JP4837663B2 - 造影画像化のためのガス充填微小胞組成物 - Google Patents
造影画像化のためのガス充填微小胞組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、診断的および/または治療的画像化における造影剤としての使用に適したガス充填微小胞組成物、該組成物の使用を特徴とする診断的/治療的画像化方法、および組成物の製剤方法に関する。
近年における超音波造影剤の急速な発展により、多くの種々の製剤が生成されており、これらはヒトまたは動物体の器官および組織の超音波造影画像化に有用である。これらの物質は、例えばBモード像形成(後方散乱組織特性の空間分布に基づく)またはドップラー信号処理(血液または液体流量パラメータを測定するための超音波エコーの連続波またはパルスドップラー処理に基づく)に用いる医学的超音波検査装置の使用と併せて主に静脈内または動脈内注射剤として用いるように設計される。
-O-(CH2)a-CO-O-CH(CH3)-O-CO-(CH2)a-CO-O(CH2)b-CO-
[式中、aは9〜19の整数であり、bは1〜8の整数である]
で示される繰り返し単位からなるポリマーを含むマイクロカプセルとともに水素化卵ホスファチジルセリン(hydrogenated egg phosphatidylserine)を含む微小気泡の混合物を開示する。
本発明の態様は、少なくとも二つの異なるガス充填微小胞の製剤を含む診断的および/または治療的画像化のための組成物に関し、その少なくとも二つの異なる製剤は、互いに少なくとも2 MHz、好ましくは少なくとも3 MHzだけ異なる非線形超音波検査応答のそれぞれのピークを有する。
ガス充填微小胞の次元および粒度分布は、多くのパラメータにより特徴付けることができ、最も多く用いられるものは、数における平均直径DNおよび容積における平均直径DVである。数における直径は平均数次元の微小胞の目安を提供する一方、容積における直径は微小胞に取り込まれる気体の全容積がその集団中にどれだけ分布しているかの情報を提供する。ガス充填微小胞の集団を特徴付けるためのさらなる有用なパラメータは、DV50、DV90またはDV95直径である。これらのパラメータは、上記の値以下の直径を有する微小胞に取り込まれている気体の百分率(それぞれ50、90または95%)を示す。従って、例えばDV90=10μmは、言及されている微小胞製剤の気体の全容積の90%が10μm以下の直径を有する微小胞に含まれていることを意味する。DV50値は、粒度分布の容積におけるメジアン径を定義する。理論上、単粒化された(mono-sized)微小胞が同一のDNおよびDVまたはDV50値を示す一方、実験的な製剤における狭いまたは広い粒度分布は、それぞれDN値とDV値の間の対応する小さいまたは大きい差を決定し、従って、対応する種々のDV/DN比を有するだろう。従って、DV/DN比の値は、ガス充填微小胞のある集団の粒度分布がその平均値の前後にどれだけ分散しているかを見積もるために用いることができ;一般に、粒度分布が広ければ広いほど、DV/DN比の値は大きい。従って例えば、大きな気泡(例えば8μmを超える直径を有する気泡)を実質的に有さない主に小さな微小胞(例えば2μm前後の直径を有する微小胞)を含む集団は、対応する比較的低いDV/DN比を有するDN値に近いDV値を示すだろう。逆に、それでもわずかな比率で大きな気泡を有する主に小さな微小胞を含む集団は、対応するより高いDV/DN比を有するより高いDV値を示すだろう。一般に、約2未満のDV/DN比を示す微小胞の集団は、狭く分布していると考えることができ;これらの微小胞はまた、「測定された」微小胞と称することもできる。他方、約3以上のDV/DN比を示す微小胞の集団は一般に、広い分布を有すると考えることができる。
BS=(Q3-2Q2+Q1)/(Q3-Q1) (1)
[式中、Qiは分布のi番目の四分位である]
で定義される。従って、Figure 10に示されるように、微小胞製剤の気体容積分布の場合、Q1は取り込まれる気体の全容積の25%までを取り込むより大きな直径の微小胞に対応し、Q2は取り込まれる気体の全容積の50%までを取り込むより大きな直径の微小胞に対応し、Q3は取り込まれる気体の全容積の75%までを取り込むより大きな直径の微小胞に対応する。いずれの対称な分布についてもBS=0であることが式(1)およびFigure 10から理解することができる。分母Q3-Q1は、BSについての最大値(すなわち1)が極右歪度を示すが、BSについての最小値(すなわち-1)が極左歪度を示すような係数を設計し直す。
本明細書に定義されるように、ガス充填微小気泡は、気体/液体界面に配置される両親媒性化合物を含む薄膜により安定化される水性懸濁液中にて分散される気体の泡を含む。その安定化膜は、ときどき当業者に「一過性の膜」と称されており、一般に5 nm未満、典型的に約2〜3 nmの厚さを有し、従って実質的に単分子層を意味することが多い。
