JP3890194B2 - 紙の製造方法 - Google Patents

紙の製造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3890194B2
JP3890194B2 JP2000546104A JP2000546104A JP3890194B2 JP 3890194 B2 JP3890194 B2 JP 3890194B2 JP 2000546104 A JP2000546104 A JP 2000546104A JP 2000546104 A JP2000546104 A JP 2000546104A JP 3890194 B2 JP3890194 B2 JP 3890194B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
suspension
anionic
polymer
cationic
raw material
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
JP2000546104A
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JP2002513104A (ja
Inventor
クレメッツ、ボレ
ヘルストリャム、ハンス
アスプルンド、アンナ
シッカル、レイン
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Akzo Nobel NV
Original Assignee
Akzo Nobel NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=8236970&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=JP3890194(B2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Akzo Nobel NV filed Critical Akzo Nobel NV
Publication of JP2002513104A publication Critical patent/JP2002513104A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP3890194B2 publication Critical patent/JP3890194B2/ja
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H23/00Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
    • D21H23/02Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
    • D21H23/04Addition to the pulp; After-treatment of added substances in the pulp
    • D21H23/06Controlling the addition
    • D21H23/08Controlling the addition by measuring pulp properties, e.g. zeta potential, pH
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/06Paper forming aids
    • D21H21/10Retention agents or drainage improvers
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H11/00Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
    • D21H11/14Secondary fibres
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/01Waste products, e.g. sludge
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/21Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
    • D21H17/24Polysaccharides
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/21Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
    • D21H17/24Polysaccharides
    • D21H17/28Starch
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/21Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
    • D21H17/24Polysaccharides
    • D21H17/31Gums
    • D21H17/32Guar or other polygalactomannan gum
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/37Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
    • D21H17/375Poly(meth)acrylamide
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/41Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups
    • D21H17/44Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups cationic
    • D21H17/45Nitrogen-containing groups
    • D21H17/455Nitrogen-containing groups comprising tertiary amine or being at least partially quaternised
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/63Inorganic compounds
    • D21H17/67Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
    • D21H17/68Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments siliceous, e.g. clays
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H23/00Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
    • D21H23/02Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
    • D21H23/04Addition to the pulp; After-treatment of added substances in the pulp
    • D21H23/06Controlling the addition
    • D21H23/08Controlling the addition by measuring pulp properties, e.g. zeta potential, pH
    • D21H23/10Controlling the addition by measuring pulp properties, e.g. zeta potential, pH at least two kinds of compounds being added

Landscapes

  • Paper (AREA)
  • Polarising Elements (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Polymers With Sulfur, Phosphorus Or Metals In The Main Chain (AREA)
JP2000546104A 1998-04-27 1999-04-26 紙の製造方法 Expired - Fee Related JP3890194B2 (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US8325398P 1998-04-27 1998-04-27
US98850067.4 1998-04-27
US60/083,253 1998-04-27
EP98850067A EP0953680A1 (de) 1998-04-27 1998-04-27 Verfahren zur Herstellung von Papier
PCT/SE1999/000677 WO1999055965A1 (en) 1998-04-27 1999-04-26 A process for the production of paper

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2002513104A JP2002513104A (ja) 2002-05-08
JP3890194B2 true JP3890194B2 (ja) 2007-03-07

Family

ID=8236970

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2000546101A Expired - Fee Related JP4307721B2 (ja) 1998-04-27 1999-04-26 紙の製造方法
JP2000546103A Pending JP2002513103A (ja) 1998-04-27 1999-04-26 紙の生産方法
JP2000546104A Expired - Fee Related JP3890194B2 (ja) 1998-04-27 1999-04-26 紙の製造方法

Family Applications Before (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2000546101A Expired - Fee Related JP4307721B2 (ja) 1998-04-27 1999-04-26 紙の製造方法
JP2000546103A Pending JP2002513103A (ja) 1998-04-27 1999-04-26 紙の生産方法

Country Status (18)

