JP6770565B2 - 内部ナノ粒子を有する骨格マトリックス - Google Patents
内部ナノ粒子を有する骨格マトリックス Download PDFInfo
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- JP6770565B2 JP6770565B2 JP2018227572A JP2018227572A JP6770565B2 JP 6770565 B2 JP6770565 B2 JP 6770565B2 JP 2018227572 A JP2018227572 A JP 2018227572A JP 2018227572 A JP2018227572 A JP 2018227572A JP 6770565 B2 JP6770565 B2 JP 6770565B2
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- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 title claims description 144
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 title claims description 66
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 213
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 144
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 98
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 82
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000011246 composite particle Substances 0.000 claims description 71
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 62
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 60
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 54
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 51
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 14
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- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 12
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- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000935 solvent evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001947 vapour-phase growth Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims 5
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001112 coagulating effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011257 shell material Substances 0.000 description 81
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 68
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 22
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 12
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- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 7
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- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- -1 oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002114 nanocomposite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000549556 Nanos Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VIEVWNYBKMKQIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co]=O.[Mn].[Li] Chemical compound [Co]=O.[Mn].[Li] VIEVWNYBKMKQIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011157 advanced composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011852 carbon nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009388 chemical precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012456 homogeneous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;nickel;oxocobalt Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Ni].[Co]=O VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003137 locomotive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008204 material by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011185 multilayer composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011858 nanopowder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011146 organic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
Description
本特許出願は、2013年8月22日に出願された、題名「内部ナノ粒子を有する骨格マトリックス」の米国特許出願第13/973,943号、及び、2012年8月24日に出願された、題名「内部ナノ粒子を有する骨格マトリックス」の米国特許仮出願第61/693,070号の優先権を主張し、これらの出願は、参照により本明細書中に明示的に組み込まれる。
Claims (34)
- 複合粒子を含む電池電極組成物であって、
前記複合粒子が、
電池作動時にイオンと電気化学的反応させるために用意された活物質と、
前記活物質がその内に配置されている多孔質導電性骨格マトリックスとを含み、
