JP4645406B2 - 半導体装置 - Google Patents
半導体装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4645406B2 JP4645406B2 JP2005299137A JP2005299137A JP4645406B2 JP 4645406 B2 JP4645406 B2 JP 4645406B2 JP 2005299137 A JP2005299137 A JP 2005299137A JP 2005299137 A JP2005299137 A JP 2005299137A JP 4645406 B2 JP4645406 B2 JP 4645406B2
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- Prior art keywords
- copper
- heat spreader
- film
- chip
- solder
- Prior art date
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- H01L2924/11—Device type
- H01L2924/13—Discrete devices, e.g. 3 terminal devices
- H01L2924/1304—Transistor
- H01L2924/1306—Field-effect transistor [FET]
- H01L2924/13091—Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor [MOSFET]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L2924/151—Die mounting substrate
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- H01L2924/15786—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a non metallic, non metalloid inorganic material
- H01L2924/15787—Ceramics, e.g. crystalline carbides, nitrides or oxides
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Description
ここで問題となるのが高電流密度化にともなう発熱密度の増加である。例えば、従来では定格50Aで使用していた半導体チップに、半導体チップの高性能化にともなって、例えば75Aの電流を流すという使われ方が多くなってきている。半導体チップの定格電流により、必要とされるチップ面積を減少できればコスト低減できる。例えば10mm□の半導体チップを1枚のウェハから取り出すことができる個数が100個であった場合、半導体チップ面積が30%小さなもの(約8.4mm□)では、同じウェハから取り出すことのできる半導体チップ個数は約142個となり、1ウェハ当たりの半導体チップの取れ数が多くなる。このように、より小さな半導体チップで、より多くの電流を流すことができれば、1ウェハ当たりの半導体チップの取れ数が増加し、コスト低減につながる。
IGBTやFWD等のパワーデバイスでは、動作温度の上限を125℃としている場合が多い。しかしながら、チップの上面の電極とチップを搭載した回路基板の回路パターンとの間をアルミワイヤにて接続した構成(片面冷却)ではチップの小型化や高電流密度化に伴って発熱密度が増加すると、チップ表面の温度が上昇してしまい、動作温度の上限内にチップ温度を抑えることが困難になってきた。
これは、アルミワイヤが例えばφ300mmやφ400mmといった細線であり、チップで発生した熱を移動することが出来ないためである。さらに、アルミワイヤ自身がジュール熱により発熱し、場合によってはアルミワイヤが溶断してしまう問題点がある。
このような問題点に対し、半導体チップ上面から効率的に熱を逃がす方法として、半導体チップ上面に金属製の高熱伝導体であるヒートスプレッダを熱伝導性樹脂あるいははんだ材により固着し、最も高温となるチップ中央部の熱をチップ周辺に拡散して最高温度を下げる方法が開示されている(例えば、特許文献1など)。
つぎに、このヒートスプレッダにアルミワイヤを接続したIGBTモジュールについて説明する。
また、このようなIGBTモジュールをインバータ装置に用いるには、この他にダイオード(FWD)が必要となり、実際は複数のIGBTとダイオードとを組み込んだモジュールとして構成されることが多いがここでの説明では簡略化のため1つのIGBTのみ表示して他は省略してある。また、図4では図示していないが、PPS(ポリ・フェニレン・サルファイド)又はPBT(ポリ・ブチレン・テレフタレート)などの樹脂ケース内に収納され、さらにその中に素子保護としてシリコーン樹脂を充填する。
この構成において、前記金属電極層を有するSiチップ、および前記電極パッドを有する絶縁基板側と、端子部との熱膨張係数差が大きいため、このパワーモジュールを使用する際に生じる温度サイクルによって、これらの接合部が破損し易いという問題があった。 この問題を解決する手段として、前記熱膨張係数差を低減させるための応力緩衝部材として積層体を前記電極層等と端子部との間に挿入し、さらに、この積層体と前記電極層等および端子部とを拡散接合等により強固な接合状態とする構成が開示されている(例えば、特許文献2参照)。
しかしながら、この積層体は、モリブデン等からなる低熱膨張体と純Al等からなり、前記低熱膨張体より熱膨張係数が大きい低変形抵抗体からなるために、この積層体を形成する際の熱および熱膨張係数差に起因して、積層体を平坦に形成することが困難であるという問題があった。従って、このように形成された積層体は、前記電極パッド等および端子部に良好に接合することができず、端子部および電極部と積層体との接合強度の低下、および電極部から積層体を介して端子部への電気伝導率の低下を招来するという問題があった。また、前記ベース板がモリブデンまたはタングステンにより形成されているので、熱膨張係数差の低減を図るために、積層体が具備すべき熱膨張係数を実現すると、ベース板の厚さが厚くなり過ぎ、形成された積層体の電気伝導性が低下するという問題があった。また、モリブデンおよびタングステンは、所謂、難削材であるのでこのパワーモジュールの高コスト化を併発するという問題があった。
