JP5932764B2 - 尿素の電解による選択触媒還元 - Google Patents
尿素の電解による選択触媒還元 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5932764B2 JP5932764B2 JP2013502837A JP2013502837A JP5932764B2 JP 5932764 B2 JP5932764 B2 JP 5932764B2 JP 2013502837 A JP2013502837 A JP 2013502837A JP 2013502837 A JP2013502837 A JP 2013502837A JP 5932764 B2 JP5932764 B2 JP 5932764B2
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- Prior art keywords
- urea
- anode
- ammonia
- electrolytic cell
- voltage difference
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- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 124
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 title claims description 124
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 23
- 238000010531 catalytic reduction reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 157
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 26
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric oxide Chemical compound O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- -1 alkaline earth metal salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012717 electrostatic precipitator Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 33
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 30
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 21
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 6
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 5
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009283 thermal hydrolysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium carbamate Chemical compound [NH4+].NC([O-])=O BVCZEBOGSOYJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid monoamide Natural products NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960003753 nitric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007420 reactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- CPRMKOQKXYSDML-UHFFFAOYSA-M rubidium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Rb+] CPRMKOQKXYSDML-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanol Chemical compound NCC(O)C1=CC=CC=C1F MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000264877 Hippospongia communis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910002640 NiOOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000243142 Porifera Species 0.000 description 1
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSOVKCSKTAIGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ni].OOO Chemical compound [Ni].OOO OSOVKCSKTAIGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000288 alkali metal carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008041 alkali metal carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001860 alkaline earth metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ba+2] RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001863 barium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[Cs+] HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007073 chemical hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011066 ex-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003137 locomotive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000483 nickel oxide hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003002 pH adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- UUCCCPNEFXQJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-L strontium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Sr+2] UUCCCPNEFXQJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001866 strontium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur monoxide Chemical class S=O XTQHKBHJIVJGKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052815 sulfur oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/27—Ammonia
