JP5714200B2 - 改良電気活性ポリマ - Google Patents
改良電気活性ポリマ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5714200B2 JP5714200B2 JP2001510924A JP2001510924A JP5714200B2 JP 5714200 B2 JP5714200 B2 JP 5714200B2 JP 2001510924 A JP2001510924 A JP 2001510924A JP 2001510924 A JP2001510924 A JP 2001510924A JP 5714200 B2 JP5714200 B2 JP 5714200B2
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- polymer
- generator
- electrodes
- electroactive
- deformation
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
- H02N11/006—Motors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
- F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
- F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B35/00—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B35/00—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for
- F04B35/04—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for the means being electric
- F04B35/045—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for the means being electric using solenoids
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B43/00—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members
- F04B43/02—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members having plate-like flexible members, e.g. diaphragms
- F04B43/04—Pumps having electric drive
- F04B43/043—Micropumps
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N2/00—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction
- H02N2/02—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing linear motion, e.g. actuators; Linear positioners ; Linear motors
- H02N2/021—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing linear motion, e.g. actuators; Linear positioners ; Linear motors using intermittent driving, e.g. step motors, piezoleg motors
- H02N2/023—Inchworm motors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R19/00—Electrostatic transducers
- H04R19/02—Loudspeakers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/20—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators
- H10N30/204—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with electrical input and mechanical output, e.g. functioning as actuators or vibrators using bending displacement, e.g. unimorph, bimorph or multimorph cantilever or membrane benders
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- H10N30/2042—Cantilevers, i.e. having one fixed end