本明細書に定義されているガス充填マイクロカプセルは物質膜(material envelope)を有する微小胞を含み、その厚さは一般に、フィルム膜を安定化する微小気泡の厚さよりもはるかに厚い。該膜を形成する物質(例えばポリマー性、タンパク質性、水不溶性脂質性またはそのいずれかの組合せであることができる)に応じて、その厚さは、一般に少なくとも50 nm、典型的に少なくとも100 nm、数百ナノメートル(例えば300 nm)までである。
-(NH-CHA-CO)w-(NH-CHX-CO)y-
[式中、Xは、アミノ酸残基の側鎖(例えばメチル、イソプロピル、イソブチルまたはベンジル)を示し;Aは式:-(CH2)n COOR1 R2 -OCOR、-(CH2)n COO-CHR1COOR、-(CH2)n CO(NH-CHX-CO)m NH-CH(COOH)-(CH2)p COOHで示される基またはそのそれぞれの無水物であり(ここに、R1およびR2はHまたは低級アルキルであり、Rはアルキルまたはアリールであり;またはRおよびR1は置換または非置換結合メンバーにより一緒に連結し、5員または6員環を提供し;n、mおよびpは5を超えない、より低い整数である);wおよびyは5000以上の分子量を有するために選択される整数である]を有する。
いずれの生体適合性ガス、ガス前駆体またはその混合物を上記微小胞に満たすために用いることができる。
本発明による組成物に有用な微小胞は、適宜標的リガンド、診断剤および/または生物活性剤を含有して(例えば含んでいるか、または結合している)いてもよい。
本発明による組成物は、当業者に知られている方法(例えば上記いずれかの製造方法)により製造されたガス充填微小胞の二つ以上の異なる製剤、ならびに微小胞製剤の二つ以上の前駆体(例えば乳剤または乾燥化合物として)を混合することにより有利に得ることができる。
組成物1: 製剤4/製剤2, RVG = 27/73;
組成物2: 製剤4/製剤2, RVG = 43/57;
組成物3: 製剤5/製剤1, RVG = 53/47;
組成物4: 製剤5/製剤1, RVG = 37/63;
組成物5: 製剤6/製剤3/製剤1, RVG = 30/35/35;
組成物6: 製剤6/製剤3/製剤1, RVG = 25/35/40。
次の実施例は、本発明をさらに詳細に説明するだろう。
次の実施例において、微小気泡の粒度分布、容積濃度および数(凍結乾燥し、水相で再構成した後)は、0.7〜20μmの測定範囲にて30μm開口で適合したCoulter Counter Mark II装置を用いて測定する。
第一乳剤(E1a)は、以下の手順により得る:
ジパルミトイルホスファチジルセリン(DPPS)20 mgを10%(w/w)マンニトール水溶液20 mlに加える。懸濁液を65℃にて15分間加熱した後、室温(22℃)まで冷却する。ペルフルオロヘプタン(8%v/v)をこの水相に加え、直径約4 cmのビーカー中にて8500 rpmにて1分間高速ホモジナイザー(Polytron T3000、プローブ直径3 cm)を用いることにより、乳化する。
混合組成物について計算されるそれぞれのBSおよびDV95値は以下のとおりであった:
CM1A: BS = 0.20; DV95 = 4.2
CM1B: BS = 0.19; DV95 = 4.6
CM1C: BS = 0.19; DV95 = 4.8
第一懸濁液(S2a)は、プロピレングリコールとグリセロールの混合物(3:10 w/w)5.4%(w/w)を含む水100 mlにDPPS200 mgを加えることにより調製する。得られた混合物を振盪し、80℃まで5分間加熱し、室温まで冷却した後、水浴に繋いだ二重壁反応容器中に導入し、温度を維持する。反応容器を直列ローターステーター混合系(Megatron MT40-Kinematica)に繋ぐ。ペルフルオロ-n-ブタンガス(F2 Chemicals, Preston Lancashire UK)を、Y型連結により反応容器と混合系との間の液体流中に導入する。溶液を25000 rpm、室温にて3分間均質化する。得られた微小気泡懸濁液を100 mlシリンジ中に移し、終夜のデカンテーション後、低相を除去し、10%マルトース水溶液に置き換える。
二つの懸濁液のアリコートを異なる相対比にて混合し、第二表に例示される三つの混合微小気泡製剤CS2A、CS2BおよびCS2Cを得る。
Figures 6a-6cは、二つの単一製剤M2aおよびM2bの粒度分布(それぞれ細い実線および点線)と比較して、それぞれの各混合組成物CM2A(fig. 6a)、CM2B(fig. 6b)およびCM2C(fig. 6c)の粒度分布(太い実線)を示す。この場合にも、特に特異な(台形様)粒度分布パターンが、figures 6a-6cの混合製剤、特に実質的に平坦な部分を示す製剤6aの場合に、観察することができる。混合組成物について計算されたそれぞれのBSおよびDV95値は以下のとおりであった:
