JP6392348B2 - 蒸着されたカバー層を有するアブレーション用医療デバイス及びその製造方法 - Google Patents

蒸着されたカバー層を有するアブレーション用医療デバイス及びその製造方法 Download PDF

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JP6392348B2
JP6392348B2 JP2016531960A JP2016531960A JP6392348B2 JP 6392348 B2 JP6392348 B2 JP 6392348B2 JP 2016531960 A JP2016531960 A JP 2016531960A JP 2016531960 A JP2016531960 A JP 2016531960A JP 6392348 B2 JP6392348 B2 JP 6392348B2
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エイ. ヘイバーコスト、パトリック
エイ. ヘイバーコスト、パトリック
エム. バイロン、メアリー
エム. バイロン、メアリー
エイ. ハンソン、キャス
エイ. ハンソン、キャス
アール. ウィラード、マーティン
アール. ウィラード、マーティン
シー. ズーターマイスター、デレク
シー. ズーターマイスター、デレク
エヌ. スクワイア、ロバート
エヌ. スクワイア、ロバート
ケイ. ヤブロンスキー、ブライアン
ケイ. ヤブロンスキー、ブライアン
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Description

本開示は、医療デバイス、および、医療デバイスを製造する方法に関する。より詳細には、本開示は、交感神経アブレーション用の医療デバイスに関する。
医学的用途、例えば血管内用途のために多種多様な体内医療デバイスが開発されている。これらのデバイスのうちのいくつかは、ガイドワイヤ、カテーテル等を含む。これらのデバイスは、種々の異なる製造方法のうちのいずれか1つによって製造され、種々の方法のうちのいずれか1つに従って使用することができる。既知の医療デバイスおよび方法のうち、それぞれが特定の利点および不都合点を有する。代替的な医療デバイス、ならびに、医療デバイスを製造および使用する代替的な方法を提供することが依然として必要とされている。
本開示は、医療デバイスの設計、材料、製造方法および使用の代替案を提供する。
例示的な医療デバイスは、カテーテルシャフトと、カテーテルシャフトに結合される拡張可能なバルーンであって、未拡張形態と拡張形態との間で移行可能である拡張可能なバルーンと、バルーンに配置される複数の細長い可撓性の電極アセンブリと、電極アセンブリにわたって配置されるカバー層とを含む。
アブレーションデバイスを製造する例示的な方法も開示される。方法は、拡張可能な部材を準備することと、1つまたは複数の電極アセンブリを拡張可能な部材の外面に固定することと、拡張可能な部材および電極アセンブリの少なくとも一部をポリマーでコーティングすることとを含む。
上記の実施形態に対して代替的にまたは付加的に、電極アセンブリの1つまたは複数の領域にはカバー層がない。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、電極アセンブリは、少なくとも1つの電極をそれぞれ含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、少なくとも1つの電極にはカバー層がない。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、カバー層は、電極アセンブリをバルーンに対してシールする。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、バルーンは柔軟ではないバルーンであり、カバー層は、バルーンとともに広がり折り畳まれる。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、カバー層はバルーンに蒸着される。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、カバー層は、バルーンにスパッタコーティングされる。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、カバー層はバルーンにめっきされる。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、カバー層はポリマーである。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、カバー層はパリレンである。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、カバー層は約0.0001〜0.0002インチの厚さである。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、電極アセンブリのうちの少なくともいくつかは温度センサを含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、温度センサは、電極アセンブリのうちの1つの底面とバルーンの外面との間に位置決めされる。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、電極アセンブリのうちの少なくともいくつかは、一対の隣接する双極電極を含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、電極アセンブリのうちの少なくともいくつかは単極電極を含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、バルーンは柔軟ではないバルーンである。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、電極アセンブリは、バルーンの長手方向軸線に対してある角度でバルーンに沿って延びる。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、電極アセンブリは、バルーンにわたって螺旋状に延びる。