Country Link
EP (4) EP0953680A1 (de)
JP (3) JP4307721B2 (de)
CN (3) CN1155754C (de)
AT (3) ATE243281T1 (de)
AU (3) AU748735B2 (de)
BR (3) BR9909947A (de)
CA (3) CA2329027C (de)
CZ (3) CZ301092B6 (de)
DE (3) DE69908938T2 (de)
DK (3) DK1080272T3 (de)
ES (3) ES2196815T3 (de)
ID (3) ID27899A (de)
NZ (3) NZ507606A (de)
PL (3) PL200811B1 (de)
PT (3) PT1084295E (de)
RU (3) RU2185470C1 (de)
WO (3) WO1999055965A1 (de)
ZA (3) ZA200005551B (de)

Families Citing this family (42)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100403839B1 (ko) * 1998-04-27 2003-11-01 악조 노벨 엔.브이. 제지 방법
US6417268B1 (en) 1999-12-06 2002-07-09 Hercules Incorporated Method for making hydrophobically associative polymers, methods of use and compositions
US6846384B2 (en) 2000-08-07 2005-01-25 Akzo Nobel N.V. Process for sizing paper
CA2418424C (en) * 2000-08-07 2008-10-28 Akzo Nobel N.V. A process for the production of paper
GB0019415D0 (en) * 2000-08-09 2000-09-27 Ciba Spec Chem Water Treat Ltd Noval monomers, polymers thereof and the use of the polymers
WO2002025013A1 (en) 2000-09-20 2002-03-28 Akzo Nobel N.V. A process for the production of paper
DE10113998A1 (de) * 2001-03-22 2002-09-26 Voith Paper Patent Gmbh Verfahren zum Beladen von in einer Faserstoffsuspension enthaltenen Fasern mit einem Hilfsstoff
US7156955B2 (en) * 2001-12-21 2007-01-02 Akzo Nobel N.V. Papermaking process using a specified NSF to silica-based particle ratio
ATE544906T1 (de) * 2001-12-21 2012-02-15 Akzo Nobel Nv Wässrige silicium enthaltende zusammenstzung und verfahren zur herstellung von papier
PL214002B1 (pl) * 2002-01-31 2013-06-28 Akzo Nobel Nv Sposób wytwarzania papieru i tektury
AU2003265198A1 (en) * 2002-10-01 2004-04-23 Akzo Nobel N.V. Cationised polysaccharide product
US20040084162A1 (en) 2002-11-06 2004-05-06 Shannon Thomas Gerard Low slough tissue products and method for making same
US7303654B2 (en) 2002-11-19 2007-12-04 Akzo Nobel N.V. Cellulosic product and process for its production
CA2506550A1 (en) * 2002-11-19 2004-06-03 Akzo Nobel N.V. Cellulosic product and process for its production
JP4179913B2 (ja) * 2003-03-31 2008-11-12 ソマール株式会社 紙の製造方法
KR20050058785A (ko) * 2003-12-12 2005-06-17 김재봉 벤토나이트를 함유하는 수용성 중합체 분산액 및 그의제조방법
EP1740500B1 (de) * 2004-04-07 2011-02-09 Akzo Nobel N.V. Auf siliciumdioxid basierende sole und ihre herstellung und verwendung
GB0425101D0 (en) * 2004-11-15 2004-12-15 Ciba Spec Chem Water Treat Ltd Papermaking process
US7955473B2 (en) 2004-12-22 2011-06-07 Akzo Nobel N.V. Process for the production of paper
PT1834040E (pt) * 2004-12-22 2015-04-15 Akzo Nobel Nv Processo para a produção de papel
US20060254464A1 (en) 2005-05-16 2006-11-16 Akzo Nobel N.V. Process for the production of paper
PT1969183E (pt) 2005-12-30 2015-03-06 Akzo Nobel Nv Processo para a produção de papel
US8273216B2 (en) 2005-12-30 2012-09-25 Akzo Nobel N.V. Process for the production of paper
US20070215301A1 (en) * 2006-03-17 2007-09-20 Weyerhaeuser Co. Method for making a low density multi-ply paperboard with high internal bond strength
EP1936032A1 (de) 2006-12-18 2008-06-25 Akzo Nobel N.V. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Papierprodukts
EP2199462A1 (de) * 2008-12-18 2010-06-23 Coöperatie Avebe U.A. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Papier
WO2011113119A1 (en) 2010-03-19 2011-09-22 Fibria Celulose S/A Process for the treatment of cellulose pulps, cellulose pulp thus obtained and use of biopolymer for treating cellulose pulps
EP2402503A1 (de) 2010-06-30 2012-01-04 Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. Prozess zur Herstellung eines Zelluloseproduktes
WO2012007363A1 (en) * 2010-07-12 2012-01-19 Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. Cellulosic fibre composition
FI125713B (fi) * 2010-10-01 2016-01-15 Upm Kymmene Corp Menetelmä märän paperirainan ajettavuuden parantamiseksi ja paperi
RU2483151C1 (ru) * 2011-11-10 2013-05-27 Российская Федерация, От Имени Которой Выступает Министерство Промышленности И Торговли Российской Федерации Способ изготовления бумаги для печати
WO2014087644A1 (ja) * 2012-12-07 2014-06-12 日本曹達株式会社 重合体の製造方法
EP3059739A1 (de) 2015-02-20 2016-08-24 Wicor Holding AG Isolationselement mit geringer elektrischer Leitfähigkeit zur elektrischen Isolation im Hochspannungsbereich
EP3288041A1 (de) 2016-08-23 2018-02-28 Wicor Holding AG Isolationselement mit chemiefasern zur elektrischen isolation im hochspannungsbereich
CN109661493B (zh) * 2016-09-07 2021-11-16 凯米罗总公司 用于制造纸、纸板或类似物的方法和组合物的用途
ES2836770T3 (es) * 2016-12-16 2021-06-28 Kemira Oyj Composición de polímero y sus usos
CN110462132B (zh) * 2017-03-29 2022-08-05 凯米拉公司 生产纸,纸板或类似物的方法
WO2019004950A1 (en) * 2017-06-30 2019-01-03 Scg Packaging Public Company Limited HIGH STRENGTH SHEET MATERIAL
RU2671752C1 (ru) * 2017-12-14 2018-11-06 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ПАННА" Водорастворимая бумага со схемой для вышивания и способ ее производства
CN109594402A (zh) * 2018-12-28 2019-04-09 江苏理文造纸有限公司 一种利用废水污泥制备牛皮挂面箱板纸的方法
CN109942721B (zh) * 2019-03-20 2021-04-02 淮海工学院 一种羟甲基脲改性阳离子多糖的水溶液
AT525216A1 (de) * 2021-07-15 2023-01-15 Berndorf Band Gmbh Pressvorrichtung mit einer Druckrolle

