆใธใใใซๅๅ็ฉ้ก๏ผ
ใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใธใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใจใใฌใณใฐ
ใชใณใผใซใธใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใใชใกใใญใผใซใใญ
ใใณใใชใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใใฎไปใฎไบ้็ตๅใๆใ
ใใซใซใใณ้ ธใจในใใซ้ก๏ผใใฎไปใๆใใใใจใ
ใงใใใ ไธ่จใขใใใผใฎ้ๅไฝใงใใๆถๆฉ็กๅฎๅฝขในใใฌ
ใณ็ณปใใชใใผใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐในใใฌใณโใขใฏใช
ใซ้ ธ๏ฝโใใใซโใธใใใซใใณใผใณๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใน
ใใฌใณโใขใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ฝใใใซโใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใกใ
ใซโใธใใใซใใณใผใณๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใในใใฌใณโใขใฏ
ใชใซ้ ธ๏ฝโใใใซโใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใธใกใฟใฏ
ใชใฌใผใๅ ฑ้ๅไฝ็ญใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ๅ่จๆถๆฉใใชใจในใใซใฏใไบไพกใฎใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ
้ไฝใจไบไพกใฎใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝใจใ้็ท็ถๅ๏ผๆถ
ๆฉ๏ผใฎใใใฎไธไพกไปฅไธใฎๅคไพกใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ้ไฝใ
ใใณ๏ผใพใใฏไธไพกไปฅไธใฎๅคไพกใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝใจ
ๅ ฑใซ็ธฎ้ๅๅๅฟใใใใใจใซใใคใฆๅพใใใจใใง
ใใใ ไบไพกใฎใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใใฌ
ใใฟใซ้ ธใใคใฝใใฟใซ้ ธใใใใฟใฌใณใธใซใซใใณ
้ ธ็ญใฎ่ณ้ฆๆใซใซใใณ้ ธ๏ผ๏ฝโ๏ผ๏ผโใใใญใญใท
ใจใใญใท๏ผๅฎๆฏ้ฆ้ ธ็ญใฎ่ณ้ฆๆใชใญใทใซใซใใณ
้ ธ๏ผใณใใฏ้ ธใใใใซ้ ธใใขใธใใณ้ ธใใใฌใคใณ
้ ธใใปใใทใณ้ ธใใใซใกใใฌใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใก
ใตใณใณ้ ธใใทใใฉใณใณ้ ธใใคใฟใณใณ้ ธใใฐใซใฟใณ
ใณ้ ธใใใญใณ้ ธ็ญใฎ่่ชๆใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใทใฏใญใใญใตใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใทใฏ
ใญใใญใตใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใใญใตใใคใใญใใฟใซ
้ ธใใใใฉใใคใใญใใฟใซ้ ธ็ญใฎ่็ฐๆใใชใซใซ
ใใณ้ ธ๏ผใใใใฎ้ ธใฎ็กๆฐด็ฉ๏ผไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใจใน
ใใซใจใชใใฌใคใณ้ ธใฎไบ้ไฝ๏ผใใฎไปใฎไบไพกใฎๆ
ๆฉ้ ธๅ้ไฝใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใไบไพกใฎใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใ
ใฐใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใธใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ
ใใชใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใญใใฌใณใฐ
ใชใณใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใญใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใใฟใณใธใชใผใซใใใชใใณใใซใฐใชใณใผใซใ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใใณใธใชใผใซ็ญใฎใธใชใผใซ้ก๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
โใใน๏ผใใใญใญใทใกใใซ๏ผใทใฏใญใใญใตใณ๏ผใ
ในใใจใใผใซ๏ผกใๆฐด็ด ๆทปๅ ใในใใจใใผใซ๏ผกใใ
ใชใชใญใทใจใใฌใณๅใในใใจใใผใซ๏ผกใใใชใชใญ
ใทใใญใใฌใณๅใในใใจใใผใซ๏ผก็ญใฎใจใผใใซๅ
ใในใใจใใผใซ้ก๏ผใใฎไปใฎไบไพกใฎใขใซใณใผใซๅ
้ไฝใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใ้็ท็ถๅ๏ผๆถๆฉ๏ผใฎใใใฎไธไพกไปฅไธใฎๅคไพก
ใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใฝใซใใใผ
ใซใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใญใตใณใใใญใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใฝใซใใฟใณใใใณใฟใจใชในใชใใผใซใใธใใณ
ใฟใจใชในใชใใผใซใใใชใใณใฟใจใชในใชใใผใซใ
่็ณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใฟใณใใชใชใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใใณใฟใณใใชใชใผใซใใฐใชใปใญใผใซใ๏ผโใก
ใใซใใญใใณใใชใชใผใซใ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใใฟใณใใชใชใผใซใใใชใกใใญใผใซใจใฟใณใ
ใใชใกใใญใผใซใใญใใณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใชใใ
ใญใญใทใกใใซใใณใผใณใใใฎไปใๆใใใใจใใง
ใใใใพใ้็ท็ถๅ๏ผๆถๆฉ๏ผใฎใใใฎไธไพกไปฅไธใฎ
ๅคไพกใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใใณใผใณใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใณ
ใผใณใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใทใฏใญใใญใต
ใณใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใใฟใฌใณใใช
ใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใใฟใฌใณใใชใซใซใ
ใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใฟใณใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใญใตใณใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใซ
ใซใใญใทใซโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผโใกใใฌใณใซใซใใญ
ใทใซใใญใใณใใใใฉ๏ผใกใใฌใณใซใซใใญใทใซ๏ผ
ใกใฟใณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใชใฏใฟใณใใใฉใซใซใ
ใณ้ ธใใจใณใใผใซไธ้ไฝ้ ธใใใใใฎ้ ธ็กๆฐด็ฉใ
ใใใฏใใใใฎไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใจในใใซใใใฎไปใ
ๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ไปฅไธใฎๅฆใไธไพกไปฅไธใฎๅคไพกๅ้ไฝใฎไฝฟ็จๅฒๅ
ใฏใๆถๆฉใใชใจในใใซใซใใใๆง้ ๅไฝใจใใฆใฎ
ใขใซใณใผใซๆๅใพใใฏ้ ธๆๅใฎๅใ ใซใใใ0.1
ใ80ใขใซ๏ผ ใฎๅฒๅใงๅซๆใใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(B)ใฏใๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ้็ธๆบถๆงใงใใใค
่็นใ65ใ120โใฎไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใง
ใใใๅฝ่ฉฒไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใๅ่จๆๅ
(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใใใใผใฎใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป
็นใไฝไธใใใใใผใฎ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใไฝไธใ
ใใใพใๅฝ่ฉฒไฝ่็นใใชใใผใฎ่็นใ้ๅฐใฎใจใ
ใซใฏใใใใผใฎ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใ่ใใคใซใใณ
ใฐๆงใไฝไธใใไธๆน่็นใ้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏใใใผ
ใฎไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใไฝไธใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆใ่็นTmpใจใฏใๆฌกใฎใใใซ
ใใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใๅคใจๅฎ็พฉใใใใใชใใกใ็คบๅทฎ่ตฐ
ๆป็ฑ้ๆธฌๅฎๆณ๏ผDSC๏ผใซๅพใใไพใใฐใDSCโ
20ใ๏ผใปใคใณใผ้ปๅญๅทฅๆฅญ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใ็จใใ่ฉฆๆ10mg
ใไธๅฎใฎๆๆธฉ้ๅบฆ๏ผ10โ๏ผmin๏ผใงๅ ็ฑใใใจใ
ใฎ่่งฃใใผใฏๅคใ่็นTmpใจใใใ ใพใๆๅ(B)ใๆๅ(A)ใจใ้็ธๆบถๆงใงใใใใจ
ใฏใไธก่ ใฎใใชใใผใๆบถ่ๆททๅใใๅพใซๅทๅดใใฆ
ๅบไฝ็ถๆ ใจใใใจใใซไธ้ๆใช็ถๆ ใ็คบใใใจใ
ใใใใใใใฏไธก่ ใฎใใชใใผใๆบถ่ๆททๅใใ็ถ
ๆ ใซใใใฆๅๆๅใใชใใผใฎใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ็คบ
ใใใจใใใใ ๆฏใใไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใใผใฎๅๅญ้ใฏใๆฐๅนณ
ๅๅๅญ้Mnใ1000ใ20000ใ้้ๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mw
ใ2000ใ100000ใงใใใใใฎใใใช็ฏๅฒใฎๅๅญ้
ใๆใใไฝ่็นใใชใใผใ็จใใใใจใซใใใ่
ใชใใปใใๆงใฎไธๅฑคๅชใใใใใผใจใใใใจใใง
ใใใพใใใใผใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๅทฅ็จใซใใใฆใฏ็ฒ็ ๆงใ่ฏ
ๅฅฝใจใชใใใใผใฎ็็ฃๆงใ้ซใใใใจใใงใใใ ๅ่จ้้ๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mwใใใณๆฐๅนณๅๅๅญ้
Mnใฎๅคใฏใ็จฎใ ใฎๆนๆณใซใใๆฑใใใใจใใง
ใใๆธฌๅฎๆนๆณใฎ็ธ็ฐใซใใคใฆ่ฅๅนฒใฎๅทฎ็ฐใใใ
ใใๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆใฏใไธ่จใฎๆธฌๅฎๆณใซๆบใใฆๆฑ
ใใใใฎใจๅฎ็พฉใใใ ใใชใใกใใฒใซใปใใผใใฆใจใผใทใจใณใปใฏใญใ
ใใฐใฉใใค๏ผGPC๏ผใซใใคใฆไปฅไธใซ่จใๆกไปถใง
้้ๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mwใใใณๆฐๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mnใๆธฌ
ๅฎใใใๆธฉๅบฆ40โใซใใใฆใๆบถๅช๏ผใใใฉใใใญ
ใใฉใณ๏ผใๆฏๅ1.2mlใฎๆต้ใงๆตใใๆฟๅบฆ0.2g๏ผ
20mlใฎใใใฉใใใญใใฉใณ่ฉฆๆๆบถๆถฒใ่ฉฆๆ้้ใจ
ใใฆ๏ผmgๆณจๅ ฅใๆธฌๅฎใ่กใใ่ฉฆๆใฎๅๅญ้ๆธฌๅฎใซ
ใใใคใฆใฏใๅฝ่ฉฒ่ฉฆๆใฎๆใใๅๅญ้ใๆฐ็จฎใฎๅ
ๅๆฃใใชในใใฌใณๆจๆบ่ฉฆๆใซใใไฝ่ฃฝใใใๆค้
็ทใฎๅๅญ้ใฎๅฏพๆฐใจใซใฆใณใๆฐใ็ด็ทใจใชใ็ฏๅฒ
ๅ ใซๅ ๅซใใใๆธฌๅฎๆกไปถใ้ธๆใใใ ใชใใๆธฌๅฎ็ตๆใฎไฟก้ ผๆงใฏใไธ่ฟฐใฎๆธฌๅฎๆกไปถใง
่กใคใNBS706ใใชในใใฌใณๆจๆบ่ฉฆๆใใ ้้ๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mw๏ผ28.8ร104 ๆฐๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mn๏ผ13.7ร104 ใจใชใใใจใซใใ็ขบ่ชใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใ็จใใGPCใฎใซใฉใ ใจใใฆใฏใๅ่จๆก
ไปถใๆบ่ถณใใใใฎใงใใใชใใฐใใใชใใซใฉใ ใ
ๆก็จใใฆใใใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏใไพใใฐTSKโ
GEL๏ผGMH๏ผๆฑๆดๆน้็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ็ญใ็จใใใใจใ
ใงใใใ ใชใใๆบถๅชใใใณๆธฌๅฎๆธฉๅบฆใฏ่จ่ผใใๆกไปถใซ้
ๅฎใใใใใฎใงใฏใชใ้ฉๅฝใชๆกไปถใซๅคๆดใใฆใใ
ใใ ๆฏใใไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใฎๅซๆๅฒๅใฏ
ใใใผใซๅฏพใใฆ๏ผใ40้้๏ผ ใงใใใใใฎใใใช
ๅฒๅใฎไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใ็จใใใใจใซ
ใใใใใใผใซใใใฆใฏไธๅฑคๅชใใ็นๆงใๅพใใ
ใใไธๆนใใใผใซใใใไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใ
ใซใฎๅฒๅใ้ๅฐใฎใจใใซใฏใใใผใฎไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใ
ไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใ้ใซ้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏใใใผ
ใฎๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใ่ใชใใปใใๆงใ่ไน ๆงใไฝไธใ
ใๅ ดๅใใใใ ๆฏใใไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใฏใๅฐใชใใจ
ใๅฝ่ฉฒใใชใจในใใซใฎไธ้จใซ็ตๆถๆง้ ใๆใใฆใ
ใใใชใจในใใซใงใใใใใขใใชใใผใใใใฏใณ
ใใชใใผใซใใใฆๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผๆๅใ็ตๆถๆงใใช
ใใก้จๅ็ใซ็ตๆถใใฆใใใใฎใใๅซใฟใ้ญใๆ
็ญใช่็นใ็คบใใใฎใงใใใ่็นไปฅไธใฎๆธฉๅบฆใซใ
ใใๅบไฝ็ถๆ ใซใใใฆใฏ็ตๆถๅ้จๅใซใใ็ฝๆฟๅ
ใ็คบใใใฎใงใใใ ๆฏใใ็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใจใใฆใฏใๅ ทไฝ็ใซ
ใฏใไพใใฐใใชใจใใฌใณใปใใฑใผใใใใชใจใใฌ
ใณใขใธใใผใใใใชใจใใฌใณในใใฌใผใใใใชใจ
ใใฌใณใตใฏใทใใผใใใใชใจใใฌใณโ๏ฝโ๏ผใซใซ
ใใใจใใญใท๏ผใฆใณใใซใจใผใใใใชใจใใฌใณโ
๏ฝโ๏ผใซใซใใใจใใญใท๏ผใใใฌใผใใใใชใจใ
ใฌใณโ๏ฝโใใจใใฌใณใธใขใปใใผใใใใชใใญใต
ใกใใฌใณใซใผใใใผใใใใชใใญใตใกใใฌใณโ๏ฝ
โ๏ผใซใซใใใจใใญใท๏ผใฆใณใใซใจใผใใใใชใ
ใญใตใกใใฌใณใชใญใถใฌใผใใใใชใใญใตใกใใฌใณ
ใปใใฑใผใใใใชใใญใตใกใใฌใณใใซใณใธใชใจใผ
ใใใใชใชใฏใฟใกใใฌใณใใใซใณใธใชใจใผใใใ
ใชใใใกใใฌใณใขใผใฌใผใใใใชใใใกใใฌใณใ
ใฌใใฟใฌใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใขใธใใผใใใ
ใชใใซใกใใฌใณใขใผใฌใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใช
ใญใถใฌใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใปใใฑใผใใใใช
ใใซใกใใฌใณใตใฏใทใใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใ
ใใซใณใธใชใจใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใชใฏใฟใใซ
ใณใธใชใจใผใใใใชใใใฉใกใใฌใณใปใใฑใผใใ
ใใชใใใฉใกใใฌใณโ๏ฝโใใจใใฌใณใธใขใปใใผ
ใใใใชใใชใกใใฌใณใใใซใณใธใชใจใผใใใใช
ใใชใกใใฌใณใชใฏใฟใใซใณใธใชใจใผใใใใชใใช
ใกใใฌใณใชใญใถใฌใผใใใใชโ๏ฝโใญใทใฌใณใขใธ
ใใผใใใใชโ๏ฝโใญใทใฌใณใปใใฑใผใใใใชโ
๏ผ๏ผ4โฒโใคใฝใใญใใชใใณใธใใจใใฌใณใขใธใใผ
ใใใใชโ๏ผ๏ผ4โฒโใคใฝใใญใใชใใณใใจใใฌใณ
ใใญใใผใใใใชใใญใตใกใใฌใณใใซใกใใฌใณใป
ใใฑใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใปใใฑใผใใใฌใใฟ
ใฌใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
โใใญใใณใธใชใผใซใใใซใณใธใชใจใผใใใใฎไป
ใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ไธ่จ็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใฏใใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝ
ใจใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ้ไฝใจใฎ็ธฎ้ๅๅๅฟใซใใๅพใใ
ใใใใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใจใใฌ
ใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใธใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโ
ใใญใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใใชใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผ
ใซใใใใฉใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใใณใฟใกใใฌใณ
ใฐใชใณใผใซใใใญใตใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใชใฏใฟ
ใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใใใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ
ใใซใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ4โฒโใคใฝใใญใใช
ใใณใใใจใใผใซใ๏ฝโใญใทใชใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ
ใใชใใณใใซใฐใชใณใผใซใใทใฏใญใใญใตใณใธใกใฟ
ใใผใซใใใชใชใญใทใจใใฌใณๅใในใใจใใผใซ
๏ผกใใใชใชใญใทใใญใใฌใณๅใในใใจใใผใซ๏ผก็ญ
ใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใใญใณ
้ ธใใณใใฏ้ ธใใฐใซใฟใซ้ ธใใขใธใใณ้ ธใใใกใช
ใณ้ ธใในใใชใณ้ ธใใฐใซใฟใณใณ้ ธใใขใผใฉใคใณ
้ ธใใปใใทใณ้ ธใใใใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใใซใณใธ
ใซใซใใณ้ ธใใฆใณใใซใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใใใซใณ
ใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใใใซ้ ธใใกใตใณใณ้ ธใใทใใฉใณ
ใณ้ ธใใคใฟใณใณ้ ธใใคใฝใใฟใซ้ ธใใใฌใใฟใซ
้ ธใใทใฏใญใใญใตใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใใใใฎ้ ธใฎ
็กๆฐด็ฉใใใใใฎ้ ธใฎไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใจในใใซ็ญใ
ๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(C)ใฏใๅฐใชใใจใๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆง
ใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใจใๅฐใชใใจใๅ่จ(B)
ๆๅใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใจใๅๅญฆ
็ใซ็ตๅใใฆใชใใณใใชใใผใงใใใ ใใใงใ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใใจใฏใไธก่ ใฎใใชใใผ
ใๆบถ่ๆททๅใใๅพใซๅทๅดใใฆๅบไฝ็ถๆ ใจใใใจใ
ใซ้ๆใช็ถๆ ใ็คบใใใจใใใใใใใใฏไธก่ ใฎ
ใใชใใผใๆบถ่ๆททๅใใ็ถๆ ใซใใใฆๆฐใใชใฌใฉ
ใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ็คบใใใจใใใใ ๆๅ(C)ใงใใใณใใชใใผใฎๅฒๅใฏใใใใผใซใ
ใใฆ๏ผใ40้้๏ผ ใงใใใใใฎๅฒๅใ้ๅฐใฎใจใ
ใซใฏๆๅ(D)ใงใใ็่ฒๅคใฎๅๆฃๆงใไธ่ฏใจใชใๅ ด
ๅใใใใไธๆนใใฎๅฒๅใ้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏ่ไน ๆง
ใไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผ
ใฏใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ50ใ80โใฎ็กๅฎๅฝขใปใฐใก
ใณใใใชใใผใงใใใใพใๅ่จๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใฏใ่็นTmpใ50ใ130
โใฎ็ตๆถๆงใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใงใใใใใใใฎ
ใณใใชใใผใฏใใฐใฉใใใณใใชใใผใใใใฏใใญ
ใใฏใณใใชใใผใงใใใ ๅฝ่ฉฒใณใใชใใผใซใใใฆใฏใๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใจใๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใ
ใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใจใใๅ ฑๆ็ตๅใซใใๅบใ
็ตๅใใใฆใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผ
ใฏใๆๅ(A)ใงใใ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใฎไธญใใ้ธๆใ
ใใใใฎใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซไธก่ ใๅไธ
ใฎใใฎใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใใใฆๅ่จๆๅ(B)
ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใฏใๆๅ(B)ใง
ใใไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใฎไธญใใ้ธๆใใ
ใใใฎใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซไธก่ ใๅไธใฎ
ใใฎใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๆๅ(C)ใงใใใณใใชใใผใฎๅฝขๆใซใใใฆใๅใป
ใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใๅๅญฆ็ใซ็ตๅใใๅ ทไฝ็ๆๆฎต
ใฎไธไพใซใใใฆใฏใไพใใฐๅใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผ
ใซๅญๅจใใๆซ็ซฏๅฎ่ฝๅบ้ใฎใซใใใชใณใฐๅๅฟใซใ
ใ้ ญโๅฐพๆงๅผใงไบใใซ็ดๆฅใซ็ตๅใใใฆๅฝ่ฉฒใณใ
ใชใใผใๅพใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใไปใฎไธไพใซใใใฆใฏใๅใใชใใผใฎๆซ็ซฏๅฎ
่ฝๅบใๅฐใชใใจใไบๅฎ่ฝๆงใฎใซใใใชใณใฐๅคใซใ
ใคใฆ็ตๅใใใใจใใงใใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏใไพใใฐ
ใใฎๆซ็ซฏๅบใใใใญใญใทใซๅบใงใใใใชใใผใจใธ
ใคใฝใทใขใใผใใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใๅฝขๆใใใใฆใฌใฟ
ใณ็ตๅใไพใใฐใใฎๆซ็ซฏๅบใใใใญใญใทใซๅบใงใ
ใใใชใใผใจใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใๅฝขๆใ
ใใ็ตๅใไพใใฐใใฎๆซ็ซฏๅบใใซใซใใญใทใซๅบใง
ใใใใชใใผใจใฐใชใณใผใซใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใๅฝขๆใ
ใใใจในใใซ็ตๅใไพใใฐใใฎๆซ็ซฏๅบใใใใญใญ
ใทใซๅบใงใใใใชใใผใจใในใฒใณใใธใฏใญใซใธใก
ใใซใทใฉใณ็ญใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใๅฝขๆใใใ็ตๅใ็ญ
ใฎ็ตๅใซใใคใฆใณใใชใใผใๅพใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฏใใใซใใใชใณใฐๅคใฎๅ ทไฝไพใจใใฆใฏใไพใ
ใฐใใญใตใกใใฌใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใใธใใจใใซ
ใกใฟใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใใใชใฌใณใธใคใฝใทใขใ
ใผใใใใชใธใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใใใใใฌใณใธ
ใคใฝใทใขใใผใใใคใฝใใญใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใ
ใญใทใชใฌใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใ็ญใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผ
ใ๏ผไพใใฐใจใใฌใณใธใขใใณใใใญใตใกใใฌใณใธ
ใขใใณใใใจใใฌใณใธใขใใณ็ญใฎใขใใณ๏ผไพใใฐ
ใทใฅใฆ้ ธใใณใใฏ้ ธใใขใธใใณ้ ธใใปใใทใณ้ ธใ
ใใฌใใฟใซ้ ธใใคใฝใใฟใซ้ ธ็ญใฎใซใซใใณ้ ธ๏ผไพ
ใใฐใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใใญใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผ
ใซใใใฟใณใธใชใผใซใใใณใฟใณใธใชใผใซใใใญใต
ใณใธใชใผใซใใทใฏใญใใญใตใณใธใกใฟใใผใซใ๏ฝโ
ใญใทใชใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซ็ญใฎใขใซใณใผใซ๏ผไพใใฐใ
ใฌใใฟใซ้ ธใฏใญใชใใใคใฝใใฟใซ้ ธใฏใญใชใใใข
ใธใใณ้ ธใฏใญใชใใใปใใทใณ้ ธใฏใญใชใ็ญใฎ้ ธๅกฉ
ๅ็ฉ๏ผไพใใฐใธใคใฝใใชใทใขใใผใใใในใฑใ
ใณใใในใซใซใใธใคใใ็ญใฎไปใฎใซใใใชใณใฐๅค
็ญใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎใซใใใชใณใฐๅคใฎไฝฟ็จๅฒๅใฏใใปใฐใก
ใณใใใชใใผใฎ็ท้้ใซๅฏพใใฆ๏ผใ10้้๏ผ ใงใ
ใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ๏ผใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ใงใใใใจ
ใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅ่จใณใใชใใผใๅพใใใใฎไปใฎๆนๆณใจใใฆ
ใฏใไพใใฐๆฌกใฎใใใชๆนๆณใใใใใใชใใกใใพ
ใๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใ้
ๅธธใฎๆนๆณใซใใๅๆใใๆฌกใใงใใใซๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธ
ๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใๅฝขๆใใใใใซ
ๅฟ ่ฆใชใขใใใผใๆทปๅ ใใๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใ
ใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใฎๆซ็ซฏใใๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใไผธใณใใใ็ตๅใใใฆ
ใณใใชใใผใๅๆใใใใพใใใใใฏใใพใๆๅ
(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใ้ๅธธใฎๆน
ๆณใซใใๅๆใใๆฌกใใงใใใซๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใๅฝขๆใใใใใซๅฟ ่ฆใช
ใขใใใผใๆทปๅ ใใๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใก
ใณใใใชใใผใฎๆซ็ซฏใใๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใป
ใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใไผธใณใใใ็ตๅใใใฆใณใใช
ใใผใๅๆใใใใจใๅฏ่ฝใงใใใ ๆๅ(C)ใงใใใณใใชใใผใฎๅฝขๆใซใใใฆใฏใๆ
ๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใใใณๆ
ๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใฎใปใใ
ๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆใใฎไปใฎใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใ็จใ
ใฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใซใฏใไธ่จใฎๅฆใๆๅ(A)๏ผ(B)ใ
ใใณ(C)ใฎใปใใซใใใฎไปใฎๆจน่ใๆททๅใใใฆใใฆ
ใใใใๆฏใใใใฎไปใฎๆจน่ใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใน
ใใฌใณโใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใใชใจในใใซใใ
ใชใขใใใใใชใฆใฌใฟใณใใจใใญใทๆจน่็ญใๆใ
ใใใจใใงใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(D)ใงใใ็่ฒๅคใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใซใผ
ใใณใใฉใใฏใใใฐใญใทใณๆๆ๏ผC.I.No.50415B๏ผใ
ใขใใชใณใใซใผ๏ผC.I.No.50405๏ผใใซใซใณใชใคใซใ
ใซใผ๏ผC.I.No. azoic Blue ๏ผ๏ผใใฏใญใ ใคใจใญใผ
๏ผC.I.No.14090๏ผใใฆใซใใฉใใชใณใใซใผ๏ผC.I.No.
77103๏ผใใใฆใใณใชใคใซใฌใใ๏ผC.I.No.26105๏ผใ
ใญใใชใณใคใจใญใผ๏ผC.I.No.47005๏ผใใกใใฌใณใใซ
ใผใฏใญใฉใคใ๏ผC.I.No.52015๏ผใใใฟใญใทใขใใณใ
ใซใผ๏ผC.I.No.74160๏ผใใใฉใซใคใใฐใชใผใณใชใญใถ
ใฌใผใ๏ผC.I.No.42000๏ผใใฉใณใใใฉใใฏ๏ผC.I.No.
77266๏ผใใญใผใบใใณใฌใซ๏ผC.I.No.45435๏ผใใใใ
ใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใฎไปใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใใฎใปใๅ็จฎใฎๆๆฉใพใใฏ็กๆฉใฎๆๅฝฉ่ฒๆ
ๆใใใใฏๅ็จฎใฎๆๅฝฉ่ฒ้กๆใ็จใใใใจใใงใ
ใใ็นใซ่ฒๅฝฉใฎ้ฎฎๆใชใ่ๅ ๆงใใใณ้ ใใคๆงใฎ
้ซใๆๆฉๆๅฝฉ่ฒ้กๆใๅฅฝใพใใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏไพใ
ใฐไธ่จใฎๅฆใใใฎใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใๅฐไธ่จ
ใฎไพ็คบ็ฉ่ณชใฏใใซใฉใผใคใณใใใฏใน็ฌฌ๏ผ็1971ๅ
ๅข่ฃ1975ใซ่จ่ผใใใC.I.ๅ็งฐ็ชๅทใใใใณใใ
ใซ่ฉฒๅฝใใๅๅๅใฎไธไพใง็คบใใใ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ๏ผ ๏ผใใผใใใณใใซใผใใณFBใใใญในใใธใคใใณ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ48๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผในใใซใใชใณใใฌใใ๏ผฃใไฝๅๅๅญฆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ53๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใใผใณใฟ๏ผงใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ็คพ
่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ57๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผในใใซใใชใณใใซใผใใณ6BCใไฝๅๅๅญฆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ123 ๏ผใซใคใปใใใฌใใ๏ผฅโ๏ผขใๆฅๆฌๅ่ฌ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ139 ๏ผใซใคใปใใใฌใใ๏ผฅโGRใๆฅๆฌๅ่ฌ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ144 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใฌใใBRNใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ149 ๏ผPVใใขในใใฌใใ๏ผขใใใญในใใธใคใใณ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ166 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซในใซใผใฌใใ๏ผฒใใใใปใฌใคใฎ
ใผ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ177 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใฌใใA3Bใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ178 ๏ผใซใคใปใใใฌใใ๏ผฅโGGใๆฅๆฌๅ่ฌ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ222 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใฌใใใใผใณใฟ๏ผงใใใใปใฌใค
ใฎใผ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใชใฌใณใธ31 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใชใฌใณใธ4Rใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใชใฌใณใธ43 ๏ผใในใฟใใผใ ใชใฌใณใธGRใใใญในใ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใคใจใญใผ17 ๏ผใใขในใใคใจใญใผGBFNใไฝๅๅๅญฆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใคใจใญใผ14 ๏ผใใณใธใธใณใคใจใญใผOTใใใฆใใณ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใคใจใญใผ138 ๏ผใใชใชใใผใซใคใจใญใผL0960HDใใในใ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใคใจใญใผ93 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใคใจใญใผ3Gใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใคใจใญใผ94 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใคใจใญใผ6Gใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฐใชใผใณ๏ผ ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใฐใชใผใณGFใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฐใชใผใณ36 ๏ผใทใขใใณใฐใชใผใณS537โ2Yใๅคงๆฅ็ฒพๅ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใใซใผ15๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผใทใขใใณใใซใผA330ใๅฑฑ้ฝ่ฒ็ด ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใใซใผ60 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใใซใผA3Rใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใใคใชใฌใใ23 ๏ผในใใซใใชใณใใใขใผในใใใคใชใฌใใRLNใ
ไฝๅๅๅญฆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ ใพใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆไปฅไธใฎ็ฉ่ณชใจๅ ฑใซใใณใฌใฉใ
้ ธๅใใฟใณใใซใผใใณใใฉใใฏ็ญใฎ็กๆฉ้กๆใไฝต
็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใๆๅฝฉ่ฒ้กๆใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใขใพๆๆใใข
ใณใใฉใญใใณๆๆใใคใณใธใดใคใๆๆใใญใใณใค
ใใณๆๆใใใฟใญใทใขใใณๆๆ็ญ็จใใใใจใใง
ใใใ ใใใใฎ็่ฒๅคใฏใๅ็ฌใง็จใใฆใใใใใใ
ใใใฏไบ็จฎไปฅไธใฎใใฎใ็ตๅใใฆ็จใใฆใใใใ
็่ฒๅคใฎๅฒๅใฏใ้ๅธธใใใผใฎ100้้้จใซๅฏพใ
ใฆ๏ผใ20้้้จ็จๅบฆใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใพใ
็ฃๆงใใใผใจใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใ็่ฒๆง็ฃๆงไฝใ็่ฒ
ๅคใจใใฆ็จใใฆใใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(E)ใจใใฆใฏใใใชใชใฌใใคใณใ็จใใ
ใใใใใฎใใชใชใฌใใคใณใฏใใชใใปใใ้ฒๆญขๅฉ
ๅคใพใใฏๅฎ็ๆงๅไธๅคใจใใฆใฎไฝ็จใๆใใใใฎ
ใงใใใไพใใฐ่็นใ50ใ150โใฎใใชใจใใฌใณ
ใใใใฏใใชใใญใใฌใณ็ญใฎใใชใชใฌใใคใณใ็จ
ใใใใใใใฎใใชใชใฌใใคใณใฎๅฒๅใฏใ้ๅธธใ
ใใผใซๅฏพใใฆ0.1ใ30้้๏ผ ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใ
ใใ็นใซ0.2ใ10้้๏ผ ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ
ใใฎใใชใชใฌใใคใณใใใใผใฎๆงๆๆๅใจใใฆ็จ
ใใใใจใซใใใใใใผใฎ็นๆงใใใใซไธๅฑคๅชใ
ใใใฎใจใชใใไพใใฐ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆนๅผใซใใใฆ
ใฏใ้ๅธธ็ฑใญใผใฉใซๅฏพใใฆใฏใชใผใใณใฐใญใผใฉใ
ๅฏพๆฅ้ ็ฝฎใใใใใซใใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่กจ้ขใซ็ใใ
ใใใผ็ฉ่ณชใซใใๆฑใใ้คๅปใใใใใซใใฆใใ
ใใใใชใชใฌใใคใณใใใใผใซๅซๆใใใฆใใใ
ใจใซใใใใใใผ็ฉ่ณชใฎ็ฑใญใผใฉใธใฎ่ปข็งปไป็ใ
ไธๅฑคๆๅนใซ้ฒๆญขใใใใใใซใชใใฎใงใใฏใชใผใ
ใณใฐใญใผใฉใใใณ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎไฝฟ็จๅฏฟๅฝใ้ทใใชใ
ๅฉ็นใๅพใใใใ ไปฅไธๆฌ็บๆใใใผใฎๅฟ ้ ๆๅใซใคใใฆ่ชฌๆใใ
ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใซใฏใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆใใฎไปใฎ
ๆทปๅ ๅคใๅซๆใใใฆใใใใๆฏใใๆทปๅ ๅคใจใใฆ
ใฏใไพใใฐ็ฃๆงไฝใๆตๅๆงๅไธๅคใ็ ็ฃจๅคใ่ท้ป
ๅถๅพกๅค็ญใใใใใใใใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใฏใใใชใใผไธญ
ใซๆททๅๅๆฃใใใ็ถๆ ใงๅซๆใใใฆใใใใใใ
ใใใฏใใชใใผ็ฒๅญใฎ่กจ้ขใซ่ขซ็ใใ็ถๆ ใใใ
ใฏๆใก่พผใพใใ็ถๆ ใงๅซๆใใใฆใใใใ ๅ่จ็ฃๆงไฝใจใใฆใฏใใใจใฉใคใใใใฐใใฟใค
ใใๅงใใจใใ้ใใณใใซใใใใใฑใซ็ญใฎๅผท็ฃ
ๆงใ็คบใ้ๅฑใใใใฏๅ้ใพใใฏใใใใฎๅ ็ด ใ
ๅซใๅๅ็ฉใใใใใฏๅผท็ฃๆงๅ ็ด ใๅซใพใชใใ้ฉ
ๅฝใช็ฑๅฆ็ใๆฝใใใจใซใใคใฆๅผท็ฃๆงใ็คบใใใ
ใซใชใๅ้ใไพใใฐใใณใฌใณโ้ โใขใซใใใฆ
ใ ใใใณใฌใณโ้ โ้ซ็ญใฎใใณใฌใณใจ้ ใจใๅซใ
ใใคในใฉใผๅ้ใจๅผใฐใใ็จฎ้กใฎๅ้ใใพใใฏไบ
้ ธๅใฏใญใ ใใใฎไปใๆใใใใจใใงใใใใใ
ใใฎ็ฃๆงไฝใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพใ0.1ใ1ฮผmใฎๅพฎ็ฒๆซใฎๅฝข
ใงใใชใใผไธญใซๅไธใซๅๆฃใใใฆๅซๆใใใใใจ
ใๅฅฝใพใใใใพใ็ฃๆงไฝใฎๅฒๅใฏใ็ฃๆงใใใผใจ
ใใๅ ดๅใซใฏ้ๅธธใใใผใฎ100้้้จใซๅฏพใใฆ20
ใ70้้้จใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ25ใ50้
้้จใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅ่จๆตๅๆงๅไธๅคใใใใฏ็ ็ฃจๅคใจใใฆใฏใไพ
ใใฐ็กๆฉๅพฎ็ฒๅญใใใใฏใใฎไปใฎๅพฎ็ฒๅญ็ญใ็จใ
ใใใจใใงใใใใฎ๏ผๆฌก็ฒๅญๅพใฏ5mฮผใ2ฮผmใงใ
ใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ5mฮผใ500mฮผใงใใใใจ
ใๅฅฝใพใใใใพใBETๆณใซใใๆฏ่กจ้ข็ฉใ20ใ
500m2๏ผ๏ฝใงใใๅพฎ็ฒๅญใๅฅฝใพใใใใใใใฎๅพฎ
็ฒๅญใฎๅฒๅใฏใใใใผใซๅฏพใใฆไพใใฐ0.01ใ๏ผ้