上記の実施形態に対して代替的にまたは付加的に、コーティングすることは蒸着することを含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、コーティングすることはスパッタコーティングすることを含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、コーティングすることはスプレーすることを含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、コーティングすることは浸漬することを含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、コーティングすることはめっきすることを含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、1つまたは複数の電極アセンブリは1つまたは複数の電極を含み、方法は、コーティングすることの前に、1つまたは複数の電極を覆うことを含み、方法は、コーティングするステップの後に1つまたは複数の電極からポリマーを除去するステップを更に含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、ポリマーを除去することは、レーザアブレーションすることを含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、ポリマーを除去することは、削ることを含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、コーティングすることは、拡張可能な部材全体をコーティングすることを含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、コーティングすることは、電極アセンブリと電極アセンブリによって覆われない拡張可能な部材の一部のみとをコーティングすることを含む。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、ポリマーはパリレンである。上記の実施形態のいずれかに対して代替的にまたは付加的に、コーティングすることによって、約0.0001〜0.0002インチの厚さのポリマーの層が生じる。
別の例示的な医療デバイスが開示される。医療デバイスはカテーテルシャフトを含む。拡張可能なバルーンはカテーテルシャフトに結合する。可撓性の回路をバルーンに沿って配置する。可撓性の回路は一対の双極電極を含む。カバー層は、可撓性の回路の少なくとも一部に沿うスパッタコーティング部である。
いくつかの実施形態の上記概要は、各開示される実施形態または本開示の全ての実施態様を記載することを意図しない。以下の図面および詳細な説明は、これらの実施形態をより詳細に例示する。
本開示は、添付の図面と関連して以下の詳細な説明を考慮してより完全に理解され得る。
例示的な交感神経アブレーションデバイスの概略図である。 交感神経アブレーションデバイスの例示的な拡張可能な部材の斜視図である。 展開された形態、すなわち平坦な形態での図2の拡張可能な部材の部分上面図である。 例示的な電極アセンブリの一部の上面図である。 図4のA−A線に沿った部分断面図である。 図4のB−B線に沿った部分断面図である。 展開された形態、すなわち平坦な形態での代替的な拡張可能な部材の部分上面図である。 医療デバイスのカバー層のコーティングを示す図である。
本開示は種々の変更形態および代替的な形態に従うことが可能であるが、その詳細は、図面に例として示されており、詳細に説明される。しかし、本発明を記載された特定の実施形態に限定することを意図しないことを理解されたい。それどころか、本開示の趣旨および範囲にある全ての変更形態、均等物および代替形態を包含することを意図する。
以下の説明は、必ずしも縮尺通りではない図面を参照して読まれるべきであり、図面では、いくつかの図を通して、同様の参照符号は同様の要素を示す。詳細な説明および図面は、例示することを意図し、特許請求の範囲に記載の発明を限定するものではない。記載されたり図示されたりした種々の要素を本開示の範囲から逸脱することなく種々の組み合わせおよび構成で設計し得ることが当業者には理解される。詳細な説明および図面は、特許請求の範囲に記載の発明の例示的な実施形態を示す。
以下で定義される用語に関して、これらの定義は、異なる定義が特許請求の範囲または本明細書の他の箇所において与えられない限り、適用されるものとする。
本明細書において、全ての数値は、明示されているか否かにかかわらず、「約」という用語によって修飾されるとみなされる。数値との関連において「約」という用語は、概して、記載されている値と同等である(すなわち、同じ機能または結果を有する)と当業者がみなすある範囲の数字を指す。多くの場合、「約」という用語は、有効数字に四捨五入される最も近い数字を含むことができる。「約」という用語の他の使用は(すなわち、数値以外との関連では)、別途明記されない限り、明細書の文脈からその文脈に沿って理解されるように、それらの通常の常用される定義(複数の場合もあり)を有するものとみなされ得る。
端点による数字の範囲の列挙は、端点を含め、その範囲内の全ての数字を含む(例えば、1〜5は、1、1.5、2、2.75、3、3.80、4、および5を含む)。「1つの(「a」、「an」)」および「前記(「the」)」という単数形は、本明細書および添付の特許請求の範囲において用いられる場合、その内容に別段はっきりとしたが指示ない限り、複数の指示対象を含む。「または」という用語は、本明細書および添付の特許請求の範囲において用いられる場合、その内容に別段はっきりとした指示がない限り、概して「〜および〜の少なくとも一方」を含む意味で用いられる。なお、本明細書における、「一実施形態」、「いくつかの実施形態」、「他の実施形態」等への言及は、記載される実施形態(複数の場合もあり)が、特定の特徴、構造または特性を含み得るが全ての実施形態が必ずしもその特定の特徴、構造または特性を含む必要はないことを示す。その上、そのような語句は必ずしも同じ実施形態に言及するものではない。さらに、特定の特徴、構造または特性が一実施形態との関連で記載される場合、相反することがはっきりと記載されない限り、明示記されるか否かにかかわらず、他の実施形態との関連においてもそのような特徴、構造または特性が当てはまることは当業者の知識内にある。すなわち、当業者に理解されるように、以下で記載される種々の個々の要素は、特定の組み合わせで明示されていない場合であっても、他の付加的な実施形態を構成したり、記載される実施形態(複数の場合もあり)を補完したり強化したりするように、互いに組み合わせ可能または設計可能であることを意図する。
特定の治療は、特定の神経機能の一時的もしくは恒久的な遮断または変更を目的とする。いくつかの実施形態では、神経は交感神経であってもよい。1つの例示的な治療は、腎神経アブレーションであり、これは、高血圧症、鬱血性心不全、糖尿病、または、高血圧もしくは塩類貯留による影響を受ける他の症状やこれらに関連する症状を治療するために用いられる場合がある。腎臓は交感神経反応を生じ、これは、水およびナトリウムの少なくとも一方の不所望の貯留を増大させる可能性がある。交感神経反応の結果として、例えば、血圧が上昇する可能性がある。腎臓まで延びる神経(例えば、腎動脈に隣接して配置された神経または他の態様で腎動脈に沿って配置された神経)のいくつかをアブレーションすることは、この交感神経反応を低減したり排除したりすることができ、これは、複数の関連した不所望の症状において、交感神経反応の低減に対応する低減(例えば血圧の低下)をもたらすことができる。
本開示のいくつかの実施形態は、多くの場合に、治療効果を達成するために目的組織を治療する、出力発生装置兼出力制御装置に関する。いくつかの実施形態において、目的組織は、神経を含むかまたは神経に近接する組織である。他の実施形態では、目的組織は、例えば、血管に隣接して配置された交感神経を含む、交感神経である。更に他の実施形態では、目的組織は管腔組織であり、これは、動脈疾患において見られるような罹患組織を更に含んでいてもよい。