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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Description
添付の図面に関連して行う以下の説明から、本発明のさらなる特徴および利点が明らかになる。
電気活性ポリマは、電気エネルギによって作動されると変形を生じる。一実施形態において、電気活性ポリマは、2つの電極間の絶縁誘電体として作用し且つ2つの電極間に電圧差を加えると変形するようなポリマを指す。本発明の一態様は、電気エネルギと機械エネルギとの間の変換を改善するようにプリストレインされたポリマに関する。このプリストレインによって、電気活性ポリマの機械応答が、プリストレインされていない電気活性ポリマのそれに比べて改善される。機械応答の改善によって、例えば変形や作動圧力などの、より大きな機械的作用を電気活性ポリマに加えることが可能になる。例えば、本発明によるプリストレインドポリマには、少なくとも約200%の線ひずみと、少なくとも約300%の面ひずみと、を加えることが可能である。このプリストレインは、ポリマの方向によって大きさが異なる。プリストレインの方向による可変性、ポリマを制約する様々な方法、電気活性ポリマのミクロおよびマクロのレベルへの拡張性、そしてポリマの様々な指向方向を組み合わせる(例えば個々のポリマ層を巻いたり積層させたりする)ことによって、電気エネルギを機械的作用に変換させる様々なアクチュエータを実現することが可能になる。このようなアクチュエータは、広い用途において使用することができる。
図1Aおよび図1Bは、トランスデューサ100を、本発明の一実施形態にしたがって示した上面図である。トランスデューサ100は、電気エネルギと機械エネルギとの間の変換を行うためのポリマ102を備える。電気活性ポリマ102の上面および下面には、トップ電極104およびボトム電極106がそれぞれ取り付けられており、ポリマ102の一部分に電圧差を提供する。ポリマ102は、トップ電極104およびボトム電極106によって提供される電場の変化によって変形する。電極104,106によって提供される電場の変化に応じたトランスデューサ100の変形は、作動と称される。ポリマ102のサイズが変化するのにともなって、この変形を使用して機械的作用を生じることができる。
プリストレインドポリマの変形を様々な形で使用することによって、機械エネルギを生成または受けることができる。一般に、本発明による電気活性ポリマは、プリストレインドポリマによって改良された従来のアクチュエータおよびジェネレータや、1つまたはそれ以上のプリストレインドポリマのために特別に設計されたカスタムアクチュエータおよびカスタムジェネレータを含む、様々な形のアクチュエータおよびジェネレータにおいて使用して良い。従来のアクチュエータおよびジェネレータは、エクステンダ、曲がり梁、スタック、ダイヤフラム等などを含む。以下では、本発明にしたがった、幾つかの代表的なカスタムアクチュエータおよびジェネレータに関して説明する。
本発明にしたがったトランスデューサは、電気エネルギと機械エネルギとの間でエネルギの変換を行う。トランスデューサの性能は、トランスデューサ自体の観点から見て特徴付けられる。すなわち、アクチュエータにおけるトランスデューサの性能か、または特定の1用途におけるトランスデューサの性能(例えば、1モータ内に実装されたトランスデューサの数)によって特徴付けられて良い。プリストレインされた本発明にしたがった電気活性ポリマによって、トランスデューサの性能は大きく向上される。
上述のように、本発明のトランスデューサは、電気活性ポリマを作動させるための1つ以上の電極を備えることが好ましい。概して、本発明での使用に適した電極は、時間的に一定もしくは変化する適切な電圧を電気活性ポリマに供給し、電気活性ポリマから受け取ることができれば、どのような形態および材料であっても良い。一実施形態では、電極は、ポリマの表面に接着されている。ポリマに接着する電極は、適合性で、ポリマの形状変化に適合することが好ましい。電極は、電気活性ポリマの一部分にのみ適用可能であり、電極の形状にしたがってアクティブ領域を規定する。
本発明は、ミクロおよびマクロスケール両方で、非常に様々なアクチュエータ設計に実装可能なトランスデューサを含むため、本発明は、電気的エネルギと機械的エネルギの変換を必要とする幅広い用途に用いることが可能である。以下は、上述のアクチュエータの一部に関するいくつかの代表的な用途である。一般に、本発明のトランスデューサとアクチュエータは、電気的エネルギと機械的エネルギの変換を必要とする任意の用途に用いることができる。これらの用途は、ロボット工学、センサ、モータ、玩具、マイクロアクチュエータ、ポンプ、ジェネレータなどである。
プリストレインドポリマは、幅広い材料の様々なアクチュエータの設計において、そして多様な用途において、ミクロおよびマクロのスケールの両方で実装可能なため、本発明において使用される製造プロセスも、実に多様である。本発明の一形態は、1つまたはそれ以上のプリストレインポリマを有した電気機械デバイスを製造する方法を提供する。
本発明は、いくつかの好ましい実施形態に即して説明され、簡単のために省略したが、本発明の範囲内の変更、置換、等価物が存在する。例えば、本発明は、様々な多数の応用材料の電極に即して説明されたが、本発明は、これらの材料に限定されず、空気を電極として備える場合もある。さらに、本発明は、特定の性能範囲を持ついくつかの好ましいポリマの材料および形状寸法に即して説明されたが、本発明は、これらの材料および形状寸法に限定されず、挙げられた範囲外の性能を持つ場合もある。したがって、本発明の範囲は、添付の請求項を参照して決定されるべきである。
