JP5728126B2 - パワー半導体装置及びその製造方法並びにボンディングワイヤ - Google Patents

パワー半導体装置及びその製造方法並びにボンディングワイヤ Download PDF

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JP5728126B2
JP5728126B2 JP2014502176A JP2014502176A JP5728126B2 JP 5728126 B2 JP5728126 B2 JP 5728126B2 JP 2014502176 A JP2014502176 A JP 2014502176A JP 2014502176 A JP2014502176 A JP 2014502176A JP 5728126 B2 JP5728126 B2 JP 5728126B2
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wire
electrode
coating layer
metal
power semiconductor
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JPWO2013129253A1 (ja
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巽 宏平
宏平 巽
山田 隆
隆 山田
大造 小田
大造 小田
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Waseda University
Nippon Micrometal Corp
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Waseda University
Nippon Micrometal Corp
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Description

本発明は、パワー半導体装置及びその製造方法並びにパワー半導体装置に用いるボンディングワイヤに関するものである。
本願は、2012年2月27日に、日本に出願された特願2012−040116号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
パワー半導体とは、交流を直流に変換する、電圧を下げるなど、電気エネルギーの制御や供給に用いられる半導体を意味する。LSIなどと比較し、半導体回路内に流れる電流が大電流であることが特徴である。
各種モーターの制御、動力変換器、及び無停電電源などに、パワー半導体装置が広範囲に用いられている。IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)、GTO、パワートランジスタなどのパワー半導体スイッチング素子が絶縁容器内にパッケージされたパワー半導体装置(パワー半導体モジュール)が知られている。これらのパワー半導体装置は、その耐圧や電流容量に応じて各種インバータ装置などに応用されている。パワー半導体装置を大容量化するために、一つのパワー半導体装置内に複数のパワー半導体素子を並列に配置することもある。ここで半導体素子とは、Si結晶やSiC結晶であってその上に半導体回路が形成された素子を意味する。また半導体装置は、半導体素子を組み込んでパッケージ化した装置を意味する。
図1にパワー半導体装置1の概略部分断面図を示す。パワー半導体素子2上には金属電極が設けられ、この金属電極に金属ワイヤ5の一端を接続し、パワー半導体装置のリードフレームや基板6上の電極や、複数搭載された別のパワー半導体素子上の金属電極に当該金属ワイヤの他端を接続して回路を構成する。ここでは、対象とするパワー半導体素子2上の金属電極を「素子電極3」と呼び、素子電極3と接続するための金属電極を「接続電極4」と呼ぶこととする。
パワー半導体装置においては、電極間を接続する上記金属ワイヤとして通常は数百μm径の太径Alワイヤを用いている(特許文献1)。金属ワイヤとしてCuワイヤがLSIの一部で使用されているが、パワー半導体装置の太径ワイヤとしては用いられていない。Cuワイヤでは硬度並びに加工硬化指数が大きく、特に太線径での超音波による接続の際に素子電極を損傷する確率が高いためである。金ワイヤは、LSIのボールボンディングには多用されているが、パワー半導体装置で利用する太線径では材料費が特に高価格となるため、実用化はほとんどされていない。
特許文献2には、Ag又はAg合金のみから構成される芯材をAuのみから構成される外皮材で被覆したボンディングワイヤが開示されている。特許文献3には、Agを有する芯材にPd、Pt、Niを有する被覆層を有するボンディングワイヤが開示されている。しかしいずれも、線径が25μmあるいは40μm以下の細径を対象としている。また、特許文献2にも記載されているように、Al電極にAgワイヤをボンディングすると、Al2Ag金属間化合物の生成が顕著であり、この金属間化合物は非常に脆いものであるから接合部の信頼性を得ることができないという問題があるため、特にパワー半導体装置にAgワイヤを用いることができなかった。特許文献4にはパワー半導体モジュールとして、電極とパッドとを接合する導体にAgを用いる例が開示されているが、導体とパッド及び電極とは半田によって接合されており、ボールボンディングやウェッジボンディングを対象とするものではない。