CM2A: BS = 0.22; DV95 = 5.7
CM2B: BS = 0.32; DV95 = 5.3
CM2C: BS = 0.31; DV95 = 4.8
DPPS20 mgを10%(w/w)マンニトール水溶液20 mlに加える。懸濁液を65℃にて15分間加熱した後、室温(22℃)まで冷却する。ペルフルオロヘプタン(0.6 ml−2.9%v/v)を水性懸濁液に加え、8500 rpmにて1分間高速ホモジナイザー(Polytron T3000、プローブ直径3 cm)を用いることにより、直径約4 cmのビーカー中にて乳化し、第一乳剤(E3a)を得る。
混合組成物について計算されるそれぞれのBSおよびDV95値は以下の通りであった:
CM3A: BS = 0.24; DV95 = 3.7
CM3B: BS = 0.24; DV95 = 4.6
第一乳剤(E4a)は、以下の手順により得る:
ジステアロイルホスファチジルコリン(DSPC)およびジパルミトイルホスファチジルセリン(DPPS)は、それぞれ0.5 mg/mlの濃度にてマンニトールの10%水溶液40 ml中70℃にて導入する。室温まで冷却した後、この懸濁液を、マイクロミキサー(Interdigital Micro-mixer, Institut fur Microtechnik Mainz GmbH, Germany)中20 ml/minの流速にて再循環する。次いでシクロオクタン3.2 mlを、0.2 ml/minの速度にて第二チャネルを通して注入する。得られた乳剤をマイクロミキサー中にて20分間再循環させる。
両方の得られた乳剤は別々に加熱(120℃、30分)した後、室温まで冷却する。
次いで二つの乳剤のアリコートを4/1または4/3の容積比にて混合し、それぞれの混合乳剤CE4AおよびCE4Bを得る。
単一および混合乳剤を、最終的に1 mlアリコートにてDIN 8Rバイアル中に分配し、凍結乾燥(Telstar Lyobeta-35凍結乾燥機)する。凍結乾燥終了後、ペルフルオロブタン/窒素混合物(35/65 v/v)を凍結乾燥機に導入し、バイアルに栓をする。
製剤M4aおよびM4bは、それぞれ約6 MHzおよび約3.5 MHzの非線形超音波検査応答のピークを有する、それぞれ約1.9および2.7μmのDV50値を示す。次のBSおよびDV95値は混合組成物について測定した:
CM4A: BS = 0.20; DV95 = 4.6μm
CM4B: BS = 0.17; DV95 = 6.8μm
Figure 8は、M4a(細い実線)およびM4b(点線)のものと比較した微小気泡製剤CM4Bの粒度分布(太い実線)を示す。
ジステアロイルホスファチジルコリン(DSPC)およびジパルミトイルホスファチジルセリン(DPPS)を、マンニトールの10%水溶液40 ml中70℃にて、それぞれ0.5 mg/mlの濃度にて導入する。室温まで冷却した後、この懸濁液をマイクロミキサー(Interdigital Micro-mixer, Institut fur Microtechnik Mainz GmbH, Germany)中、20 ml/minの流速にて再循環する。次いでシクロオクタン1.6 mlを0.2 ml/minの流速にて第二チャネルを通して注入する。得られた乳剤は、20分間マイクロミキサー中にて再循環する。次いで再循環速度を10 ml/minまで減少し、第二の量のシクロオクタン1.6 mlを0.2 ml/minの流速にてマイクロミキサーの第二チャネルに導入する。乳剤を10 ml/minの流速にて20分間再循環する。得られた乳剤を集め、加熱(120℃、30分)し、1 mlアリコートにてDIN 8Rバイアル中に分配し、凍結乾燥(Telstar Lyobeta-35凍結乾燥機)する。凍結乾燥終了後、ペルフルオロブタン/窒素混合物(35/65 v/v)を凍結乾燥機に導入し、バイアルに栓をする。
得られた微小気泡製剤の粒度分布(BS = 0.19, DV95 = 4.9μm)は、実施例4の製剤M4aおよびM4b(それぞれ細い実線および点線)と説明的に比較し、figure 9に太い実線で示す。
本発明による超音波造影剤(UCA)(実施例1により製造された組成物CM1B)の超音波検査応答は、二つの異なる伝送周波数2 MHzおよび10 MHzにて、市販のUCA、Sonovue(登録商標)(Bracco International B.V.)の応答と比較する。Figure 13はSonovue(登録商標)の粒度分布(実線)と比較したCM1Bの粒度分布(点線)を示す。第3表は、二つのUCAのDv95値およびBSを示す。
Claims (13)
- 少なくとも二つの異なるガス充填微小胞製剤の混合物を含有し、その少なくとも二つの異なる製剤が両親媒性物質のフィルム層により安定化された微小気泡であり、異なるメジアン径を有するそれぞれの粒度分布を有し、