図6は、冷熱繰り返し環境でのはんだに加わるストレスを説明するための模式図であり、同図(a)は高温時の模式図、同図(b)は低温時の模式図である。同図(a)において、IGBTチップ56に比べヒートスプレッダ62の熱膨張係数の方が大きいため、ヒートスプレッダ62によりはんだ59が左右に引っ張れる形となる。同図(b)において、ヒートスプレッダ62によりはんだ59は中央に引っ張られる形となる。IGBTモジュールの信頼性試験においては、高温側は125℃、低温側は−40℃の温度条件にて、数百サイクルの繰り返し試験が実施されている。この繰り返し応力によりはんだ59が劣化し、最も応力が大きい箇所からクラックが生じてきてしまう。
しかしながら、ヒートスプレッダ62と銅板64を超音波接合する場合、問題が生じる。それは、IGBTチップ56とヒートスプレッダ62の熱膨張係数差を小さくするために、ヒートスプレッダ62の材質として熱膨張係数の小さいモリブデンやタングステン、銅−モリブデン合金、銅−タングステン合金などを用いた場合、これらのヒートスプレッダ62の上面に銅やアルミニウムなどの金属板を超音波接合することが困難であるからである。
また、前記した特許文献2および特許文献3には、応力緩衝部材としての積層体83については説明しているものの、高熱拡散体としてのヒートスプレッダ62についての記載はされていない。
この発明の目的は、前記の課題を解決して、高い接合信頼性を確保できるヒートスプレッダを有する半導体装置を供給することである。
また、前記導電体の下方の面に銅膜、ニッケル膜もしくは銅膜とニッケル膜の積層膜のいずれか一つである第2導電膜を被覆するとよい。
また、前記半導体チップと前記ヒートスプレッダをはんだで固着するとよい。
また、前記導電体が低熱膨張体であるとよい。
また、前記第1導電膜とする銅膜は、例えば、銅めっき膜であるとよい。
また、前記導電板が銅板もしくはアルミニウム板であるとよい。
また、半導体チップに面する側のヒートスプレッダの表面を銅膜(例えば、銅めっき膜)やニッケル膜(例えば、ニッケルめっき膜)とすることで強固なはんだ接合することができる。
このようにすることで、強固で高い接合信頼性を確保できるヒートスプレッダを有する半導体装置を提供することができる。
IGBTチップ6を搭載する導電パターン付き絶縁基板10は、セラミクス基板11と、その裏面に固着した0.2mm〜0.6mm厚の裏面銅箔12と、セラミック基板11の表面に0.2mm〜0.6mm厚の銅箔で形成したエミッタ用導体パターン13とコレクタ用導体パターン14およびゲート用導体パターン15とで構成される。
この導電パターン付き絶縁基板10を構成するコレクタ用導体パターン14上にIGBTチップ6の裏面を厚さが150μm程度のはんだ16により固着し、IGBTチップ6の上面(エミッタ電極8)に両面を銅めっき膜3、4で被覆したヒートスプレッダ1の裏面(銅めっき膜4)をはんだ7により固着する。ヒートスプレッダ1の上面(銅めっき膜3)と0.2mm〜0.5mm厚の銅板5の一端を超音波接合し、この銅板の他端とエミッタ用導体パターン13を超音波接合により接続する。IGBTチップ6上のゲートパッド9と、導電パターン付き絶縁基板10に形成されたゲート用導体パターン15の間をアルミワイヤ17で接続する。
ここでは、ヒートスプレッダ1の材質としてモリブデンを用いた場合を例にしたが、モリブデンに限定するものではなく、この材質をタングステン、銅−モリブデン、銅−タングステンなどの低熱膨張体にしても構わない。また、銅板5をアルミニウム板としても構わない。 このように、ヒートスプレッダ1に銅より低熱膨張体を用いることで、はんだ7に加わる熱ストレスを緩和できてヒートスプレッダとはんだとの接合信頼性を高めることができる。また、銅板5とヒートプレッダ1の接合面に銅めっき膜3を形成することで従来の銅部材を用いたヒートスプレッダ62と同程度に超音波接合を強固できる。
前記のように、ヒートスプレッダ1のはんだ7に面した側も銅めっき膜4が形成され、この銅めっき膜4にはんだ7が固着すると、はんだ7に銅めっき成分が溶出し、はんだ7と銅めっきの接合界面に脆弱な銅合金層が生成される場合がある。これを解決する方法をつぎに説明する。
第1実施例との違いは、ヒートスプレッダ1のはんだ7と固着する面を銅めっき膜4の代わりにNiめっき膜18を形成した点である。第1実施例で説明したように、はんだ7に面した側に銅成分があると、脆弱な合金層が生成される場合があるため、はんだ7に面した側をNiめっきとしてある。また銅板5に面した側には第1実施例と同様に超音波接合性を上げるために銅めっき膜3を形成している。このようにして、超音波接合性を高めた上に、脆弱な銅合金層生成を防ぐことができる。
しかし、ヒートスプレッダ1の上面に銅めっき膜3を形成する場合には下面をマスキングし、一方ヒートスプレッダ1の下面にNiめっき膜18を形成する場合には上面をマスキングする必要がある。つまり、マスキングが2回必要となり製造コストが増大する。これを解決する方法をつぎに説明する。
第2実施例との違いは、ヒートスプレッダ1のはんだ7と固着する面に上面の銅めっき膜3と同時に銅めっき膜4を形成し、この銅めっき膜4上にNiめっき膜19を形成した点である。こうすることで、銅めっき膜4を形成するときには上面の銅めっき膜3と同時に形成するためマスキングが不要となり、Niめっき膜19を形成するときのみ反対側(上側)の面を1回マスキングすればよく、第3実施例より低コスト化できるメリットがある。
即ち、第2実施例でははんだ7と銅板5とに面したヒートスプレッダ1の下面および上面にそれぞれが異なった材質のめっき膜を形成する際、それぞれのめっき処理でマスクキングが必要となり、結果として2度のマスキングを必要とする。
このようにすることで、低コストで高接合信頼性のヒートスプレッダを有する半導体装置を提供することができる。