なお、特許文献5には、半導体集積回路装置の一部である半導体チップ上のアルミニウム系または銅系のボンディング・パッド上に、バリア・メタル膜を介して、金系表面メタル層を設け、外部との接続のための金系または銅系のボンディング・ワイヤ接合またはボンディング・ボールを設けたものが開示されている。アルミニウムと金の相互作用によるカーケンダルボイド等の接続不良を防止するためである。あくまで金ワイヤ又は銅ワイヤを対象とするものであり、また太径のワイヤを用いるパワー半導体装置を対象とするものではない。
パワー半導体装置を大容量化すると、内蔵するパワー半導体素子に大電流が流れることになる。半導体素子に大電流が繰り返し通電されると、半導体素子の発熱が著しく、また金属ワイヤ自身の通電加熱による発熱も無視できない。この発熱に伴い、半導体素子とそれに接続された金属ワイヤの温度が上昇と下降を繰り返すこととなる。そのため、各接合部には部材間の熱膨張率の相違に基づいて熱応力が発生し、この熱応力により電極と金属ワイヤの接合界面や界面付近でクラックを生じる可能性がある。
また、近年注目されているSiC基板を有するパワー半導体素子を用いたパワー半導体装置においては、SiC結晶のバンドギャップがSi結晶に比べてはるかに大きいために250℃以上の高温での動作が可能とされており、高温での動作を前提としたパワー半導体装置が検討されている。このように高温での動作が前提となるパワー半導体装置では、装置の耐熱性がますます重要となっている。従来から用いられているAlワイヤは融点が660℃近傍と比較的低温であるため、高温での使用では再結晶が生じ、ワイヤ内部や接合部の界面でクラックやボイド欠陥を生じやすいという問題がある。
特開2002−314038号公報 特開平2−79439号公報 特開2004−14884号公報 特開平9−36186号公報 特開2010−157683号公報
パワー半導体装置内の接続に用いる金属ワイヤとして、従来から用いられているAlワイヤは、常温での硬度が低く素子側のAl電極への接合も超音波振動により比較的容易に接合できるという利点がある。一方、上述のようにパワー半導体装置の電流容量の大容量化、高温環境での使用に際しては、Alは融点が660℃近傍と低いので高温での耐熱性が十分ではなく、またAlは比抵抗が2.7μΩ・cmと良導体の中では最も高い部類に入り、Alワイヤに大電流を流したときのワイヤの発熱が無視できない。熱応力により、Alのストレスマイグレーションなどを生じ欠陥が発生する懸念がある。また抵抗は温度上昇にともない、さらに大となるので、高温下での使用では特に、アルミニウムの粒成長や再結晶時におこる欠陥が問題となるだけではなく、融点以上の温度となり、ワイヤの溶断につながることも懸念される。
本発明は、パワー半導体装置の電流容量の大容量化、高温環境での使用に際し、熱応力が発生しても問題なく使用でき、ワイヤ自身の発熱を低減でき、例えば200℃以上の高温環境でも接合部の信頼性を確保することができるパワー半導体装置及びその製造方法並びにパワー半導体装置に用いるボンディングワイヤを提供することを目的とする。
パワー半導体装置の接続に用いる金属ワイヤの材料としてAgを用いることができれば、Agの比抵抗は1.6μΩ・cmであってAlの2.7μΩ・cmよりも低く、大電流での使用時に金属ワイヤ自身の発熱を低減することができる。またAgは融点が962℃であってAlの融点660℃よりも遙かに高く、高温での耐熱性を改善することができる。AgはAlと比較して融点が高いためにストレスマイグレーションなどによる欠陥が生じにくい。またCuと比較して、変形能が高く応力を吸収できるため、熱応力によるクラックなど破壊に対する耐性も優れている。また、Cuワイヤと対比し、Agワイヤであれば常温での硬度が低く加工硬化も少ないのでワイヤボンディングの超音波印加による接合時における素子電極損傷の可能性が低い。
一方、素子電極としてAl電極を用いた場合、AgワイヤをAl電極と接合する際、Ag2Alなどの金属間化合物が界面に生成され、当該金属間化合物は非常に脆くかつ金属間化合物生成箇所にボイドが生じるため、信頼性の良好な接合が困難であった。そのため、特にパワー半導体装置に用いる直径50μm以上の太径の金属ワイヤにおいては、Agワイヤを使用することができなかった。また、太径のAgワイヤをボールボンディングによって電極に接合しようとすると、大気中では良好な球状のボールが形成できないという問題があった。
それに対し、発明者らは、素子電極に50Å厚以上のNi、Cr、Cu、Pd、V、Ti、Pt、Zn、Ag、Au、W、Alの金属のいずれか1種類の金属またはこれらを2種以上のみから構成される合金のみから構成される層を1層以上、隣り合う前記素子電極および前記層の金属成分が異なるように有する電極を用い、かつワイヤボンディングにボールボンディングではなくウェッジボンディング(ウェッジ接合)を用いることにより、金属ワイヤとしてAg又はAg合金ワイヤを用いた場合でも電極とワイヤ接合部の信頼性が確保できることを見出した。
本発明は、上記知見に基づいてなされたものであり、その要旨とするところは以下のとおりである。