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Description
本願は、米国特許法施行規則37 C.F.R. §1.78(a)(4)に従い、先に出願された2010年4月2日出願の同時係属の仮特許出願番号第61/320,447号の利益、および優先権を主張し、同出願を参照により本明細書に明示的に組み込む。
4NO+4NH3+O2→4N2+6H2O (式1)
2NO2+4NH3+O2→3N2+6H2O (式2)
NO+NO2+2NH3→2N2+3H2O (式3)
還元剤としてアンモニアの代わりに、尿素を用いた場合の反応は、以下の通りである。
4NO+2(NH2)2CO+O2→4N2+4H2O+2CO2 (式4)
H2O+(NH2)2CO→(NH2)CO2 −NH4 ++NH3+熱 (式5)
(NH2)C02 −NH4 ++熱→2NH3+CO2 (式6)
水が過剰になると、加水分解反応が促進され、全体的な反応は以下の通りとなる。
(x+1)H2O+(NH2)2CO+熱→2NH3+CO2+(x)H2O (式7)
(NH2)2CO+H2O→N2↑+CO2↑+3H2↑ (全体的な電解反応)
2 タンク
3 アノード
4 カソード
5 分離器
6 アルカリ電解質組成物
7 電圧源
10 尿素貯蔵容器
12 回転供給弁
14 混合タンク
16 給水部
18 排出ライン
20 尿素溶液送達ポンプ
22 尿素電解質タンク入口
24 尿素電解質タンク
26 尿素溶液再循環ライン
28 排出ライン
30 尿素電解質溶液送達ポンプ
32 電解槽入口
34 電解槽
36 尿素電解質溶液再循環ライン
38 加熱ジャケット
40 入口ライン
42 出口ライン
44 アンモニア排出ライン
46 水素ガス排出ライン
48 尿素電解質返送ライン
60 フローセル
62 ジャケット付き格納容器
64 管状カソード
66 管状アノード
68 容器蓋
70 入口
72 管状分離器
74 カソードコネクタ管
76 アノードコネクタ管
Claims (22)
- NH3を排ガス処理システムに供給する方法において、
電解槽に電圧差を印加することによって生じる尿素の電解加水分解によってアンモニアを生成する段階であって、前記電解槽が、
第1の導電要素を有するカソードと、
第2の導電要素を有するアノードと、
尿素と、
前記アノードおよび前記カソードと導通し、水酸化物濃度が少なくとも0.01M、またはpHが少なくとも8であるアルカリ電解質組成物と
を備え、
前記電圧差が、前記カソードと前記アノード間で印加され、前記電圧差が、前記尿素の電解加水分解を生じさせて、少なくともNH3を生成するのに十分な、少なくとも0.85ボルトである、段階と、
前記NH3の少なくとも一部分を回収する段階と、
前記NH3の前記少なくとも一部分を前記排ガス処理システムに移送する段階と
を含む、方法。 - 前記第1の導電要素が、炭素、コバルト、銅、イリジウム、鉄、ニッケル、パラジウム、プラチナ、ロジウム、ルテニウム、またはそれらの混合物もしくは合金を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の導電要素が、コバルト、銅、イリジウム、鉄、プラチナ、ニッケル、ロジウム、ルテニウム、またはそれらの混合物もしくは合金を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の導電要素が、コバルト、銅、イリジウム、鉄、プラチナ、ニッケル、ロジウム、ルテニウム、またはそれらの混合物もしくは合金の酸化形を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電圧差が、0.85ボルトから1.7ボルトの範囲内である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電圧差が、定電圧として印加される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記排ガス処理システムが、選択的接触還元システム、選択的非接触還元システム、または煙道ガス状態調節システムのうち少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電解槽の温度、
前記電解槽の圧力、
前記電解槽に印加する電流、または
前記電解槽に印加する電圧
のうち少なくとも1つを変動させる段階と、
前記アノードの一部分に印加する電圧を変動させ、前記アノードが、アノード触媒層を備える段階と、
尿素溶液に接触する前記アノード触媒層の総面積の面積率を変動させる段階と
によって、NH3の生成速度に影響を及ぼす段階をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 前記アルカリ電解質組成物が、水酸化物、炭酸塩、重炭酸塩、またはそれらの組合せのアルカリ金属もしくはアルカリ土類金属塩を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記電解槽が、
前記電解槽に動作可能に結合された加熱器具と、
前記電解槽に動作可能に結合された再循環システムであって、前記アルカリ電解質組成物の少なくとも一部分を含む、再循環システムと
をさらに備える、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 燃焼排ガス中の窒素酸化物(NOx)の排出、および/または粒子状物質を動作進行中に低減させる方法であって、
選択触媒還元(SCR)装置、選択無触媒還元(SNCR)装置、または静電集塵装置のうち少なくとも1つの上流で、前記燃焼排ガス中にアンモニアを注入する段階を含み、前記アンモニアが、
電解槽に電圧差を印加する段階によって供給され、前記電解槽が、
第1の導電要素を有するカソードと、
第2の導電要素を有するアノードと、
尿素と、
前記アノードおよび前記カソードと導通し、水酸化物濃度が少なくとも0.01M、またはpHが少なくとも8であるアルカリ電解質組成物と
から構成され、
前記電圧差が、前記カソードと前記アノード間で印加され、前記電圧差が、前記尿素の電解加水分解を生じさせて少なくともNH3を生成するのに十分な、少なくとも0.85ボルトである、方法。 - 前記第1の導電要素が、炭素、コバルト、銅、イリジウム、鉄、ニッケル、パラジウム、プラチナ、ロジウム、ルテニウム、またはそれらの混合物もしくは合金を含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の導電要素が、コバルト、銅、イリジウム、鉄、プラチナ、ニッケル、ロジウム、ルテニウム、またはそれらの混合物もしくは合金を含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記電圧差が、0.85ボルトから1.7ボルトの範囲内である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記電圧差が、1.2ボルトから1.6ボルトの間である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記電解槽に前記電圧差を印加する段階が、電圧差を変動させて、NH3の生成を制御する段階をさらに含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 前記電解槽が、熱源を含む温度制御システムをさらに備える、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 燃焼システムの燃料燃焼効率を高める段階をさらに含む、請求項11に記載の方法であって、前記方法が、
H2を前記燃焼システムの燃焼室に供給する段階を含み、前記水素が、
前記電解槽に電圧差を印加する段階によって供給され、前記カソードと前記アノード間で印加される前記電圧差が、NH3およびH2を生成するのに十分である、請求項11に記載の方法。 - 選択的接触還元システム、選択的非接触還元システム、煙道ガス状態調節システムのうち少なくとも1つと、
電解槽を備えるアンモニア発生器であって、前記電解槽が、
第1の導電要素を有するカソードと、
