JP2020049483A - 内燃機関の排気ガスの浄化用触媒および該触媒を用いた排気ガスの浄化方法 - Google Patents
内燃機関の排気ガスの浄化用触媒および該触媒を用いた排気ガスの浄化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2020049483A JP2020049483A JP2019201624A JP2019201624A JP2020049483A JP 2020049483 A JP2020049483 A JP 2020049483A JP 2019201624 A JP2019201624 A JP 2019201624A JP 2019201624 A JP2019201624 A JP 2019201624A JP 2020049483 A JP2020049483 A JP 2020049483A
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- PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pd]Cl PIBWKRNGBLPSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001392 phosphorus oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N propan-2-yl (e)-but-2-enoate Chemical compound C\C=C\C(=O)OC(C)C AABBHSMFGKYLKE-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002909 rare earth metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MMRXYMKDBFSWJR-UHFFFAOYSA-K rhodium(3+);tribromide Chemical compound [Br-].[Br-].[Br-].[Rh+3] MMRXYMKDBFSWJR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SONJTKJMTWTJCT-UHFFFAOYSA-K rhodium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Rh+3] SONJTKJMTWTJCT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000550 scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus hexaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)OP3OP1OP2O3 VSAISIQCTGDGPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B titanium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Ti+4].[Ti+4].[Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000347 yttrium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAYJOCWVUTQHB-UHFFFAOYSA-H yttrium(3+);trisulfate Chemical compound [Y+3].[Y+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RTAYJOCWVUTQHB-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Y+3].[Y+3] RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
担体と、上流側の第1触媒層と、下流側の第2触媒層と、第3触媒層とを有する排気ガスの浄化用触媒であって、
該第3触媒層の上流側部分は、該第1触媒層の上に存在し、
該第3触媒層の下流側部分は、該第2触媒層の上に存在し、
該第3触媒層の該上流側部分と該下流側部分との間の中間部分は、該第1触媒層と該第2触媒層との間に存在する、
排気ガスの浄化用触媒。
前記中間部分の厚さH4は、前記上流側部分の厚さH3および前記下流側部分の厚さH5よりも薄いことを特徴とする、上記項1に記載の触媒。
前記触媒の全長に対する前記第1触媒層の長さの割合は、10%〜70%である、上記項1または2に記載の触媒。
前記触媒の全長に対する前記第3触媒層の中間部分の長さの割合は、1%〜25%である、上記項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