(1)パワー半導体素子及び当該パワー半導体素子上の金属電極(以下「素子電極」という。)と当該素子電極と接続するための金属電極(以下「接続電極」という。)を有し、素子電極と接続電極とを金属ワイヤによって双方ともウェッジ接続したパワー半導体装置において、
前記素子電極をAl、Cu、NiまたはTi素子電極とし、
前記金属ワイヤは直径150μm超2mm以下のAg又はAg合金ワイヤであり、
前記Al、Cu、NiまたはTi素子電極は50Å厚以上のNi、Cr、Cu、Pd、V、Ti、Pt、Zn、Ag、Au、W、Alの金属(以下「被覆層金属」という。)のいずれか1種類の金属又は前記被覆層金属の2種類以上のみから構成される合金のみから構成される層(以下「電極被覆層」という。)の1層以上を隣り合う前記Al、Cu、NiまたはTi素子電極および電極被覆層の金属成分が異なるように有し、
前記電極被覆層の最表層がAg、AuまたはPdであり、
前記素子電極がAl素子電極で、前記電極被覆層の最表層がAgの場合には、
最表層の電極被覆層より下層に前記被覆層金属からAgを除いた金属のいずれか1種類の金属又は前記被覆層金属の2種類以上のみから構成される合金のみから構成される電極被覆層の1層以上を隣り合う前記素子電極および電極被覆層の金属成分が異なるように有することを特徴とするパワー半導体装置。
(2)前記Ag又はAg合金ワイヤの表面に30Å厚以上のPd、Au、Zn、Pt、Ni、Snの1種以上又はこれらの合金若しくはこれら金属の酸化物又は窒化物を有するワイヤ被覆層を有することを特徴とする(1)に記載のパワー半導体装置。
(3)前記Ag又はAg合金ワイヤと素子電極及び接続電極との間の接続が、超音波を利用して接続されており、接続時の電極又はワイヤのいずれかの温度が60℃以上で接続されていることを特徴とする(1)又は(2)に記載のパワー半導体装置。
(4)前記ワイヤ表面のワイヤ被覆層が、ワイヤと電極の接続を行った後に、湿式又は乾式若しくはナノ粒子金属の被着によるコーティングにより行われていることを特徴とする(2)に記載のパワー半導体装置。
(5)前記パワー半導体素子がSiC半導体を用いた素子であることを特徴とする(1)乃至(4)のいずれかに記載のパワー半導体装置。
(6)前記Ag又はAg合金ワイヤと素子電極及び接続電極との間の接続を超音波を利用して行い、接続時の電極又はワイヤのいずれかの温度を60℃以上として接続することを特徴とする(1)又は(2)に記載のパワー半導体装置の製造方法。
(7)ワイヤと電極の接続を行った後に、湿式又は乾式若しくはナノ粒子金属の被着によるコーティングにより前記ワイヤ表面の被覆層を形成することを特徴とする(2)に記載のパワー半導体装置の製造方法。
(8)直径が150μm超2mm以下である半導体接続用のAg又はAg合金ボンディングワイヤであって、表面にPd、Au、Zn、Pt、Ni、Snの1種以上又はこれらの合金若しくはこれら金属の酸化物又は窒化物を有するワイヤ被覆層を有し、前記ボンディングワイヤの残留抵抗比が5以上2000以下であり、前記ボンディングワイヤ被覆層の厚みがボンディングワイヤ直径の1/5以下でありかつ10Å以上であり、前記ボンディングワイヤ被覆層とボンディングワイヤ母材との間にワイヤ被覆層が有する金属とAgの拡散層を有し、該拡散層の厚みが50Å以上10μm以下であることを特徴とするボンディングワイヤ。
(9)前記ボンディングワイヤの残留抵抗比が80以上1000以下であることを特徴とする(8)に記載のボンディングワイヤ。
(10)前記ボンディングワイヤの破断伸びが15%以上であることを特徴とする(8)または(9)に記載のボンディングワイヤ。
(11)前記ボンディングワイヤの破断伸びが25%以上であることを特徴とする(10)に記載のボンディングワイヤ。
(12)ワイヤに被覆層を形成した後、250℃以上の温度で熱処理し、さらに、伸線したことを特徴とする(8)ないし(11)のいずれか1つに記載のボンディングワイヤ。
本発明は、パワー半導体素子及び当該パワー半導体素子上の金属電極(素子電極)と当該素子電極と接続するための金属電極(接続電極)を有し、素子電極と接続電極とを金属ワイヤによって双方ともウェッジ接続したパワー半導体装置において、金属ワイヤが直径50μm超2mm以下のAg又はAg合金ワイヤであり、素子電極は表面に50Å厚以上の被覆層金属(Ni、Cr、Cu、Pd、V、Ti、Pt、Zn、Ag、Au、W、Al)のいずれか1種類の金属又は前記被覆層金属の2種以上のみから構成される合金のみから構成される層である電極被覆層の1層以上を隣り合う前記素子電極および電極被覆層の金属成分が異なるように有することにより、Agワイヤを用いるにもかかわらず電極との接合部信頼性を確保でき、大電流での使用時に金属ワイヤ自身の発熱を低減でき、高温での耐熱性を改善することができる。
パワー半導体装置の構造を示す概略断面図である。 金のビッカース硬度の温度変化を示す図である。
パワー半導体素子上の金属電極(素子電極)として、Al電極、Cu電極、Ni電極、Ti電極を用いることができ、好ましくはAl電極が用いられる。以下、まずは素子電極としてAl電極を用いる場合について説明する。