้๏ผ ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ0.1ใ2.0้้๏ผ
ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใใใใฎๅพฎ็ฒๅญใฏใใใ
ใผ็ฒๅญใฎ่กจ้ขใซ่ขซ็ใใใใฏๆใก่พผใพใใฆๅซๆใ
ใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏใไพใใฐใทใช
ใซใใขใซใใใ้ ธๅใใฟใณใใใฟใณ้ ธใใชใฆใ ใ
ใใฟใณ้ ธใใฐใใทใฆใ ใใใฟใณ้ ธใซใซใทใฆใ ใใ
ใฟใณ้ ธในใใญใณใใฆใ ใ้ ธๅไบ้ใใฑใค็ ใใฏใฌ
ใผใ้ฒๆฏใใฑใค็ฐ็ณใใฑใคใฝใฆๅใ้ ธๅใฏใญใ ใ
้ ธๅใปใชใฆใ ใใใณใฌใฉใไธ้ ธๅใขใณใใขใณใ้ ธ
ๅใใฐใใทใฆใ ใ้ ธๅใธใซใณใใฆใ ใ็กซ้ ธใใชใฆ
ใ ใ็ญ้ ธใใชใฆใ ใ็ญ้ ธใซใซใทใฆใ ใ็ญๅใฑใค
็ด ใ็ชๅใฑใค็ด ็ญใฎๅพฎ็ฒๅญใ็จใใใใจใใงใ
ใใใใใใฎใใกใใทใชใซๅพฎ็ฒๅญใ็นใซๅฅฝใพใใ
็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใฎใทใชใซๅพฎ็ฒๅญใฏใไธ่จใฎๅฆใ็ตๅๆง้ ใๆ
ใใๅพฎ็ฒๅญใงใใใไนพๅผๆณใใใใฏๆนฟๅผๆณใง่ฃฝ้
ใใใใใฎใฎใใใใงใใคใฆใใใใ ใพใใทใชใซใจใใฆใฏใ็กๆฐดไบ้ ธๅใฑใค็ด ใฎใป
ใใใฑใค้ ธใขใซใใใฆใ ใใฑใค้ ธใใใชใฆใ ใใฑ
ใค้ ธใซใชใฆใ ใใฑใค้ ธใใฐใใทใฆใ ใใฑใค้ ธไบ้
็ญใฎใใใใฎๅฝขๆ ใงใใคใฆใใใใ็นใซSiO2ใ
85้้๏ผ ไปฅไธๅซใใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใทใชใซๅพฎ็ฒๅญใจใใฆๅธ่ฒฉใใใฆใใใใฎใ็จฎใ
ใใใใไธญใงใ่กจ้ขใซ็ๆฐดๆงๅบใๆใใใใฎใๅฅฝ
ใพใใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใใฎใใใชๅธ่ฒฉๅใจ
ใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใใขใจใญใธใซ๏ผฒโ972ใใใใขใจใญ
ใธใซ๏ผฒโ974ใใใใขใจใญใธใซ๏ผฒโ805ใใใใขใจใญใธ
ใซ๏ผฒโ812ใ๏ผไปฅไธใๆฅๆฌใขใจใญใธใซ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใใใฟใฉ
ใใใฏใน500ใ๏ผใฟใซใณ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ็ญใๆใใใใจใใง
ใใใใพใใใฎใปใใทใฉใณใซใใใชใณใฐๅคใใใฟ
ใณใซใใใชใณใฐๅคใใทใชใณใผใณใชใคใซใๅด้ใซใข
ใใณใๆใใใทใชใณใผใณใชใคใซ็ญใซใใ่กจ้ขๅฆ็
ใใใใทใชใซๅพฎ็ฒๅญใๆๅนใซ็จใใใใจใใงใ
ใใ ๅ่จ่ท้ปๅถๅพกๅคใจใใฆใฏใ็นใซ้ๅฎใใใๅ ฌ็ฅ
ใฎ็ฉ่ณชใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ่ฒ ๅธฏ้ปๆงใฎใใฎใจ
ใใฆใฏใไพใใฐ็น้ๆญ57โ141452ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ
58โ7645ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ58โ111049ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้
ๆญ58โ185653ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ57โ167033ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ
็นๅ ฌๆญ44โ6397ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑ็ญใซ้็คบใใใฆใใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
ๅๅซ้ๅฑใขใพๆๆ๏ผไพใใฐ็น้ๆญ57โ104940ๅทๅ ฌ
ๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ57โ111541ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ57โ124357
ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ53โ127726ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑ็ญใซ้็คบใใใฆ
ใใ่ณ้ฆๆใชใญใทใซใซใใณ้ ธใ่ณ้ฆๆใใคใซใซใ
ใณ้ ธใฎ้ๅฑ้ฏไฝ๏ผไพใใฐ็น้ๆญ52โ45931ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑ
ใซ้็คบใใใฆใใ้ ใใฟใญใทใขใใณๆๆใฎในใซใ
ใใซใขใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใใใใฏ้ ใใฟใญใทใขใใณใฎใน
ใซใใณใขใใ่ชๅฐไฝๆๆใ้ ใใฟใญใทใขใใณใฎใน
ใซใใณใขใใใใใณในใซใใณ้ ธใพใใฏในใซใใณ้ ธ
ๅกฉ่ชๅฐไฝๆๆ๏ผ็ญใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใๆญฃๅธฏ้ปๆงใฎใใฎใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐ็น้ๆญ49
โ51951ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ52โ10141ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑ็ญใซ้็คบ
ใใใฆใใ็ฌฌ๏ผ็ดใขใณใขใใฆใ ๅๅ็ฉ๏ผไพใใฐ็น
้ๆญ56โ11461ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ54โ158932ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ
็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ4254205ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธ็ญใซ้็คบใใใฆใใ
ใขใซใญใซใใชใธใใฆใ ๅๅ็ฉใใขใซใญใซใใณใชใ
ใฆใ ๅๅ็ฉ๏ผไพใใฐใใฐใญใทใณSOใใใฐใญใทใณ
EX็ญใฎใใฐใญใทใณ็ณปๆๆ๏ผไพใใฐ็นๅ ฌๆญ49โ
80320ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใซ้็คบใใใฆใใไปๅ ็ธฎๅไฝ็ญใๆ
ใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎ่ท้ปๅถๅพกๅคใฎๅฒๅใฏใใใใผใซๅฏพใใฆ
0.1ใ10้้๏ผ ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ0.3ใ
๏ผ้้๏ผ ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใพใๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใฏใใใฎ่ปๅ็นTspใ90ใ
150โใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ100ใ140โใง
ใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใๅฝ่ฉฒ่ปๅ็นTspใ้ๅฐใฎใจ
ใใซใฏ่ใชใใปใใๆงใไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใไธ
ๆน้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใไธ่ฏใจใชใๅ ดๅใ
ใใใ ใใใงใ่ปๅ็นTspใจใฏใใใญใผใในใฟใผ
ใCFTโ500ใ๏ผๅณถๆดฅ่ฃฝไฝๆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใ็จใใฆใๆธฌๅฎ
ๆกไปถใใ่ท้20Kg๏ผcm2ใใใบใซใฎ็ดๅพ๏ผmmใใใบ
ใซใฎ้ทใ๏ผmmใไบ็ฑๆ้50โใง10ๅ้ใๆๆธฉ้ๅบฆ
๏ผโ๏ผminใจใใใตใณใใซ้1.0cm3๏ผ็ๆฏ้ร๏ผ
cm3ใง่กจใใใใ้้๏ผใๆธฌๅฎ่จ้ฒใใใจใใใใญ
ใผใในใฟใผใฎใใฉใณใธใคใผ้ไธ้โๆธฉๅบฆๆฒ็ท๏ผ่ป
ๅๆตๅๆฒ็ท๏ผใซใใใ๏ผณๅญๆฒ็ทใฎ้ซใใ๏ฝใจใใ
ใจใใ๏ฝ๏ผ๏ผใฎใจใใฎๆธฉๅบฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใฏใไพใใฐๆฌกใฎใใใชๆนๆณใซใ
ใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใใจใใงใใใใใชใใกใๆข่ฟฐใฎๅฆใ
็นๅฎใฎใใชใใผๆๅใใใใฏใใใซใใฎไปใฎๆจน่
ใๅ ใใใใฎใซใ็่ฒๅคใๅ ใใใใใซใฏๅฟ ่ฆใซ
ๅฟใใฆใใฎไปใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใๅ ใใใใใใไพใใฐใจ
ใฏในใใซใผใใผใซใใ็่ๆทท็ทดใใๅทๅดๅพใธใจใ
ใใใซ็ญใซใใๅพฎ็ฒ็ ใใๆฌกใใงๅ็ดใใใใจใซ
ใใใๆๆใฎ็ฒๅพใฎใใใผ็ฒๆซใๅพใใใจใใงใ
ใใใพใใใฎใใใผ็ฒๆซใซใใใซใใฎไปใฎๆทปๅ ๅค
ใๆทปๅ ๆททๅใใใใจใซใใ็นๆงใฎๆน่ฏใใใใใ
ใผใๅพใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใใฎไปใฎๆนๆณใจใใฆใฏใใจใฏในใใซใผใใผ
ใซใใ็่ๆทท็ทดใใใใฎใ็่็ถๆ ใฎใพใพในใใฌ
ใผใใฉใคใคใผ็ญใซใใๅด้งใใใใฏๆถฒไฝไธญใซๅๆฃ
ใใใใจใซใใๆๆใฎ็ฒๅพใฎใใใผใๅพใใใจใ
ใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใฏใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็็จใฎใใใผใง
ใใคใฆใไพใใฐๆฌกใฎใใใซใใฆ็ปๅใฎๅฝขๆใซไพใ
ใใใใใชใใกใ้ปๅญๅ็ๆณใซใใใฆใฏใๆฝๅๆ
ๆไฝใงใใๆๅ ไฝไธใซๅฝขๆใใใ้้ปๆฝๅใใๆฌ
็บๆใฎใใใผใ็จใใฆๆงๆใใ็พๅๅคใซใใ็พๅ
ใใๅพใใใใใใผๅใ็ด็ญใใใชใ่ปขๅๆใซไพ
ใใฐ้้ป่ปขๅใใๆฌกใใง่ปขๅใใใผใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ
็ๆนๅผใซใใๅฎ็ใใใใคใฆๅฏ่ฆ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใ
ใใ ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆนๅผใซใใใฆ็จใใใใ็ฑใญใผใฉ
ๅฎ็ๅจใฏใ้ๅธธใ็ฑใญใผใฉใจใใใใซๅฏพๆฅ้ ็ฝฎใ
ใใๅฏพๆฅใญใผใฉใจใๅ ็ฑๆบใจใซใใๆงๆใใใๅ
็ฑๆบใซใใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๆธฉๅบฆใไธๅฎ็ฏๅฒใฎๆธฉๅบฆใซ็ถญ
ๆใใชใใใใใใไธๅฏพใฎใญใผใฉ้ใใใใผใ่ปข
ๅใใใๆฏๆไฝใ้้ใใใใใจใซใใใใใใผ
ใ็ดๆฅ็ฑใญใผใฉใซๆฅ่งฆใใใฆๅฝ่ฉฒใใใผใๆฏๆไฝ
ใซ็ฑๅฎ็ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใฏใ็นใซๆฏๆไฝไธใฎใใใผใจใ
็ฑใญใผใฉใจใฎๆฅ่งฆๆ้ใ๏ผ็งไปฅๅ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ0.5
็งไปฅๅ ใงใใใใใช้ซ้ใงๅฎ็ใ่กใใจใใซๅพๆฅ
ใฎใใใผใซๆฏใใฆ่ใใๅชใใๅนๆใ็บๆฎใใใ ใๅ ทไฝ็ๅฎๆฝไพใ ไปฅไธๆฌ็บๆใฎๅ ทไฝ็ๅฎๆฝไพใใใณๆฏ่ผไพใซใคใ
ใฆ่ชฌๆใใใใๆฌ็บๆใใใใใฎๅฎๆฝไพใซ้ๅฎใ
ใใใใฎใงใฏใชใใ ไปฅไธใฎๅฎๆฝไพใใใณๆฏ่ผไพใง็จใใๅใใชใใผ
ใฎๅ ทไฝ็็ตๆใฏใๅพ่จ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใใใณ็ฌฌ๏ผ
่กจใซ็คบใ้ใใงใใใใใใฆๅๅฎๆฝไพใใใณๆฏ่ผ
ไพใซใใใฆใฏใๅพ่จ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซ็คบใ็ตๅใใใใณ้
ๅๆฏใงๅใใชใใผใ็จใใใ ๏ผๅฎๆฝไพ๏ผใ๏ผใใใณๆฏ่ผไพ๏ผใ๏ผ๏ผ ๅๅฎๆฝไพใใใณๆฏ่ผไพใซใใใฆใฏๆฌกใฎใใใซใ
ใฆใใใผใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใ ใใชใใกใๅพ่จ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซ็คบใๅใใชใใผใฎๅ่จ
100้้้จใใใณ็่ฒๅคใจใใใชใใญใใฌใณใใ
ในใณใผใซ660Pใ๏ผไธๆดๅๆๅทฅๆฅญ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ๏ผ้้้จ
ใจใใWaxโ๏ผฅใ๏ผใใญในใ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ๏ผ้้้จใจใ
่ท้ปๅถๅพกๅคใใใณใใญใณ๏ผฅโ81ใ๏ผใชใชใจใณใๅ
ๅญฆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ๏ผ้้้จใจใๆททๅใใๅ ็ฑใญใผใซใซใใ
ๆทท็ทดใใๅทๅดใใๅพ็ฒ็ ใใใใใซ่ถ ้ณๆณขใธใจใ
ใใใซใซใใๅพฎ็ฒ็ ใใๆฌกใใง้ขจๅๅ็ดๆฉใซใใ
ๅ็ดใใใใจใซใใ็่ฒๅพฎ็ฒๅญใๅพใใ ใใฎ็่ฒๅพฎ็ฒๅญ100้้้จใซๅฏพใใฆใ็ๆฐดๆงใท
ใชใซๅพฎ็ฒๆซใใขใจใญใธใซ๏ผฒโ972ใ๏ผๆฅๆฌใขใจใญใธ
ใซ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ0.8้้้จใๆทปๅ ใใใใใใ๏ผถๅๆททๅ
ๅจใซใใๆททๅใใใใคใฆไฝ็ฉๅนณๅ็ฒๅพใ11.0ฮผm
ใฎใใใผใๅพใใ ๅฎๆฝไพ๏ผใ๏ผใใใณๆฏ่ผไพ๏ผใ๏ผใงๅพใใใใ
ใใผใใใใใใใใใผ๏ผใใใใใใผ๏ผใใใ
ใณใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใใใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใใจใใใ ๆฌกใซใใใใผ๏ผใ๏ผใใใณๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใ๏ผใฎ
ๅ๏ผ้้้จใจใในใใฌใณโใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ
ๅ ฑ้ๅไฝๆจน่ใ่ขซ่ฆใใฆใชใๅนณๅ็ฒๅพใ110ฮผmใฎ
ๆจน่่ขซ่ฆใญใคใชใข97้้้จใจใๆททๅใใฆๅ่จ11็จฎ
ใฎ็พๅๅคใ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใใใใใฎ็พๅๅคใ็จใใฆใ
้ปๅญๅ็่คๅๆฉใ๏ผตโBix5000ใ๏ผๅฐ่ฅฟๅ ญๅ็ๅทฅ
ๆฅญ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใซใใ้้ปๆฝๅใฎๅฝขๆใใใณ็พๅใ่ก
ใใๅพใใใใใใผๅใ่ปขๅ็ดไธใซ่ปขๅใใใใ
็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๅจใซใใๅฎ็ใใฆ่คๅ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใ
ใๅฎๅใในใใ่กใใไธ่จใฎๆนๆณใซใใๆไฝๅฎ็
ๆธฉๅบฆ๏ผๅฎ็ๅฏ่ฝใช็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๆไฝๆธฉๅบฆ๏ผใใชใใป
ใใ็บ็ๆธฉๅบฆ๏ผใชใใปใใ็พๅใ็ใใๆไฝๆธฉ
ๅบฆ๏ผใๆธฌๅฎใใไฝตใใฆๅฎ็ๅฏ่ฝๆธฉๅบฆ็ฏๅฒใๆฑใ
ใใ ๆไฝๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆ ไธ่จ่คๅๆฉใซใฆๆชๅฎ็็ปๅใไฝๆใใๅพใ่กจๅฑค
ใใใใญใณ๏ผใใฆใใณ็คพ่ฃฝใใชใใใฉใใซใชใญใจ
ใใฌใณ๏ผใงๅฝขๆใใใ50ฯใฎ็ฑใญใผใฉใจใ่กจๅฑคใ
ใทใชใณใผใณใดใ ใKEโ1300RTVใ๏ผไฟก่ถๅๅญฆๅทฅ
ๆฅญ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใงๅฝขๆใใใๅง็ใญใผใฉใจใใใชใ็ฑใญ
ใผใฉๅฎ็ๅจใซใใใ64g๏ผm2ใฎ่ปขๅ็ดใซ่ปขๅใใ
ใใ่ฉฆๆใใใผใซใใใใใผๅใใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ็ท
้ๅบฆ200mm๏ผ็งใ็ทๅง0.8Kg๏ผcmใใใใๅน 8.0mm
ใงๅฎ็ใใใใๆไฝใใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่จญๅฎๆธฉๅบฆใ80
ใ230โใฎ็ฏๅฒๅ ใง๏ผโใใคๆฎต้็ใซ้ซใใใฆๅ
ๆธฉๅบฆใซใใใฆ็นฐใ่ฟใใๅฝขๆใใใๅฎ็็ปๅใซๅฏพ
ใใฆใใฑใณๅดๅบฆ่ฉฆ้จๆฉใซใใ่ปขๅ็ดใจๅไธใฎ็ดใซ
ใฆๆบๆฆใๆฝใใๅๅใช่ๆบๆงใ็คบใๅฎ็็ปๅใซไฟ
ใๆไฝใฎ่จญๅฎๆธฉๅบฆใใใคใฆๆไฝๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆใจใใใ
ใชใใใใซ็จใใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๅจใฏใทใชใณใผใณใช
ใคใซไพ็ตฆๆฉๆงใๆใใชใใใฎใงใใใ ใชใใปใใ็บ็ๆธฉๅบฆ ใชใใปใใ็บ็ๆธฉๅบฆใฎๆธฌๅฎใฏใไธ่จๆไฝๅฎ็ๆธฉ
ๅบฆใฎๆธฌๅฎใซๆบใใใใไธ่จ่คๅๆฉใซใฆๆชๅฎ็็ปๅ
ใไฝๆใใๅพใใใใผๅใ่ปขๅใใฆไธ่ฟฐใฎ็ฑใญใผ
ใฉๅฎ็ๅจใซใใๅฎ็ๅฆ็ใ่กใใๆฌกใใง็ฝ็ดใฎ่ปข
ๅ็ดใๅๆงใฎๆกไปถไธใงๅฝ่ฉฒ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๅจใซ้ใค
ใฆใใใซใใใผๆฑใใ็ใใใๅฆใใ็ฎ่ฆ่ฆณๅฏใ
ใๆไฝใใๅ่จ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๅจใฎ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่จญๅฎ
ๆธฉๅบฆใ้ ๆฌกไธๆใใใ็ถๆ ใง็นฐใ่ฟใใใใใผใซ
ใใๆฑใใฎ็ใใๆไฝใฎ่จญๅฎๆธฉๅบฆใใใคใฆใชใใป
ใใ็บ็ๆธฉๅบฆใจใใใ ๅฎ็ๅฏ่ฝๆธฉๅบฆ็ฏๅฒ ไธ่จใฎใใใซใใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใใชใใปใใ็บ็ๆธฉ
ๅบฆใจๆไฝๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆใจใฎๅทฎใๅฎ็ๅฏ่ฝๆธฉๅบฆ็ฏๅฒใจใ
ใใ ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซ็คบใใ ใใใซๅใใใผใฎ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใ่ฒ่ชฟใใ
ใณๅธฏ้ป้๏ผ๏ผฑ๏ผ๏ผญ๏ผใๆฌกใฎใใใซใใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใ ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆง ใใใผใใๆธฉๅบฆ50โใ็ธๅฏพๆนฟๅบฆ43๏ผ ใฎ็ฐๅขๆกไปถ
ไธใซ๏ผๆ้ๆพ็ฝฎใใๅฝ่ฉฒใใใผใซๅ้ๅกใ็ใใ
ใๅฆใใซใใคใฆๅคๅฎใใๅ้ๅกใ่ชใใใใชใใค
ใๅ ดๅใใโใใจใใๅ้ๅกใ่ฅๅนฒ่ชใใใใๅ ด
ๅใใโณใใจใใๅ้ๅกใ็ธๅฝใซ่ชใใใใๅ ดๅ
ใใรใใจใใใ ่ฒ ่ชฟ ็ฎ่ฆใซใใๅคๅฎใใใ ๅธฏ้ป้๏ผ๏ผฑ๏ผ๏ผญ๏ผ ๅ ฌ็ฅใฎใใญใผใชใๆณใซใใๆธฌๅฎใใใใใผ1g
ๅฝใใฎๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ป้ป่ท้ใฎๅคใๅธฏ้ป้๏ผ๏ผฑ๏ผ๏ผญ๏ผใจ
ใใใ ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซไฝตใใฆ็คบใใ ใใใซไธ่จ่คๅๆฉใซใใๅฎๅใในใใซใใๅพใ
ใใ่คๅ็ปๅใซใคใใฆใใซใใชใ้ฎฎๆๆงใๆฌกใฎใ
ใใซใใฆ่ฉไพกใใใ ใซใใช ใตใฏใฉใใณใทใใกใผใฟใผ๏ผๅฐ่ฅฟๅ ญๅ็ๅทฅๆฅญ็คพ
่ฃฝ๏ผใ็จใใฆใๅ็จฟๆฟๅบฆใ0.0ใฎ็ฝๅฐ้จๅใฎ็พๅ
็ปๅใซๅฏพใใ็ธๅฏพๆฟๅบฆใๆธฌๅฎใใฆๅคๅฎใใใใช
ใใ็ฝๅฐๅๅฐๆฟๅบฆใ0.0ใจใใใ่ฉไพกใฏ็ธๅฏพๆฟๅบฆ
ใ0.01ๆชๆบใฎใใฎใใโใใจใใ0.01ไปฅไธใง0.03
ๆชๆบใฎใใฎใใโณใใจใใ0.03ไปฅไธใฎใใฎใ
ใรใใจใใใ ้ฎฎๆๆง ๅ็จฟใฎ็ท็ปใใคใผใใใชใชใธใใซใจใใฆใใใฎ
ๅ็พๆงใๆกๅคงใ่ฆ่ง็ใซๅคๅฎใใใ่ฉไพกใฏ่ฏๅฅฝใช
ใใฎใใโใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใจใฏใใใชใใๅฎ็จใฌใ
ใซใซใใใใฎใใโณใใจใใๅฃใคใฆใใฆๅฎ็จ็ใซ
ใฏๅ้กใฎใใใใฎใใรใใจใใใ ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซไฝตใใฆ็คบใใ ใใใซไธ่จ่คๅๆฉใซใใๅฎๅใในใใ้ฃ็ถ็ใซ
็นฐใ่ฟใใฆ่กใใใใใผใฎ่ไน ๆงใ่ชฟในใใ ใใชใใกใไธ่จ่คๅๆฉใซใใ้ฃ็ถใใฆ๏ผไธๅใฎ
็ปๅๅฝขๆใใญใปในใ็นฐใ่ฟใใๅพใซใ่คๅ็ปๅใฎ
ใซใใชใ้ฎฎๆๆงใไธ่จใจๅๆงใซใใฆๆธฌๅฎ่ฉไพกใ
ใใ ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซไฝตใใฆ็คบใใ
ๆณ็ญใซใใใฆๅฝขๆใใใ้้ปๆฝๅใฎ็พๅใซ็จใใ
ใใ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใซ้ขใใ็นใซ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ
็็จ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใซ้ขใใใใฎใงใใใ ใ็บๆใฎ่ๆฏใ ไพใใฐ้ปๅญๅ็ๆณใจใใฆใฏๅพๆฅ็จฎใ ใฎๆนๆณใ็ฅ
ใใใฆใใ๏ผ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ2297691ๅท็ญๅ็ ง๏ผใ ไธ่ฌ็ใซใฏใๅ ๅฐ้ปๆงๆๅ ไฝใใใชใ้้ปๅๆ
ๆไฝใซๅธฏ้ปใ้ฒๅ ใซใใ้้ปๆฝๅใๅฝขๆใใๆฌกใ