本開示のいくつかの実施形態では、エネルギーを目的の投与量で送達する機能を、有利な生物学的反応を達成するために神経組織に用いてもよい。例えば、慢性の疼痛、泌尿器の機能障害、高血圧症および多種多様な他の持続性の疾患が、神経組織の活動を通じて影響を受けることが分かっている。例えば、薬剤に反応しない場合がある慢性高血圧症を、腎動脈に近接する過剰な神経活性を停止させることによって改善または排除することができることが分かっている。神経組織が再生特性を本来有しないことも分かっている。したがって、神経組織の伝導経路を妨害することによって、過剰な神経活性に有利に影響を与えることが可能である。神経伝導経路を妨害するとき、隣り合う神経または臓器組織への損傷を回避することが特に有利である。エネルギー投与の管理および制御ができることが、神経組織の治療に良く適している。加熱投与であろうとアブレーションエネルギー投与であろうと、本明細書において記載および開示されるようなエネルギー送達の正確な制御を、神経組織に誘導することができる。さらに、エネルギーの方向性のある印加は、典型的なアブレーションプローブを用いる場合には必要とされるような正確な接触は必要なく、神経を狙うのに十分である。例えば、アブレーションをすることなく、また内腔組織の穿孔が要求されることなく、偏心加熱を、神経組織を変性させるほど十分に高い温度で印加してもよい。しかし、本開示のエネルギー送達面を、出力制御装置兼出力発生装置によって制御される正確なエネルギー投与によるアブレーションプローブと同様に、組織を穿孔してアブレーションエネルギーを送達するように構成することも望ましい場合がある。
いくつかの実施形態では、除神経治療の有効性は、治療前、治療中および治療後の少なくとも一方に測定によって評価し、治療用の1つまたは複数のパラメータを特定の患者に合わせるか、または、更なる治療の必要性を特定することができる。例えば、除神経システムは、治療が目的組織もしくは近接する組織において神経活性の低下を引き起こしたかまたは引き起こしているかを評価する機能を含んでいてもよく、この機能は、治療用のパラメータを調整するためのフィードバックを提供するか、または、更なる治療の必要性を示すことができる。
本明細書において記載されるデバイスおよび方法の多くは、腎神経アブレーションおよび調節の少なくとも一方に関して説明される。しかし、交感神経調節、および加熱、活性化、ブロッキング、遮断、もしくはアブレーションを含む他の組織の調節の少なくとも一方が望まれる場合に、デバイスおよび方法を他の治療位置および用途の少なくとも一方において用いてもよく、このことは、例えば、血管、泌尿器管、もしくは、トロカールおよびカニューレが接近できる他の組織に限定されずに適用されることを意図する。例えば、本明細書において記載されるデバイスおよび方法は、過形成性組織アブレーション、心臓アブレーション、疼痛管理、肺静脈分離、肺静脈アブレーション、腫瘍アブレーション、良性前立腺肥大の治療、神経の励起もしくはブロッキングもしくはアブレーション、筋活動の調節、組織の温熱療法もしくは他の加温処置等に適用することができる。開示される方法および装置は、ヒト被験体および非ヒト被験体の双方を伴う、任意の関連する医療処置に適用することができる。調節という用語は、アブレーション、ならびに、罹患神経および他の組織の機能を変更することができる他の技法を指す。
図1は、例示的な交感神経アブレーションシステム100の概略図である。システム100は、交感神経アブレーションデバイス120を備えることができる。交感神経アブレーションデバイス120を用いて、腎臓Kに隣接して配置された神経(例えば腎神経)(例えば腎動脈RAの周りに配置された腎神経)をアブレーションすることができる。使用時に、交感神経アブレーションデバイス120を、大動脈A等の血管を通して、腎動脈RA内の位置まで前進させることができる。これは、交感神経アブレーションデバイス120を、ガイドシースまたはカテーテル14を通して前進させることを含んでいてもよい。交感神経アブレーションデバイス120は、所望のように位置決めされると、1つまたは複数の電極(図示せず)を活性化するように作動され得る。このことは、交感神経アブレーションデバイス120を制御ユニット110に動作可能に結合することを含んでいてもよく、交感神経アブレーションデバイス120は、所望の活性化エネルギーを電極に供給するようにRF発生器を含んでいてもよい。例えば、交感神経アブレーションデバイス120は、コネクタ20を有するワイヤまたは導電部材18を含んでいてもよく、このコネクタ20は、制御ユニット110のコネクタ22、および制御ユニット110に結合されるワイヤ24の少なくとも一方に接続することができる。少なくともいくつかの実施形態では、制御ユニット110は、交感神経アブレーションデバイス120の遠位端にまたは遠位端付近に配置される1つまたは複数のセンサを起動するのに適切な電気的エネルギーおよび信号の少なくとも一方を供給したり受け取ったりするために使用することもできる。電極は、好適に活性化された場合に、後述するように組織(例えば交感神経)をアブレーション可能であってもよく、センサは、好適に活性化された場合に、所望の物理的パラメータおよび生物学的パラメータの少なくとも一方を検出するのに用いてもよい。
いくつかの実施形態において、交感神経アブレーションデバイス120は、図2に示されているように、細長い筒状部材またはカテーテルシャフト122を含んでいてもよい。いくつかの実施形態において、細長い筒状部材またはカテーテルシャフト122は、ガイドワイヤまたは他の細長い医療デバイスにわたって、目的部位まで摺動可能に前進するように構成されていてもよい。いくつかの実施形態では、細長い筒状部材またはカテーテルシャフト122は、ガイドシースまたはカテーテル14内で目的部位まで摺動可能に前進されるように構成されていてもよい。いくつかの実施形態では、細長い筒状部材またはカテーテルシャフト122は、ガイドワイヤにわたって、ガイドシースもしくはカテーテル14内で、またはそれらの組み合わせで、目的部位まで前進するように構成されていてもよい。拡張可能な部材130を、細長い筒状部材またはカテーテルシャフト122の遠位領域に、遠位領域上に、遠位領域の周りに、または遠位領域付近に配置してもよい。
例えば、図2に示されているように、いくつかの実施形態では、電極アセンブリは、複数の概ね円筒形の治療帯域A〜Dに従って、図2では拡張状態で示されている拡張可能な部材130に配置されていてもよい。他の実施形態では、拡張可能な部材130または治療システムの他の構成要素は、付加的な電極アセンブリを含んでいてもよく、この付加的な電極アセンブリは、治療帯域にないか、他の態様で治療エネルギーを送達するように用いられたり構成されたりはしない。