前述のとおり、素子電極としてAl電極を用いた場合、直径50μm超の太径のAg又はAg合金ワイヤをAl電極と接合する際、Ag2Alなどの金属間化合物が界面に生成され、当該金属間化合物は非常に脆くかつ金属間化合物生成箇所にボイドが生じるため、信頼性の良好な接合が困難であった。それに対し本発明においては、素子電極の表面に50Å厚以上の被覆層金属(Ni、Cr、Cu、Pd、V、Ti、Pt、Zn、Ag、Au、W、Al)のいずれか1種類の金属又は前記被覆層金属を2種類以上のみから構成される合金のみから構成される電極被覆層の1層以上を隣り合う前記素子電極および電極被覆層の金属成分が異なるように有する電極を用い、かつワイヤボンディングにウェッジ接合を用いることにより、金属ワイヤとして直径50μm超の太径のAg又はAg合金ワイヤを用いた場合でも電極とワイヤ接合部の信頼性が確保できることを見出した。
なお1層以上の電極被覆層を隣り合う素子電極および電極被覆層の金属成分が異なるように有するとあることから、電極被覆層を素子電極の表面に1層以上形成するにあたり、隣り合う素子電極ないし電極被覆層を構成する金属あるいは合金の金属成分は相違するものであり、Al電極、Cu電極、Ni電極、Ti電極の上に、それぞれ、Al、Cu、Ni、Tiの電極被覆層を構成したりすることや、同種の被覆層金属あるいはその合金のみから構成される電極被覆層を重ねて構成することは除かれる。
Al電極表面に被覆層金属または被覆層金属の合金のみから構成される電極被覆層を形成することにより、Agワイヤをウェッジ接合した際、これらの金属はAl電極とは異なり、AlとAgの接合部に形成されるボイドなどの欠陥の多い金属間化合物の形成を抑制することができる。またこれらの金属とAgとは超音波接合により、比較的良好な接合部に拡散層を形成することができる。これらの金属の表面が酸化により接合性が阻害される場合には、酸化防止のために表面をPd,Au、Agなどの貴金属などで被覆しておくことも効果的である。特にV,Ti,Cr,NiはAl電極との密着性に効果があり、さらにAgとAlとの拡散のバリアとしても有効に機能する。またCu,Pd,Pt,ZnはAgとの初期接合性を改善するのに好適である。それらの金属を複数層重ねることも、初期接合性と長期の接合信頼性を確保するために有効である。
また、電極被覆層の厚さが50Å以上であれば、上記効果を発揮することができる。50Å未満では、電極被覆層に欠陥が生じやすいからである。したがって、複数の電極被覆層を積層する場合、それぞれの電極被覆層厚さを50Å以上とする。電極被覆層の厚さが100Å以上であればより好ましい。200Å以上であればさらに好ましい。
電極被覆層の厚さの上限は5μmとすると好ましい。5μm超では、コスト高になる上、接合条件により、接合部の電気抵抗値にばらつきを与える要因となるからである。
Al電極に最表層の電極被覆層を構成する被覆層金属としてAgあるいはAuのみから構成される電極被覆層を用いる場合には、Al電極に直接AgあるいはAuのみから構成される電極被覆層を設けるのではなく、Al電極とAgあるいはAuのみから構成される電極被覆層の間に中間層として、被覆層金属からAg除いたNi、Cr、Cu、Pd、V、Ti、Pt、Zn、Au、W、Alのいづれか1種類の金属又は被覆層金属の2種類以上の金属のみから構成される合金のみから構成される電極被覆層の1層以上を隣り合う前記素子電極および電極被覆層の金属成分が異なるように有することとすると好ましい。
これら中間層に用いる金属は密着性と拡散バリア性を有するため、昇温時の反応によって生成する化合物が起因となって形成されるボイドの問題を回避することが可能になる。例えば、Al電極の上にCr被覆層、Ni被覆層、最表面にAg被覆層をこの順序で形成する場合(「Al/Cr/Ni/Ag」と表示する。)を例にとると、Cr被覆層はAl電極表面との密着性を向上する効果を有し、Ni被覆層は拡散を防止してAlとAgの化合物形成を阻止する作用を有し、最表面のAg被覆層はNi被覆層の表面酸化を防止する機能を有している。同様に、Al/Ti/Pd/Ag、Al/Ni/Ag、Al/TiW/Ag、Al/NiV/Ag、Al/NiV/Cu/Ag、Al/Ni/Cu/Ag、Al/Cr/Ni/Cu/Ag、Al/Zn/Pd/Ni/Agなど密着性と拡散バリア性を有する金属の組み合わせが好適である。これらの中間層に用いられる膜の構造は、最表面層がAgである場合に限らず、Al電極と最表面金属との中間の層として用いられることにより、Agワイヤとの接合の信頼性を高めるために有効である。
また、電極被覆層の最表層にAg、Au、Pdを用いることにより、その下の中間層の金属の酸化を防止できるという効果を有する。また、最表層がAgであっても、その下の中間層に被覆層金属からAgを除いた金属又は被覆層金属2種類以上の金属のみから構成される合金のみから構成される電極被覆層を有することにより、Ag層とAl電極による金属間化合物形成を防止することができる。電極がAl電極以外の金属電極の場合には、電極被覆層をAg単独層としても良い。
半導体素子のワイヤ接合用電極にCu電極を用いることは従来検討されてこなかったが、ウエッジ用ワイヤにAgを主成分とするワイヤを用いることを目的として、半導体素子の電極にCuを用いることは好適である。Agワイヤは、Cuワイヤに比較すると格段に接合時のチップ損傷を軽減できるが、従来のAlワイヤに比較すると硬度は高い。したがって、Agワイヤの接合部に硬度の低い従来のAl電極に代えてCu電極を採用することで、チップ損傷の確率を低減する効果が発現する。特に電極被覆層を3μm以上の膜厚とすることで、さらにその効果を高めることができる。またAgワイヤと接合された場合には、CuとAgの相互拡散層が0.1μm以上形成されていることが好適である。