ใงใใฎ้้ปๆฝๅใใใใใผใจใญใคใชใขใจใใใชใ
๏ผๆๅ็ณป็พๅๅคใใใใฏ็ฃๆงไฝใๅซๆใใใใใผ
ใฎใฟใใใชใ๏ผๆๅ็ณป็พๅๅคใซใใ็พๅใใๅพใ
ใใใใใผๅใ่ปขๅ็ดใชใฉใฎๆฏๆไฝใซ่ปขๅใใๅ
็ฑใใใใฏๅ ๅง็ญใซใใๅฎ็ใใฆๅฏ่ฆ็ปๅใๅฝขๆ
ใใใใ ใใใผๅใๅฎ็ใใๆนๆณใจใใฆใฏใๅพๆฅ็จฎใ ใฎ
ๆนๆณใๆก็จใใใฆใใใใไธญใงใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆน
ๅผใๅฅฝใพใใใใใฎ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆนๅผใฏใใใใผ
ๅใๆ ๆใใใ็ดใชใฉใฎๆฏๆไฝใใๅ ็ฑใใใใญ
ใผใฉใจๆฅ่งฆใใใใใซๆฌ้ใใใใจใซใใใใใผ
ๅใๆฏๆไฝใซๅฎ็ใใใๆนๆณใงใใใใใฎๆนๅผใซ
ใใใฐใๅฎๅ จๆงใฎ็นใงๆๅฉใงใใใใพใ็ฑๆๅคฑใ
ๅฐใชใ็ใจใใซใฎใผใฎ็นใงใๆๅฉใงใใใ ใใใใชใใใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆนๅผใๆก็จใใๅ ด
ๅใซใฏใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆใซใใใฆใฏ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่กจ
้ขใซใใใผใ็่็ถๆ ใงๆฅ่งฆใใใใจใจใชใใใ
ๅพๆฅใฎใใใผใซใใใฆใฏ็่็ถๆ ใซใใใ็ฒ็ๆง
ใ้ซใใใใฎ็ตๆ็่ใใใผใฎไธ้จใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ
่กจ้ขใซ่ปข็งปไป็ใใใใใๆฌกใซ้ใใใฆใใ่ปขๅ
็ดใซๅ่ปข็งปใใฆ็ปๅใๆฑใใจใใใใใใใชใใป
ใใ็พ่ฑกใ็บ็ใใใ ใใใซๆ่ฟใซใใใฆใฏใ้ซ้่คๅๆฉใใใใฏ่ค
ๅๆฉใฎๅฐๅๅใฎ่ฆ่ซใใใๅพๆฅใใไธๅฑคไฝๆธฉใงๅฎ
็ใๅฏ่ฝใชใใใผใฎ้็บใๅผทใๆใพใใฆใใใใ
ใชใใกใ้ซ้่คๅๆฉใซใใใฆใฏใๅคๆฐๆใฎ้ฃ็ถ่ค
ๅใ่กใใจ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ็ฑใ่ปขๅ็ดใซๅฅชใใใฆ็ฑ่ฃ
็ตฆใ้ใซๅใใใใใฎ็ตๆ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๆธฉๅบฆใไฝไธ
ใใฆๅฎ็ไธ่ฏใ็ใใใใใใพใๅฐๅ่คๅๆฉใซใ
ใใฆใฏใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๅ ็ฑ็จใใผใฟใผใฎๅฎน้ใๅฐใ
ใใใใใจใซใใ็ใจใใซใฎใผใงใณใณใใฏใใช่ค
ๅๆฉใจใใใใจใๅฟ ่ฆใงใใใใๅ ็ฑ็จใใผใฟใผ
ใฎๅฎน้ใๅฐใใใใใจ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๅ ็ฑใซๆ้ใ่ฆ
ใใใใๅพ ใกๆ้ใ้ทใใชใคใใใใใใใฏ้ฃ็ถ
่คๅใ่กใใจ็ฑ่ฃ็ตฆใ้ใซๅใใชใใชใใใใฎ็ต
ๆ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๆธฉๅบฆใไฝไธใๅฎ็ไธ่ฏใ็ใใใ
ใใ ๅพใคใฆใใใใฎๅ้กใ่งฃๆฑบใใใใใซใฏใๅพๆฅ
ใใไฝๆธฉใงๅฎ็ใๅฏ่ฝใงใใใใใใ่ใชใใปใ
ใๆงใฎ่ฏๅฅฝใชใใใผใๅฟ ่ฆใจใใใใ ใ็บๆใ่งฃๆฑบใใใใจใใๅ้ก็นใ ๅพๆฅใซใใใฆใฏใไพใใฐ็นๅ ฌๆญ57โ36586ๅทๅ ฌ
ๅ ฑใซใ50ใ150โใฎ่็นใใใณ35kcal๏ผใขใซไปฅไธ
ใฎๆตๅๅใฎใใใฎๆดปๆงๅใจใใซใฎใผใๆใใ็ตๆถ
ๆงใใชใใผใใใใผใฎใใคใณใใผใจใใฆ็จใใใ
ใจใซใใไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ใ้ๆใใๆ่กใ้็คบใใใฆใ
ใใใใใฎใใใผใ็จใใฆ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆนๅผใๆก
็จใใฆ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใ่ใชใใปใใๆง
ใไธๅๅใงใใๅ้ก็นใใใใๅพใคใฆใใชใใปใ
ใ็พ่ฑกใฎ็บ็ใ้ฒๆญขใใใใใซใฏใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่กจ
้ขใซ้ขๅๆงใไปไธใใใใใฎใชใคใซใไพ็ตฆใใ็ญ
ใฎๆๆฎตใๅฟ ่ฆใจใใ่ฃ ็ฝฎใ่ค้ใจใชใๅ้ก็นใใ
ใใใพใใใใฎ็ตๆถๆงใใชใใผใฏ่ป่ณชใงใใใ
ใใใใใผใจใญใคใชใขใจใฎๅไธใชๆททๅใๅฐ้ฃใงใ
ใใใใฎ็ตๆใใใผใฎๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใไธๅฎๅฎใจใช
ใใ็ปๅใไธ้ฎฎๆใจใชใๅ้ก็นใใใใใใใซ
ใฏใใใใผใๆงๆใใ็ตๆถๆงใใชใใผใ้้ขใใฆ
ใญใคใชใข็ฒๅญใๆๅ ไฝ่กจ้ขใธ่ปข็งปไป็ใใใใใ
ใใใใผใใคใซใใณใฐใ็บ็ใใ็ปๅๅฝขๆใซๆชๅฝฑ
้ฟใไธใใๅ้ก็นใใใใใใใซใฏ่ไน ๆงใไฝใ
ๅ้ก็นใใใใ ใพใ่ใชใใปใใๆงใ้ซใใๆ่กใจใใฆใฏใไพ
ใใฐ็นๅ ฌๆญ51โ23354ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ
ใใซใๆถๆฉๆง้ ใฎๆจน่ใ็จใใใใจใ็ฅใใใฆใ
ใใใๆจน่ใฎๆถๆฉๅบฆใ้ซใใฆๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใ
ๆงใๅพใใใจใใใจๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆใ้ซใใชใคใฆไฝๆธฉๅฎ
็ๆงใไฝไธใใใพใๅๅใชไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅพใใใ
ใซๆถๆฉๅบฆใไฝใใใใจๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใๆงใๅพ
ใใใใ็ตๅฑๆถๆฉๆง้ ใฎๆจน่ใซใใใฆใฏ่ใชใใป
ใใๆงใใใณไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใฎไธก่ ใๅ ฑใซๆบ่ถณใใใ
ใฎใจใใใใจใๅฐ้ฃใงใใใ ใพใใชใใปใใ็พๅใฎ็บ็ใ้ฒๆญขใใๆ่กใจใ
ใฆใๅฎ็็จ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่กจ้ขใซ้ขๅๆงใไปไธใใใ
ใใฎใชใคใซใไพ็ตฆใใๆฉๆงใ่จญใใใใจใ็ฅใใ
ใฆใใใใใใฎๆ่กใซใใใฆใฏใใชใคใซไพ็ตฆๆฉๆง
ใๅฟ ่ฆใจใใ่ฃ ็ฝฎใ่ค้ใจใชใๅ้ก็นใใใใใพ
ใใชใคใซใๅ ็ฑ่ธ็บใใฆ็ฐ่ญใๆพใก็ฐๅข่ก็ใๅฎณ
ใใๅ้ก็นใใใใๅพใคใฆใใใฎใใใชๅค็ๆๆฎต
ใซใใใใใใใผ่ชไฝใซใใใฆใใชใใปใใ็บ็
ๆธฉๅบฆใ้ซใใใใๆไฝๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆใไฝใใฆๅๅใช่
ใชใใปใใๆงใใใณไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๆใใฆใใใใจ
ใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใใฎใใใชใใจใใใๆฌ็บๆ่ ใฏใๆถๆฉๆง้ ใฎ
ๆจน่ใซไฝ่็นใฎๆจน่ใๆททๅใใฆใชใๆจน่ใ็จใใ
ใใจใซใใใใใใผใซใใใฆๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใ
ๆงใใใณไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅพใๆ่กใซใคใใฆ้ญๆ็ ็ฉถ
ใ้ใญใฆใใใ ใใใใชใใใใใฎใใใชๆ่กใซใใใฆใๆฐใ
ใชๅ้ก็นใฎใใใใจใๅคๆใใใใใชใใกใๆฏใ
ใๆ่กใซใใใฆใฏใๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใๆงใใใณ
ไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅ ฑใซๅพใใใใซใฏๆถๆฉๆง้ ใฎๆจน่ใจ
ไฝ่็นใฎๆจน่ใจใๅไธใซๆททๅใใใใจใๅฟ ่ฆใจใ
ใใใใใใฎใใใชๅไธๆททๅใๅฐ้ฃใงใใใใใฎ
็ตๆ็จฎใ ใฎๅ้ก็นใๆๆฅใใใ ใใชใใกใ็ฌฌ๏ผใซใไธกๆจน่ใฎๆททๅใไธๅไธใจใช
ใใใไฝ่็นใฎๆจน่ใ้้ขใใใใใใใฎ็ตๆใ
ใใผใซใใใฆใฏไฝ่็นใฎๆจน่ใฎ่ป่ณชใช็นๆงใๅคงใ
ใ็พใใฆใใใใผใ็พๅๅจๅ ็ญใงๅ้ใใใใใ
ใใใญใใญใณใฐ็พ่ฑกใ่ตทใใใใพใใใใผใจใญใค
ใชใขใจใฎๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใไธๅๅใจใชใใใใใใใ
ใ็พๅๅคใฎๆตๅๆงใไฝใใ็ตๅฑๅพใใใ่คๅ็ปๅ
ใใซใใชใฎใใไธ้ฎฎๆใชใใฎใจใชใๅ้ก็นใใ
ใใ ็ฌฌ๏ผใซใ็นฐใ่ฟใใฆ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใใๅ ดๅใซใใ
ใฆใ้้ขใใไฝ่็นใฎๆจน่ใใญใคใชใข็ฒๅญใๆๅ
ไฝ่กจ้ขใธ่ปข็งปไป็ใใใใใใใใใผใใคใซใใณ
ใฐ็พ่ฑกใๆฉๆใซ็บ็ใใใใฎ็ตๆๅพใใใ่คๅ็ป
ๅใซใใใฆใฏใ็ปๅๆฟๅบฆใไฝใใใใใซใใชใฎใ
ใไธ้ฎฎๆใชใใฎใจใชใๅ้ก็นใใใใ ็ฌฌ๏ผใซใไธกๆจน่ใฎๆททๅใไธๅไธใจใชใใใใใ
ใใฎๆททๅๆจน่ไธญใซ็่ฒๅคใๅไธใซๅๆฃใใใใจใ
ๅฐ้ฃใจใชใใใใฎ็ตๆๅพใใใ่คๅ็ปๅใซใใใฆ
ใฏใ่ฒ่ชฟใไฝไธใใๅ้ก็นใใใใ ใใฎใใใซใๅพๆฅใซใใใฆใฏใๅๅใชไฝๆธฉๅฎ็
ๆงใๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใๆงใๆใใใใใๅชใใ
่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใๅชใใๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใๆใใๅช
ใใ่ฒ่ชฟใงใใฎใใใซใใชใฎใชใ้ฎฎๆใช็ปๅใๅฝข
ๆใใใใจใใงใใใใใซใฏๅคๆฐๅใซใใใๅชใ
ใ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใใใใจใใงใใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็็จใ
ใใผใฏใใใพใ ๅพใใใฆใใชใใฎใๅฎๆ ใงใใค
ใใ ใ็บๆใฎ็ฎ็ใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏไปฅไธใฎๅฆใไบๆ ใซๅบใใฆใชใใใใใฎ
ใงใใคใฆใใใฎ็ฎ็ใฏใ(1)ๅๅใชไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๆ
ใใใใจใ(2)ๅๅใช่ใชใใปใใๆงใๆใใใ
ใจใ(3)ๅชใใ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใๆใใใใจใ(4)
ๅชใใๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใๆใใใใจใ(5)ๅชใใ่ฒ่ชฟใฎ
็ปๅใๅพใใใใใจใ(6)ใซใใชใฎใชใ้ฎฎๆใช็ปๅ
ใๅพใใใใใจใ(7)ๅคๆฐๅใซใใใๅชใใ็ปๅใ
ๅพใใใใใจใใฎๅ จใฆใฎๆกไปถใๆบ่ถณใใ็ฑใญใผใฉ
ๅฎ็็จ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใๆไพใใใใจใซใ
ใใ ใๅ้ก็นใ่งฃๆฑบใใใใใฎๆๆฎตใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็็จ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใใผ
ใฏใไธ่จๆๅ(A)๏ผ(B)๏ผ(C)๏ผ(D)ใใใณ(E)ใๅฟ ้ ๆๅ
ใจใใฆๅซๆใใฆใชใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใใ ๆๅ(A)๏ผใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ50ใ80โใฎๆถๆฉในใ
ใฌใณ็ณปใใชใใผใใใณๆถๆฉใใชใจในใใซใใ้ธ
ใฐใใใใใใผใซใใใฆ55ใ95้้๏ผ ใฎ้็ท็ถ
ใใชใใผ ๆๅ(B)๏ผๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ้็ธๆบถๆงใงใใค่็นใ65ใ
120โใๆฐๅนณๅๅๅญ้ใ1000ใ20000ใ้้ๅนณๅ
ๅๅญ้ใ2000ใ100000ใงใใใใใใผใซใใใฆ
๏ผใ40้้๏ผ ใฎไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซ ๆๅ(C)๏ผๅฐใชใใจใๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใฌ
ใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ50ใ80โใฎ็กๅฎๅฝขใปใฐใกใณใ
ใใชใใผใจใๅฐใชใใจใๅ่จๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใ่็นใ50ใ130โใฎ็ตๆถๆงใปใฐใกใณใใใช
ใจในใใซใจใๅๅญฆ็ใซ็ตๅใใฆใชใใใใใผใซ
ใใใฆ๏ผใ40้้๏ผ ใฎใฐใฉใใใณใใชใใผใพใ
ใฏใใญใใฏใณใใชใใผ ๆๅ(D)๏ผ็่ฒๅค ๆๅ(E)๏ผใใชใชใฌใใคใณ ใ็บๆใฎไฝ็จๅนๆใ ไธ่จๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผใจใๆๅ(B)ใฎใใชใใผใจ
ใฏ้็ธๆบถๆงใงใใใใใใใใใฎใฟใงใฏไธกใใชใ
ใผใๅไธใซๆททๅใใใใใใผใๅพใใใจใฏๅฐ้ฃใง
ใใใจใใใๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใฏใใใใซๆๅ(C)ใจ
ใใฆใๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผใใใณๆๅ(B)ใฎใใชใใผ
ใซใใใใ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใ๏ผ็จฎใฎใปใฐใกใณใใใชใ
ใผใๅซใใณใใชใใผใใๅซๆใใฆใชใใฎใงใๅฝ่ฉฒ
ใใใผใซใใใฆใฏใๅฝ่ฉฒๆๅ(C)ใฎใณใใชใใผใใ
ๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผใจๆๅ(B)ใฎใใชใใผใจใฎ็้ขใซ
้ ไฝใใฆใใใฐ็้ขๆดปๆงๅค็ไฝ็จใๆใใใใใซ
ใชใใใใฎ็ตๆๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผไธญใซๆๅ(B)ใฎใ
ใชใใผใใใใฐใใฏใญ็ใซๅไธใซๅๆฃๆททๅใใใ
ใใใซใชใใใใใฆใใฎใใใซๅใใชใใผใๅไธ
ใซๅๆฃๆททๅใใใใใใซใชใใใจใใใ็่ฒๅคใฎ
ใใใผใซใใใๅๆฃๆงใไฝตใใฆๅไธใใใ ๅพใคใฆใใใใผใซใใใฆใฏใๆๅ(A)ใงใใ้็ท
็ถใใชใใผใซๅบใๅชใใ็นๆงใจใๆๅ(B)ใงใใไฝ
่็นใใชใใผใซๅบใๅชใใ็นๆงใจใๅ ฑใซๅฎๅฎใใฆ
็บๆฎใใใใใใซใชใใใใชใใกใๆๅ(A)ใฎใใช
ใใผใฏใ้็ท็ถใงใใคใฆ็กฌ่ณชใงใใใไธปใจใใฆใ
ใใผใฎๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใ่ไน ๆงใ้ซใใๅฝนๅฒใๆใใ
ใจๅ ฑใซใ็ฑใญใผใฉใซใใๅ ็ฑ็่ใใใใจใใซใ
ใใใผใ้ซใ็ฒๅผพๆงใ็คบใใฆ้ซใ้ขๅๆงใๆใใ
่ใชใใปใใๆงใ้ซใใๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใใพใๆๅ
(B)ใฎใใชใใผใฏใ่็น65ใ120โใงใใใไธปใจใ
ใฆใใใผใฎไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใ้ซใใๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใใ
ใใใใใฎๆๅ(B)ใงใใใใชใใผใฏใ่ป่ณชใงใใ
ใใใใใผใฎ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใใใใฏ่ใชใใป
ใใๆงใไฝไธใใใใใใพใๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใๆชๅใ
ใ่ไน ๆงใไฝไธใใใๅๅ ใจใชใใใใใใๆฌ็บ
ๆใฎใใใผใฏใใใใซๆๅ(C)ใจใใฆใๆๅ(A)ใฎใ
ใชใใผใใใณๆๅ(B)ใฎใใชใใผใซใใใใ็ธๆบถๆง
ใฎใใ๏ผ็จฎใฎใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใๅซใใณใใชใ
ใผใใๅซๆใใฆใชใใฎใงใๅใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผ
ใใใใใๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผใใใณๆๅ(B)ใฎใใช
ใใผใซ้จๅ็ใซๆบถ่งฃใใๅพใคใฆๆๅ(C)ใฎใณใใชใ
ใผใใๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผใจๆๅ(B)ใฎใใชใใผใจใฎ
็้ขใซ้ ไฝใใฆใใใฐ็้ขๆดปๆงๅค็ไฝ็จใๆใใ
ใใใซใชใใใใฎ็ตๆๆๅ(A)ใฎใใชใใผไธญใซๆๅ
(B)ใฎใใชใใผใใใใฐใใฏใญ็ใซๅไธใซๅๆฃๆททๅ
ใใใใใใซใชใใ ใใใใฎ็ตๆใๅๅใชไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅๅใช่ใช
ใใปใใๆงใๅชใใ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใๅชใใๆฉ
ๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใๆใใใใใผใจใชใใใซใใชใฎใชใ้ฎฎ
ๆใช็ปๅใๅฎๅฎใซๅฝขๆใใใใจใใงใใใใพใใ
ใฎใใใชๅชใใ็นๆงใๅฎๅฎใซ็บๆฎใใใใใใๅค
ๆฐๅใซใใใๅชใใ็ปๅใๅฎๅฎใซๅฝขๆใใใใจใ
ใงใใใใใใฆใๅใใชใใผใฎๆททๅ็ถๆ ใ่ฏๅฅฝใง
ใใคใฆ็่ฒๅคใฎๅๆฃๆงใ่ฏๅฅฝใงใใใใใๅชใใ
่ฒ่ชฟใฎ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใ็บๆใฎๅ ทไฝ็ๆงๆใ ไปฅไธใๆฌ็บๆใ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ชฌๆใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใซใฏใๅฟ ้ ๆๅใจใใฆใๅ่จๆ
ๅ(A)ไน่ณ(E)ใๅซๆใใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใฏใ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใงใใใใใฎ้
็ท็ถใใชใใผใฏใๆๅ(B)ใงใใไฝ่็นใใชใใผใ
ใใใผไธญใซๅผทใไฟๆใๅพใใจๅ ฑใซ้ซใ้ขๅๆงใๅพ
ใใใใใฎใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใใฎใใใช่ฆณ
็นใใใ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใจใใฆใฏใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็น
Tgใ50ใ80โใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ55ใ70โใฎใใฎใ็จ
ใใใใใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ้ๅฐใฎใจใใซใฏใ
่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใไธๆนใฌ
ใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏใไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใ
ไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใ ใใใงใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใจใฏใ็คบๅทฎ่ตฐๆป็ฑ้
่จใไฝๆธฉDSCใ๏ผ็ๅญฆ้ปๆฐ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใ็จใใๆๆธฉ้
ๅบฆ10โ๏ผminใงๆธฌๅฎใใ้ใซใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นไปฅไธ
ใฎใใผในใฉใคใณใฎๅปถ้ท็ทใจใใผใฏใฎ็ซใกไธใใ้จ
ๅใใใใผใฏใฎ้ ็นใพใงใฎ้ใงใฎๆๅคงๅพๆใ็คบใ
ๆฅ็ทใจใฎไบค็นใฎๆธฉๅบฆใใใใ ใพใใใฎ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใฎ้้ๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mw
ใฏ50000ไปฅไธใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใใฎ้้ๅนณ
ๅๅๅญ้Mwใ้ๅฐใฎใจใใซใฏ่ใชใใปใใๆงใ
ไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใ ใใฎ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใฎๅฒๅใฏใใใใผใซใใใฆ
55ใ95้้๏ผ ใงใใใใใฎๅฒๅใ้ๅฐใฎใจใใซใฏ
่ใชใใปใใๆงใไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใไธๆนใใฎ
ๅฒๅใ้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใไฝไธใใๅ ดๅ
ใใใใ ๆฏใใ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใจใใฆใฏใ็กๅฎๅฝขใใชใ
ใผใๅฅฝใพใใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏใ
ไพใใฐในใใฌใณ็ณปใใชใใผใใใชใจในใใซใๆถๆฉ
ๅคใซใใ้็ท็ถๅใใๆถๆฉในใใฌใณ็ณปใใชใใผใพ
ใใฏๆถๆฉใใชใจในใใซใ็จใใใใใ ๆถๆฉในใใฌใณ็ณปใใชใใผใฏใในใใฌใณ็ณปใขใใ
ใผใใ้ๅๆงใฎ๏ผๅฎ่ฝไปฅไธใฎใใใซๅบใๆใใ้
็ท็ถๅใใชใใกๆถๆฉใฎใใใฎใขใใใผใจๅ ฑใซ้ๅ
ๅๅฟใใใใใจใซใใคใฆๅพใใใจใใงใใใๅฝ่ฉฒ
ในใใฌใณ็ณปใขใใใผใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐในใใฌใณใ
๏ฝโใกใใซในใใฌใณใ๏ฝโใกใใซในใใฌใณใ๏ฝโ