該メジアン径が容積(D V50 )においてそれぞれ第一および第二のメジアン直径により定義され、
(a) 該第一および第二のD V50 が互いに少なくとも0.5μmの値だけ異なり、
(b) 10μmまでの直径を有する微小胞の母集団により決定される微小胞に含まれる全容積の少なくとも95%のガスが、8μm以下の直径を有する微小胞中に含まれる、診断的および/または治療的画像化のための組成物。 - 第一および第二のDV50が互いに少なくとも1.0μmの値だけ異なる、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも二つのセットの微小胞が容積における平均直径と数における対応する平均直径とのそれぞれの比により定義される粒度分布(DV/DN)を有し、少なくとも一つのセットのガス充填微小胞が1.2〜3のDV/DN比を有する、請求項1または2のいずれか記載の組成物。
- 両親媒性物質がリン脂質である、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 生理学的に許容される水性担体をさらに含有する、請求項1〜4のいずれか記載の組成物。
- ガス充填微小胞が生理学的に許容される水性担体と接触する際に再構成可能な乾燥粉末形態である、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- ガス充填微小胞が標的リガンド、診断剤、生物活性剤またはそのいずれの組合せも含有する、請求項1〜6のいずれか記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも一つのガス充填微小胞の製剤が標的リガンド、診断剤、生物活性剤またはそのいずれの組合せも含有する、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 少なくとも二つの異なるガス充填微小胞の製剤またはその前駆体を混合することを特徴とし、
その少なくとも二つの異なる製剤が両親媒性物質のフィルム層により安定化された微小気泡であり、異なるメジアン径を有するそれぞれの粒度分布を有し、
該メジアン径が容積(D V50 )においてそれぞれ第一および第二のメジアン直径により定義され、
(a) 該第一および第二のD V50 が互いに少なくとも0.5μmの値だけ異なり、
(b) 10μmまでの直径を有する微小胞の母集団により決定される微小胞に含まれる全容積の少なくとも95%のガスが、8μm以下の直径を有する微小胞中に含まれる、
少なくとも二つの異なる伝送周波数に対して診断的に有効な超音波検査応答を有する造影剤を製造する方法。 - 前駆体が医薬的に許容される液体担体における再構成の際に微小胞製剤を形成する乾燥粉末形態である、請求項9記載の方法。
- 前駆体が水と水と混合できない有機溶媒との乳剤中にてリン脂質を分散させることにより得られるマイクロエマルジョンであり、該乳剤が溶解保護剤の存在下における凍結乾燥の際に微小胞製剤を形成し、次いで医薬的に許容される液体担体中にて再構成される、請求項9記載の方法。
- ガス充填微小胞またはその前駆体の少なくとも二つの異なる製剤が、異なる工程パラメータを同じ製剤混合物に適用することにより混合製剤として直接得られる、請求項11記載の方法。
- 乾燥粉末形態における請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の組成物および生理学的に許容される水性担体を含む、診断的および/または治療的キット。
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CN103120799A (zh) | 2013-05-29 |
US20080008657A1 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
EP1784228A1 (en) | 2007-05-16 |
US10076580B2 (en) | 2018-09-18 |
US9248204B2 (en) | 2016-02-02 |
WO2006018433A1 (en) | 2006-02-23 |
CA2575677A1 (en) | 2006-02-23 |
CN101005858A (zh) | 2007-07-25 |
AU2005273865B2 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
US20160184464A1 (en) | 2016-06-30 |
EP1784228B1 (en) | 2016-10-05 |
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