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US4250269A (en) * 1979-11-26 1981-02-10 Buckman Laboratories, Inc. Water-soluble mixtures of quaternary ammonium polymers, nonionic and/or cationic vinyl-addition polymers, and nonionic and/or cationic surfactants
SE432951B (sv) * 1980-05-28 1984-04-30 Eka Ab Pappersprodukt innehallande cellulosafibrer och ett bindemedelssystem som omfattar kolloidal kiselsyra och katjonisk sterkelse samt forfarande for framstellning av pappersprodukten
FI81860C (fi) * 1984-01-27 1990-12-10 Nalco Chemical Co Nytt foerfarande foer limning av papper.
US4687519A (en) * 1985-12-20 1987-08-18 National Starch And Chemical Corporation Paper size compositions
DE68905208T3 (de) * 1988-03-28 2001-02-15 Allied Colloids Ltd., Bradford Herstellung von Papier und Pappe.
US5098520A (en) * 1991-01-25 1992-03-24 Nalco Chemcial Company Papermaking process with improved retention and drainage
GB9313956D0 (en) * 1993-07-06 1993-08-18 Allied Colloids Ltd Production of paper
EP0707763B1 (de) * 1993-07-07 2001-08-29 Picturetel Corporation Verringerung des hintergrundrauschens zur sprachverbesserung
SE9502522D0 (sv) * 1995-07-07 1995-07-07 Eka Nobel Ab A process for the production of paper
AU729008B2 (en) * 1996-05-01 2001-01-25 Nalco Chemical Company Improved papermaking process