ใจใใซในใใฌใณใฮฑโใกใใซในใใฌใณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโ
ใธใกใใซในใใฌใณใ๏ฝโtertโใใใซในใใฌใณใ
๏ฝโ๏ฝโใชใฏใใซในใใฌใณใ๏ฝโ๏ฝโใใใทใซใน
ใใฌใณใ๏ฝโใกใใญใทในใใฌใณใ๏ฝโใใจใใซใน
ใใฌใณใ๏ฝโใฏใญใซในใใฌใณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใฏใญใซ
ในใใฌใณ็ญใฎในใใฌใณ้กใใใณใใฎ่ชๅฐไฝใใขใฏ
ใชใซ้ ธใกใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใจใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ฝ
โใใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใคใฝใใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธโ
tertโใใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใใญใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธ
๏ฝโใชใฏใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใใใทใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธ
๏ผโใจใใซใใญใทใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธในใใขใชใซใใข
ใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ผโใฏใญใซใจใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใใจใ
ใซใฮฑโใฏใญใซใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใกใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใธ
ใกใใซใขใใใจใใซใใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใธใจใใซใขใใ
ใจใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใกใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใจใ
ใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใใญใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ฝโใ
ใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใคใฝใใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธโ
tertโใใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ฝโใชใฏใใซใใกใฟ
ใฏใชใซ้ ธใใใทใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ผโใจใใซใใญ
ใทใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธในใใขใชใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใ
ใจใใซใใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใธใกใใซใขใใใจใใซใใก
ใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใธใจใใซใขใใใจใใซ็ญใฎฮฑโใกใใฌ
ใณ่่ชๆใขใใซใซใใณ้ ธใจในใใซ้ก๏ผใขใฏใชใญใ
ใใชใซใใกใฟใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใขใฏใชใซใขใใ
็ญใฎใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใใใใฏใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธ่ชๅฐไฝใใ
ใฎไปใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใ้ๅๆงใฎ๏ผๅฎ่ฝไปฅไธใฎใใใซๅบใๆใใ้
็ท็ถๅ๏ผๆถๆฉ๏ผใฎใใใฎใขใใใผใจใใฆใฏใไพใ
ใฐใธใใใซใใณใผใณใใธใใใซใใใฟใฌใณใใใ
ใใฎ่ชๅฐไฝใใใฎไปใฎ่ณ้ฆๆใธใใใซๅๅ็ฉ้ก๏ผ
ใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใธใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใจใใฌใณใฐ
ใชใณใผใซใธใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใใใใชใกใใญใผใซใใญ
ใใณใใชใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใใฎไปใฎไบ้็ตๅใๆใ
ใใซใซใใณ้ ธใจในใใซ้ก๏ผใใฎไปใๆใใใใจใ
ใงใใใ ไธ่จใขใใใผใฎ้ๅไฝใงใใๆถๆฉ็กๅฎๅฝขในใใฌ
ใณ็ณปใใชใใผใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐในใใฌใณโใขใฏใช
ใซ้ ธ๏ฝโใใใซโใธใใใซใใณใผใณๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใน
ใใฌใณโใขใฏใชใซ้ ธ๏ฝใใใซโใกใฟใฏใชใซ้ ธใกใ
ใซโใธใใใซใใณใผใณๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใในใใฌใณโใขใฏ
ใชใซ้ ธ๏ฝโใใใซโใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใธใกใฟใฏ
ใชใฌใผใๅ ฑ้ๅไฝ็ญใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ๅ่จๆถๆฉใใชใจในใใซใฏใไบไพกใฎใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ
้ไฝใจไบไพกใฎใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝใจใ้็ท็ถๅ๏ผๆถ
ๆฉ๏ผใฎใใใฎไธไพกไปฅไธใฎๅคไพกใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ้ไฝใ
ใใณ๏ผใพใใฏไธไพกไปฅไธใฎๅคไพกใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝใจ
ๅ ฑใซ็ธฎ้ๅๅๅฟใใใใใจใซใใคใฆๅพใใใจใใง
ใใใ ไบไพกใฎใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใใฌ
ใใฟใซ้ ธใใคใฝใใฟใซ้ ธใใใใฟใฌใณใธใซใซใใณ
้ ธ็ญใฎ่ณ้ฆๆใซใซใใณ้ ธ๏ผ๏ฝโ๏ผ๏ผโใใใญใญใท
ใจใใญใท๏ผๅฎๆฏ้ฆ้ ธ็ญใฎ่ณ้ฆๆใชใญใทใซใซใใณ
้ ธ๏ผใณใใฏ้ ธใใใใซ้ ธใใขใธใใณ้ ธใใใฌใคใณ
้ ธใใปใใทใณ้ ธใใใซใกใใฌใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใก
ใตใณใณ้ ธใใทใใฉใณใณ้ ธใใคใฟใณใณ้ ธใใฐใซใฟใณ
ใณ้ ธใใใญใณ้ ธ็ญใฎ่่ชๆใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใทใฏใญใใญใตใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใทใฏ
ใญใใญใตใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใใญใตใใคใใญใใฟใซ
้ ธใใใใฉใใคใใญใใฟใซ้ ธ็ญใฎ่็ฐๆใใชใซใซ
ใใณ้ ธ๏ผใใใใฎ้ ธใฎ็กๆฐด็ฉ๏ผไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใจใน
ใใซใจใชใใฌใคใณ้ ธใฎไบ้ไฝ๏ผใใฎไปใฎไบไพกใฎๆ
ๆฉ้ ธๅ้ไฝใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใไบไพกใฎใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใ
ใฐใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใธใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ
ใใชใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใญใใฌใณใฐ
ใชใณใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใญใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใใฟใณใธใชใผใซใใใชใใณใใซใฐใชใณใผใซใ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใใณใธใชใผใซ็ญใฎใธใชใผใซ้ก๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
โใใน๏ผใใใญใญใทใกใใซ๏ผใทใฏใญใใญใตใณ๏ผใ
ในใใจใใผใซ๏ผกใๆฐด็ด ๆทปๅ ใในใใจใใผใซ๏ผกใใ
ใชใชใญใทใจใใฌใณๅใในใใจใใผใซ๏ผกใใใชใชใญ
ใทใใญใใฌใณๅใในใใจใใผใซ๏ผก็ญใฎใจใผใใซๅ
ใในใใจใใผใซ้ก๏ผใใฎไปใฎไบไพกใฎใขใซใณใผใซๅ
้ไฝใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใ้็ท็ถๅ๏ผๆถๆฉ๏ผใฎใใใฎไธไพกไปฅไธใฎๅคไพก
ใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใฝใซใใใผ
ใซใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใญใตใณใใใญใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใฝใซใใฟใณใใใณใฟใจใชในใชใใผใซใใธใใณ
ใฟใจใชในใชใใผใซใใใชใใณใฟใจใชในใชใใผใซใ
่็ณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใฟใณใใชใชใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใใณใฟใณใใชใชใผใซใใฐใชใปใญใผใซใ๏ผโใก
ใใซใใญใใณใใชใชใผใซใ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใใฟใณใใชใชใผใซใใใชใกใใญใผใซใจใฟใณใ
ใใชใกใใญใผใซใใญใใณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใชใใ
ใญใญใทใกใใซใใณใผใณใใใฎไปใๆใใใใจใใง
ใใใใพใ้็ท็ถๅ๏ผๆถๆฉ๏ผใฎใใใฎไธไพกไปฅไธใฎ
ๅคไพกใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใใณใผใณใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใณ
ใผใณใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใทใฏใญใใญใต
ใณใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใใฟใฌใณใใช
ใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใใฟใฌใณใใชใซใซใ
ใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใฟใณใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใญใตใณใใชใซใซใใณ้ ธใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใซ
ใซใใญใทใซโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผโใกใใฌใณใซใซใใญ
ใทใซใใญใใณใใใใฉ๏ผใกใใฌใณใซใซใใญใทใซ๏ผ
ใกใฟใณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใชใฏใฟใณใใใฉใซใซใ
ใณ้ ธใใจใณใใผใซไธ้ไฝ้ ธใใใใใฎ้ ธ็กๆฐด็ฉใ
ใใใฏใใใใฎไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใจในใใซใใใฎไปใ
ๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ไปฅไธใฎๅฆใไธไพกไปฅไธใฎๅคไพกๅ้ไฝใฎไฝฟ็จๅฒๅ
ใฏใๆถๆฉใใชใจในใใซใซใใใๆง้ ๅไฝใจใใฆใฎ
ใขใซใณใผใซๆๅใพใใฏ้ ธๆๅใฎๅใ ใซใใใ0.1
ใ80ใขใซ๏ผ ใฎๅฒๅใงๅซๆใใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(B)ใฏใๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ้็ธๆบถๆงใงใใใค
่็นใ65ใ120โใฎไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใง
ใใใๅฝ่ฉฒไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใๅ่จๆๅ
(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใๅ ดๅใซใฏใใใใผใฎใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป
็นใไฝไธใใใใใผใฎ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใไฝไธใ
ใใใพใๅฝ่ฉฒไฝ่็นใใชใใผใฎ่็นใ้ๅฐใฎใจใ
ใซใฏใใใใผใฎ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใ่ใใคใซใใณ
ใฐๆงใไฝไธใใไธๆน่็นใ้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏใใใผ
ใฎไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใไฝไธใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆใ่็นTmpใจใฏใๆฌกใฎใใใซ
ใใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใๅคใจๅฎ็พฉใใใใใชใใกใ็คบๅทฎ่ตฐ
ๆป็ฑ้ๆธฌๅฎๆณ๏ผDSC๏ผใซๅพใใไพใใฐใDSCโ
20ใ๏ผใปใคใณใผ้ปๅญๅทฅๆฅญ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใ็จใใ่ฉฆๆ10mg
ใไธๅฎใฎๆๆธฉ้ๅบฆ๏ผ10โ๏ผmin๏ผใงๅ ็ฑใใใจใ
ใฎ่่งฃใใผใฏๅคใ่็นTmpใจใใใ ใพใๆๅ(B)ใๆๅ(A)ใจใ้็ธๆบถๆงใงใใใใจ
ใฏใไธก่ ใฎใใชใใผใๆบถ่ๆททๅใใๅพใซๅทๅดใใฆ
ๅบไฝ็ถๆ ใจใใใจใใซไธ้ๆใช็ถๆ ใ็คบใใใจใ
ใใใใใใใฏไธก่ ใฎใใชใใผใๆบถ่ๆททๅใใ็ถ
ๆ ใซใใใฆๅๆๅใใชใใผใฎใฌใฉใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ็คบ
ใใใจใใใใ ๆฏใใไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใใผใฎๅๅญ้ใฏใๆฐๅนณ
ๅๅๅญ้Mnใ1000ใ20000ใ้้ๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mw
ใ2000ใ100000ใงใใใใใฎใใใช็ฏๅฒใฎๅๅญ้
ใๆใใไฝ่็นใใชใใผใ็จใใใใจใซใใใ่
ใชใใปใใๆงใฎไธๅฑคๅชใใใใใผใจใใใใจใใง
ใใใพใใใใผใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๅทฅ็จใซใใใฆใฏ็ฒ็ ๆงใ่ฏ
ๅฅฝใจใชใใใใผใฎ็็ฃๆงใ้ซใใใใจใใงใใใ ๅ่จ้้ๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mwใใใณๆฐๅนณๅๅๅญ้
Mnใฎๅคใฏใ็จฎใ ใฎๆนๆณใซใใๆฑใใใใจใใง
ใใๆธฌๅฎๆนๆณใฎ็ธ็ฐใซใใคใฆ่ฅๅนฒใฎๅทฎ็ฐใใใ
ใใๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆใฏใไธ่จใฎๆธฌๅฎๆณใซๆบใใฆๆฑ
ใใใใฎใจๅฎ็พฉใใใ ใใชใใกใใฒใซใปใใผใใฆใจใผใทใจใณใปใฏใญใ
ใใฐใฉใใค๏ผGPC๏ผใซใใคใฆไปฅไธใซ่จใๆกไปถใง
้้ๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mwใใใณๆฐๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mnใๆธฌ
ๅฎใใใๆธฉๅบฆ40โใซใใใฆใๆบถๅช๏ผใใใฉใใใญ
ใใฉใณ๏ผใๆฏๅ1.2mlใฎๆต้ใงๆตใใๆฟๅบฆ0.2g๏ผ
20mlใฎใใใฉใใใญใใฉใณ่ฉฆๆๆบถๆถฒใ่ฉฆๆ้้ใจ
ใใฆ๏ผmgๆณจๅ ฅใๆธฌๅฎใ่กใใ่ฉฆๆใฎๅๅญ้ๆธฌๅฎใซ
ใใใคใฆใฏใๅฝ่ฉฒ่ฉฆๆใฎๆใใๅๅญ้ใๆฐ็จฎใฎๅ
ๅๆฃใใชในใใฌใณๆจๆบ่ฉฆๆใซใใไฝ่ฃฝใใใๆค้
็ทใฎๅๅญ้ใฎๅฏพๆฐใจใซใฆใณใๆฐใ็ด็ทใจใชใ็ฏๅฒ
ๅ ใซๅ ๅซใใใๆธฌๅฎๆกไปถใ้ธๆใใใ ใชใใๆธฌๅฎ็ตๆใฎไฟก้ ผๆงใฏใไธ่ฟฐใฎๆธฌๅฎๆกไปถใง
่กใคใNBS706ใใชในใใฌใณๆจๆบ่ฉฆๆใใ ้้ๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mw๏ผ28.8ร104 ๆฐๅนณๅๅๅญ้Mn๏ผ13.7ร104 ใจใชใใใจใซใใ็ขบ่ชใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใ็จใใGPCใฎใซใฉใ ใจใใฆใฏใๅ่จๆก
ไปถใๆบ่ถณใใใใฎใงใใใชใใฐใใใชใใซใฉใ ใ
ๆก็จใใฆใใใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏใไพใใฐTSKโ
GEL๏ผGMH๏ผๆฑๆดๆน้็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ็ญใ็จใใใใจใ
ใงใใใ ใชใใๆบถๅชใใใณๆธฌๅฎๆธฉๅบฆใฏ่จ่ผใใๆกไปถใซ้
ๅฎใใใใใฎใงใฏใชใ้ฉๅฝใชๆกไปถใซๅคๆดใใฆใใ
ใใ ๆฏใใไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใฎๅซๆๅฒๅใฏ
ใใใผใซๅฏพใใฆ๏ผใ40้้๏ผ ใงใใใใใฎใใใช
ๅฒๅใฎไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใ็จใใใใจใซ
ใใใใใใผใซใใใฆใฏไธๅฑคๅชใใ็นๆงใๅพใใ
ใใไธๆนใใใผใซใใใไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใ
ใซใฎๅฒๅใ้ๅฐใฎใจใใซใฏใใใผใฎไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใ
ไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใ้ใซ้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏใใใผ
ใฎๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใ่ใชใใปใใๆงใ่ไน ๆงใไฝไธใ
ใๅ ดๅใใใใ ๆฏใใไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใฏใๅฐใชใใจ
ใๅฝ่ฉฒใใชใจในใใซใฎไธ้จใซ็ตๆถๆง้ ใๆใใฆใ
ใใใชใจในใใซใงใใใใใขใใชใใผใใใใฏใณ
ใใชใใผใซใใใฆๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผๆๅใ็ตๆถๆงใใช
ใใก้จๅ็ใซ็ตๆถใใฆใใใใฎใใๅซใฟใ้ญใๆ
็ญใช่็นใ็คบใใใฎใงใใใ่็นไปฅไธใฎๆธฉๅบฆใซใ
ใใๅบไฝ็ถๆ ใซใใใฆใฏ็ตๆถๅ้จๅใซใใ็ฝๆฟๅ
ใ็คบใใใฎใงใใใ ๆฏใใ็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใจใใฆใฏใๅ ทไฝ็ใซ
ใฏใไพใใฐใใชใจใใฌใณใปใใฑใผใใใใชใจใใฌ
ใณใขใธใใผใใใใชใจใใฌใณในใใฌใผใใใใชใจ
ใใฌใณใตใฏใทใใผใใใใชใจใใฌใณโ๏ฝโ๏ผใซใซ
ใใใจใใญใท๏ผใฆใณใใซใจใผใใใใชใจใใฌใณโ
๏ฝโ๏ผใซใซใใใจใใญใท๏ผใใใฌใผใใใใชใจใ
ใฌใณโ๏ฝโใใจใใฌใณใธใขใปใใผใใใใชใใญใต
ใกใใฌใณใซใผใใใผใใใใชใใญใตใกใใฌใณโ๏ฝ
โ๏ผใซใซใใใจใใญใท๏ผใฆใณใใซใจใผใใใใชใ
ใญใตใกใใฌใณใชใญใถใฌใผใใใใชใใญใตใกใใฌใณ
ใปใใฑใผใใใใชใใญใตใกใใฌใณใใซใณใธใชใจใผ
ใใใใชใชใฏใฟใกใใฌใณใใใซใณใธใชใจใผใใใ
ใชใใใกใใฌใณใขใผใฌใผใใใใชใใใกใใฌใณใ
ใฌใใฟใฌใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใขใธใใผใใใ
ใชใใซใกใใฌใณใขใผใฌใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใช
ใญใถใฌใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใปใใฑใผใใใใช
ใใซใกใใฌใณใตใฏใทใใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใ
ใใซใณใธใชใจใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใชใฏใฟใใซ
ใณใธใชใจใผใใใใชใใใฉใกใใฌใณใปใใฑใผใใ
ใใชใใใฉใกใใฌใณโ๏ฝโใใจใใฌใณใธใขใปใใผ
ใใใใชใใชใกใใฌใณใใใซใณใธใชใจใผใใใใช
ใใชใกใใฌใณใชใฏใฟใใซใณใธใชใจใผใใใใชใใช
ใกใใฌใณใชใญใถใฌใผใใใใชโ๏ฝโใญใทใฌใณใขใธ
ใใผใใใใชโ๏ฝโใญใทใฌใณใปใใฑใผใใใใชโ
๏ผ๏ผ4โฒโใคใฝใใญใใชใใณใธใใจใใฌใณใขใธใใผ
ใใใใชโ๏ผ๏ผ4โฒโใคใฝใใญใใชใใณใใจใใฌใณ