素子電極としてCu電極を用いた場合、電極被覆層として、酸化防止の目的でAu、Pd、Niの金属層又はこれらの合金層を1層以上有することとすると、接合性向上のために有効であり、望ましい。
素子電極として、電極表面の下層に、表面の電極材料とは異なる金属が配置されていても良い。例えばAl電極において、電極表面にAl層を有し、下層にAlとは異なる金属、例えばCuを有する層が形成されていても良い。半導体素子の内部配線に用いられる金属がCuである場合、素子電極がAl電極であれば、電極表面にAl層を有し、下層に半導体素子の内部配線と同じCuの層を形成することとなる。Cu電極において、電極表面にCu層を有し、下層に半導体素子の内部配線と同じAl層を形成しても良い。
本発明においてAgワイヤとは、Ag含有量が99質量%以上のAgを用いたワイヤをいう。また、Ag合金ワイヤとは、Ag含有量が50質量%以上のAg合金を用いたワイヤをいう。特にAuやPdまたはその両方を加えたAg合金が特に有効である。Agは硫化しやすいという問題があり、これを抑制するためAuとの合金が有効である。また前述の通りAgはAlとの接合によってAg2Alのような金属間化合物を生成するという問題があるが、この抑制にはAgとPdとの合金が有効である。Auは1質量%以上10質量%以下が望ましく、Pdは0.1質量%以上5質量%以下が望ましい。
本発明が対象とするAg又はAg合金ワイヤは直径が50μm超2mm以下のものを対象とする。ワイヤ直径50μm超において、本発明の効果が特に顕著に発揮されるからである。ワイヤ直径150μm以上であるとより好ましい。ワイヤ直径200μm以上であるとさらに好ましい。ただし、ワイヤ直径が2mmを超えると、接合時に必要な変形を得るための超音波出力が過大となり、チップへのダメージが懸念されるので、ワイヤ直径上限を2mmとした。
本発明において、素子電極と接続電極(以下、2つをあわせて「電極」という。)を金属ワイヤによって双方ともウェッジ接続する。ワイヤボンディングにボールボンディングではなくウェッジボンディング(ウェッジ接合)を用いることによりはじめて、金属ワイヤとしてAg又はAg合金ワイヤを用いた場合でも電極とワイヤ接合部の信頼性が確保できる。Agワイヤにボールを形成する場合、Agワイヤの溶融、凝固時に酸化物が形成され、電極がAl以外の場合であっても、溶融、凝固時に形成される酸化物は特に接合部の信頼性を阻害する要因となる。またワイヤに大容量の電流を流すには太線径のものを使用するが、ボールを安定的に形成するには、100μm以上では困難である。細径のものを多数本接合することは、設計上不利となる上、上記理由により、信頼性を確保することも問題となる。
電極表面の電極被覆層は、上記のように素子電極表面に形成することで有利な効果を奏するとともに、パワー半導体装置のリードフレーム上の電極や、複数搭載された別のパワー半導体素子上の金属電極など、当該素子電極と接続するための接続電極の表面に形成することによっても同様の効果を奏することができる。
本発明のパワー半導体装置において、Ag又はAg合金ワイヤの表面に30Å厚以上のPd、Au、Zn、Pt、Ni、Snの1種以上又はこれらの合金若しくはこれら金属の酸化物又は窒化物を少なくとも有するワイヤ被覆層を有すると好ましい。このようなワイヤ被覆層を有することにより、樹脂封止されたあとのワイヤの硫化や腐食などの反応ならびに、Agイオンとして溶出するマイグレーションを防止するとともに、ガス分子などの拡散を防止する上で効果がある。このような効果を奏するためには、ワイヤ被覆層の厚さを50Å以上とすると好ましい。また、ワイヤを半導体装置に接続する前段階においても、ワイヤ表面に上記被覆層を有していると、接合前のAgワイヤの表面酸化防止に有効である。この目的のためには、ワイヤ被覆層の厚さを50Å以上10μm以下とすると好ましい。50Å以上で表面酸化防止効果を発揮し、10μm以下とすることでワイヤ接続時の接続部の電気抵抗の安定性を確保することができる。
本発明のパワー半導体装置において、Ag又はAg合金ワイヤと素子電極及び接続電極との間の接続が、超音波を利用して接続されており、接続時の電極又はワイヤのいずれかの温度が60℃以上で接続されていると好ましい。詳細については後述する本発明の製造方法において説明する。
本発明のパワー半導体装置においてワイヤ表面にワイヤ被覆層を形成する場合、接続前の段階で被覆層を形成しても良く、あるいは接続前には被覆層を形成せず、接続後に被覆層を形成しても良く、さらには接続前にワイヤ表面に薄い被覆層を形成し、接続後に追加でワイヤ表面に被覆を行うこととしても良い。接続後にワイヤ表面に被覆を行う場合、ワイヤと電極の接続を行った後に、湿式又は乾式若しくはナノ粒子金属の被着によるコーティングにより行うことができる。
本発明のパワー半導体装置において、パワー半導体素子がSiC半導体を用いた素子であると好ましい。SiC半導体を用いた素子は250℃以上の高温でも作動可能であるため、高温での使用を前提としたパワー半導体装置とすることができ、本発明の特徴が特に顕著に実現するからである。