前記第1触媒層、前記第2触媒層および前記第3触媒層はいずれも貴金属を含み、該第1触媒層に含まれる貴金属の質量が、該第2触媒層に含まれる貴金属の質量よりも多いことを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
前記第3触媒層はロジウムおよびパラジウムを含み、前記第1触媒層および前記第2触媒層はパラジウムを含む、上記項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
前記第1触媒層、前記第2触媒層および前記第3触媒層がセリウムを含む、上記項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
リン化合物を含むエンジンからの排気ガスを浄化するために使用される、上記項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
上記項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の触媒に排気ガスを接触させる工程を包含する、排気ガスの浄化方法。
以下に本発明の好ましい実施形態を説明する。
本明細書における用語について以下に説明する。
本発明の触媒は、排気ガスの浄化用触媒であり、担体と、上流側の第1触媒層と、下流側の第2触媒層と、第3触媒層とを有する。
第1触媒層は、流入側端面から流出側に向かって設けられており、第1触媒層の長さは図1aに示すとおり、中間部分が始まる位置に相当する。すなわち、触媒全長に対する第1触媒層の長さの割合(L1/L×100)は、触媒全長に対する中間部分開始位置を示すものでもあり、好ましくは10%以上であり、より好ましくは15%以上であり、最も好ましくは25%以上である。該割合(L1/L×100)は、好ましくは70%以下であり、より好ましくは60%以下であり、最も好ましくは48%以下である。第1触媒層の長さが短すぎると、第1触媒層の全体積に対する空間速度が高くなり、排気ガスが第1触媒層と接触する時間が短くなるため排気ガスの浄化が充分進行しないため好ましくない。第1触媒層の長さが長すぎると中間部分の開始位置が下流側寄りになるため所望の割合のリン化合物が中間部分に堆積しにくいためリン被毒による性能低下が起こりやすくなり好ましくない。
第1触媒層、第2触媒層、および第3触媒層の厚さは特に限定されない。排気ガスの浄化能力を適切に発揮できるように適宜設計することができる。各触媒層の厚さは、厚すぎると排圧が高くなるため好ましくなく、薄すぎると充分浄化効率を得られないため好ましくない。
担体としては、排気ガス浄化用触媒の担体として公知の担体が使用可能である。担体の形状としては、排気ガスと触媒層との効率的な接触を可能にできる三次元形状が好ましい。例えば、ハニカム形状が好ましく使用可能である。また、一体成形型の担体(一体構造体)が好ましく使用され得る。例えば、モノリスハニカム担体、メタルハニカム担体、ディーゼルパティキュレートフィルター等のプラグドハニカム担体、パンチングメタル等が好ましく用いられる。
第1触媒層、第2触媒層および第3触媒層は、それぞれ、触媒成分を含む。好ましい触媒成分としては、貴金属、酸素貯蔵材、第2族元素の酸化物、第1族元素の酸化物、耐火性無機酸化物(酸素貯蔵材、第2族元素の酸化物、または第1族元素の酸化物を除く)、第2族元素の化合物(酸化物を除く)、第1族元素の化合物(酸化物を除く)、希土類金属化合物(酸素貯蔵材を除く)等が挙げられる。
本発明の排ガス浄化用触媒に使用される触媒層は、耐火性無機酸化物を含有することが好ましい。耐火性無機酸化物は、上述の貴金属、希土類金属、その他の金属元素などの触媒活性成分を担持する触媒担持材料として使用され得る。耐火性無機酸化物としては、排気ガス浄化用の触媒成分を担持する材料として公知の任意の無機酸化物が使用可能である。具体的には、α−アルミナ、もしくはγ、δ、η、θなどの活性アルミナのような酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3);酸化ケイ素(SiO2);酸化チタン(チタニア)(TiO2);酸化ジルコニウム(ZrO2);酸化リン(P2O5);リン酸ゼオライト;またはこれらの複合酸化物、例えば、アルミナ−チタニア、アルミナ−ジルコニア、チタニア−ジルコニアなどが挙げられ、これらのうち、酸化アルミニウム、酸化ケイ素(シリカ)、酸化リン、酸化チタンおよび酸化ジルコニウムが好ましく、酸化ケイ素(シリカ)、酸化アルミニウムがより好ましく、活性アルミナの粉体がさらに好ましい。ここで、これらの耐火性無機酸化物は、1種類の物質を単独で使用してもよく、あるいは2種類以上の物質の混合物を使用してもよい。また、これらは、上記したような酸化物の形態で使用されてもよいが、加熱により酸化物を形成し得る前駆体材料を使用してもよい。加熱により酸化物を形成し得る前駆体材料の例としては、上記アルミニウム、ケイ素、チタン、ジルコニウム、リンの、水酸化物、硝酸塩、塩化物などのハロゲン化物、酢酸塩、硫酸塩、炭酸塩などが挙げられる。