ใใญใใผใใใใชใใญใตใกใใฌใณใใซใกใใฌใณใป
ใใฑใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณใปใใฑใผใใใฌใใฟ
ใฌใผใใใใชใใซใกใใฌใณโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
โใใญใใณใธใชใผใซใใใซใณใธใชใจใผใใใใฎไป
ใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ไธ่จ็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใฏใใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝ
ใจใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ้ไฝใจใฎ็ธฎ้ๅๅๅฟใซใใๅพใใ
ใใใใขใซใณใผใซๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใจใใฌ
ใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใธใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโ
ใใญใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใใชใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผ
ใซใใใใฉใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใใณใฟใกใใฌใณ
ใฐใชใณใผใซใใใญใตใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใชใฏใฟ
ใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใใใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ
ใใซใกใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ๏ผ๏ผ4โฒโใคใฝใใญใใช
ใใณใใใจใใผใซใ๏ฝโใญใทใชใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใ
ใใชใใณใใซใฐใชใณใผใซใใทใฏใญใใญใตใณใธใกใฟ
ใใผใซใใใชใชใญใทใจใใฌใณๅใในใใจใใผใซ
๏ผกใใใชใชใญใทใใญใใฌใณๅใในใใจใใผใซ๏ผก็ญ
ใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใซใซใใณ้ ธๅ้ไฝใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใใญใณ
้ ธใใณใใฏ้ ธใใฐใซใฟใซ้ ธใใขใธใใณ้ ธใใใกใช
ใณ้ ธใในใใชใณ้ ธใใฐใซใฟใณใณ้ ธใใขใผใฉใคใณ
้ ธใใปใใทใณ้ ธใใใใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใใซใณใธ
ใซใซใใณ้ ธใใฆใณใใซใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใใใซใณ
ใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใใใซ้ ธใใกใตใณใณ้ ธใใทใใฉใณ
ใณ้ ธใใคใฟใณใณ้ ธใใคใฝใใฟใซ้ ธใใใฌใใฟใซ
้ ธใใทใฏใญใใญใตใณใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใใใใใฎ้ ธใฎ
็กๆฐด็ฉใใใใใฎ้ ธใฎไฝ็ดใขใซใญใซใจในใใซ็ญใ
ๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(C)ใฏใๅฐใชใใจใๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆง
ใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใจใๅฐใชใใจใๅ่จ(B)
ๆๅใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใจใๅๅญฆ
็ใซ็ตๅใใฆใชใใณใใชใใผใงใใใ ใใใงใ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใใจใฏใไธก่ ใฎใใชใใผ
ใๆบถ่ๆททๅใใๅพใซๅทๅดใใฆๅบไฝ็ถๆ ใจใใใจใ
ใซ้ๆใช็ถๆ ใ็คบใใใจใใใใใใใใฏไธก่ ใฎ
ใใชใใผใๆบถ่ๆททๅใใ็ถๆ ใซใใใฆๆฐใใชใฌใฉ
ใน่ปข็งปๆธฉๅบฆใ็คบใใใจใใใใ ๆๅ(C)ใงใใใณใใชใใผใฎๅฒๅใฏใใใใผใซใ
ใใฆ๏ผใ40้้๏ผ ใงใใใใใฎๅฒๅใ้ๅฐใฎใจใ
ใซใฏๆๅ(D)ใงใใ็่ฒๅคใฎๅๆฃๆงใไธ่ฏใจใชใๅ ด
ๅใใใใไธๆนใใฎๅฒๅใ้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏ่ไน ๆง
ใไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผ
ใฏใใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ50ใ80โใฎ็กๅฎๅฝขใปใฐใก
ใณใใใชใใผใงใใใใพใๅ่จๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใฏใ่็นTmpใ50ใ130
โใฎ็ตๆถๆงใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใงใใใใใใใฎ
ใณใใชใใผใฏใใฐใฉใใใณใใชใใผใใใใฏใใญ
ใใฏใณใใชใใผใงใใใ ๅฝ่ฉฒใณใใชใใผใซใใใฆใฏใๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใจใๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใ
ใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใจใใๅ ฑๆ็ตๅใซใใๅบใ
็ตๅใใใฆใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผ
ใฏใๆๅ(A)ใงใใ้็ท็ถใใชใใผใฎไธญใใ้ธๆใ
ใใใใฎใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซไธก่ ใๅไธ
ใฎใใฎใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใใใฆๅ่จๆๅ(B)
ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใฏใๆๅ(B)ใง
ใใไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซใฎไธญใใ้ธๆใใ
ใใใฎใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซไธก่ ใๅไธใฎ
ใใฎใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๆๅ(C)ใงใใใณใใชใใผใฎๅฝขๆใซใใใฆใๅใป
ใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใๅๅญฆ็ใซ็ตๅใใๅ ทไฝ็ๆๆฎต
ใฎไธไพใซใใใฆใฏใไพใใฐๅใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผ
ใซๅญๅจใใๆซ็ซฏๅฎ่ฝๅบ้ใฎใซใใใชใณใฐๅๅฟใซใ
ใ้ ญโๅฐพๆงๅผใงไบใใซ็ดๆฅใซ็ตๅใใใฆๅฝ่ฉฒใณใ
ใชใใผใๅพใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใไปใฎไธไพใซใใใฆใฏใๅใใชใใผใฎๆซ็ซฏๅฎ
่ฝๅบใๅฐใชใใจใไบๅฎ่ฝๆงใฎใซใใใชใณใฐๅคใซใ
ใคใฆ็ตๅใใใใจใใงใใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏใไพใใฐ
ใใฎๆซ็ซฏๅบใใใใญใญใทใซๅบใงใใใใชใใผใจใธ
ใคใฝใทใขใใผใใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใๅฝขๆใใใใฆใฌใฟ
ใณ็ตๅใไพใใฐใใฎๆซ็ซฏๅบใใใใญใญใทใซๅบใงใ
ใใใชใใผใจใธใซใซใใณ้ ธใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใๅฝขๆใ
ใใ็ตๅใไพใใฐใใฎๆซ็ซฏๅบใใซใซใใญใทใซๅบใง
ใใใใชใใผใจใฐใชใณใผใซใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใๅฝขๆใ
ใใใจในใใซ็ตๅใไพใใฐใใฎๆซ็ซฏๅบใใใใญใญ
ใทใซๅบใงใใใใชใใผใจใในใฒใณใใธใฏใญใซใธใก
ใใซใทใฉใณ็ญใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใๅฝขๆใใใ็ตๅใ็ญ
ใฎ็ตๅใซใใคใฆใณใใชใใผใๅพใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฏใใใซใใใชใณใฐๅคใฎๅ ทไฝไพใจใใฆใฏใไพใ
ใฐใใญใตใกใใฌใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใใธใใจใใซ
ใกใฟใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใใใชใฌใณใธใคใฝใทใขใ
ใผใใใใชใธใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใใใใใฌใณใธ
ใคใฝใทใขใใผใใใคใฝใใญใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใใ
ใญใทใชใฌใณใธใคใฝใทใขใใผใ็ญใฎใคใฝใทใขใใผ
ใ๏ผไพใใฐใจใใฌใณใธใขใใณใใใญใตใกใใฌใณใธ
ใขใใณใใใจใใฌใณใธใขใใณ็ญใฎใขใใณ๏ผไพใใฐ
ใทใฅใฆ้ ธใใณใใฏ้ ธใใขใธใใณ้ ธใใปใใทใณ้ ธใ
ใใฌใใฟใซ้ ธใใคใฝใใฟใซ้ ธ็ญใฎใซใซใใณ้ ธ๏ผไพ
ใใฐใจใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซใใใญใใฌใณใฐใชใณใผ
ใซใใใฟใณใธใชใผใซใใใณใฟใณใธใชใผใซใใใญใต
ใณใธใชใผใซใใทใฏใญใใญใตใณใธใกใฟใใผใซใ๏ฝโ
ใญใทใชใฌใณใฐใชใณใผใซ็ญใฎใขใซใณใผใซ๏ผไพใใฐใ
ใฌใใฟใซ้ ธใฏใญใชใใใคใฝใใฟใซ้ ธใฏใญใชใใใข
ใธใใณ้ ธใฏใญใชใใใปใใทใณ้ ธใฏใญใชใ็ญใฎ้ ธๅกฉ
ๅ็ฉ๏ผไพใใฐใธใคใฝใใชใทใขใใผใใใในใฑใ
ใณใใในใซใซใใธใคใใ็ญใฎไปใฎใซใใใชใณใฐๅค
็ญใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎใซใใใชใณใฐๅคใฎไฝฟ็จๅฒๅใฏใใปใฐใก
ใณใใใชใใผใฎ็ท้้ใซๅฏพใใฆ๏ผใ10้้๏ผ ใงใ
ใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ๏ผใ๏ผ้้๏ผ ใงใใใใจ
ใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅ่จใณใใชใใผใๅพใใใใฎไปใฎๆนๆณใจใใฆ
ใฏใไพใใฐๆฌกใฎใใใชๆนๆณใใใใใใชใใกใใพ
ใๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใ้
ๅธธใฎๆนๆณใซใใๅๆใใๆฌกใใงใใใซๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธ
ๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใๅฝขๆใใใใใซ
ๅฟ ่ฆใชใขใใใผใๆทปๅ ใใๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใ
ใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใฎๆซ็ซฏใใๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใไผธใณใใใ็ตๅใใใฆ
ใณใใชใใผใๅๆใใใใพใใใใใฏใใพใๆๅ
(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใ้ๅธธใฎๆน
ๆณใซใใๅๆใใๆฌกใใงใใใซๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใๅฝขๆใใใใใซๅฟ ่ฆใช
ใขใใใผใๆทปๅ ใใๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใก
ใณใใใชใใผใฎๆซ็ซฏใใๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใป
ใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใไผธใณใใใ็ตๅใใใฆใณใใช
ใใผใๅๆใใใใจใๅฏ่ฝใงใใใ ๆๅ(C)ใงใใใณใใชใใผใฎๅฝขๆใซใใใฆใฏใๆ
ๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใใใณๆ
ๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใฎใปใใ
ๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆใใฎไปใฎใปใฐใกใณใใใชใใผใ็จใ
ใฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใซใฏใไธ่จใฎๅฆใๆๅ(A)๏ผ(B)ใ
ใใณ(C)ใฎใปใใซใใใฎไปใฎๆจน่ใๆททๅใใใฆใใฆ
ใใใใๆฏใใใใฎไปใฎๆจน่ใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใน
ใใฌใณโใขใฏใชใซ็ณปๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใใชใจในใใซใใ
ใชใขใใใใใชใฆใฌใฟใณใใจใใญใทๆจน่็ญใๆใ
ใใใจใใงใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(D)ใงใใ็่ฒๅคใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใซใผ
ใใณใใฉใใฏใใใฐใญใทใณๆๆ๏ผC.I.No.50415B๏ผใ
ใขใใชใณใใซใผ๏ผC.I.No.50405๏ผใใซใซใณใชใคใซใ
ใซใผ๏ผC.I.No. azoic Blue ๏ผ๏ผใใฏใญใ ใคใจใญใผ
๏ผC.I.No.14090๏ผใใฆใซใใฉใใชใณใใซใผ๏ผC.I.No.
77103๏ผใใใฆใใณใชใคใซใฌใใ๏ผC.I.No.26105๏ผใ
ใญใใชใณใคใจใญใผ๏ผC.I.No.47005๏ผใใกใใฌใณใใซ
ใผใฏใญใฉใคใ๏ผC.I.No.52015๏ผใใใฟใญใทใขใใณใ
ใซใผ๏ผC.I.No.74160๏ผใใใฉใซใคใใฐใชใผใณใชใญใถ
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77266๏ผใใญใผใบใใณใฌใซ๏ผC.I.No.45435๏ผใใใใ
ใฎๆททๅ็ฉใใใฎไปใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใใฎใปใๅ็จฎใฎๆๆฉใพใใฏ็กๆฉใฎๆๅฝฉ่ฒๆ
ๆใใใใฏๅ็จฎใฎๆๅฝฉ่ฒ้กๆใ็จใใใใจใใงใ
ใใ็นใซ่ฒๅฝฉใฎ้ฎฎๆใชใ่ๅ ๆงใใใณ้ ใใคๆงใฎ
้ซใๆๆฉๆๅฝฉ่ฒ้กๆใๅฅฝใพใใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏไพใ
ใฐไธ่จใฎๅฆใใใฎใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใๅฐไธ่จ
ใฎไพ็คบ็ฉ่ณชใฏใใซใฉใผใคใณใใใฏใน็ฌฌ๏ผ็1971ๅ
ๅข่ฃ1975ใซ่จ่ผใใใC.I.ๅ็งฐ็ชๅทใใใใณใใ
ใซ่ฉฒๅฝใใๅๅๅใฎไธไพใง็คบใใใ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ๏ผ ๏ผใใผใใใณใใซใผใใณFBใใใญในใใธใคใใณ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ48๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผในใใซใใชใณใใฌใใ๏ผฃใไฝๅๅๅญฆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ53๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใใผใณใฟ๏ผงใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ็คพ
่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ57๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผในใใซใใชใณใใซใผใใณ6BCใไฝๅๅๅญฆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ123 ๏ผใซใคใปใใใฌใใ๏ผฅโ๏ผขใๆฅๆฌๅ่ฌ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ139 ๏ผใซใคใปใใใฌใใ๏ผฅโGRใๆฅๆฌๅ่ฌ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ144 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใฌใใBRNใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ149 ๏ผPVใใขในใใฌใใ๏ผขใใใญในใใธใคใใณ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ166 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซในใซใผใฌใใ๏ผฒใใใใปใฌใคใฎ
ใผ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ177 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใฌใใA3Bใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ178 ๏ผใซใคใปใใใฌใใ๏ผฅโGGใๆฅๆฌๅ่ฌ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฌใใ222 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใฌใใใใผใณใฟ๏ผงใใใใปใฌใค
ใฎใผ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใชใฌใณใธ31 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใชใฌใณใธ4Rใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใชใฌใณใธ43 ๏ผใในใฟใใผใ ใชใฌใณใธGRใใใญในใ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใคใจใญใผ17 ๏ผใใขในใใคใจใญใผGBFNใไฝๅๅๅญฆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใคใจใญใผ14 ๏ผใใณใธใธใณใคใจใญใผOTใใใฆใใณ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใคใจใญใผ138 ๏ผใใชใชใใผใซใคใจใญใผL0960HDใใในใ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใคใจใญใผ93 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใคใจใญใผ3Gใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใคใจใญใผ94 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใคใจใญใผ6Gใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฐใชใผใณ๏ผ ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใฐใชใผใณGFใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใฐใชใผใณ36 ๏ผใทใขใใณใฐใชใผใณS537โ2Yใๅคงๆฅ็ฒพๅ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใใซใผ15๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผใทใขใใณใใซใผA330ใๅฑฑ้ฝ่ฒ็ด ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใใซใผ60 ๏ผใฏใญใขใใฟใผใซใใซใผA3Rใใใใปใฌใคใฎใผ
็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ C.I.ใใฐใกใณใใใคใชใฌใใ23 ๏ผในใใซใใชใณใใใขใผในใใใคใชใฌใใRLNใ
ไฝๅๅๅญฆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ ใพใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆไปฅไธใฎ็ฉ่ณชใจๅ ฑใซใใณใฌใฉใ
้ ธๅใใฟใณใใซใผใใณใใฉใใฏ็ญใฎ็กๆฉ้กๆใไฝต
็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใๆๅฝฉ่ฒ้กๆใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใขใพๆๆใใข
ใณใใฉใญใใณๆๆใใคใณใธใดใคใๆๆใใญใใณใค
ใใณๆๆใใใฟใญใทใขใใณๆๆ็ญ็จใใใใจใใง
ใใใ ใใใใฎ็่ฒๅคใฏใๅ็ฌใง็จใใฆใใใใใใ
ใใใฏไบ็จฎไปฅไธใฎใใฎใ็ตๅใใฆ็จใใฆใใใใ
็่ฒๅคใฎๅฒๅใฏใ้ๅธธใใใผใฎ100้้้จใซๅฏพใ
ใฆ๏ผใ20้้้จ็จๅบฆใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใพใ
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ๅคใจใใฆ็จใใฆใใใใ ๅ่จๆๅ(E)ใจใใฆใฏใใใชใชใฌใใคใณใ็จใใ
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ๅคใพใใฏๅฎ็ๆงๅไธๅคใจใใฆใฎไฝ็จใๆใใใใฎ
ใงใใใไพใใฐ่็นใ50ใ150โใฎใใชใจใใฌใณ
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ใใใใใใใฎใใชใชใฌใใคใณใฎๅฒๅใฏใ้ๅธธใ
