JP5246839B2 - 半導体薄膜の製造方法、半導体薄膜の製造装置、光電変換素子の製造方法及び光電変換素子 - Google Patents
半導体薄膜の製造方法、半導体薄膜の製造装置、光電変換素子の製造方法及び光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 title claims description 64
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 42
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 34
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 29
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims description 93
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 58
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- DVRDHUBQLOKMHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chalcopyrite Chemical group [S-2].[S-2].[Fe+2].[Cu+2] DVRDHUBQLOKMHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003748 selenium group Chemical group *[Se]* 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 14
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052951 chalcopyrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000427 thin-film deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/072—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/0021—Reactive sputtering or evaporation
- C23C14/0026—Activation or excitation of reactive gases outside the coating chamber
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- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
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- C23C14/0623—Sulfides, selenides or tellurides
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
- C23C14/243—Crucibles for source material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/072—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type
- H01L31/0749—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN heterojunction type including a AIBIIICVI compound, e.g. CdS/CulnSe2 [CIS] heterojunction solar cells
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- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/541—CuInSe2 material PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Description
この手法において、セレン(Se)源の加熱により発生するセレン蒸気は、Cu、In、Ga等の金属原料よりも数十倍高い蒸気圧にしなければならない。そのため、蒸発源るつぼへの原料仕込み量に比べて、実際に薄膜形成に寄与するセレン量はごく僅かであり、ほとんどは製膜槽の内壁等への付着物となり利用されない。その結果、セレン原料の利用効率は、他の金属原料に比べ著しく低いという問題がある。
(1)Ib族元素とIIIb族元素とSeを含むVIb族元素とからなるカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜の製造方法であって、上記半導体薄膜は蒸着による製膜過程において、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを用いたことを特徴とする半導体薄膜の製造方法。
(2)一般式Cu(In1-xGax)(SeyS1-y)2(0≦x≦1、0<y≦1)を有するカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄の製造方法であって、上記半導体薄膜は蒸着による製膜過程において、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを用いたことを特徴とする半導体薄膜の製造方法。
(3)Ib族元素とIIIb族元素とSeを含むVIb族元素とからなるカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜を蒸着製膜する装置であって、ヒーターにより加熱溶融したセレンを保持するセレン原料タンクと、セレン蒸気をセレン原料タンクから放電室に導く配管手段と、配管手段に設けられたバルブと、プラズマガス及びRFパワーが導入され、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを生成する放電室とを含むセレン源を備えたことを特徴とする半導体薄膜の製造装置。
(4)一般式Cu(In1-xGax)(SeyS1-y)2(0≦x≦1、0<y≦1)を有するカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜を蒸着製膜する装置であって、ヒーターにより加熱溶融したセレンを保持するセレン原料タンクと、セレン蒸気をセレン原料タンクから放電室に導く配管手段と、配管手段に設けられたバルブと、プラズマガス及びRFパワーが導入され、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを生成する放電室とを含むセレン源を備えたことを特徴とする半導体薄膜の製造装置。
(5)Ib族元素とIIIb族元素とSeを含むVIb族元素とからなるカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜を備えた光電変換素子の製造方法であって、上記半導体薄膜は蒸着による製膜過程において、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを用いたことを特徴とする光電変換素子の製造方法。
(6)一般式Cu(In1-xGax)(SeyS1-y)2(0≦x≦1、0<y≦1)を有するカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜を備えた光電変換素子の製造方法であって、上記半導体薄膜は蒸着による製膜過程において、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを用いたことを特徴とする光電変換素子の製造方法。
本発明に係るCIGS系薄膜は、従来の単純な加熱によるセレン蒸気の供給とは異なり、RFやDCなどによるプラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレン(本明細書では、「クラックドSe」という)をSe源として製膜するものである。
プラズマガスとしては、Arの他、H2、He、Kr、Xe、Rn、N2、O2、H2Se、H2S又はこれらを含む混合ガスなどが利用できる。
Se原料タンク中のセレン原料は、タンク周囲に設けられたヒーターにより加熱溶融される。発生したセレン蒸気はヒーターにより保温された配管手段を経て放電室に達する。
放電室には、プラズマガス及びRFパワーが導入され、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンが生成される。クラックドSeはその後、製膜槽に設けられた基板に到達しCu、In等の金属原料蒸気とともにCIGS系薄膜形成に寄与する。
本実施例のSe源では、まずSe原料タンク中のセレンをヒーター加熱することでセレン蒸気を得る。セレン蒸気は、ヒーターにより保温された配管手段を経て放電室に導かれる。配管手段にはバルブが設けられている。そして製膜待機時は配管手段に設けられたバルブを全閉することでセレン蒸気を封止することができるので、原料の浪費をなくすことが可能である。また製膜時にはバルブを調節して、プラズマガス及びRFパワーを導入し放電させた放電室にセレン蒸気を導入する。
図6に示すCIGS系太陽電池の性能から、この手法によって高性能・高効率デバイスの作製が可能であることがわかる。
従来手法によるCIGS系太陽電池は一般に光照射によって性能が低下するのに対して、本発明によるCIGS系太陽電池では光照射後の特性が向上していることが分かる。
図8にRFクラッキングパワー制御による光照射効果発現度合いの制御例を示す。なお図8においてη0は、光(100mW/m2 AM1.5G)照射直後の変換効率であり、ηは、光照射5分後の変換効率である。
Claims (6)
- Ib族元素とIIIb族元素とSeを含むVIb族元素とからなるカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜の製造方法であって、上記半導体薄膜は蒸着による製膜過程において、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを用いたことを特徴とする半導体薄膜の製造方法。
- 一般式Cu(In1-xGax)(SeyS1-y)2(0≦x≦1、0<y≦1)を有するカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜の製造方法であって、上記半導体薄膜は蒸着による製膜過程において、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを用いたことを特徴とする半導体薄膜の製造方法。
- Ib族元素とIIIb族元素とSeを含むVIb族元素とからなるカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜を蒸着製膜する装置であって、ヒーターにより加熱溶融したセレンを保持するセレン原料タンクと、セレン蒸気をセレン原料タンクから放電室に導く配管手段と、配管手段に設けられたバルブと、プラズマガス及びRFパワーが導入され、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを生成する放電室とを含むセレン源を備えたことを特徴とする半導体薄膜の製造装置。
- 一般式Cu(In1-xGax)(SeyS1-y)2(0≦x≦1、0<y≦1)を有するカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜を蒸着製膜する装置であって、ヒーターにより加熱溶融したセレンを保持するセレン原料タンクと、セレン蒸気をセレン原料タンクから放電室に導く配管手段と、配管手段に設けられたバルブと、プラズマガス及びRFパワーが導入され、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを生成する放電室とを含むセレン源を備えたことを特徴とする半導体薄膜の製造装置。
- Ib族元素とIIIb族元素とSeを含むVIb族元素とからなるカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜を備えた光電変換素子の製造方法であって、上記半導体薄膜は蒸着による製膜過程において、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを用いたことを特徴とする光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 一般式Cu(In1-xGax)(SeyS1-y)2(0≦x≦1、0<y≦1)を有するカルコパイライト構造の半導体薄膜を備えた光電変換素子の製造方法であって、上記半導体薄膜は蒸着による製膜過程において、プラズマによってクラッキングされてラジカル化したセレンを用いたことを特徴とする光電変換素子の製造方法。
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