治療帯域A〜Dおよび関連する電極アセンブリ140a〜dが図3に更に示されており、図3は、図2の拡張可能な部材130の一部が「展開した」描写である。治療帯域A〜Dは、長手方向軸線L−Lに沿って互いに長手方向に隣接していてもよい。治療帯域A〜Dは、電極アセンブリが印加するエネルギーによって治療が行われるように構成されていてもよく、この治療は、重複部分があってもよく、重複部分がなくてもよい。長手方向に隣接する双極電極アセンブリ140a〜dによって供与される治療は、長手方向軸線L−Lに沿って周方向に不連続的であってもよい。例えば、図3を参照して、治療帯域Aにおいて治療が行われる患部は、その外周の周りで(この図ではL−Lに対して横方向に)、治療帯域Bにおいて治療が行われる患部と、いくつかの実施形態では最小限に重なる。しかし、他の実施形態では、図3に示されている電極アセンブリ等の電極アセンブリによって印加されるエネルギーは、少なくともある程度まで、長手方向、周方向や他の態様で重なっていてもよい。各電極パッドアセンブリは、遠位電極パッド150a〜d、中間の尾部160a〜d、近位電極パッド170a〜d、および近位尾部180b、d(電極パッドアセンブリ140bおよび140cについては示されていない)である、4つの構成要素を含んでいてもよい。
図4は、例示的な電極アセンブリ200の上面図を示している。電極アセンブリ200は、複数の層を有する可撓性の回路として構成することができる。そのような層は、連続的であってもよく、または不連続的である、すなわちまとめられた別個の部分であってもよい。図5および図6に示されているように、絶縁のためのベース層202が電極アセンブリ200の基礎を構成していてもよい。ベース層202は、ポリイミド等のポリマーで構成してもよいが、他の材料も意図する。複数の別個のトレースがまとめられた導電層204は、ベース層202の上部で層状にされてもよい。導電層204は、例えば電着銅の層でもよい。他の材料も意図する。いくつかの実施形態では、1つまたは複数の導電性の構成要素を、拡張可能な部材にスパッタコーティングまたはめっきしてもよい。絶縁層206を、導電層204の上部に離散的にまたは連続的に層状にしてもよく、これにより導電層204が、ベース層202と絶縁層206との間で流体密にされ得る。ベース層202と同様に、絶縁層206は、ポリイミド等のポリマーで構成してもよいが、他の材料も意図する。いくつかの実施形態において、絶縁層206は、約0.01mm〜約0.02mmの厚さであってもよい。他の実施形態では、絶縁層206は、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)またはシリコーン等の完全なまたは部分的なポリマーコーティングであってもよい。他の材料も意図する。
図4に示されている電極アセンブリ200は、遠位電極パッド208を含んでいてもよい。この領域では、ベース層202は矩形状に形成されていてもよい。これは限定されることを意図しない。他の形状も意図する。図示のように、電極アセンブリ200は、付加的な可撓性を提供するように複数の開口を含んでいてもよく、アセンブリのパッドおよび他の部分は、丸みを帯びたまたは湾曲した角部、遷移部、および他の部分を含んでいてもよい。いくつかの例では、開口および丸みを帯びたまたは湾曲した特徴は、いくつかの例において、処置中に複数の部位が治療される場合に必要であり得るように、拡張可能なデバイスが繰り返し拡張され折り畳まれる(保護シースからの展開および保護シース内への引き戻しも伴い得る)ときに生じ得るような、拡張可能なデバイスからの剥離に対するアセンブリの抵抗を高めることができる。
遠位電極パッド208は、ベース層202の上部において層状にされる複数の別個のトレースを含んでいてもよい。これらのトレースは、接地トレース210、活性電極トレース212、およびセンサトレース214を含んでいてもよい。接地トレース210は、センサ接地パッド218から横方向にずらして配置される細長い電極支持体216を含んでいてもよい。センサ接地パッド218は、接地トレース210の細長い電極支持体216に電気的に結合してもよく、遠位電極パッド208の中央に位置付けしてもよい。ブリッジ220が、センサ接地パッド218の最も遠位の部分を、接地トレース210の細長い電極支持体216の遠位部分に接続してもよい。ブリッジ220は、センサ接地パッド218まで近づくにつれて幅が先細になっていてもよい。いくつかの実施形態では、ブリッジ220は、所望の量の可撓性を可能にするように比較的均一で薄い幅を有していてもよい。細長い電極支持体216は、その近位端において幅が先細になっていてもよいが、これは必須ではない。いくつかの実施形態において、細長い電極支持体216は、所望の量の可撓性を可能にするように、その近位部分では非常に薄いトレースに急激に変化していてもよい。概して、首部が示されているトレースの湾曲は、バルーン回収力、および鋭角な輪郭があって引っかかりが生じる可能性を低減するように最適化してもよい。トレースの形状および位置は、展開中および使用中の歪みを防止するように、電極アセンブリ200に全体として寸法安定性を提供するように最適化してもよい。
システム100を用いて、本開示の1つの非限定的な実施形態による治療方法を行うことができる。例えば、制御ユニット110は、アブレーションデバイス120に動作可能に結合することができ、アブレーションデバイス120は、(複数の電極アセンブリを有する)拡張可能な部材130を、治療が必要な身体通路の第1のセクションに隣接して配置することができるように、身体通路に挿入されることができる。治療が必要とされる身体通路の第1のセクションへのアブレーションデバイス120の配置は、従来の方法に従って、例えば、透視下でガイドワイヤに案内することで行うことができる。拡張可能な部材130は、挿入されると、例えば、バルーンの場合に約2〜10atmの加圧流体によって、折り畳まれた送達形態から拡張形態に拡張することができる。これによって、拡張可能な部材130の電極および電極アセンブリの少なくとも一方を身体通路の第1のセクションに接触させることができる。
いくつかの実施形態において、バルーンは、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)から製造されてもよく、ベース層202は、接着剤によってバルーンに接合させてもよい。ベース層202は、概ね平坦であってよく、より柔らかな丸みを帯びたバルーンよりも角張っていてもよい。概ね平坦な電極アセンブリ200は、使用後に再び折り畳まれる間に丸みを帯びたバルーンの形状に一致することに抵抗があってもよく、丸みを帯びたバルーンの形状に一致することは、大きな引き戻し力を必要としてもよい。いくつかの場合、概ね平坦な電極アセンブリ200は、その縁に引っかかりのある先端を生じる可能性があり、これが、電極アセンブリ200の剥離につながる可能性がある。
例えば本明細書において記載されるような1つまたは複数の電極アセンブリが結合されているバルーンを含む医療デバイスの使用が望ましいであろう。しかし、いくつかの場合、電極アセンブリは、比較的剛性の材料を含む場合がある。したがって、バルーンが収縮すると、電極アセンブリは、平らになったり外側に広がったりする傾向があり得る。電極アセンブリまたはその縁は、そのように構成される場合、(例えば固定された電極アセンブリを含む)医療デバイスをガイドカテーテル内に近位方向に後退させるときにガイドカテーテルの縁に引っかかる可能性がある。本明細書において開示されるのは、電極アセンブリまたは医療デバイスの他の構造が、例えばガイドカテーテル内に後退するときにガイドカテーテル(または他のデバイス)の縁に「引っ掛かる」可能性を低下させることができ、引き戻し力が低下する構造的な特徴を含む医療デバイスである。