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ใใ็นใซ0.2ใ10้้๏ผ ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ
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ใฏใ้ๅธธ็ฑใญใผใฉใซๅฏพใใฆใฏใชใผใใณใฐใญใผใฉใ
ๅฏพๆฅ้ ็ฝฎใใใใใซใใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่กจ้ขใซ็ใใ
ใใใผ็ฉ่ณชใซใใๆฑใใ้คๅปใใใใใซใใฆใใ
ใใใใชใชใฌใใคใณใใใใผใซๅซๆใใใฆใใใ
ใจใซใใใใใใผ็ฉ่ณชใฎ็ฑใญใผใฉใธใฎ่ปข็งปไป็ใ
ไธๅฑคๆๅนใซ้ฒๆญขใใใใใใซใชใใฎใงใใฏใชใผใ
ใณใฐใญใผใฉใใใณ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎไฝฟ็จๅฏฟๅฝใ้ทใใชใ
ๅฉ็นใๅพใใใใ ไปฅไธๆฌ็บๆใใใผใฎๅฟ ้ ๆๅใซใคใใฆ่ชฌๆใใ
ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใซใฏใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆใใฎไปใฎ
ๆทปๅ ๅคใๅซๆใใใฆใใใใๆฏใใๆทปๅ ๅคใจใใฆ
ใฏใไพใใฐ็ฃๆงไฝใๆตๅๆงๅไธๅคใ็ ็ฃจๅคใ่ท้ป
ๅถๅพกๅค็ญใใใใใใใใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใฏใใใชใใผไธญ
ใซๆททๅๅๆฃใใใ็ถๆ ใงๅซๆใใใฆใใใใใใ
ใใใฏใใชใใผ็ฒๅญใฎ่กจ้ขใซ่ขซ็ใใ็ถๆ ใใใ
ใฏๆใก่พผใพใใ็ถๆ ใงๅซๆใใใฆใใใใ ๅ่จ็ฃๆงไฝใจใใฆใฏใใใจใฉใคใใใใฐใใฟใค
ใใๅงใใจใใ้ใใณใใซใใใใใฑใซ็ญใฎๅผท็ฃ
ๆงใ็คบใ้ๅฑใใใใฏๅ้ใพใใฏใใใใฎๅ ็ด ใ
ๅซใๅๅ็ฉใใใใใฏๅผท็ฃๆงๅ ็ด ใๅซใพใชใใ้ฉ
ๅฝใช็ฑๅฆ็ใๆฝใใใจใซใใคใฆๅผท็ฃๆงใ็คบใใใ
ใซใชใๅ้ใไพใใฐใใณใฌใณโ้ โใขใซใใใฆ
ใ ใใใณใฌใณโ้ โ้ซ็ญใฎใใณใฌใณใจ้ ใจใๅซใ
ใใคในใฉใผๅ้ใจๅผใฐใใ็จฎ้กใฎๅ้ใใพใใฏไบ
้ ธๅใฏใญใ ใใใฎไปใๆใใใใจใใงใใใใใ
ใใฎ็ฃๆงไฝใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพใ0.1ใ1ฮผmใฎๅพฎ็ฒๆซใฎๅฝข
ใงใใชใใผไธญใซๅไธใซๅๆฃใใใฆๅซๆใใใใใจ
ใๅฅฝใพใใใใพใ็ฃๆงไฝใฎๅฒๅใฏใ็ฃๆงใใใผใจ
ใใๅ ดๅใซใฏ้ๅธธใใใผใฎ100้้้จใซๅฏพใใฆ20
ใ70้้้จใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ25ใ50้
้้จใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅ่จๆตๅๆงๅไธๅคใใใใฏ็ ็ฃจๅคใจใใฆใฏใไพ
ใใฐ็กๆฉๅพฎ็ฒๅญใใใใฏใใฎไปใฎๅพฎ็ฒๅญ็ญใ็จใ
ใใใจใใงใใใใฎ๏ผๆฌก็ฒๅญๅพใฏ5mฮผใ2ฮผmใงใ
ใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ5mฮผใ500mฮผใงใใใใจ
ใๅฅฝใพใใใใพใBETๆณใซใใๆฏ่กจ้ข็ฉใ20ใ
500m2๏ผ๏ฝใงใใๅพฎ็ฒๅญใๅฅฝใพใใใใใใใฎๅพฎ
็ฒๅญใฎๅฒๅใฏใใใใผใซๅฏพใใฆไพใใฐ0.01ใ๏ผ้
้๏ผ ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ0.1ใ2.0้้๏ผ
ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใใใใฎๅพฎ็ฒๅญใฏใใใ
ใผ็ฒๅญใฎ่กจ้ขใซ่ขซ็ใใใใฏๆใก่พผใพใใฆๅซๆใ
ใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏใไพใใฐใทใช
ใซใใขใซใใใ้ ธๅใใฟใณใใใฟใณ้ ธใใชใฆใ ใ
ใใฟใณ้ ธใใฐใใทใฆใ ใใใฟใณ้ ธใซใซใทใฆใ ใใ
ใฟใณ้ ธในใใญใณใใฆใ ใ้ ธๅไบ้ใใฑใค็ ใใฏใฌ
ใผใ้ฒๆฏใใฑใค็ฐ็ณใใฑใคใฝใฆๅใ้ ธๅใฏใญใ ใ
้ ธๅใปใชใฆใ ใใใณใฌใฉใไธ้ ธๅใขใณใใขใณใ้ ธ
ๅใใฐใใทใฆใ ใ้ ธๅใธใซใณใใฆใ ใ็กซ้ ธใใชใฆ
ใ ใ็ญ้ ธใใชใฆใ ใ็ญ้ ธใซใซใทใฆใ ใ็ญๅใฑใค
็ด ใ็ชๅใฑใค็ด ็ญใฎๅพฎ็ฒๅญใ็จใใใใจใใงใ
ใใใใใใฎใใกใใทใชใซๅพฎ็ฒๅญใ็นใซๅฅฝใพใใ
็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใฎใทใชใซๅพฎ็ฒๅญใฏใไธ่จใฎๅฆใ็ตๅๆง้ ใๆ
ใใๅพฎ็ฒๅญใงใใใไนพๅผๆณใใใใฏๆนฟๅผๆณใง่ฃฝ้
ใใใใใฎใฎใใใใงใใคใฆใใใใ ใพใใทใชใซใจใใฆใฏใ็กๆฐดไบ้ ธๅใฑใค็ด ใฎใป
ใใใฑใค้ ธใขใซใใใฆใ ใใฑใค้ ธใใใชใฆใ ใใฑ
ใค้ ธใซใชใฆใ ใใฑใค้ ธใใฐใใทใฆใ ใใฑใค้ ธไบ้
็ญใฎใใใใฎๅฝขๆ ใงใใคใฆใใใใ็นใซSiO2ใ
85้้๏ผ ไปฅไธๅซใใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใทใชใซๅพฎ็ฒๅญใจใใฆๅธ่ฒฉใใใฆใใใใฎใ็จฎใ
ใใใใไธญใงใ่กจ้ขใซ็ๆฐดๆงๅบใๆใใใใฎใๅฅฝ
ใพใใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใใฎใใใชๅธ่ฒฉๅใจ
ใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใใขใจใญใธใซ๏ผฒโ972ใใใใขใจใญ
ใธใซ๏ผฒโ974ใใใใขใจใญใธใซ๏ผฒโ805ใใใใขใจใญใธ
ใซ๏ผฒโ812ใ๏ผไปฅไธใๆฅๆฌใขใจใญใธใซ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใใใฟใฉ
ใใใฏใน500ใ๏ผใฟใซใณ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ็ญใๆใใใใจใใง
ใใใใพใใใฎใปใใทใฉใณใซใใใชใณใฐๅคใใใฟ
ใณใซใใใชใณใฐๅคใใทใชใณใผใณใชใคใซใๅด้ใซใข
ใใณใๆใใใทใชใณใผใณใชใคใซ็ญใซใใ่กจ้ขๅฆ็
ใใใใทใชใซๅพฎ็ฒๅญใๆๅนใซ็จใใใใจใใงใ
ใใ ๅ่จ่ท้ปๅถๅพกๅคใจใใฆใฏใ็นใซ้ๅฎใใใๅ ฌ็ฅ
ใฎ็ฉ่ณชใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ่ฒ ๅธฏ้ปๆงใฎใใฎใจ
ใใฆใฏใไพใใฐ็น้ๆญ57โ141452ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ
58โ7645ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ58โ111049ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้
ๆญ58โ185653ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ57โ167033ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ
็นๅ ฌๆญ44โ6397ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑ็ญใซ้็คบใใใฆใใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
ๅๅซ้ๅฑใขใพๆๆ๏ผไพใใฐ็น้ๆญ57โ104940ๅทๅ ฌ
ๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ57โ111541ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ57โ124357
ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ53โ127726ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑ็ญใซ้็คบใใใฆ
ใใ่ณ้ฆๆใชใญใทใซใซใใณ้ ธใ่ณ้ฆๆใใคใซใซใ
ใณ้ ธใฎ้ๅฑ้ฏไฝ๏ผไพใใฐ็น้ๆญ52โ45931ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑ
ใซ้็คบใใใฆใใ้ ใใฟใญใทใขใใณๆๆใฎในใซใ
ใใซใขใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใใใใฏ้ ใใฟใญใทใขใใณใฎใน
ใซใใณใขใใ่ชๅฐไฝๆๆใ้ ใใฟใญใทใขใใณใฎใน
ใซใใณใขใใใใใณในใซใใณ้ ธใพใใฏในใซใใณ้ ธ
ๅกฉ่ชๅฐไฝๆๆ๏ผ็ญใๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใๆญฃๅธฏ้ปๆงใฎใใฎใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐ็น้ๆญ49
โ51951ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ52โ10141ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑ็ญใซ้็คบ
ใใใฆใใ็ฌฌ๏ผ็ดใขใณใขใใฆใ ๅๅ็ฉ๏ผไพใใฐ็น
้ๆญ56โ11461ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ54โ158932ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ
็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ็ฌฌ4254205ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธ็ญใซ้็คบใใใฆใใ
ใขใซใญใซใใชใธใใฆใ ๅๅ็ฉใใขใซใญใซใใณใชใ
ใฆใ ๅๅ็ฉ๏ผไพใใฐใใฐใญใทใณSOใใใฐใญใทใณ
EX็ญใฎใใฐใญใทใณ็ณปๆๆ๏ผไพใใฐ็นๅ ฌๆญ49โ
80320ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใซ้็คบใใใฆใใไปๅ ็ธฎๅไฝ็ญใๆ
ใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎ่ท้ปๅถๅพกๅคใฎๅฒๅใฏใใใใผใซๅฏพใใฆ
0.1ใ10้้๏ผ ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ0.3ใ
๏ผ้้๏ผ ใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ ใพใๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใฏใใใฎ่ปๅ็นTspใ90ใ
150โใงใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ็นใซ100ใ140โใง
ใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใๅฝ่ฉฒ่ปๅ็นTspใ้ๅฐใฎใจ
ใใซใฏ่ใชใใปใใๆงใไฝไธใใๅ ดๅใใใใไธ
ๆน้ๅคงใฎใจใใซใฏไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใไธ่ฏใจใชใๅ ดๅใ
ใใใ ใใใงใ่ปๅ็นTspใจใฏใใใญใผใในใฟใผ
ใCFTโ500ใ๏ผๅณถๆดฅ่ฃฝไฝๆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใ็จใใฆใๆธฌๅฎ
ๆกไปถใใ่ท้20Kg๏ผcm2ใใใบใซใฎ็ดๅพ๏ผmmใใใบ
ใซใฎ้ทใ๏ผmmใไบ็ฑๆ้50โใง10ๅ้ใๆๆธฉ้ๅบฆ
๏ผโ๏ผminใจใใใตใณใใซ้1.0cm3๏ผ็ๆฏ้ร๏ผ
cm3ใง่กจใใใใ้้๏ผใๆธฌๅฎ่จ้ฒใใใจใใใใญ
ใผใในใฟใผใฎใใฉใณใธใคใผ้ไธ้โๆธฉๅบฆๆฒ็ท๏ผ่ป
ๅๆตๅๆฒ็ท๏ผใซใใใ๏ผณๅญๆฒ็ทใฎ้ซใใ๏ฝใจใใ
ใจใใ๏ฝ๏ผ๏ผใฎใจใใฎๆธฉๅบฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใฏใไพใใฐๆฌกใฎใใใชๆนๆณใซใ
ใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใใจใใงใใใใใชใใกใๆข่ฟฐใฎๅฆใ
็นๅฎใฎใใชใใผๆๅใใใใฏใใใซใใฎไปใฎๆจน่
ใๅ ใใใใฎใซใ็่ฒๅคใๅ ใใใใใซใฏๅฟ ่ฆใซ
ๅฟใใฆใใฎไปใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใๅ ใใใใใใไพใใฐใจ
ใฏในใใซใผใใผใซใใ็่ๆทท็ทดใใๅทๅดๅพใธใจใ
ใใใซ็ญใซใใๅพฎ็ฒ็ ใใๆฌกใใงๅ็ดใใใใจใซ
ใใใๆๆใฎ็ฒๅพใฎใใใผ็ฒๆซใๅพใใใจใใงใ
ใใใพใใใฎใใใผ็ฒๆซใซใใใซใใฎไปใฎๆทปๅ ๅค
ใๆทปๅ ๆททๅใใใใจใซใใ็นๆงใฎๆน่ฏใใใใใ
ใผใๅพใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใใฎไปใฎๆนๆณใจใใฆใฏใใจใฏในใใซใผใใผ
ใซใใ็่ๆทท็ทดใใใใฎใ็่็ถๆ ใฎใพใพในใใฌ
ใผใใฉใคใคใผ็ญใซใใๅด้งใใใใฏๆถฒไฝไธญใซๅๆฃ
ใใใใจใซใใๆๆใฎ็ฒๅพใฎใใใผใๅพใใใจใ
ใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใฏใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็็จใฎใใใผใง
ใใคใฆใไพใใฐๆฌกใฎใใใซใใฆ็ปๅใฎๅฝขๆใซไพใ
ใใใใใชใใกใ้ปๅญๅ็ๆณใซใใใฆใฏใๆฝๅๆ
ๆไฝใงใใๆๅ ไฝไธใซๅฝขๆใใใ้้ปๆฝๅใใๆฌ
็บๆใฎใใใผใ็จใใฆๆงๆใใ็พๅๅคใซใใ็พๅ
ใใๅพใใใใใใผๅใ็ด็ญใใใชใ่ปขๅๆใซไพ
ใใฐ้้ป่ปขๅใใๆฌกใใง่ปขๅใใใผใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ
็ๆนๅผใซใใๅฎ็ใใใใคใฆๅฏ่ฆ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใ
ใใ ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๆนๅผใซใใใฆ็จใใใใ็ฑใญใผใฉ
ๅฎ็ๅจใฏใ้ๅธธใ็ฑใญใผใฉใจใใใใซๅฏพๆฅ้ ็ฝฎใ
ใใๅฏพๆฅใญใผใฉใจใๅ ็ฑๆบใจใซใใๆงๆใใใๅ
็ฑๆบใซใใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๆธฉๅบฆใไธๅฎ็ฏๅฒใฎๆธฉๅบฆใซ็ถญ
ๆใใชใใใใใใไธๅฏพใฎใญใผใฉ้ใใใใผใ่ปข
ๅใใใๆฏๆไฝใ้้ใใใใใจใซใใใใใใผ
ใ็ดๆฅ็ฑใญใผใฉใซๆฅ่งฆใใใฆๅฝ่ฉฒใใใผใๆฏๆไฝ
ใซ็ฑๅฎ็ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใใผใฏใ็นใซๆฏๆไฝไธใฎใใใผใจใ
็ฑใญใผใฉใจใฎๆฅ่งฆๆ้ใ๏ผ็งไปฅๅ ๅฅฝใพใใใฏ0.5
็งไปฅๅ ใงใใใใใช้ซ้ใงๅฎ็ใ่กใใจใใซๅพๆฅ
ใฎใใใผใซๆฏใใฆ่ใใๅชใใๅนๆใ็บๆฎใใใ ใๅ ทไฝ็ๅฎๆฝไพใ ไปฅไธๆฌ็บๆใฎๅ ทไฝ็ๅฎๆฝไพใใใณๆฏ่ผไพใซใคใ
ใฆ่ชฌๆใใใใๆฌ็บๆใใใใใฎๅฎๆฝไพใซ้ๅฎใ
ใใใใฎใงใฏใชใใ ไปฅไธใฎๅฎๆฝไพใใใณๆฏ่ผไพใง็จใใๅใใชใใผ
ใฎๅ ทไฝ็็ตๆใฏใๅพ่จ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใใใณ็ฌฌ๏ผ
่กจใซ็คบใ้ใใงใใใใใใฆๅๅฎๆฝไพใใใณๆฏ่ผ
ไพใซใใใฆใฏใๅพ่จ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซ็คบใ็ตๅใใใใณ้
ๅๆฏใงๅใใชใใผใ็จใใใ ๏ผๅฎๆฝไพ๏ผใ๏ผใใใณๆฏ่ผไพ๏ผใ๏ผ๏ผ ๅๅฎๆฝไพใใใณๆฏ่ผไพใซใใใฆใฏๆฌกใฎใใใซใ
ใฆใใใผใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใ ใใชใใกใๅพ่จ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซ็คบใๅใใชใใผใฎๅ่จ
100้้้จใใใณ็่ฒๅคใจใใใชใใญใใฌใณใใ
ในใณใผใซ660Pใ๏ผไธๆดๅๆๅทฅๆฅญ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ๏ผ้้้จ
ใจใใWaxโ๏ผฅใ๏ผใใญในใ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ๏ผ้้้จใจใ
่ท้ปๅถๅพกๅคใใใณใใญใณ๏ผฅโ81ใ๏ผใชใชใจใณใๅ
ๅญฆ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ๏ผ้้้จใจใๆททๅใใๅ ็ฑใญใผใซใซใใ
ๆทท็ทดใใๅทๅดใใๅพ็ฒ็ ใใใใใซ่ถ ้ณๆณขใธใจใ
ใใใซใซใใๅพฎ็ฒ็ ใใๆฌกใใง้ขจๅๅ็ดๆฉใซใใ
ๅ็ดใใใใจใซใใ็่ฒๅพฎ็ฒๅญใๅพใใ ใใฎ็่ฒๅพฎ็ฒๅญ100้้้จใซๅฏพใใฆใ็ๆฐดๆงใท
ใชใซๅพฎ็ฒๆซใใขใจใญใธใซ๏ผฒโ972ใ๏ผๆฅๆฌใขใจใญใธ
ใซ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ0.8้้้จใๆทปๅ ใใใใใใ๏ผถๅๆททๅ
ๅจใซใใๆททๅใใใใคใฆไฝ็ฉๅนณๅ็ฒๅพใ11.0ฮผm
ใฎใใใผใๅพใใ ๅฎๆฝไพ๏ผใ๏ผใใใณๆฏ่ผไพ๏ผใ๏ผใงๅพใใใใ
ใใผใใใใใใใใใผ๏ผใใใใใใผ๏ผใใใ
ใณใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใใใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใใจใใใ ๆฌกใซใใใใผ๏ผใ๏ผใใใณๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใ๏ผใฎ
ๅ๏ผ้้้จใจใในใใฌใณโใกใใซใกใฟใฏใชใฌใผใ
ๅ ฑ้ๅไฝๆจน่ใ่ขซ่ฆใใฆใชใๅนณๅ็ฒๅพใ110ฮผmใฎ
ๆจน่่ขซ่ฆใญใคใชใข97้้้จใจใๆททๅใใฆๅ่จ11็จฎ
ใฎ็พๅๅคใ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใใใใใฎ็พๅๅคใ็จใใฆใ
้ปๅญๅ็่คๅๆฉใ๏ผตโBix5000ใ๏ผๅฐ่ฅฟๅ ญๅ็ๅทฅ
ๆฅญ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใซใใ้้ปๆฝๅใฎๅฝขๆใใใณ็พๅใ่ก
ใใๅพใใใใใใผๅใ่ปขๅ็ดไธใซ่ปขๅใใใใ
็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๅจใซใใๅฎ็ใใฆ่คๅ็ปๅใๅฝขๆใ
ใๅฎๅใในใใ่กใใไธ่จใฎๆนๆณใซใใๆไฝๅฎ็
ๆธฉๅบฆ๏ผๅฎ็ๅฏ่ฝใช็ฑใญใผใฉใฎๆไฝๆธฉๅบฆ๏ผใใชใใป
ใใ็บ็ๆธฉๅบฆ๏ผใชใใปใใ็พๅใ็ใใๆไฝๆธฉ
ๅบฆ๏ผใๆธฌๅฎใใไฝตใใฆๅฎ็ๅฏ่ฝๆธฉๅบฆ็ฏๅฒใๆฑใ
ใใ ๆไฝๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆ ไธ่จ่คๅๆฉใซใฆๆชๅฎ็็ปๅใไฝๆใใๅพใ่กจๅฑค
ใใใใญใณ๏ผใใฆใใณ็คพ่ฃฝใใชใใใฉใใซใชใญใจ
ใใฌใณ๏ผใงๅฝขๆใใใ50ฯใฎ็ฑใญใผใฉใจใ่กจๅฑคใ
ใทใชใณใผใณใดใ ใKEโ1300RTVใ๏ผไฟก่ถๅๅญฆๅทฅ
ๆฅญ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผใงๅฝขๆใใใๅง็ใญใผใฉใจใใใชใ็ฑใญ
ใผใฉๅฎ็ๅจใซใใใ64g๏ผm2ใฎ่ปขๅ็ดใซ่ปขๅใใ
ใใ่ฉฆๆใใใผใซใใใใใผๅใใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ็ท
้ๅบฆ200mm๏ผ็งใ็ทๅง0.8Kg๏ผcmใใใใๅน 8.0mm
ใงๅฎ็ใใใใๆไฝใใ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่จญๅฎๆธฉๅบฆใ80
ใ230โใฎ็ฏๅฒๅ ใง๏ผโใใคๆฎต้็ใซ้ซใใใฆๅ
ๆธฉๅบฆใซใใใฆ็นฐใ่ฟใใๅฝขๆใใใๅฎ็็ปๅใซๅฏพ
ใใฆใใฑใณๅดๅบฆ่ฉฆ้จๆฉใซใใ่ปขๅ็ดใจๅไธใฎ็ดใซ
ใฆๆบๆฆใๆฝใใๅๅใช่ๆบๆงใ็คบใๅฎ็็ปๅใซไฟ
ใๆไฝใฎ่จญๅฎๆธฉๅบฆใใใคใฆๆไฝๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆใจใใใ
ใชใใใใซ็จใใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๅจใฏใทใชใณใผใณใช
ใคใซไพ็ตฆๆฉๆงใๆใใชใใใฎใงใใใ ใชใใปใใ็บ็ๆธฉๅบฆ ใชใใปใใ็บ็ๆธฉๅบฆใฎๆธฌๅฎใฏใไธ่จๆไฝๅฎ็ๆธฉ
ๅบฆใฎๆธฌๅฎใซๆบใใใใไธ่จ่คๅๆฉใซใฆๆชๅฎ็็ปๅ
ใไฝๆใใๅพใใใใผๅใ่ปขๅใใฆไธ่ฟฐใฎ็ฑใญใผ
ใฉๅฎ็ๅจใซใใๅฎ็ๅฆ็ใ่กใใๆฌกใใง็ฝ็ดใฎ่ปข
ๅ็ดใๅๆงใฎๆกไปถไธใงๅฝ่ฉฒ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๅจใซ้ใค
ใฆใใใซใใใผๆฑใใ็ใใใๅฆใใ็ฎ่ฆ่ฆณๅฏใ
ใๆไฝใใๅ่จ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ็ๅจใฎ็ฑใญใผใฉใฎ่จญๅฎ
ๆธฉๅบฆใ้ ๆฌกไธๆใใใ็ถๆ ใง็นฐใ่ฟใใใใใผใซ
ใใๆฑใใฎ็ใใๆไฝใฎ่จญๅฎๆธฉๅบฆใใใคใฆใชใใป
ใใ็บ็ๆธฉๅบฆใจใใใ ๅฎ็ๅฏ่ฝๆธฉๅบฆ็ฏๅฒ ไธ่จใฎใใใซใใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใใชใใปใใ็บ็ๆธฉ
ๅบฆใจๆไฝๅฎ็ๆธฉๅบฆใจใฎๅทฎใๅฎ็ๅฏ่ฝๆธฉๅบฆ็ฏๅฒใจใ
ใใ ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซ็คบใใ ใใใซๅใใใผใฎ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใ่ฒ่ชฟใใ
ใณๅธฏ้ป้๏ผ๏ผฑ๏ผ๏ผญ๏ผใๆฌกใฎใใใซใใฆๆธฌๅฎใใใ ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆง ใใใผใใๆธฉๅบฆ50โใ็ธๅฏพๆนฟๅบฆ43๏ผ ใฎ็ฐๅขๆกไปถ
ไธใซ๏ผๆ้ๆพ็ฝฎใใๅฝ่ฉฒใใใผใซๅ้ๅกใ็ใใ
ใๅฆใใซใใคใฆๅคๅฎใใๅ้ๅกใ่ชใใใใชใใค
ใๅ ดๅใใโใใจใใๅ้ๅกใ่ฅๅนฒ่ชใใใใๅ ด