次に、本発明のパワー半導体装置の製造方法について説明する。
素子電極表面に形成する電極被覆層については、めっき法、蒸着法、スパッタリング法のいずれかにより被着することができる。
Ag又はAg合金ワイヤと素子電極及び接続電極との間の接続を超音波を利用して行い、接続時の電極又はワイヤのいずれかの温度を60℃以上として接続すると好ましい。超音波を利用することにより、ワイヤの表面を塑性変形して、新生面を露出させ、より均一な金属接合をおこなうことができる。接合時の温度を60℃以上に上昇させておくことで、超音波接合時の金属の拡散をより促進し、接合部の安定性を確保できる。120℃以上での接合はより好ましい。しかし、200℃以上では、被接合体や接合ツールなどの酸化や熱膨張差などにより、安定した接合が困難となる。
ワイヤと電極の接続を行った後に、湿式又は乾式若しくはナノ粒子金属の被着によるコーティングによりワイヤ表面のワイヤ被覆層を形成すると好ましい。ワイヤ接合後の被覆は、湿式法では、電気メッキによるもの、無電解メッキによるもの、メッキ前駆体溶液を静電塗装などによりワイヤ表面に塗布後加熱するものなどが採用できる。電気メッキあるいは無電解メッキでは、メッキ溶液中への浸漬によるものの他、電気メッキでは、電圧を印加できる筆の先端にメッキ液を供給し、ワイヤのみにメッキ液を塗布する工程により、選択的にメッキする方法も採用できる。乾式の被覆では、蒸発やスパッタなどのドライコーティングをおこなうことができる。湿式あるいは乾式のいずれにおいても、選択的な被覆方法としては、被覆不要な部分をレジストコーティングするか、あるいは全体をレジストコーティングしたのち、金属被覆が必要な部分のみレジストを選択的に剥離して被覆をおこなうことも有効である。ナノ粒子金属の被着によるコーティングについては、静電塗装の原理を応用した選択的なコーティングも可能である。
接続前のワイヤ段階でワイヤ表面に被覆層を有し、ワイヤと電極の接続を行った後にさらに上記方法でワイヤ表面に被覆を行うとより好ましい。接続前のワイヤ被覆層の厚さを50Å以上100Å以下とすることにより、接続前の表面酸化防止効果を発揮すると同時にワイヤ接続時の接続性を確保することができる。そしてワイヤ接続後の追加被覆によってワイヤ被覆層の厚さを500Å以上とすることにより、樹脂封止されたあとのワイヤ腐食などの反応を防止するとともに、ガス分子などの拡散を防止する上で効果がある。
次に、本発明のパワー半導体装置に用いることのできるボンディングワイヤについて説明する。
本発明のボンディングワイヤは、直径が50μm超2mm以下である半導体接続用のAg又はAg合金ボンディングワイヤであって、表面にPd、Au、Zn、Pt、Ni、Snの1種以上又はこれらの合金若しくはこれら金属の酸化物又は窒化物を有するワイヤ被覆層を有すると好ましい。直径を上記範囲とする理由、Ag又はAg合金ボンディングワイヤとする理由、表面被覆層を規定する理由は、いずれも前述のとおりである。
本発明のボンディングワイヤはさらに、ワイヤ被覆層の厚みがワイヤ直径の1/5以下でありかつ10Å以上とすると好ましく、ワイヤ直径の1/10以下でありかつ50Å以上とするとより好ましく、更に好ましくはワイヤ直径の1/20以下でありかつ100Å以上である。ワイヤ被覆層の厚みが厚くなると電気抵抗率の上昇に加え、接合時のチップへの損傷、接合性の低下が問題となる可能性が高まり、一方、被覆層の厚みが薄くなると、被覆層に欠陥を生じる場合が多くなり十分な効果を発揮できない。チップ損傷に対しては、SiC半導体では、結晶の強度が高く損傷の可能性は低くなる。またSiの場合においては、電極表面にたとえば、Ni無電解メッキ層を3μm以上積層することにより、損傷の可能性を低減することができる。
本発明のボンディングワイヤは、ワイヤ被覆層とワイヤ母材との間にワイヤ被覆層が有する金属とAgの拡散層を有し、該拡散層の厚みが50Å以上10μm以下であると好ましい。ワイヤ被覆層とワイヤ母材Agとの合金が行われることにより、密着性が優れ接合時に剥離が生じにくい。拡散層厚みが50Å未満ではその効果は十分ではなく、10μm超では電気抵抗の上昇への寄与が大きくなり好ましくない。該拡散層の厚みは、より好ましくは100Å以上5μm以下であり、さらに好ましくは100Å以上2μm以下である。
ワイヤの残留抵抗比(RRR)とは温度293Kにおける比抵抗を4.2Kにおける比抵抗で除した値である。極低温では、熱振動による抵抗が限りなく小さくなるために、格子欠陥や不純物による抵抗が抵抗値として寄与することになるため、常温と極低温での比を求めることで、欠陥(格子欠陥や不純物)の量に依存した値が求められることになる。
例えば、ワイヤの残留抵抗比(RRR)は、常温(20℃)におけるワイヤの比抵抗を液体ヘリウム温度(4.2K)におけるワイヤの比抵抗で除することで求められる。
本発明のボンディングワイヤは、ワイヤの残留抵抗比(RRR)が5以上2000以下であると好ましい。Agワイヤへの合金化により、抵抗値があがることになるが、残留抵抗比が高いほど高純度であることに対応する。特に高電流に対応する太い線径のボンディングワイヤの純度の規定は、残留抵抗比で規定することが好ましく、残留抵抗比5未満のものでは、抵抗による発熱が大となる。ワイヤの残留抵抗比(RRR)は、好ましくは80以上1000以下であり、さらに好ましくは、800以上1000以下である。
