JP6861635B2 - 光電変換素子 - Google Patents
光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6861635B2 JP6861635B2 JP2017546467A JP2017546467A JP6861635B2 JP 6861635 B2 JP6861635 B2 JP 6861635B2 JP 2017546467 A JP2017546467 A JP 2017546467A JP 2017546467 A JP2017546467 A JP 2017546467A JP 6861635 B2 JP6861635 B2 JP 6861635B2
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- buffer layer
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 105
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 69
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 76
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 65
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 59
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 56
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 48
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 44
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 34
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 23
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 description 19
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229910021476 group 6 element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 13
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 10
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- -1 OH) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000224 chemical solution deposition Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 6
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910021480 group 4 element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002488 metal-organic chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910004613 CdTe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000004770 chalcogenides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007733 ion plating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000007736 thin film deposition technique Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005987 sulfurization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003363 ZnMgO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- HQWPLXHWEZZGKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylzinc Chemical compound CC[Zn]CC HQWPLXHWEZZGKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JVZACCIXIYPYEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC[Zn](CC)CC Chemical compound CC[Zn](CC)CC JVZACCIXIYPYEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBCLZMGPTDXADD-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[Zn](C)C Chemical compound C[Zn](C)C HBCLZMGPTDXADD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910007717 ZnSnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052798 chalcogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001787 chalcogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000752 ionisation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003752 zinc compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022466—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers
- H01L31/022483—Electrodes made of transparent conductive layers, e.g. TCO, ITO layers composed of zinc oxide [ZnO]
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- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
- H01L31/0328—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, semiconductor materials provided for in two or more of groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/032
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Description
プリカーサ膜を形成する方法としては、例えば、スパッタリング法、蒸着法又はインク塗布法が挙げられる。スパッタリング法は、ターゲットであるスパッタ源を用いて、イオン等をターゲットに衝突させ、ターゲットから叩き出された原子を用いて成膜する方法である。蒸着法は、蒸着源を加熱して気相となった原子等を用いて成膜する方法である。インク塗布法は、プリカーサ膜の材料を粉体にしたものを有機溶剤等の溶媒に分散して、第1電極層上に塗布し、溶剤を蒸発して、プリカーサ膜を形成する方法である。
蒸着法では、I族元素の蒸着源及びIII族元素の蒸着源及びVI族元素の蒸着源又はこれら複数の元素を含む蒸着源を加熱し、気相となった原子等を第1電極層12上に成膜して、化合物系光電変換層13が形成される。蒸着源としては、上述したプリカーサ法で説明したものを用いることができる。
ガラス板である基板上に、ALD法を用いて、ZnOとZnSとの混晶であるバッファ層を形成して、実施例1のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比(図6中S/Znと示す)は、0.290であった。バッファ層におけるSの原子数及びZnの原子数は、蛍光X線分析法(XRF法)を用いて測定した。以下に示す実験例及び比較実験例のS及びZnの原子数の測定も同様にして行った。
実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、実験例2のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.290であった。
実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、実験例3のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.307であった。
実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、実験例4のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.310であった。
実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、実験例5のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.310であった。
実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、実験例6のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.327であった。
実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、実験例7のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.327であった。
実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、実験例8のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.462であった。
実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、実験例9のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.477であった。
実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、実験例10のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.480であった。
実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、実験例11のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.493であった。
まず、ガラス板である基板上に、スパッタリング法を用いて、Moを含む複数の層を有する第1電極層が形成された。次に、Cu、In、Gaからなるプリカーサ膜が、第1電極層上にスパッタリング法を用いて形成された。そして、このプリカーサ膜を硫黄含有雰囲気中で加熱処理(硫化)することにより、Cu(In、Ga)S2からなる化合物系光電変換層を形成した。次に、シード層として、CBD法を用いて形成されたCds膜と、MOCVD法を用いて形成されたZnO膜とが、化合物系光電変換層上に積層して形成された。次に、ALD法を用いて、Sの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比が実験例5と同様になるように、バッファ層がシード層上に形成された。次に、MOCVD法を用いて、真性な酸化亜鉛膜(i-ZnO)が、バッファ層上に形成された。次に、第2電極層として、イオンプレーティング法を用いて、ITO膜が酸化亜鉛膜上に形成されて、実験例12の光電変換素子を得た。実験例12の光電変換素子のバッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は測定していないが、実験例5と同様の0.310程度であると推定される。
ガラス板である基板上に、ALD法を用いて、ZnOであるバッファ層を形成して、比較実施例1のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層は、Sを含まないので、Sの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比を求めることはできない。
ガラス板である基板上に、ALD法を用いて、ZnMgOであるバッファ層を形成して、比較実施例2のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層は、Sを含まないので、Sの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比を求めることはできない。
上述した実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、比較実施例3のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.186であった。
上述した実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、比較実施例4のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.186であった。
上述した実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、比較実施例5のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.189であった。
上述した実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、比較実施例6のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.189であった。
上述した実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、比較実施例7のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.192であった。
上述した実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、比較実施例8のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.192であった。
上述した実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、比較実施例9のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.192であった。
上述した実験例1と同様にバッファ層を形成して、比較実施例10のバッファ層を得た。バッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は、0.192であった。
バッファ層が、上述した比較実験例1と同様に形成されたことを除いて、上述した実験例12と同様にして、比較実験例11の光電変換素子を得た。
バッファ層が、上述した比較実験例2と同様に形成されたことを除いて、上述した実験例12と同様にして、比較実験例12の光電変換素子を得た。
バッファ層が、上述した比較実験例5と同様に形成されたことを除いて、上述した実験例12と同様にして、比較実験例13の光電変換素子を得た。比較実験例13の光電変換素子のバッファ層におけるSの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比は測定していないが、比較実験例5と同様の0.189程度であると推定される。
11 基板
12 第1電極層
13 化合物系光電変換層
14 シード層
15 バッファ層
16 第2電極層
Claims (3)
- 第1電極層と、
前記第1電極層上に配置される化合物系光電変換層と、
前記化合物系光電変換層上に配置されるバッファ層であって、ZnOとZnSとの混晶を有しており、Sの原子数のZnの原子数に対する比が、0.290〜0.493の範囲であり、且つ、前記バッファ層の比抵抗は、1.23×10Ωcm以上2.57×10Ωcm以下であるバッファ層と、
前記バッファ層上に配置される第2電極層と、
を備える光電変換素子。 - 前記化合物系光電変換層と前記バッファ層との間に、Znを含むシード層を備える請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記第2電極層と前記バッファ層との間に、ZnOを含み、真性半導体であるZn含有層を備える請求項1又は2に記載の光電変換素子。
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