尚、前記の説明では半導体装置としてIGBTを例として挙げたが、電力用の半導体装置であるMOSFET、バイポーラトランジスタ、サイリスタおよびダイオードなどにも適用できるのは勿論である。
2 モリブデン板
3、4 銅めっき膜
5 銅板
6 IGBTチップ
7、16 はんだ
8 エミッタ電極
9 ゲートパッド
10 導電パターン付き絶縁基板
11 セラミクス
12 裏面銅箔
13 エミッタ用導体パターン
14 コレクタ用導体パターン
15 ゲート用導体パターン
17 アルミワイヤ
18、19 Niめっき膜
Claims (5)
- 半導体チップと、該半導体チップ上に下方の面が固着するヒートスプレッダと、該ヒートスプレッダの上方の面と固着する導電板とを有する半導体装置において、
前記ヒートスプレッダがモリブデン、タングステン、銅−モリブデンおよび銅−タングステンのいずれか一つである導電体で形成され、該導電体の上方の面に銅膜である第1導電膜を被覆し、該第1導電膜と前記導電板を超音波接合することを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 前記導電体の下方の面に銅膜、ニッケル膜もしくは銅膜とニッケル膜の積層膜のいずれか一つである第2導電膜を被覆することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記半導体チップと前記ヒートスプレッダをはんだで固着することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記導電体が低熱膨張体であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の半導体装置。
- 前記導電板が銅板もしくはアルミニウム板であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の半導体装置。
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JP4865829B2 (ja) | 2009-03-31 | 2012-02-01 | シャープ株式会社 | 半導体装置およびその製造方法 |
JP5542567B2 (ja) * | 2010-07-27 | 2014-07-09 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
DE102010062453A1 (de) * | 2010-12-06 | 2012-06-06 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Halbleiterbauelement mit erhöhter Stabilität gegenüber thermomechanischen Einflüssen sowie Verfahren zur Kontaktierung eines Halbleiters |
US10347559B2 (en) * | 2011-03-16 | 2019-07-09 | Momentive Performance Materials Inc. | High thermal conductivity/low coefficient of thermal expansion composites |
JP2013069782A (ja) | 2011-09-21 | 2013-04-18 | Toshiba Corp | 半導体装置 |
JP5965687B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-23 | 2016-08-10 | 株式会社 日立パワーデバイス | パワー半導体モジュール |
JP5765324B2 (ja) | 2012-12-10 | 2015-08-19 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 半導体装置 |
DE112019007957T5 (de) | 2019-12-10 | 2022-09-15 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Leistungshalbleitermodul, Leistungswandlergerät und beweglicher Körper |
JP7396118B2 (ja) * | 2020-02-28 | 2023-12-12 | 富士電機株式会社 | 半導体モジュール |
EP4300555A1 (de) * | 2022-06-29 | 2024-01-03 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur herstellung einer halbleiteranordnung mit einem halbleiterelement und einem substrat |
CN117877991A (zh) * | 2024-03-11 | 2024-04-12 | 乐山希尔电子股份有限公司 | 一种功率模块的制造方法 |
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JP2000349207A (ja) * | 1999-06-02 | 2000-12-15 | Denso Corp | 半導体装置の実装構造及び実装方法 |
JP2002359332A (ja) * | 2001-03-29 | 2002-12-13 | Toshiba Corp | 半導体パッケージ及びその製造方法 |
JP2005019694A (ja) * | 2003-06-26 | 2005-01-20 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | パワーモジュール |
JP2007088030A (ja) * | 2005-09-20 | 2007-04-05 | Fuji Electric Holdings Co Ltd | 半導体装置 |
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