ワイヤの破断伸びとはワイヤを破断点まで伸ばした場合のワイヤの伸びΔLと伸ばす前のワイヤ長さLとから、△L/L×100(%)として得られる値であり、ワイヤの伸び△Lは引張試験機により計測することができる。
本発明のボンディングワイヤは、ワイヤの破断伸びが15%以上であると好ましい。破断伸びが大きいことは、ワイヤの変形能と関連しており、15%未満になると、超音波接合したときのチップへのダメージの可能性が大となる。ワイヤの破断伸びは、より好ましくは、20%以上、さらに好ましくは25%以上である。
本発明のボンディングワイヤの製造方法について説明する。
ワイヤへの被覆方法としては、メッキ法あるいは蒸着法、スパッタリング法により被着することができる。ワイヤの製造方法は、最終線径の2倍から100倍の径で表面に金属被覆をおこなってから伸線してもよいが、最終線径で被覆をおこなってもよい。被覆の後に、加熱により拡散処理をおこなうことが好ましい。
電極表面の電極被覆層、ワイヤ表面のワイヤ被覆層について、厚み測定方法を説明する。被覆層の実質的な厚みとは、最表面の被覆成分濃度が内部方向に減少し、濃度が半減したところまでの厚みを被覆層の実質的な厚みとする。ワイヤ表面のワイヤ被覆層の厚みは、AES(Auger Electron Spectroscope)等によって計測することができる。表面被覆層の濃度測定は、表面からオージェ電子分光装置内で成分分析を行い、深さ方向の成分分析から決定することができる。あるいは、被覆層が比較的厚い場合には、断面研磨したのちに、表面から内部方向への分析をオージェ分光分析あるいは、EDX、EPMAなどのライン分析を行うことで、濃度測定が可能である。
図1に示すようなパワー半導体装置を製造した。10mm角半導体素子2上に素子電極3として2μm厚の金属電極を形成し、チップサンプルを作成する。基板6は50mm角のCu基板に4μmのAgメッキを行う。半導体素子2としてSi、SiC素子を用い、金属電極としてAl電極、Cu電極、Ni電極、Ti電極を用いる。半導体素子2をこの基板6にダイボンディングを行う。表1に製造条件を示す。本発明例については、素子電極3の表面に表1に示す電極被覆層を1〜4層にわたって形成する。第1層が電極側の最下層であり、その上に表1に示すように第2〜第4層を形成する。被覆層の金属種類と厚さを表1に示す。
金属ワイヤ5として200μm径のAgワイヤを用い、ワイヤの種類とRRR(ワイヤの残留抵抗比)については表1に示すとおりである。2mmφのワイヤ素材に2〜10μmの金属をメッキしてワイヤ被覆層を形成する。ワイヤ被覆層がAuの場合、メッキシアン化金メッキ浴中にワイヤを連続的に繰り出し巻き取りながらメッキを行う。メッキ後250℃で熱処理の後に伸線を行う。熱処理によりワイヤ被覆層のAuの硬度は図2に示すように減少する。さらに200μmφに伸線後、再度200℃での熱処理を行い、接合実験に供する。
接合には市販ウエッジワイヤボンディング装置を利用し、ウェッジ接合部7を形成する。ステージ温度は100℃〜150℃に調整する。いずれもワイヤ接合部の初期シェア破断強度が、200gf以上得られるように、接合条件を設定する。また長期の信頼性を調査する目的で、窒素雰囲気中で、200℃、100時間の加熱試験を行う。
品質評価について説明する。初期シェア強度が200gf以上得られたものは初期シェア強度の評価を○(良)とし、それ以外のものは初期シェア強度の評価を×(不良)とする。加熱試験後に強度が初期強度の1/2以下となるものは加熱後強度変化の評価を×(不良)とし、それ以外のものは加熱後強度変化の評価を○(良)とする。また接合後にクレータリングなどチップ損傷が見られる場合あるいはシェアテストした後の剥離箇所がチップにクレータリングが起こるときは、チップ損傷の評価を×(不良)とし、それ以外のものはチップ損傷の評価を○(良)とする。































Figure 0005728126
本発明例については、接合時のチップダメージも見られず、加熱試験後のシェア強度の低下も見られない。いずれも評価は10測定の平均値とする。
一方、比較例については、金属電極の上に電極被覆層を形成していないので、いずれかの品質が不良である。本発明例の上記接合サンプルを常温で、30日保管してから、Agワイヤ部分の変色を観察すると、コーティングをおこなうものにおいては、透明であるZnO膜を含め、変色は認められない。コーティングのない高純度のAgワイヤについては、わずかな黒色化がみられる。Au合金化したものについては変色はほとんど確認されない。
なおワイヤの被覆は伸線前の太線径で、メッキまたは蒸着により、コーティングの後、最終線径に伸線する。酸化物については、最終線径で、湿式法によりコーティングをおこなう。接合試験に使用しないが、最終線径で、平均20ÅのAuコーティングが施されるワイヤは、30日の保管後、変色が確認される。表面分析の結果から、表面黒色化は最表面にAgの硫化物あるいは酸化物が存在することが確認される。