102 ポリマ
104 トップ電極
106 ボトム電極
108 方向
110 方向
130 ダイヤフラムデバイス
131 プリストレインドポリマ
132 フレーム
133 アパチャ
134 電極
136 電極
137 高さ
139 穴の直径
141 下面側
143 矢印
147 角度
150 テクスチャ加工された表面
152 電気活性ポリマ
154 表面の波
155 方向
156 剛性材料
160 電気活性ポリマ
161 粗面
200 バウデバイス
202 フレーム
204 剛体部材
205 ジョイント
206 ポリマ
207 電極
208 方向
210 方向
211 負荷
220 バネ
230 直線運動デバイス
231 ポリマ
232 剛体部材
233 長さ
234 幅
235 方向
236 方向
240 多層デバイス
241 プリストレインドポリマ
242 剛性フレーム
243 電極
244 電極
245 多層ダイヤフラムデバイス
246 ポリマ層
247 接着層
248 電極
249 電極
250 プレート
251 穴
255 線形アクチュエータ
256 ダイヤフラム
257 出力シャフト
258 アパチャ
259 矢印
260 バネ要素
261 フレーム
262 シャクトリムシ型アクチュエータ
263 ポリマ
264 静電クランプ
265 静電クランプ
266 ボディ
267 接続領域
268 金属面
269 絶縁接着剤
270 伸張膜デバイス
271 剛性フレーム
272 穴
273 プリストレインドポリマ
274 剛体バー
275 電極対
276 電極対
279 ストローク
280 曲がり梁デバイス
282 剛体サポート
281 ポリマ
283 薄膜材料
284 電極
285 電極
286 上面
287 下面
288 自由端
290 曲がり梁デバイス
291 プリストレインドポリマ
292 プリストレインドポリマ
293 電極
294 電極
295 電極
296 剛体サポート
297 半径方向
298 直線方向
299 自由端
300 デバイス
302 ポリマ
304 電極
308 剛体部材
310 剛体部材
312 エッジ
314 エッジ
316 湾曲部分
318 湾曲部分
320 方向
322 方向
500 ポリマ
501 構造化電極
502 金属トレース
503 電荷分布層
506 適合的な方向
510 プリストレイン
512 金属トレース
514 方向
516 方向
520 テクスチャ加工された電極
521 テクスチャ加工された電極
522 ポリマ
526 方向
540 ダイヤフラムポンプ
542 ダイヤフラムポンプ
544 プリストレインドポリマ
545 フレーム
546 プリストレインドポリマ
547 フレーム
548 穴
550 穴
551 空洞
552 空洞
553 プランジャ
555 1方向バルブ
556 1方向バルブ
558 1方向バルブ
560 曲げバネ
622 プリストレインドポリマ
624 剛体基板
625 電極
626 露出面
627 固形部材
628 接着剤
629 電極
630 電気活性ポリマ層
631 剛体基板
632 接着層
633 電極
634 利用可能な面
635 ポリマ層
636 穴
640 電気機械デバイス
Claims (39)
- 機械エネルギと電気エネルギとの間の変換を行うジェネレータであって、
少なくとも2つの電極と、
第1の部分に加えられた変形に応じて電場の変化を生じるように構成され、弾性的にプリストレインされている、100Mpa未満の弾性率を有する電気活性ポリマと、
を備えるジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、
前記ジェネレータは、前記変形に先立ってプリストレインされているジェネレータ。
- 請求項2記載のジェネレータであって、
前記少なくとも2つの電極は、前記プリストレインの結果として生じる弾性復元応力よりも小さい電場による応力を前記電気活性ポリマ内に生じさせる電圧を印加するために用いられるジェネレータ。
- 請求項2記載のジェネレータであって、
前記変形は、1方向への収縮であるジェネレータ。
- 請求項4記載のジェネレータであって、
電気エネルギは、前記収縮時に前記少なくとも2つの電極を介して出力されるジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、さらに、
前記変形を提供する機械的入力を備えるジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、
前記電気活性ポリマは一定の厚さを有し、前記変形は前記ポリマの前記厚さに垂直な面積の増大を含むジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、
前記プリストレインは、第1の方向と直交する第2の方向に加えられるプリストレインを超える大きさで前記第1の方向に加えられるジェネレータ。
- 請求項8記載のジェネレータであって、
前記第1の方向に加えられる前記プリストレインは、前記第2の方向への変形から生じる電場の変化を強化させるために使用されるジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、
