JP6355163B2 - リチウムイオン電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6355163B2 JP6355163B2 JP2014233341A JP2014233341A JP6355163B2 JP 6355163 B2 JP6355163 B2 JP 6355163B2 JP 2014233341 A JP2014233341 A JP 2014233341A JP 2014233341 A JP2014233341 A JP 2014233341A JP 6355163 B2 JP6355163 B2 JP 6355163B2
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- negative electrode
- capacity
- positive electrode
- discharge
- active material
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- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 50
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 49
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium dihydrogen borate oxalic acid Chemical compound B([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Li+] DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium polyacrylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C=C NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 8
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 31
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 22
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- -1 lithium transition metal Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 6
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 5
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011883 electrode binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2,4-dichloro-5-propan-2-yloxyphenyl)acetamide Chemical compound CC(C)OC1=CC(NC(C)=O)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000156302 Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- GBCAVSYHPPARHX-UHFFFAOYSA-M n'-cyclohexyl-n-[2-(4-methylmorpholin-4-ium-4-yl)ethyl]methanediimine;4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1.C1CCCCC1N=C=NCC[N+]1(C)CCOCC1 GBCAVSYHPPARHX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920013683 Celanese Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FBDMTTNVIIVBKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002905 metal composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010295 mobile communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
[化学式1]
aLi[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2・(1-a)Li[NixCoyMnz]O2
(0≦a≦0.3、0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)
[化学式1]
aLi[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2・(1-a)Li[NixCoyMnz]O2
(0≦a≦0.3、0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)
(1)正極の作製
正極活物質としてLi過剰系酸化物(0.2Li2MnO3-0.8LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2, LNCMO)を90質量%、バインダーとしてポリアクリル酸ナトリウムを5質量%、導電材としてアセチレンブラック(AB)を5質量%とを混合してスラリー状の合剤を調製した。集電体である厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔上にスラリーを塗布し、80℃の乾燥機で乾燥後、一対の回転ローラー間に通してロールプレス機によりより電極シートを得た。この電極を電極打ち抜き機で直径11mmの円板状に打ち抜き、加熱処理(減圧中、150℃、24時間)して正極板を得た。ここで、アルミニウム箔上に塗布したスラリーの厚みは55μmである。
コインセルの下蓋に、上記正極のアルミニウム箔面を下に向けて載置し、その上に60℃で8時間減圧乾燥した直径16mmのポリプロピレン多孔質膜(ヘキストセラニーズ社製 セルガード#2400)からなるセパレータ、および対極である金属リチウムを積層し、正極試験電池を作製した。電解液としては、1M LiPF6 EC(エチレンカーボネート):DEC(ジエチルカーボネート)=1:1(vol%)を用いた。なお正極試験電池の組み立ては露点温度−60℃以下の環境で行った。
SiとSiOとHCを40:30:30で複合化した負極活物質粉末に対し、バインダーとしてポリイミド(PI)、導電性物質としてABを、負極活物質粉末:バインダー:導電性物質=80:2:18(重量比)の割合となるように秤量し、N−メチルピロリドン(NMP)に分散した後、自転・公転ミキサーで十分に撹拌してスラリー化した。得られたスラリーを負極集電体である高強度銅箔上に塗布し、正極と同様の方法で負極を作製した。この電極シートを電極打ち抜き機で直径11 mmの円板状に打ち抜き、350℃で1時間減圧乾燥を行い、負極板を得た。ここで、高強度銅箔上に塗布したスラリーの厚みは30μmである。