ๅใใโณใใจใใๅ้ๅกใ็ธๅฝใซ่ชใใใใๅ ดๅ
ใใรใใจใใใ ่ฒ ่ชฟ ็ฎ่ฆใซใใๅคๅฎใใใ ๅธฏ้ป้๏ผ๏ผฑ๏ผ๏ผญ๏ผ ๅ ฌ็ฅใฎใใญใผใชใๆณใซใใๆธฌๅฎใใใใใผ1g
ๅฝใใฎๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ป้ป่ท้ใฎๅคใๅธฏ้ป้๏ผ๏ผฑ๏ผ๏ผญ๏ผใจ
ใใใ ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซไฝตใใฆ็คบใใ ใใใซไธ่จ่คๅๆฉใซใใๅฎๅใในใใซใใๅพใ
ใใ่คๅ็ปๅใซใคใใฆใใซใใชใ้ฎฎๆๆงใๆฌกใฎใ
ใใซใใฆ่ฉไพกใใใ ใซใใช ใตใฏใฉใใณใทใใกใผใฟใผ๏ผๅฐ่ฅฟๅ ญๅ็ๅทฅๆฅญ็คพ
่ฃฝ๏ผใ็จใใฆใๅ็จฟๆฟๅบฆใ0.0ใฎ็ฝๅฐ้จๅใฎ็พๅ
็ปๅใซๅฏพใใ็ธๅฏพๆฟๅบฆใๆธฌๅฎใใฆๅคๅฎใใใใช
ใใ็ฝๅฐๅๅฐๆฟๅบฆใ0.0ใจใใใ่ฉไพกใฏ็ธๅฏพๆฟๅบฆ
ใ0.01ๆชๆบใฎใใฎใใโใใจใใ0.01ไปฅไธใง0.03
ๆชๆบใฎใใฎใใโณใใจใใ0.03ไปฅไธใฎใใฎใ
ใรใใจใใใ ้ฎฎๆๆง ๅ็จฟใฎ็ท็ปใใคใผใใใชใชใธใใซใจใใฆใใใฎ
ๅ็พๆงใๆกๅคงใ่ฆ่ง็ใซๅคๅฎใใใ่ฉไพกใฏ่ฏๅฅฝใช
ใใฎใใโใใจใใ่ฏๅฅฝใจใฏใใใชใใๅฎ็จใฌใ
ใซใซใใใใฎใใโณใใจใใๅฃใคใฆใใฆๅฎ็จ็ใซ
ใฏๅ้กใฎใใใใฎใใรใใจใใใ ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซไฝตใใฆ็คบใใ ใใใซไธ่จ่คๅๆฉใซใใๅฎๅใในใใ้ฃ็ถ็ใซ
็นฐใ่ฟใใฆ่กใใใใใผใฎ่ไน ๆงใ่ชฟในใใ ใใชใใกใไธ่จ่คๅๆฉใซใใ้ฃ็ถใใฆ๏ผไธๅใฎ
็ปๅๅฝขๆใใญใปในใ็นฐใ่ฟใใๅพใซใ่คๅ็ปๅใฎ
ใซใใชใ้ฎฎๆๆงใไธ่จใจๅๆงใซใใฆๆธฌๅฎ่ฉไพกใ
ใใ ไปฅไธใฎ็ตๆใ็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใซไฝตใใฆ็คบใใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
ๅฒๅใฎๆฌใฎๆฐๅคใฏ้้้จใ่กจใใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
็ฌฌ๏ผ่กจใฎ็ตๆใใ็่งฃใใใใใใซใๆฌ็บๆใฎ
ใใใผ๏ผใ๏ผใฏใใใใใใไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใ่ใชใ
ใปใใๆงใ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใ่ไน
ๆงใ่ฒ่ชฟใฎๅชใใใใฎใงใใใใซใใชใฎใชใ้ฎฎๆ
ใช็ปๅใ้ทๆ้ๅฎๅฎใซๅฝขๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใใซๅฏพใใฆใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใใใณ๏ผใฏใๆๅ
(B)ใฎไฝ่็นใใชใใผใฎ่็นใ้ๅฐใงใใใใใ่
ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใๅฃใใๅพใใใ่คๅ็ปๅใฏใซใ
ใชใฎๅคใไธ้ฎฎๆใชใใฎใงใใใใพใ๏ผไธๅใฎ็ปๅ
ๅฝขๆๅพใซใใใฆใฏใใใใฎๆฌ ็นใใใใซ่ใใใช
ใใ็ตๅฑ่ไน ๆงใฎไฝใใใฎใงใใคใใ ใพใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใฏใๆๅ(B)ใฎไฝ่็นใใชใใผ
ใฎ่็นใ้ๅคงใงใใใใใไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅฃใใๅฎ
็ไธ่ฏใฎ็ใใใใใใฎใงใใคใใ ใพใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใฏใๆๅ(C)ใฎใณใใชใใผใๅซ
ๆใใชใใใใ็่ฒๅคใฎๅๆฃๆงใไธๅๅใงใใใ
ใใฎ็ตๆๅพใใใ่คๅ็ปๅใฎ่ฒ่ชฟใๅฃใใใพใๆฉ
ๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใไฝใใใใฎใใ่คๅ็ปๅใฏใซใใชใฎๅค
ใไธ้ฎฎๆใชใใฎใงใใคใใใพใ๏ผไธๅใฎ็ปๅๅฝขๆ
ๅพใซใใใฆใฏใใใใฎๆฌ ็นใใใใซ่ใใใชใใ
็ตๅฑ่ไน ๆงใฎไฝใใใฎใงใใคใใ ใพใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใฏใๆๅ(A)ใฎ้็ท็ถใใชใใผ
ใใใณๆๅ(C)ใฎใณใใชใใผใๅซๆใใชใใใใ่
ใชใใปใใๆงใๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใ็่ฒๅคใฎๅๆฃๆงใใ
ใใใๅฃใใ่คๅ็ปๅใฏใซใใชใฎใใไธ้ฎฎๆใชใ
ใฎใงใใคใใ ใพใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใฏใๆๅ(B)ใฎไฝ่็นใใชใใผ
ใใใณๆๅ(C)ใฎใณใใชใใผใๅซๆใใชใใใใไฝ
ๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅฃใใๅฎ็ไธ่ฏใฎ็ใใใใใใฎใงใ
ใคใใ
ใใใผ๏ผใ๏ผใฏใใใใใใไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใ่ใชใ
ใปใใๆงใ่ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใ่ไน
ๆงใ่ฒ่ชฟใฎๅชใใใใฎใงใใใใซใใชใฎใชใ้ฎฎๆ
ใช็ปๅใ้ทๆ้ๅฎๅฎใซๅฝขๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใใซๅฏพใใฆใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใใใณ๏ผใฏใๆๅ
(B)ใฎไฝ่็นใใชใใผใฎ่็นใ้ๅฐใงใใใใใ่
ใใญใใญใณใฐๆงใๅฃใใๅพใใใ่คๅ็ปๅใฏใซใ
ใชใฎๅคใไธ้ฎฎๆใชใใฎใงใใใใพใ๏ผไธๅใฎ็ปๅ
ๅฝขๆๅพใซใใใฆใฏใใใใฎๆฌ ็นใใใใซ่ใใใช
ใใ็ตๅฑ่ไน ๆงใฎไฝใใใฎใงใใคใใ ใพใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใฏใๆๅ(B)ใฎไฝ่็นใใชใใผ
ใฎ่็นใ้ๅคงใงใใใใใไฝๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅฃใใๅฎ
็ไธ่ฏใฎ็ใใใใใใฎใงใใคใใ ใพใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใฏใๆๅ(C)ใฎใณใใชใใผใๅซ
ๆใใชใใใใ็่ฒๅคใฎๅๆฃๆงใไธๅๅใงใใใ
ใใฎ็ตๆๅพใใใ่คๅ็ปๅใฎ่ฒ่ชฟใๅฃใใใพใๆฉ
ๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใไฝใใใใฎใใ่คๅ็ปๅใฏใซใใชใฎๅค
ใไธ้ฎฎๆใชใใฎใงใใคใใใพใ๏ผไธๅใฎ็ปๅๅฝขๆ
ๅพใซใใใฆใฏใใใใฎๆฌ ็นใใใใซ่ใใใชใใ
็ตๅฑ่ไน ๆงใฎไฝใใใฎใงใใคใใ ใพใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใฏใๆๅ(A)ใฎ้็ท็ถใใชใใผ
ใใใณๆๅ(C)ใฎใณใใชใใผใๅซๆใใชใใใใ่
ใชใใปใใๆงใๆฉๆฆๅธฏ้ปๆงใ็่ฒๅคใฎๅๆฃๆงใใ
ใใใๅฃใใ่คๅ็ปๅใฏใซใใชใฎใใไธ้ฎฎๆใชใ
ใฎใงใใคใใ ใพใๆฏ่ผใใใผ๏ผใฏใๆๅ(B)ใฎไฝ่็นใใชใใผ
ใใใณๆๅ(C)ใฎใณใใชใใผใๅซๆใใชใใใใไฝ
ๆธฉๅฎ็ๆงใๅฃใใๅฎ็ไธ่ฏใฎ็ใใใใใใฎใงใ
ใคใใ
Claims (1)
- ใ็น่จฑ่ซๆฑใฎ็ฏๅฒใ ๏ผ ไธ่จๆๅ(A)๏ผ(B)๏ผ(C)๏ผ(D)ใใใณ(E)ใๅฟ ้ ๆๅ
ใจใใฆๅซๆใใฆใชใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใ็ฑใญใผใฉๅฎ
็็จ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใ ๆๅ(A)๏ผใฌใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ50ใ80โใฎๆถๆฉในใ
ใฌใณ็ณปใใชใใผใใใณๆถๆฉใใชใจในใใซใใ้ธ
ใฐใใใใใใผใซใใใฆ55ใ95้้๏ผ ใฎ้็ท็ถ
ใใชใใผ ๆๅ(B)๏ผๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ้็ธๆบถๆงใงใใค่็นใ65ใ
120โใๆฐๅนณๅๅๅญ้ใ1000ใ20000ใ้้ๅนณๅ
ๅๅญ้ใ2000ใ100000ใงใใใใใใผใซใใใฆ
๏ผใ40้้๏ผ ใฎไฝ่็น็ตๆถๆงใใชใจในใใซ ๆๅ(C)๏ผๅฐใชใใจใๅ่จๆๅ(A)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎใใใฌ
ใฉใน่ปข็งป็นTgใ50ใ80โใฎ็กๅฎๅฝขใปใฐใกใณใ
ใใชใใผใจใๅฐใชใใจใๅ่จๆๅ(B)ใจ็ธๆบถๆงใฎ
ใใ่็นใ50ใ130โใฎ็ตๆถๆงใปใฐใกใณใใใช
ใจในใใซใจใๅๅญฆ็ใซ็ตๅใใฆใชใใใใใผใซ
ใใใฆ๏ผใ40้้๏ผ ใฎใฐใฉใใใณใใชใใผใพใ
ใฏใใญใใฏใณใใชใใผ ๆๅ(D)๏ผ็่ฒๅค ๆๅ(E)๏ผใใชใชใฌใใคใณ
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP61202730A JPS6360456A (ja) | 1986-08-30 | 1986-08-30 | ็ฑใญโใฉๅฎ็็จ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใโ |
| US07/088,053 US4795689A (en) | 1986-08-30 | 1987-08-21 | Electrostatic image developing toner for use in heat-roller fixing |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP61202730A JPS6360456A (ja) | 1986-08-30 | 1986-08-30 | ็ฑใญโใฉๅฎ็็จ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใโ |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS6360456A JPS6360456A (ja) | 1988-03-16 |
| JPH0544031B2 true JPH0544031B2 (ja) | 1993-07-05 |
Family
ID=16462211
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP61202730A Granted JPS6360456A (ja) | 1986-08-30 | 1986-08-30 | ็ฑใญโใฉๅฎ็็จ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใโ |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4795689A (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPS6360456A (ja) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010060651A (ja) * | 2008-09-01 | 2010-03-18 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | ้้ป่ทๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใ้้ป่ทๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๆนๆณใ้้ป่ทๅ็พๅๅคใ็ปๅๅฝขๆๆนๆณๅใณ็ปๅๅฝขๆ่ฃ ็ฝฎ |
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| US5047305A (en) * | 1989-02-17 | 1991-09-10 | Konica Corporation | Electrostatic-image developing polyester toner with release agent |
| JP2841332B2 (ja) * | 1989-05-30 | 1998-12-24 | ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพใชใณใผ | ใใซใซใฉใผ้ปๅญๅ็ๆนๆณ |
| JP2858324B2 (ja) * | 1989-08-22 | 1999-02-17 | ไธ่ฑๅๅญฆๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ้ปๅญๅ็ๆๅ ไฝ |
| DE4037518C2 (de) * | 1989-11-27 | 1998-12-17 | Toyo Boseki | Polymerteilchen, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und Verwendung derselben |
| US5244765A (en) * | 1990-03-15 | 1993-09-14 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Toner for developing latent electrostatic images |
| DE69219203T2 (de) * | 1991-05-30 | 1997-08-07 | Kao Corp | Verfahren zum Erzeugen von fixierten Bildern |
| US5156937A (en) * | 1991-06-10 | 1992-10-20 | Eastman Kodak Company | Reduced viscosity polyester composition for toner powders |
| US5229242A (en) * | 1991-07-01 | 1993-07-20 | Xerox Corporation | Toner and developer compositions with block or graft copolymer compatibilizer |
| EP0593829B1 (en) * | 1991-07-01 | 2003-09-03 | Xerox Corporation | Toner and developer compositions with compatibilizer |
| EP0536651A1 (en) * | 1991-10-05 | 1993-04-14 | Kao Corporation | Method of forming fixed images |
| US6025104A (en) * | 1992-07-29 | 2000-02-15 | Xerox Corporation | Toner and developer compositions with polyoxazoline resin particles |
| US5494768A (en) * | 1992-10-01 | 1996-02-27 | Nashua Corporation | Toner composition containing ethylene bisamide compounds |
| US5496888A (en) * | 1993-09-28 | 1996-03-05 | Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd. | Resin compositions for electrophotographic toner and process for making the same |
| US5368970A (en) * | 1993-12-06 | 1994-11-29 | Xerox Corporation | Toner compositions with compatibilizer |
| KR100227926B1 (ko) * | 1995-06-26 | 1999-11-01 | ์ดํ ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์ฐ์ผ | ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์งํ ๋๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์ฐฉ์ํ์ ํ์ฑ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ, ์ ์ ํ์ํ์์ฉ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์งํ ๋ ๋ฐ ์ฐฉ์ํ์์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์ฌ๋งค์ฒด |
| US5876894A (en) * | 1995-11-02 | 1999-03-02 | Nashua Corporation | Toner containing a silicone wax release agent |
| US5837406A (en) * | 1996-05-21 | 1998-11-17 | Agfa-Gevaert, N.V. | Toner image resistant to scratching |
| US5843612A (en) * | 1997-09-02 | 1998-12-01 | Xerox Corporation | Toner and developer compositions with compatibilizers |
| US5916722A (en) * | 1998-02-05 | 1999-06-29 | Xerox Corporation | Toner compositions |
| US5955235A (en) * | 1998-02-09 | 1999-09-21 | Xerox Corporation | Toner compositions with compatibilizers |
| US5948583A (en) * | 1998-04-13 | 1999-09-07 | Xerox Corp | Toner composition and processes thereof |
| US6083654A (en) * | 1998-12-21 | 2000-07-04 | Xerox Corporation | Toner compositions and processes thereof |
| US5994017A (en) * | 1999-03-01 | 1999-11-30 | Xerox Corporation | Toner and developer compositions with compatibilizers |
| JP2001175021A (ja) * | 1999-12-16 | 2001-06-29 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | ้้ป่ทๅ็พๅ็จใใใผ |
| JP2004191923A (ja) * | 2002-10-18 | 2004-07-08 | Seiko Epson Corp | ใใใผใๅฎ็่ฃ ็ฝฎใใใณ็ปๅๅฝขๆ่ฃ ็ฝฎ |
| US7214458B2 (en) * | 2003-08-28 | 2007-05-08 | Xerox Corporation | Toner compositions |
| US8227168B2 (en) * | 2009-07-14 | 2012-07-24 | Xerox Corporation | Polyester synthesis |
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| US3965021A (en) * | 1966-01-14 | 1976-06-22 | Xerox Corporation | Electrostatographic toners using block copolymers |
| JPS56116043A (en) * | 1980-02-18 | 1981-09-11 | Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd | Toner for electrostatic image development and its production |
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| US3967962A (en) * | 1973-11-23 | 1976-07-06 | Xerox Corporation | Developing with toner polymer having crystalline and amorphous segments |
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| JPS6262368A (ja) * | 1985-09-13 | 1987-03-19 | Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd | ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใโ |
| JPS6263940A (ja) * | 1985-09-14 | 1987-03-20 | Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd | ้้ปๅ็พๅ็จใใโ |
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1986
- 1986-08-30 JP JP61202730A patent/JPS6360456A/ja active Granted
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1987
- 1987-08-21 US US07/088,053 patent/US4795689A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| US3965021A (en) * | 1966-01-14 | 1976-06-22 | Xerox Corporation | Electrostatographic toners using block copolymers |
| JPS56116043A (en) * | 1980-02-18 | 1981-09-11 | Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd | Toner for electrostatic image development and its production |
| JPS57171345A (en) * | 1981-04-15 | 1982-10-21 | Kao Corp | Electrophotographic dry type developer |
| JPS58159546A (ja) * | 1982-03-17 | 1983-09-21 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | ้้ป่ทๅ็พๅใใโ็จๆจน่ |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010060651A (ja) * | 2008-09-01 | 2010-03-18 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | ้้ป่ทๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใ้้ป่ทๅ็พๅ็จใใใผใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๆนๆณใ้้ป่ทๅ็พๅๅคใ็ปๅๅฝขๆๆนๆณๅใณ็ปๅๅฝขๆ่ฃ ็ฝฎ |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS6360456A (ja) | 1988-03-16 |
| US4795689A (en) | 1989-01-03 |
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