JP5280368B2 - 高分子材料を生分解性にする化学添加剤 - Google Patents
高分子材料を生分解性にする化学添加剤 Download PDFInfo
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Description
高分子は、一緒に結合された単量体と呼ばれるより小さな単位で構成された合成及び天然の巨大分子である。熱可塑性プラスチックは、融解又は変形することができ、加熱されると融解して液体となり、十分に冷却されると凍結してもろい、非常にガラス状の状態となる種類の高分子である。大部分の熱可塑性プラスチックは、分子鎖が弱いファンデルワールス力(ポリエチレンなど)、より強い双極子‐双極子相互作用及び水素結合(ポリアミドなど)、又は芳香族環の積層(ポリスチレンなど)によって会合する高分子量重合体である。熱可塑性高分子は、熱硬化性高分子と異なり、再融解され、再成形されることができるので、熱硬化性高分子とは別のものである。多くの熱可塑性材料は、付加重合体、例えば、ポリエチレン及びポリプロピレンなどのビニル鎖成長重合体である。
生分解は、一般的に、酵素触媒加水分解、酸化、還元(reduction)の少なくとも一つを含むと考えられる。酵素は、微生物内で機能する内酵素、又は微生物の外側で機能する外酵素のどちらでもよい。
細菌及び真菌を含むさまざまな微生物が高分子材料を分解する上で助けとなる。米国EPAの放射線及び屋内空気局(Office of Radiation and Indoor Air)のために作成された(2006年9月11日)廃棄物隔離パイロットプラントにおけるセルロース材料、プラスチック材料及びゴム材料の分解、及び酸化マグネシウム安全因子計算の考え得る効果の予備調査。放線菌は土壌中で最も(主に)普通に見いだされ、低栄養源環境中で繁茂することができる種類の細菌である。放線菌は、大部分は好気性であるが、好気性条件中でも嫌気性条件中でも生存することができる。放線菌の最も重要な役割は、セルロースなどの有機栄養分の分解であり、リグノセルロースを消費することができる数少ない細菌の1つである。
合成プラスチック高分子の酵素による分解については、多くの微生物がヒドロラーゼ(加水分解を触媒する酵素)を産生することができるので、高分子骨格の中に加水分解可能な基を含む高分子は微生物の攻撃を特に受けやすいと考えられる。一般に、脂肪族ポリエステル、ポリウレタン、ポリエーテル、及びポリイミドの方が普通に生じる微生物によって容易に分解される。一般に、高分子量重合体及び分岐重合体の方が微生物分解されにくい。ポリエチレンおよびポリ塩化ビニルは比較的微生物分解されにくいと考えられる。しかしながら、いくつかの細菌の菌株が、ポリエチレンを分解できるものとして特定されており、これらにはロドコッカス属およびブレビバチルスボルステレイシス(B.borstelensis)が含まれる。
層1(紫外線又は光阻止層)、層2(プラスチック中に懸濁された生分解する微生物の層)、層3(香気層又は着香層)、層4(微生物のための嗅覚誘引剤層)、層5(DupontのSarano(商標)などのグリーンな製品の層)、層6(高分子を変化させる開始剤層、すなわち光、熱、高エネルギー、フリーラジカル)、層7(予め設計された温度又は条件が満たされたとき分子を以前の形状に戻す記憶高分子層)、層8(水分/水あるいは気体又は液体の形の指定された誘起剤が孔を通って内部の層の中に可能にし、微生物(細菌、糸状菌、酵母、酵素等)の刺激及び生分解プロセスが始まることを可能にする添加剤を有する孔のある層又はミクロな孔のある層(単数又は複数)。
添加剤全体の約0〜20添加重量%以上、又は約20〜40添加重量%以上、又は約40〜60添加重量%以上、又は約60〜80添加重量%以上、又は約80〜100添加重量%以上の範囲のフラノン化合物、添加剤全体の約0〜20重量%以上、又は約20〜40重量%以上、約40〜60重量%以上、約60〜80重量%以上、又は約80〜100重量%以上の範囲のグルタル酸、添加剤全体の約0〜20重量%以上、又は約20〜40重量%以上、約40〜60重量%以上、又は約60〜80重量%以上、又は約80〜100重量%以上の範囲のヘキサデカン酸、添加剤全体の約0〜20重量%以上、又は約20〜40重量%以上、約40〜60重量%以上、又は約60〜80重量%以上、又は約80〜100重量%以上の範囲のポリカプロラクトン高分子、添加剤全体の約0〜20重量%以上、又は約20〜40重量%以上、約40〜60重量%以上、又は約60〜80重量%以上、又は約80〜100重量%以上の範囲のポリカプロラクトン高分子、ポリ(乳酸)、ポリ(グリコール酸)及びポリ(乳酸−co−グリコール酸)及び添加剤全体の約0〜20重量%以上、又は約20〜40重量%以上、約40〜60重量%以上、又は約60〜80重量%以上、又は約80〜100重量%以上の範囲の天然又は人工の感覚刺激性膨潤剤(天然繊維、培養コロイド、シクロデキストリン、ポリ乳酸等)。
実施例7中の試料のすべてについて減衰全反射(ATR)分析が行われた。これらの試料のATRスペクトルは、パーキンエルマー(Perkin-Elmer)16PC分光計を用いて記録された。すべての試料は、4000から800cm−1の範囲で掃引された。スペクトルは、試料Cと比較して試料A及びBで若干の変化を示す。4ヶ月マークから8ヶ月マークのATRスペクトルを比較すると、試料Aは、顕著な生分解の増加を示した。試料Aの生分解は、2.7%から15.8%に増加する。
実施例7における試料の機械的性質及び熱的性質は、結晶構造、結晶化度、分子量及び分岐に著しく依存する。融解範囲及びガラス転移点の温度は、高分子の種類によって強く変化する。
(付記)
本形態の一つの特徴は、「一または複数の生分解性でない高分子の層を準備するステップ、及び化学誘引化合物とグルタル酸とカルボン酸化合物とを含む化合物を備える少なくとも部分的に生分解性である高分子材料を、前記高分子層の上か、間か、周りに積層して新しい生分解性製品を作り出すステップを含む、多層高分子プラスチックまたは合成物を作り出す方法」である。
Claims (16)
- フラノンと、
グルタル酸と、
5から18の炭素の鎖長を有するカルボン酸化合物と、
ポリεカプロラクトン、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリ(乳酸)、ポリ(グリコール酸)、及び、ポリ(乳酸−co−グリコール酸)からなる群から選択された高分子と、