いくつかの実施形態では、カバー層または薄膜コーティング400を、電極アセンブリ200が取り付けられている拡張可能な部材130にわたって堆積させてもよい。コーティング400は、バルーンに対して電極アセンブリをシールすることができる。いくつかの実施形態において、コーティングの使用により、より少ない接着剤を用いて電極アセンブリをバルーンに取り付けることを可能にしてもよい。例えば、接着剤は、バルーンに結合させるように電極アセンブリの後面にのみ塗布してもよい。接着剤は、電極アセンブリの剛性に寄与することができ、したがって、接着剤の量を低減することは、デバイスの可撓性を高めることができる。スパッタコーティングまたはめっきされる導電構成要素を有する実施形態では、コーティングはバルーンに対して要素をシールし、別の方法ではバルーンに接着しにくい構成要素を取り付ける方法を提供する。いくつかの実施形態において、コーティングは、化学蒸着パリレン、ポリ(パラ−キシリレン)ポリマー、メタクリレート基付加およびビニル基付加の少なくとも一方のようなパリレンの共重合体、グラフェン、窒化ケイ素、オキシ窒化ケイ素、炭化ケイ素、または別のポリマーであってもよい。
いくつかの実施形態では、コーティングは、パリレンC、モノクロロ置換化合物、パリレンN、非置換化合物、パリレンD、ジクロロ置換化合物、パリレンF、フッ素置換化合物、またはパリレンHTであってもよい。コーティングプロセスは、蒸着であってもよく、結果として、疎水性、不活性、透明、生体適合性であり、酸素、水分、化学物質、溶媒および二酸化炭素に対するバリアを提供するコンフォーマルコーティングを生じる。コーティングは、約0.00001〜0.001インチの厚さ、または約0.00005〜0.0005インチの厚さ、または約0.0001〜0.0002インチの厚さであってもよい。これらは例に過ぎない。いくつかの実施形態では、コーティングプロセスは浸漬することまたはスプレーすることを含んでいてもよい。スプレーコーティングおよび浸漬コーティングの少なくとも一方のための材料の例としては、シリコーン分散液、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリイミド、脂肪族ポリエーテルベースの熱可塑性ポリウレタン(例えば、ルーブリゾール(Lubrizol)のSG−60D)を含むポリウレタン、ポリビニルピロリドン(PVP)、およびPEBAX(登録商標)等のポリエーテルブロックアミドが挙げられる。
図8に示されているように、コーティングプロセスは、支持体500からアブレーションデバイス120(電極アセンブリ200が取り付けられている拡張可能な部材130)を吊り下げること、およびパリレンまたは他のポリマーの薄層をデバイス120にわたってコーティングするために蒸着を行うことを伴っていてもよい。コーティングは、電極アセンブリの剥離を防止することができ、拡張後にバルーンが再び折り畳まれることを助けることができる。
個々の電極、および、コーティングが望まれない任意の他の領域は、コーティング前に覆うかまたはマスクしてもよく、この場合マスクは、電極にわたって露出された領域410を形成するように、コーティング後に除去される。電極にわたるような画定された領域におけるコーティングの除去は、レーザアブレーションまたは削ることによってもなされてもよい。いくつかの実施形態において、コーティングは、電極アセンブリの領域のみ等の、バルーンの全体よりも狭い表面に塗布してもよい。
図5は、遠位電極パッド208の部分断面A−Aを示している。電極222が、絶縁層206の一部にわたって層状にされて示されており、絶縁層206は、電極222を(導電層204の)接地トレース210の細長い電極支持体216に結合することを可能にするように複数の通路(例えば穴)を有していてもよい。コーティング400はデバイスにわたって配置され、電極222の領域にはコーティング400がされていない。図6に示されているように、電極222を有しない領域では、コーティング400は、絶縁層206および電極アセンブリの他の構成要素を覆っていてもよい。
図4に示されているように、接地電極トレース210および活性電極トレース212は複数の電極を含んでいてもよい。3つの電極222をそれぞれの電極トレースに設けてもよいが、より多くのまたは少ない電極を使用してもよい。さらに、各電極222は、他のデバイスおよび組織に引っかかる傾向を減少させるように曲面形状の角部を有していてもよい。電極222および電極222に関連するトレースの上記の記載は、双極電極アセンブリの状況で記載されているが、当業者には、同じ電極アセンブリが単極モードでも機能することができることが理解される。例えば、1つの非限定的な例として、活性電極トレース212および242に関連付けられる電極を単極電極として用い、接地トレース210はそれらの電極の励起中に分離されてもよい。
センサトレース214は、遠位電極パッド208の中央に位置付けてもよく、センサ接地パッド218に面するセンサ出力パッド224を含んでいてもよい。これらのパッドは、図6に示されている部分断面に示されているように、熱電対(例えば、T型構成:銅/コンスタンタン)またはサーミスタ等の温度センサ226の出力極および接地極に接続してもよい。
温度センサ226は、センサ出力パッド224の近位に接続してもよく、センサ接地パッド218の遠位に接続してもよい。全体的な厚さを低減する助けとなるように、温度センサ226を、ベース層202内の開口内に位置決めされてもよい。いくつかの実施形態において、温度センサ226はサーミスタであってもよい。図示のように、温度センサ226は、遠位電極パッド208の組織に接触しない側にあってもよい。したがって、温度センサ226は、アブレーションデバイス120等の最終製品のデバイスに組み込むときに、電極構造とバルーンとの間に拘束され得る。このことは、サーミスタのような表面実装電気部品が典型的には鋭利な縁および角部を有し、これが組織に引っかかり、バルーンの展開および後退において問題を引き起こす可能性があるため、有利である。この配置によれば、はんだが通常は生体適合性ではないため、はんだ付けされた接続部が血液と接触しない状態が維持され得る。さらに、温度センサの配置に起因して、温度センサは組織および電極222を表す温度を測定することができる。
組み合わせられたベース層202、導電層204、および絶縁層206は、遠位電極パッド208から中間の尾部228まで横幅が低減されていてもよい。ここで、図4に示されているように、導電層204を、中間の接地ライン230、中間の活性電極ライン232、および中間のセンサライン234を含むように形成してもよく、これらはそれぞれ、遠位電極パッド208における接地トレース210、活性電極トレース212、およびセンサトレース214と同一の広がりを有するトレースであってもよい。
組み合わせられたベース層202、導電層204、および絶縁層206は、近位電極パッド236を形成するように中間の尾部228からの横幅が増大されていてもよい。近位電極パッド236は、遠位電極パッド208と同様に構成されていてもよく、電極の幾何学的形状および温度センサの配置は本質的に同一であるが、種々の違いがあってもよい。しかし、図示のように、近位電極パッド236は、中間の接地ライン230に沿って延びる中心軸線G−Gに対して遠位電極パッド208から横方向にずらして配置されていてもよい。中間の活性電極ライン232および中間のセンサライン234は、中心軸線G−Gに対して平行なそれぞれの軸線上で近位電極パッド236と横方向に同一の広がりを有していてもよい。