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR9909947A (pt) 2000-12-26
CZ20003937A3 (cs) 2001-12-12
CA2329028A1 (en) 1999-11-04
CN1298466A (zh) 2001-06-06
CA2329027A1 (en) 1999-11-04
NZ507604A (en) 2003-09-26
ZA200005551B (en) 2001-05-11
RU2194818C2 (ru) 2002-12-20
RU2194106C2 (ru) 2002-12-10
ID27899A (id) 2001-05-03
WO1999055962A2 (en) 1999-11-04
EP1080271A1 (de) 2001-03-07
WO1999055964A1 (en) 1999-11-04
CZ20003939A3 (cs) 2001-12-12
AU4401699A (en) 1999-11-16
CN1139691C (zh) 2004-02-25
DK1080271T3 (da) 2003-09-22
CN1205386C (zh) 2005-06-08
EP1080271B1 (de) 2003-06-18
CZ20003938A3 (cs) 2001-07-11
EP1080272A1 (de) 2001-03-07
AU750335B2 (en) 2002-07-18
WO1999055962A3 (en) 1999-12-16
ATE243282T1 (de) 2003-07-15
DE69908938T2 (de) 2003-12-18
PL344053A1 (en) 2001-09-24
PT1084295E (pt) 2004-04-30
JP2002513104A (ja) 2002-05-08
ZA200005550B (en) 2001-05-11
DE69908938D1 (de) 2003-07-24
AU748735B2 (en) 2002-06-13
BR9909946B1 (pt) 2009-12-01
DE69908939T2 (de) 2004-05-13
JP2002513103A (ja) 2002-05-08
PL344040A1 (en) 2001-09-24
JP2002513102A (ja) 2002-05-08
BR9909945A (pt) 2000-12-26
CZ301693B6 (cs) 2010-05-26
DK1084295T3 (da) 2004-04-26
EP1084295B1 (de) 2004-01-07
CA2329191C (en) 2006-06-27
PL344079A1 (en) 2001-09-24
NZ507606A (en) 2003-07-25
AU4301499A (en) 1999-11-16
BR9909945B1 (pt) 2009-08-11
BR9909946A (pt) 2001-03-06
CA2329028C (en) 2005-11-22
ES2211166T3 (es) 2004-07-01
EP1084295A2 (de) 2001-03-21
RU2185470C1 (ru) 2002-07-20
DK1080272T3 (da) 2003-10-06
PL201054B1 (pl) 2009-03-31
PL200811B1 (pl) 2009-02-27
WO1999055965A1 (en) 1999-11-04
EP1080272B1 (de) 2003-06-18
ID27307A (id) 2001-03-22
ES2196815T3 (es) 2003-12-16
DE69908939D1 (de) 2003-07-24
NZ507605A (en) 2003-01-31
DE69914078D1 (de) 2004-02-12
PL200673B1 (pl) 2009-01-30
JP4307721B2 (ja) 2009-08-05
AU747089B2 (en) 2002-05-09
CN1300332A (zh) 2001-06-20
DE69914078T2 (de) 2004-10-14
ZA200005552B (en) 2001-05-11
PT1080272E (pt) 2003-10-31
CN1155754C (zh) 2004-06-30
CA2329027C (en) 2005-02-15
CA2329191A1 (en) 1999-11-04
ES2201725T3 (es) 2004-03-16
CZ301092B6 (cs) 2009-11-04
ID27490A (id) 2001-04-12
AU4401599A (en) 1999-11-16
PT1080271E (pt) 2003-10-31
RU2000129670A (ru) 2004-03-27
ATE257530T1 (de) 2004-01-15
CN1299425A (zh) 2001-06-13
ATE243281T1 (de) 2003-07-15
EP0953680A1 (de) 1999-11-03

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