第2の導電要素を有するアノードと、
尿素と、
電圧源と、
前記アノードおよび前記カソードと導通し、水酸化物濃度が少なくとも0.01M、またはpHが少なくとも8であるアルカリ電解質組成物と、
前記選択的接触還元システム、前記選択的非接触還元システム、または前記煙道ガス状態調節システムのうち前記少なくとも1つと連通している、前記アンモニア発生器からのアンモニア出口と
から構成される、アンモニア発生器と
を備える、排ガス処理システム。 - 前記第1の導電要素が、炭素、コバルト、銅、イリジウム、鉄、ニッケル、パラジウム、プラチナ、ロジウム、ルテニウム、またはそれらの混合物もしくは合金を含む、請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 前記第2の導電要素が、コバルト、銅、イリジウム、鉄、プラチナ、ニッケル、ロジウム、ルテニウム、またはそれらの混合物もしくは合金を含む、請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 前記電圧差が、0.85ボルトから1.7ボルトの範囲内である、請求項19に記載のシステム。
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WO2003078031A1 (fr) * | 2002-03-15 | 2003-09-25 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | Reacteur chimique pour le retrait d'oxyde d'azote et procede de retrait d'oxyde d'azote |
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US8221610B2 (en) | 2003-10-10 | 2012-07-17 | Ohio University | Electrochemical method for providing hydrogen using ammonia and ethanol |
US8216437B2 (en) | 2003-10-10 | 2012-07-10 | Ohio University | Electrochemical cell for oxidation of ammonia and ethanol |
CA2542313C (en) | 2003-10-10 | 2012-12-04 | Ohio University | Electro-catalysts for the oxidation of ammonia in alkaline media |
US20050247050A1 (en) * | 2004-05-05 | 2005-11-10 | Eaton Corporation | Adsorption based ammonia storage and regeneration system |
CA2614591C (en) | 2005-05-06 | 2013-12-31 | Ohio University | Electrocatalysts and additives for the oxidation of solid fuels |
JP2009515036A (ja) | 2005-10-14 | 2009-04-09 | オハイオ ユニバーシティ | アルカリ媒体中におけるアンモニア及びエタノールを酸化するためのカーボンファイバー電極触媒、ならびに水素生成、燃料電池および精製プロセスへのその適用 |
CA2658663C (en) | 2006-05-08 | 2016-01-12 | Ohio University | Electrochemical technique to measure concentration of multivalent cations simultaneously |
US8303781B2 (en) | 2007-10-15 | 2012-11-06 | Ohio University | Electrolytic cells and methods for the production of ammonia and hydrogen |
US8029759B2 (en) | 2009-03-27 | 2011-10-04 | Ohio University | Pretreatment method for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanostructures from coal and carbon chars |
PT2553229E (pt) | 2010-04-02 | 2015-02-13 | Univ Ohio | Redução catalítica selectiva através de uma electrólise de ureia |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102022116349A1 (de) | 2021-07-07 | 2023-01-12 | Denso Corporation | Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen von Wasserstoff und/oder Ammoniak und Verfahren zum Erzeugen von Wasserstoff und/oder Ammoniak |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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MY157391A (en) | 2016-06-15 |
EP2553229B1 (en) | 2014-12-17 |
WO2011123620A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
EP2553229A1 (en) | 2013-02-06 |
SG184418A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
KR20130054258A (ko) | 2013-05-24 |
AU2011235087A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
AU2011235087B2 (en) | 2014-04-24 |
CN102884292B (zh) | 2016-01-20 |
RU2012146735A (ru) | 2014-05-10 |
CN102884292A (zh) | 2013-01-16 |
UA109657C2 (uk) | 2015-09-25 |
CA2794756A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
RU2538368C2 (ru) | 2015-01-10 |
JP2015071831A (ja) | 2015-04-16 |
ES2528311T3 (es) | 2015-02-06 |
NZ602813A (en) | 2014-02-28 |
JP2013524014A (ja) | 2013-06-17 |
PT2553229E (pt) | 2015-02-13 |
AR081753A1 (es) | 2012-10-17 |
KR101800476B1 (ko) | 2017-11-22 |
MX2012011482A (es) | 2013-02-15 |
BR112012024824A2 (pt) | 2016-06-07 |
DK2553229T3 (da) | 2015-02-16 |
US8388920B2 (en) | 2013-03-05 |
US20110243823A1 (en) | 2011-10-06 |
CA2794756C (en) | 2017-06-20 |
PL2553229T3 (pl) | 2015-04-30 |
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