組み合わせられたベース層202、導電層204、および絶縁層206は、近位尾部238を形成するように近位電極パッド236からの横幅が低減されていてもよい。近位尾部238は、近位接地ライン240、近位活性電極ライン242、および近位センサライン244、ならびに中間の活性電極ライン232および中間のセンサライン234を含んでいてもよい。近位尾部238は、1つまたは複数のサブ配線ハーネスおよびサブ配線コネクタの少なくとも一方への結合、最終的には制御ユニット110への結合を可能にするように、コネクタ(図示せず)を含んでいてもよい。これらのラインのそれぞれは、中心軸線G−Gに対して平行なそれぞれの軸線に沿って延びていてもよい。
図示のように、電極アセンブリ200は、軸線G−Gを中心とした遠位電極パッド208および近位電極パッド236の非対称な配置を有していてもよい。さらに、双方の電極パッドの接地電極は、中間の接地ライン230および近位接地ライン240に沿うとともに軸線G−Gに沿って実質的に位置合わせしてもよい。この配置は特定の利点を呈することができることが分かっている。例えば、同じ接地トレースを本質的に共有することによって、近位尾部の幅を、各電極パッドが独立した接地ラインを有していた場合におよそ2倍の幅にするよりも、中間の尾部228の幅の約1と2分の1だけにすることができる。したがって、近位尾部238は、中間の尾部228の2つ分よりも幅狭であることができる。
いくつかの実施形態では、複数の電極アセンブリ310を、図7に示されているように、拡張可能な部材130の長手方向軸線L−Lからある角度だけ捻るかまたは傾けてもよい。角度の付いた電極アセンブリ310は、拡張可能な部材130を収縮後に折り畳むことができる所定の折り線に沿って配置されるか、他の態様でその所定の折り線を画定してもよい。いくつかの実施形態において、角度の付いた電極アセンブリ310は、拡張可能な部材130を捻ることおよび再び折り畳むことを補助してもよい。
電極アセンブリ310は、拡張可能な部材130の全長に沿って長手方向軸からある角度で延びて、電極アセンブリ310の長さに沿った略直線であってもよい。他の実施形態では、電極アセンブリは、近位領域において長手方向軸に対して平行に延びてから、遠位領域(図示せず)において角度の付いた向きに曲げられていてもよい。角度の付いた電極アセンブリ310によって、バルーンを回転させ、角度の付いた細長い部材310の線に沿って折り畳むことができ、アブレーションデバイス300をガイドシースまたはカテーテル14内に引き戻すのに必要な引き戻し力を低減し、より小さい直径のガイドシースの使用を可能にする。例えば、6フレンチまたは7フレンチのガイドカテーテル14を用いることができ、以前から用いられてきた8フレンチのガイドカテーテルよりも、腎臓の処置において利点を提供する。角度の付いた電極アセンブリ310は、剪断力を低減したり、バルーンを再び折り畳むための形状を効率化したりすることができ、それによって拡張可能な部材130からの電極アセンブリの剥離を低減させる。
電極アセンブリ310は、本明細書において開示される電極アセンブリおよびフレックス回路(例えば電極アセンブリ200)の少なくとも一方と形状および機能が同様であってもよい。少なくともいくつかの実施形態では、電極アセンブリ310は、拡張可能な部材130に直接的に取り付けられていてもよく、各電極アセンブリ310は1つまたは複数の電極パッド325を含んでいてもよい。各電極パッド325は、上記で説明したような1つまたは複数の接地電極、1つまたは複数の活性電極、および温度センサを含んでいてもよい。いくつかの実施形態において、各電極パッド325の電極およびセンサは、図4Aに示されているように配置されていてもよい。互いに隣接する電極アセンブリ310における電極パッド325は、図7に示されているようにずらして配置されてもよい。他の実施形態では、電極パッド325は、拡張可能な部材130が位置決めされる内腔または管腔内で少なくとも1つの完全な(360度の)周方向ループを形成する拡張可能な部材130の長さに沿って螺旋状の向きを有していてもよい。電極パッド325は、身体通路の壁を囲む組織に位置する神経を遮断するために、身体通路の壁に損傷を与えることなく、身体通路を囲む組織内の位置における加熱を提供することができる。螺旋状の向きは、電極が身体通路の長手方向軸線に対して垂直な単一平面内に配置される場合(すなわち、円形の電極または周方向リングを形成する電極の群)に存在し得る狭窄のリスクの増大を回避するのに役立つために望ましい。
使用時に、アブレーションデバイス120を、血管を通して、目的組織に隣接する位置(例えば、腎動脈内)まで前進させることができる。いくつかの実施形態において、目的組織は、腎動脈の周りに配置された1つまたは複数の腎神経であってもよい。拡張可能な部材130は、好適に位置決めされる場合、折り畳まれた送達形態から拡張形態に拡張することができる。これによって、活性電極を血管の壁に当接させて配置することができる。活性電極を活性化することができる。アブレーションエネルギーは、活性電極から目的組織(この場合、腎神経をアブレーションしたり、調節したり、他の態様で腎神経に影響を与えたりすることができる)を通して送ることができ、双極形態では接地電極を通して戻すことができ、あるいは単極形態では共通の接地電極を通して戻すことができる。
アブレーションデバイス120(や本明細書において開示される他のデバイス)、の種々の構成要素に用いることができる材料は、医療デバイスに通常関連付けられる材料を含んでいてもよい。簡単にするために、以下の説明はアブレーションデバイス120について言及する。しかし、その説明は、本明細書において開示される他の同様の筒状部材および拡張可能な部材の少なくとも一方、ならびに筒状部材の構成要素および拡張可能な部材の構成要素の少なくとも一方に適用することができるように、本明細書において記載されるデバイスおよび方法を限定することを意図しない。