前記電気活性ポリマは、シリコンエラストマ、アクリルエラストマ、PVDFコポリマ、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される材料を備えるジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、
前記少なくとも2つの電極の1つは、前記電気活性ポリマの変形に伴って形状を変化させるジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、さらに、
バイアス圧力が加えられるジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、
第1の方向への機械エネルギを電気エネルギに変換させ、
前記電気活性ポリマは、前記第1の方向への前記変形に応じて前記電場の変化を生じるように構成され、
前記ジェネレータの前記ポリマに結合され、前記ジェネレータに関して機械エネルギから電気エネルギへの変換を促進させる可撓性フレームと
を備えるジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、
第1の方向への機械エネルギを電気エネルギに変換させ、
前記電気活性ポリマは、前記第1の方向への前記変形に応じて前記電場の変化を生じるように構成され、
前記ジェネレータに結合され、前記第1の方向と直交する第2の方向への変位を実質的に阻止する少なくとも1つの剛性部材と
を備えるジェネレータ。
- 請求項14記載のジェネレータであって、
前記電気活性ポリマは、ある1方向にだけ別の1方向よりも大きく変形し得るジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、
前記電気活性ポリマは添加物を含む、
ジェネレータ。
- 請求項16記載のジェネレータであって、
前記添加物は、電気活性ポリマの絶縁破壊強度、最大の線ひずみ、誘電率、弾性率、応答時間、および作動電圧のうち少なくとも1つを改善させるジェネレータ。
- 請求項16記載のジェネレータであって、
前記添加物は、可塑剤、抗酸化剤、高誘電率微粒子のうち少なくとも1つを備えるジェネレータ。
- 請求項16記載のジェネレータであって、
前記添加物は、前記電気活性ポリマの能力のうち、機械エネルギと電気エネルギとの間の変換を行う能力と、接着の能力と、のうちいずれか1つを向上させるジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータはさらに、
前記電気活性ポリマの1つの少なくとも一部分および前記少なくとも2つの電極に重ね合わされ、前記ポリマおよび/または前記少なくとも2つの電極の1つに機械的に結合された層であって、第1の電極の一部分に積層され、前記第1の電極を外側から機械的に保護する層を備える、ジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータはさらに、
前記電気活性ポリマの1つの少なくとも一部分および前記少なくとも2つの電極に重ね合わされ、前記ポリマおよび/または前記少なくとも2つの電極の1つに機械的に結合された層であって、変形の最中に、より均一に前記電気活性ポリマに負荷を分布させる層を備える、ジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータはさらに、
前記電気活性ポリマの1つの少なくとも一部分および前記少なくとも2つの電極に重ね合わされ、前記ポリマおよび/または前記少なくとも2つの電極の1つに機械的に結合された層であって、前記電気活性ポリマよりも大きい剛性を有する層を備える、ジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、
前記少なくとも2つの電極は第1の電極と前記第2の電極とを備え、
前記電気活性ポリマの1つの少なくとも一部分および前記少なくとも2つの電極に重ね合わされ、前記ポリマおよび/または前記少なくとも2つの電極の1つに機械的に結合された層であって、前記第1および第2の電極の間の部分に積層される層を備える、ジェネレータ。
- 請求項23記載のジェネレータであって、
前記層は、前記ジェネレータの破壊強度を増大させるジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータはさらに、
前記電気活性ポリマの1つの少なくとも一部分および前記少なくとも2つの電極に重ね合わされ、前記ポリマおよび/または前記少なくとも2つの電極の1つに機械的に結合された層であって、前記電気活性ポリマの製造欠陥を補償するために使用される層を備える、ジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータはさらに、
前記電気活性ポリマの1つの少なくとも一部分および前記少なくとも2つの電極に重ね合わされ、前記ポリマおよび/または前記少なくとも2つの電極の1つに機械的に結合された層であって、変形の最中におけるポリマの均一性を高める層を備える、ジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータはさらに、
前記電気活性ポリマの1つの少なくとも一部分および前記少なくとも2つの電極に重ね合わされ、前記ポリマおよび/または前記少なくとも2つの電極の1つに機械的に結合された層であって、前記ジェネレータの機械的性質を改善する補強用の層を備える、ジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータはさらに、