ワイヤ径を200μmφから500μmφのものに変更し、それ以外の点については上記実施例1と同様の条件として試験を行う。製造条件及び結果を表2に示す。実施例2ついても、実施例1と同様に評価をおこなうが、初期シェア強度の評価については、500gf以上を以上得られたものは初期シェア強度の評価を○(良)とし、それ以外のものは初期シェア強度の評価を×(不良)とする。実施例1と同様、本発明例はいずれも良好な結果を得ることができる。


























Figure 0005728126
本発明は、パワー半導体装置およびその製造方法等に利用可能である。
1 パワー半導体装置
2 パワー半導体素子
3 素子電極
4 接続電極
5 金属ワイヤ
6 基板
7 ウェッジ接合部

Claims (12)

  1. パワー半導体素子及び当該パワー半導体素子上の金属電極(以下「素子電極」という。)と当該素子電極と接続するための金属電極(以下「接続電極」という。)を有し、素子電極と接続電極とを金属ワイヤによって双方ともウェッジ接続したパワー半導体装置において、
    前記素子電極をAl、Cu、NiまたはTi素子電極とし、
    前記金属ワイヤは直径150μm超2mm以下のAg又はAg合金ワイヤであり、
    前記Al、Cu、NiまたはTi素子電極は50Å厚以上のNi、Cr、Cu、Pd、V、Ti、Pt、Zn、Ag、Au、W、Alの金属(以下「被覆層金属」という。)のいずれか1種類の金属又は前記被覆層金属の2種類以上のみから構成される合金のみから構成される層(以下「電極被覆層」という。)の1層以上を隣り合う前記Al、Cu、NiまたはTi素子電極および電極被覆層の金属成分が異なるように有し、
    前記電極被覆層の最表層がAg、AuまたはPdであり、
    前記素子電極がAl素子電極で、前記電極被覆層の最表層がAgの場合には、
    最表層の電極被覆層より下層に前記被覆層金属からAgを除いた金属のいずれか1種類の金属又は前記被覆層金属の2種類以上のみから構成される合金のみから構成される電極被覆層の1層以上を隣り合う前記素子電極および電極被覆層の金属成分が異なるように有することを特徴とするパワー半導体装置。
  2. 前記Ag又はAg合金ワイヤの表面に30Å厚以上のPd、Au、Zn、Pt、Ni、Snの1種以上又はこれらの合金若しくはこれら金属の酸化物又は窒化物を有するワイヤ被覆層を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のパワー半導体装置。
  3. 前記Ag又はAg合金ワイヤと素子電極及び接続電極との間の接続が、超音波を利用して接続されており、接続時の電極又はワイヤのいずれかの温度が60℃以上で接続されていることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載のパワー半導体装置。
  4. 前記ワイヤ表面のワイヤ被覆層が、ワイヤと電極の接続を行った後に、湿式又は乾式若しくはナノ粒子金属の被着によるコーティングにより行われていることを特徴とする請求項2に記載のパワー半導体装置。
  5. 前記パワー半導体素子がSiC半導体を用いた素子であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれかに記載のパワー半導体装置。
  6. 前記Ag又はAg合金ワイヤと素子電極及び接続電極との間の接続を超音波を利用して行い、接続時の電極又はワイヤのいずれかの温度を60℃以上として接続することを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載のパワー半導体装置の製造方法。
  7. ワイヤと電極の接続を行った後に、湿式又は乾式若しくはナノ粒子金属の被着によるコーティングにより前記ワイヤ表面の被覆層を形成することを特徴とする請求項2に記載のパワー半導体装置の製造方法。
  8. 直径が150μm超2mm以下である半導体接続用のAg又はAg合金ボンディングワイヤであって、表面にPd、Au、Zn、Pt、Ni、Snの1種以上又はこれらの合金若しくはこれら金属の酸化物又は窒化物を有するワイヤ被覆層を有し、前記ボンディングワイヤの残留抵抗比が5以上2000以下であり、前記ボンディングワイヤ被覆層の厚みがボンディングワイヤ直径の1/5以下でありかつ10Å以上であり、前記ボンディングワイヤ被覆層とボンディングワイヤ母材との間にワイヤ被覆層が有する金属とAgの拡散層を有し、該拡散層の厚みが50Å以上10μm以下であることを特徴とするボンディングワイヤ。
  9. 前記ボンディングワイヤの残留抵抗比が80以上1000以下であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載のボンディングワイヤ。
  10. 前記ボンディングワイヤの破断伸びが15%以上であることを特徴とする請求項8または請求項9に記載のボンディングワイヤ。
  11. 前記ボンディングワイヤの破断伸びが25%以上であることを特徴とする請求項10に記載のボンディングワイヤ。
  12. ワイヤに被覆層を形成した後、250℃以上の温度で熱処理し、さらに、伸線したことを特徴とする請求項8ないし請求項11のいずれか1項に記載のボンディングワイヤ。
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