アブレーションデバイス120およびその種々の構成要素は、金属、金属合金、ポリマー(いくつかの例を以下で開示する)、金属−ポリマー複合材料、セラミック、それらの組み合わせ等、または他の好適な材料から製造されてもよい。好適なポリマーのいくつかの例は、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、エチレンテトラフルオロエチレン(ETFE)、フッ素化エチレンプロピレン(FEP)、ポリオキシメチレン(POM、例えば、デュポン(DuPont)から入手可能なDELRIN(登録商標))、ポリエーテルブロックエステル、ポリウレタン(例えば、ポリウレタン85A)、ポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリ塩化ビニル(PVC)、ポリエーテル−エステル(例えば、DSMエンジニアリングプラスティックス(DSM Engineering Plastics)から入手可能なARNITEL(登録商標))、エーテルまたはエステルベースの共重合体(例えば、ブチレン/ポリ(アルキレンエーテル)フタレート、およびデュポン(DuPont)から入手可能なHYTREL(登録商標)等の他のポリエステルエラストマーの少なくとも一方)、ポリアミド(例えば、バイエル(Bayer)から入手可能なDURETHAN(登録商標)またはエルフ・アトケム(Elf Atochem)から入手可能なCRISTAMID(登録商標))、弾性ポリアミド、ブロックポリアミド/エーテル、ポリエーテルブロックアミド(PEBA、例えば、PEBAX(登録商標)という商品名で入手可能)、エチレン酢酸ビニル共重合体(EVA)、シリコーン、ポリエチレン(PE)、Marlex高密度ポリエチレン、Marlex低密度ポリエチレン、線状低密度ポリエチレン(例えば、REXELL(登録商標))、ポリエステル、ポリブチレンテレフタレート(PBT)、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリトリメチレンテレフタレート、ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン(PEEK)、ポリイミド(PI)、ポリエーテルイミド(PEI)、ポリフェニレンスルフィド(PPS)、ポリフェニレンオキシド(PPO)、ポリパラフェニレンテレフタルアミド(例えば、KEVLAR(登録商標))、ポリスルホン、ナイロン、ナイロン−12(例えばEMSアメリカングリロン(EMS American Grilon)から入手可能なGRILAMID(登録商標))、パーフルオロ(プロピルビニルエーテル)(PFA)、エチレンビニルアルコール、ポリオレフィン、ポリスチレン、エポキシ、ポリ塩化ビニリデン(PVdC)、ポリ(スチレン−b−イソブチレン−b−スチレン)(例えば、SIBSおよびSIBS50Aの少なくとも一方)、ポリカーボネート、アイオノマー、生体適合性ポリマー、他の好適な材料を含んでいてもよく、またはそれらの混合物、それらの組み合わせ、それらの共重合体、ポリマー/金属複合材料等を含んでもよい。いくつかの実施形態において、シースは、液晶ポリマー(LCP)と混合することができる。例えば、混合物は、最大で約6パーセントのLCPを含むことができる。
好適な金属および金属合金のいくつかの例としては、304V、304Lおよび316LVステンレス鋼等のステンレス鋼、軟鋼、線形弾性や超弾性ニチノール等のニッケル−チタン合金、ニッケル−クロム−モリブデン合金(例えば、INCONEL(登録商標)625等のUNS:N06625、HASTELLOY(登録商標)C−22(登録商標)等のUNS:N06022、HASTELLOY C276(登録商標)等のUNS:N10276、他のHASTELLOY合金等)、ニッケル−銅合金(例えば、MONEL(登録商標)400、NICKELVAC(登録商標)400、NICORROS(登録商標)400等のUNS:N04400)、ニッケル−コバルト−クロム−モリブデン合金(例えば、MP35−N(登録商標)等のUNS:R30035等)、ニッケル−モリブデン合金(例えば、HASTELLOY ALLOY B2(登録商標)等のUNS:N10665)、他のニッケル−クロム合金、他のニッケル−モリブデン合金、他のニッケル−コバルト合金、他のニッケル−鉄合金、他のニッケル−銅合金、他のニッケル−タングステンまたはタングステン合金等の他のニッケル合金、コバルト−クロム合金、;コバルト−クロム−モリブデン合金(例えば、ELGILOY(登録商標)、PHYNOX(登録商標)等のUNS:R30003等)、白金富化ステンレス鋼、チタン、それらの組み合わせ等、または任意の他の好適な材料が挙げられる。
本明細書において示唆されるように、市販のニッケル−チタンすなわちニチノール合金の系統には、化学的には従来の形状記憶および超弾性の種類に類似する可能性があるが、特有かつ有用な機械特性を示すことができる、「線形弾性」または「非超弾性」と呼ばれるカテゴリがある。線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方を有するニチノールは、その応力/歪み曲線において、超弾性ニチノールのような実質的な「超弾性プラトー」または「フラグ領域」を示さないという点で、超弾性ニチノールと区別することができる。その代わりに、線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方を有するニチノールでは、回復可能な歪みが増大するにつれて、塑性変形が始まるまでは、または超弾性ニチノールで見られる超弾性プラトーおよびフラグ領域の少なくとも一方よりも少なくとも線形である関係では、応力は、実質的に線形関係、または幾分線形であるが必ずしも完全に線形ではない関係において増大し続ける。したがって、本開示の目的では、線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方を有するニチノールは、「実質的に」線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方を有するニチノールとも呼ぶこともできる。
場合によっては、線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方を有するニチノールは、実質的に弾性のままである間(例えば、塑性変形前)に最大約2〜5%の歪みを許容することができ、一方で超弾性ニチノールは塑性変形前に最大約8%の歪みを許容することができるという点で、超弾性ニチノールから区別可能であり得る。これらの材料はともに、塑性変形前に約0.2〜0.44パーセントの歪みしか許容することができないステンレス鋼等の他の線形弾性材料から区別することができる(その組成によっても識別することができる)。
いくつかの実施形態では、線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方を有するニッケル−チタン合金は、示差走査熱量計(DSC)および動的金属熱分析(DMTA)分析によって広い温度範囲にわたって検出可能ないかなるマルテンサイト相/オーステナイト相変化も示さない合金である。例えば、いくつかの実施形態では、線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方を有するニッケル−チタン合金において、約−60℃〜約120℃の範囲でDSCおよびDMTA分析により検出可能なマルテンサイト相/オーステナイト相変化がないこともあり得る。こうした材料の機械的曲げ特性は、この非常に広い温度範囲にわたる温度の効果に対して概ね不活性であり得る。いくつかの実施形態では、周囲温度または室温における線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方を有するニッケル−チタン合金の機械的曲げ特性は、例えば、超弾性プラトーおよびフラグ領域の少なくとも一方を示さないという点で、体温における機械特性と実質的に同じである。言い換えれば、線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方を有するニッケル−チタン合金は、広い温度範囲にわたって、その線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方の特徴や特性を維持する。