正極と同様に、コインセルの下蓋に、上記負極の高強度銅箔面を下に向けて載置し、その上に60℃で8時間減圧乾燥した直径16mmのポリプロピレン多孔質膜(ヘキストセラニーズ社製 セルガード#2400)からなるセパレータ、および対極である金属リチウムを積層し、負極試験電池を作製した。電解液としては、1M LiPF6 EC(エチレンカーボネート):DEC(ジエチルカーボネート)=1:1(vol%)を用いた。なお負極試験電池の組み立ては露点温度−60℃以下の環境で行った。
上記した正極、負極及びセパレータを用い、充放電試験電池を作製した。電池構造は、正極と負極との間にセパレータを介在させた2032型コインセル構造である。セパレータにおける空隙部分に含まれる非水電解質(非水電解液)としては、1M LiPF6+0.05MLiBOB EC(エチレンカーボネート):GBL(γ−ブチロラクトン)=1:1(vol%)を用いた。この2032型コインセルを、0.1Cレート、初回充放電のカットオフ電圧は2.2−4.6V、2サイクル目以降の充放電のカットオフ電圧は2.2−4.3V、60℃で充放電試験を行った。図4に、実施例1に係る充放電試験における放電容量維持率(%)と、サイクル数との関係を示す。なお、縦軸が放電容量維持率(%)、横軸が充放電サイクル数である。放電容量維持率とは、2サイクル目の放電容量に対する各サイクルにおける放電容量の比として求めたものである。実施例1に係る充放電試験では、1サイクル目で不可逆容量がキャンセルされ、1サイクル目の放電容量は0.71 mAhであった。なお、この正極の2サイクル目の放電容量は172mAh/gとなった。60℃における充放電サイクル試験において、50サイクル後の放電容量維持率は80%であった。
負極活物質がSiとSiOとHCを40:5:55であること以外は、実施例1と同様の方法でコインセルを作製した。この2032型コインセルを、0.1Cレート、初回充放電のカットオフ電圧は1.7−4.6V、2サイクル目以降の充放電のカットオフ電圧は1.7−4.3V、60℃で充放電試験を行った。なお、対極を金属リチウムとしたときの負極の初回充電容量は1.00 mAh、初回放電容量は0.81 mAhであった(したがって、この負極の初回充放電効率は70%以上の81%となる。)。なお、図2は、対極を金属リチウムとしたときの上記正極及び負極の初回充放電容量(初期充電電気容量:mAh)をグラフ化したものであり、正極の初回充電容量(初期充電電気容量)は1.00mAhであり、負極の初回充電容量(初期充電電気容量)も1.00mAhであることから、正極と負極の初期充電電気容量において、正極に対する負極の容量比は、1となる。また、実施例2に関し、実施例1と同様の充放電試験を行った結果を図4に示す。実施例2に係る充放電試験では、正極の2サイクル目の放電容量は190mAh/gとなった。60℃における充放電サイクル試験において、50サイクル後の放電容量維持率は83%であった。
実施例1と同様の方法でコインセルを作製した。この2032型コインセルを、0.1Cレート、初回充放電のカットオフ電圧は2.2−4.5V、2サイクル目以降の充放電のカットオフ電圧は2.3−4.3V、60℃で充放電試験を行った。なお、対極を金属リチウムとしたときの正極の初回充電容量(初期充電電気容量)は0.85mAh、初回放電容量は0.58 mAhであった。図3は、対極を金属リチウムとしたときの上記正極及び負極の初回充放電容量(初期充電電気容量:mAh)をグラフ化したものである。また、比較例1に関し、実施例1と同様の充放電試験を行った結果を図4に示す。比較例1に係る充放電試験では、正極の2サイクル目の放電容量は138mAh/gとなった。60℃における充放電サイクル試験において、50サイクル後の放電容量維持率は70%であった。
正極と負極とのバインダーがPVdFバインダーであること以外は、実施例1と同様の方法でコインセルを作製した。この2032型コインセルを、0.1Cレート、初回充放電のカットオフ電圧は2.2−4.6V、2サイクル目以降の充放電のカットオフ電圧は2.2−4.3V、60℃で充放電試験を行った。なお、対極を金属リチウムとしたときの正極の初回充電容量(初期充電電気容量)は1.00mAh、初回放電容量は0.70 mAhであった。また、比較例2に関し、実施例1と同様の充放電試験を行った結果を図4に示す。比較例2に係る充放電試験では、正極の2サイクル目の放電容量は165mAh/gとなった。60℃における充放電サイクル試験において、50サイクル後の放電容量維持率は16%であった。
電解液が1M LiPF6 EC(エチレンカーボネート):GBL(γ−ブチロラクトン)=1:1(vol%)であること以外は、実施例1と同様の方法でコインセルを作製した。この2032型コインセルを、0.1Cレート、初回充放電のカットオフ電圧は2.2−4.6V、2サイクル目以降の充放電のカットオフ電圧は2.2−4.3V、60℃で充放電試験を行った。なお、対極を金属リチウムとしたときの正極の初回充電容量(初期充電電気容量)は1.00mAh、初回放電容量は0.71 mAhであった。また、比較例3に関し、実施例1と同様の充放電試験を行った結果を図4に示す。比較例3に係る充放電試験では、正極の2サイクル目の放電容量は168mAh/gとなった。60℃における充放電サイクル試験において、50サイクル後の放電容量維持率は55%であった。
Claims (4)
- 正極、負極、非水電解液、セパレータを備えるリチウムイオン電池であって、前記正極に含有される正極活物質は、金属Liを対極として充放電させた場合の初回充放電効率が80%〜90%であり、前記負極に含有される負極活物質は、シリコン化合物と炭素材料との混合材料からなり、該負極は初期充放電における不可逆容量分のリチウムがドープされていない状態であり、前記正極と前記負極の初期充電電気容量において、前記正極に対する前記負極の容量比が0.95以上1以下であり、
前記負極活物質は、純シリコン(Si)と一酸化シリコン(SiO)とハードカーボン(HC)との複合体であり、
前記正極は、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウム、アルギン酸ナトリウムバインダーからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種以上を含有しており、
前記負極は、ポリイミド樹脂を含有しており、
前記非水電解液は、溶媒と支持塩とを備えており、前記溶媒は、少なくともγ−ブチロラクトン(GBL)を含有しており、前記支持塩は、少なくともリチウムビス(オキサレート)ボレート(LiBOB)を含有していることを特徴とするリチウムイオン電池。 - 前記負極活物質は、金属Liを対極として充放電させた場合の初回充放電効率が70%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 前記負極活物質は、SiとSiOとHCとの質量比の合計を100質量%とした場合、前記Siを10%〜80%、前記SiOを0%〜45%、前記HCを0%〜80%含有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
- 前記正極活物質が、下記化学式1で表されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
[化学式1]
aLi[Li 1/3 Mn 2/3 ]O 2 ・(1-a)Li[Ni x Co y Mn z ]O 2
(0≦a≦0.3、0≦x≦1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1)
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