ポリジビニルベンゼン、エチレン酢酸ビニル共重合体、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリスチレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリ塩化ビニル、メチルメタクリレート、ポリカーボネート、ポリアミド、ポリオレフィン、及び、これらの共重合体からなる群から選択された担体樹脂と、
を含む、添加されたときに高分子材料の生分解を高めるための生分解性添加剤として使用される混合物。 - 前記高分子材料を消化することができる微生物をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の生分解性添加剤として使用される混合物。
- 適合化添加剤をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の生分解性添加剤として使用される混合物。
- 着色剤、インク又は金属粒子からなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1つ以上の添加剤をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の高分子材料のための生分解性添加剤として使用される混合物。
- 1または複数の生分解性でない高分子の層を準備するステップ、及び、
フラノンと、グルタル酸と、5から18の炭素の鎖長を有するカルボン酸化合物と、ポリεカプロラクトン、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリ(乳酸)、ポリ(グリコール酸)、及び、ポリ(乳酸−co−グリコール酸)からなる群から選択された高分子と、ポリジビニルベンゼン、エチレン酢酸ビニル共重合体、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリスチレン、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリ塩化ビニル、メチルメタクリレート、ポリカーボネート、ポリアミド、ポリオレフィン、及び、これらの共重合体からなる群から選択された担体樹脂と、を含む化合物を備える少なくとも部分的に生分解性である高分子材料を、前記高分子層の上か、間か、周りに積層して新しい生分解性製品を作り出すステップを含む、多層高分子プラスチックまたは合成物を作り出す方法。 - 前記少なくとも1つの高分子の層は、前記高分子材料を分解するのに適する微生物によって生成される酵素を含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記酵素は、蒸着を用いて前記少なくとも1つの高分子層に塗布される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの高分子層は、孔を有する、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの高分子層は、二軸配向される、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの高分子層は、ハニカム六角形の形にされる、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの高分子層が機械的応力に対して剛性である、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの高分子層は香料を含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの高分子層は、微生物用の嗅覚誘引剤である、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも1つの高分子の層は、前記高分子材料を変質させるための開始剤を含む請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記合成物の少なくとも1つの高分子層は、紙組成物を含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記合成物の少なくとも1つの高分子層は、金属組成物を含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
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US9382416B2 (en) | 2006-10-31 | 2016-07-05 | Bio-Tec Environmental, Llc | Chemical additives to make polymeric materials biodegradable |
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US20130011906A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
EP2087033A4 (en) | 2015-04-01 |
EP2087033A1 (en) | 2009-08-12 |
US20140221524A1 (en) | 2014-08-07 |
ES2773919T3 (es) | 2020-07-15 |
AU2007313630A1 (en) | 2008-05-08 |
JP2013177623A (ja) | 2013-09-09 |
AU2007313630B2 (en) | 2013-07-04 |
WO2008055240A1 (en) | 2008-05-08 |
EP2087033B1 (en) | 2019-12-11 |
US20080103232A1 (en) | 2008-05-01 |
PL2087033T3 (pl) | 2020-06-01 |
US8222316B2 (en) | 2012-07-17 |
CN103865288B (zh) | 2017-05-31 |
HK1137189A1 (en) | 2010-07-23 |
CN103865288A (zh) | 2014-06-18 |
DK2087033T3 (da) | 2020-03-16 |
CN101589097B (zh) | 2014-01-08 |
JP2010508425A (ja) | 2010-03-18 |
US9382416B2 (en) | 2016-07-05 |
CN101589097A (zh) | 2009-11-25 |
US8618189B2 (en) | 2013-12-31 |
HK1199276A1 (en) | 2015-06-26 |
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