いくつかの実施形態では、線形弾性および非超弾性の少なくとも一方を有するニッケル−チタン合金は、約50〜約60重量%の範囲がニッケルで、残りは本質的にチタンであってもよい。いくつかの実施形態では、組成物は、約54〜約57重量%の範囲がニッケルである。好適なニッケル−チタン合金の一例は、日本国神奈川県の株式会社古河テクノマテリアルから市販されているFHP−NT合金である。ニッケルチタン合金のいくつかの例は、米国特許第5,238,004号明細書および同第6,508,803号明細書に開示されており、これらは参照により本明細書に援用される。他の好適な材料としては、ULTANIUM(商標)(ネオメトリックス(Neo−Metrics)から入手可能)およびGUM METAL(商標)(トヨタ(Toyota)から入手可能)を挙げることができる。いくつかの他の実施形態では、所望の特性を達成するために、超弾性合金、例えば超弾性ニチノールを用いることができる。
少なくともいくつかの実施形態では、アブレーションデバイス120の部分に放射線不透過性材料をドープするか、放射線不透過性材料で製造するか、または他の態様で放射線不透過性材料を含んでいてもよい。放射線不透過性材料は、医療処置の間にX線透視スクリーンまたは別の撮像技法において比較的明るい画像を生成可能な材料であるものと理解される。この比較的明るい画像は、アブレーションデバイス120の使用者がその位置を特定するのに役立つ。放射線不透過性材料のいくつかの例としては、これらに限定されないが、金、白金、パラジウム、タンタル、タングステン合金、放射線不透過性充填材が装填されたポリマー材料等を挙げることができる。さらに、同じ結果を達成するように、他の放射線不透過性マーカバンドやコイルをアブレーションデバイス120の設計に組み込むこともできる。
いくつかの実施形態では、アブレーションデバイス120に、ある程度の磁気共鳴画像法(MRI)適合性を与えてもよい。例えば、デバイスの部分は、画像を実質的に歪めず実質的なアーティファクト(すなわち、画像における空隙)をもたらすことがない材料で製造されてもよい。例えば、特定の強磁性材料は、MRI画像においてアーティファクトをもたらす可能性があるため、好適ではない場合がある。これらおよび他の実施形態のいくつかでは、アブレーションデバイス120の部分は、MRIマシンが撮像することができる材料で製造されてもよい。これらの特性を示すいくつかの材料としては、例えば、タングステン、コバルト−クロム−モリブデン合金(例えば、ELGILOY(登録商標)、PHYNOX(登録商標)等のUNS:R30003)、ニッケル−コバルト−クロム−モリブデン合金(例えば、MP35−N(登録商標)等のUNS:R30035等)、ニチノール等および他のものが挙げられる。
現在は米国特許出願公開第20130165926号である、2013年1月25日に出願された米国特許出願第13/750,879号明細書は、参照により本明細書に援用される。
本開示は、多くの点で例示的なものに過ぎないことを理解されたい。本開示の範囲を超えることなく、細部、特に形状、サイズ、およびステップの配置に関して変更を行ってもよい。これは、適切な範囲で、1つの例示的な実施形態の特徴のうちのいずれかが他の実施形態で使用されることを含むことができる。本発明の範囲は、当然ながら、添付の特許請求の範囲が表現される文言で規定される。

Claims (14)

  1. 交感神経アブレーション用の医療デバイスであって、前記医療デバイスは、
    カテーテルシャフトと、
    前記カテーテルシャフトに結合される拡張可能なバルーンであって、未拡張形態と拡張形態との間で移行可能である、拡張可能なバルーンと、
    前記バルーンに配置されている複数の細長い電極アセンブリと、
    前記複数の電極アセンブリにわたって配置されているカバー層と、を備え、
    前記複数の電極アセンブリの1つまたは複数の領域にはカバー層がなく、前記複数の電極アセンブリの各々は、前記カバー層がない電極を少なくとも1つ含む、医療デバイス。
  2. 前記カバー層は、前記バルーンにスパッタコーティングされる、請求項1に記載の医療デバイス。
  3. 前記カバー層は、前記複数の電極アセンブリを前記バルーンに対してシールする、請求項1または2に記載の医療デバイス。
  4. 前記複数の電極アセンブリの前記複数の領域には前記カバー層がない、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の医療デバイス。
  5. 前記カバー層は、前記バルーンに蒸着またはめっきされる、請求項1〜のいずれか一項に記載の医療デバイス。
  6. 前記カバー層はポリマーである、請求項1〜のいずれか一項に記載の医療デバイス。
  7. 前記カバー層はパリレンである、請求項に記載の医療デバイス。
  8. 前記複数の電極アセンブリのうちの少なくともいくつかは温度センサを含む、請求項1〜のいずれか一項に記載の医療デバイス。
  9. 前記温度センサは、前記複数の電極アセンブリのうちの1つの底面と前記バルーンの外面との間に位置決めされている、請求項に記載の医療デバイス。
  10. 医療デバイスを製造する方法であって、前記方法は、
    拡張可能な部材を準備することと、
    1つまたは複数の電極アセンブリを前記拡張可能な部材の外面に固定することと、
    カバー層を形成するために前記拡張可能な部材および前記1つまたは複数の電極アセンブリの少なくとも一部をポリマーでコーティングすることと、を含み、
    前記1つまたは複数の電極アセンブリの1つまたは複数の領域にはカバー層がなく、前記複数の電極アセンブリの各々は、前記カバー層がない電極を少なくとも1つ含む、方法。
  11. 前記コーティングすることはスパッタコーティングすることを含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
  12. 前記スパッタコーティングすることにより、前記1つまたは複数の電極アセンブリを前記拡張可能な部材に対してシールする、請求項11に記載の方法。
  13. 前記1つまたは複数の電極アセンブリは1つまたは複数の電極を含み、前記方法は、前記コーティングすることの前に、前記1つまたは複数の電極を覆うことを含み、前記方法は、前記コーティングするステップの後に前記1つまたは複数の電極から前記ポリマーを除去するステップを更に含む、請求項1012のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  14. 前記コーティングすることは、前記1つまたは複数の電極アセンブリと前記1つまたは複数の電極アセンブリによって覆われない前記拡張可能な部材の一部のみとをコーティングすることを含む、請求項1013のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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