前記骨格マトリックスの気孔率は、電池作動時の前記イオンとの電気化学的反応に応じて少なくとも部分的に前記活物質の体積膨張に対応することができ、
前記骨格マトリックスは前記活物質と電気的に相互接続するモノリス粒子である電池電極組成物。 - 前記活物質と前記イオンとの前記電気化学的反応は前記活物質の体積が10%を超える変化を引き起こす請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記骨格マトリックスの少なくとも一部に付着されたバインダをさらに含む請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記活物質は、特徴的寸法が3〜100nmの範囲である1つ以上の活物質粒子を含む請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記骨格マトリックスにおける細孔は、0.4〜50nmの範囲である請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記骨格マトリックスにおける前記細孔は、0.5〜5nmの範囲である請求項5に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記骨格マトリックスは、平均細孔径が2nm未満であるミクロ細孔と、平均細孔径が2〜50nmのメソ細孔と、を有する請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記骨格マトリックスは、メソ細孔を有し、細孔総体積が前記骨格マトリックス内の0.05cc/gを超える請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記活物質は、特徴的寸法が前記複合粒子の0.1〜50%の範囲内である1つ以上の活物質粒子を含む請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記活物質は、600℃を超える融点を有する請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記イオンは、Li、Na、Mg、及びCaのうち1つ以上を含む請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記複合粒子が、前記活物質及び前記骨格マトリックスを少なくとも部分的に包み込むシェルを更に含み、該シェルが、前記活物質と電気化学的に反応する前記イオンに対して実質的に透過性である請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記シェルは、平均の厚みが1〜50nmである請求項12に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記シェルは、ポリマーを含む請求項12に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記シェルの体積は、前記活物質と前記イオンとの前記電気化学的反応の間、10%未満だけ変化する請求項12に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記シェルが、電解質溶媒分子に対して実質的に非透過性である材料から形成される保護層を備える請求項12に記載の電池電極組成物。
- アノード向けであり、前記シェル内の前記活物質の一部が400mAh/g未満の容量である請求項12に記載の電池電極組成物。
- カソード向けであり、前記シェル内の前記活物質の一部が250mAh/g未満の容量である請求項12に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記シェルが、内層及び外層を備える複合材料である、請求項12に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記内層が、前記骨格マトリックスよりも小さい平均細孔径を有する多孔質層であり、前記外層が、(i)電解質溶媒分子に対して実質的に非透過性である材料から形成される保護層、または(ii)前記骨格マトリックス内に配置されている前記活物質とは異なる活物質から形成される活物質層である請求項19に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記複合粒子が、前記骨格マトリックスの外表面から前記骨格マトリックスの中心に対して延在する外部チャネル細孔を更に含み、前記イオンの平均拡散距離を縮小することによって、前記骨格マトリックス内に配置されている前記活物質への前記イオンのより速い拡散のためのチャネルを提供する請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 電池作動時の前記活物質の体積の変化が、前記複合粒子の対応する体積変化を100%超上回る請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記活物質が、Si、In、Sn、Sb、Ge、Mg、それらの金属の他の金属及び/又は半金属との合金、又はこれらの組み合わせを含む請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記活物質は、Siを含む請求項23に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 前記活物質は、金属、金属酸化物、金属フッ化物、金属オキシフッ化物、金属リン化物、金属硫化物、又はこれらの組み合わせの1つ以上を含む請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物を含む、円筒形、プリズム又はポーチの電池。
- 前記骨格マトリックスは、前記複合粒子の電気またはイオン伝導度を高める1つ以上の追加の元素がドープされた炭素を含む請求項1に記載の電池電極組成物。
- 複合粒子を含む電池電極組成物を作製する方法であって、
電池作動時にイオンと電気化学的反応する活物質を用意すること、並びに
前記活物質がその内に配置されているモノリス粒子としての多孔質導電性骨格マトリックスであり、該骨格マトリックスが前記活物質を電気的に相互接続する前記多孔質導電性骨格マトリックスを形成することを含み、
前記骨格マトリックスの気孔率は、電池作動時の前記イオンとの電気化学的反応に応じて少なくとも部分的に前記活物質の体積膨張に対応することができる方法。 - 前記骨格マトリックスを形成することが、
炭素含有前駆体を形成すること、
前記炭素含有前駆体を炭化して、炭化粒子を形成すること、並びに
前記炭化粒子を高温で活性化して、前記骨格マトリックスを形成することを含む請求項28に記載の方法。 - 前記活性化は、前記炭化粒子をCO2、H2O、又はこれらの混合物を含むガスで処理することを含む請求項29に記載の方法。
- 前記形成は、溶液又は懸濁液から前記活物質を含む活性ナノ粒子及びポリマー前駆体ナノ粒子を凝固させること、及び
前記凝固した溶液又は懸濁液をアニーリングして前記複合粒子を形成することを含む請求項28に記載の方法。 - 前記形成は、前記骨格マトリックスに前駆体ナノ粒子を浸透させること、及び
前記前駆体ナノ粒子を前記活物質へと変換することを含む請求項28に記載の方法。 - 前記骨格マトリックスを形成することが、(i)化学気相成長法、(ii)溶液浸透に続く溶媒蒸発、(iii)溶液浸透に続く溶媒蒸発及びアニーリング、(iv)溶液浸透に続く非溶媒添加時の沈殿、(v)ゾルゲル、(vi)蒸気浸透、(vii)原子層成長法、(viii)電気めっきまたは(ix)溶解浸透による、前記骨格マトリックスへの前記活物質の浸透を更に含む請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記活物質及び前記骨格マトリックスを少なくとも部分的に包み込むシェルを形成することを更に含み、前記シェルが、前記活物質と電気化学的反応する前記イオンに対して実質的に透過性である請求項28に記載の方法。
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