前記電気活性ポリマの1つの少なくとも一部分および前記少なくとも2つの電極に重ね合わされ、前記ポリマおよび/または前記少なくとも2つの電極の1つに機械的に結合された層を備え、前記層は接着層を使用して接着される、ジェネレータ。
- 請求項1記載のジェネレータであって、
前記電気活性ポリマは巻かれるまたは折られるジェネレータ。
- 請求項29記載のジェネレータであって、
前記少なくとも2つの電極は、接地され外側に露出された電極を含むジェネレータ。
- 電気エネルギと機械エネルギとの間で変換を行うためのデバイスであって、
少なくとも1つの請求項1に記載のジェネレータと、
前記電気活性ポリマの第2の部分に結合され、電気エネルギと機械エネルギとの間の変換を改善させる少なくとも1つの湾曲部分と、
を備えるデバイス。
- 請求項31記載のデバイスであって、さらに、
前記電気活性ポリマの第3の部分に取り付けられた第1の剛性部材と、前記電気活性ポリマの第4の部分に取り付けられた第2の剛性部材と、を備えるデバイス。
- 請求項32記載のデバイスであって、さらに、
電気エネルギと機械エネルギとの間で変換を行うための第2のデバイスを備え、
前記第1および第2の剛性部材は、前記デバイスと前記第2のデバイスとを並列に繋ぐために、前記デバイスを、前記第2のデバイスに機械的に結合する、デバイス。
- 電気エネルギと第1の方向への機械エネルギとの間で変換を行うためのデバイスであって、
少なくとも1つの請求項1に記載のジェネレータと、
前記電気活性ポリマの相対する2面に結合され、前記電気エネルギと前記第1の方向への機械エネルギとの間の変換を改善させる1対の湾曲部分と、
を備えるデバイス。
- 請求項34記載のデバイスであって、
前記1対の湾曲部分は、前記第1の方向と直交する第2の方向へのポリマの変形を前記第1の方向への変位へと結合させるデバイス。
- 電気エネルギと機械エネルギとの間で変換を行うためのデバイスであって、
少なくとも1つの請求項1に記載のジェネレータと、
前記電気活性ポリマの第2の部分に取り付けられ、少なくとも1つの非円形のアパチャを備えたフレームと、
を備え、
前記電極は、前記電気活性ポリマの前記第1の部分に取り付けられるデバイス。
- 請求項36記載のデバイスであって、
前記非円形のアパチャはスロットであるデバイス。
- 請求項36記載のデバイスであって、さらに、
前記電気活性ポリマの下面側にバイアス圧力が加えられるデバイス。
- 機械エネルギと電気エネルギとの間の変換を行うセンサであって、
少なくとも2つの電極と、
第1の部分に加えられた変形に応じて電場の変化を生じるように構成され、弾性的にプリストレインされている、100Mpa未満の弾性率を有する電気活性ポリマと、
を備えるセンサ。
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US60/153,329 | 1999-09-10 | ||
US16132599P | 1999-10-25 | 1999-10-25 | |
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US18140400P | 2000-02-09 | 2000-02-09 | |
US60/181,404 | 2000-02-09 | ||
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US60/184,217 | 2000-02-23 | ||
US18780900P | 2000-03-08 | 2000-03-08 | |
US60/187,809 | 2000-03-08 | ||
US19223700P | 2000-03-27 | 2000-03-27 | |
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JPWO2017130591A1 (ja) * | 2016-01-29 | 2018-10-18 | 株式会社リコー | 感圧センサ、把持装置及びロボット |
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EP1212800A4 (en) | 2004-09-15 |
US7368862B2 (en) | 2008-05-06 |
EP1212800A1 (en) | 2002-06-12 |
JP2003505865A (ja) | 2003-02-12 |
EP1212800B1 (en) | 2007-12-12 |
DE60037433D1 (de) | 2008-01-24 |
WO2001006575A1 (en) | 2001-01-25 |
AU6230800A (en) | 2001-02-05 |
US7034432B1 (en) | 2006-04-25 |
US20060238066A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
DE60037433T2 (de) | 2008-12-04 |
ATE381116T1 (de) | 2007-12-15 |
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