本発明の触媒は、公知の触媒製造方法を応用することにより製造することができる。
リン被毒の原因となるリン化合物としては、例えば、ジアルキルジチオリン酸亜鉛などが公知である。本発明の触媒は、リン化合物を含む潤滑剤が使用されるガソリンエンジンからの排気ガスの浄化に特に有用である。
硝酸パラジウム水溶液、CeO2−ZrO2複合酸化物、酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)、硫酸バリウムおよび酢酸ランタンを、質量比がパラジウム(Pd):CeO2−ZrO2複合酸化物:Al2O3:硫酸バリウム(BaSO4):酸化ランタン(La2O3)の換算で3.54:38:38:10:0.4となるように、それぞれ評量し、水に混合し、ボールミルにて湿式粉砕することでスラリーa0を作製した。
表1に記載の長さ、表2に記載の貴金属量となるようコートした以外は、触媒Aと同様にして作製した触媒Bを得た。
表1に記載の長さ、表2に記載の貴金属量となるようコートした以外は、触媒Aと同様にして作製した触媒Cを得た。
表1に記載の長さ、表2に記載の貴金属量となるようコートした以外は、触媒Aと同様にして作製した触媒Dを得た。
表1に記載の長さ、表2に記載の貴金属量となるようコートした以外は、触媒Aと同様にして作製した触媒Eを得た。
表1に記載の長さとなるよう同様の担体にスラリーa0をコートし、中間製品F1を得た。次に、中間製品F1に下流側端面から中間部分を形成させないようスラリーa0を連続してウォッシュコートし、同様に乾燥後、焼成を行い、第1触媒層と第2触媒層を設けた中間製品F2を得た。中間製品F2について、中間部分がないことを確認した。
表1に記載の長さ、表2に記載の貴金属量となるようコートした以外は、触媒Aと同様にして作製した触媒Gを得た。
表1に記載の長さ、表2に記載の貴金属量となるようコートした以外は、触媒Aと同様にして作製した触媒Hを得た。
表1に記載の長さ、表2に記載の貴金属量となるようコートした以外は、触媒Aと同様にして作製した触媒Iを得た。
硝酸パラジウム水溶液、CeO2−ZrO2複合酸化物、酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)、硫酸バリウムおよび酢酸ランタンを、質量比がPd:CeO2−ZrO2複合酸化物:Al2O3:BaSO4:La2O3の換算で1.18:14.07:14.07:3.7:0.15となるように、それぞれ評量し、湿式粉砕することで貴金属以外の成分比がスラリーa0と同じスラリーj1を作製した。
表2に示した貴金属量となるようコートした以外は、触媒Jと同様にして作製した触媒Kを得た。
表2に示した貴金属量となるようコートした以外は、触媒Jと同様にして作製した触媒Lを得た。
表2に示した貴金属量となるようコートした以外は、触媒Jと同様にして作製した触媒Mを得た。
スラリーa0を触媒Aと同様の担体に焼成後の担持量が担体1リットルあたり89.9gとなるように、上流側端面から下流側端面に至るまでウォッシュコートし、150℃で15分乾燥後、550℃で30分焼成して、中間製品N1を得た。
上記製造例で得られた各触媒を3.0Lエンジン下流側に設置し、触媒床部の温度を940℃とした。エンジンはガソリンエンジンであった。触媒入口部のA/Fがストイキ、リッチ、燃料供給を停止するサイクルを繰り返して合計66時間運転し、熱耐久試験を行った。
第1触媒層の長さが40mmの触媒D、F、G、およびHについてリン付着量の分布を調べた。前記リン被毒を施した触媒BおよびEについて、排気ガス流入側端面を0mmとして流出側方向へ40mm、45mm、50mm、55mm、60mmの位置で各触媒を切断し(以下の表4においては、40mm以上45mm未満の部位を40−45mmと表記し、その他の部位についても同様に表記する)、40mmより下流側の各部位に堆積したリン化合物量(P2O5換算)をXRF分析によって調べた。40mmから91mmまでの各部位に含まれるリン化合物量を40mmより下流側の各部位に含まれるリン化合物量の合計量で割ったリン化合物の堆積分布[%]を表4に示す。
上記耐熱処理後の各触媒を2.0Lエンジン下流側に設置し、温度を100℃で安定化させた後、触媒入口の排ガス温度を100℃から500℃まで昇温させた。エンジンはガソリンエンジンであった。触媒出口から排出されるガスをサンプリングし、CO、THC、NOxの各浄化率を算出した。昇温開始後、各浄化率が50%に達する温度をT50として、T50に達する時間を調べた。
また、触媒A〜Eについて、触媒の全長に対する中間部分が開始する位置の割合を下記式にて算出した。
算出した割合[%]を触媒全長に対する中間部分開始位置の割合を横軸に、T50に達する時間[秒]を縦軸にとったグラフを図2として示す。図2から、実施例の触媒は比較例の触媒よりもT50に達する時間が短く、迅速に排ガス浄化が起こっていることが分かった。
同様の方法により中間部分の長さの効果について評価した。中間部分の開始位置が同じで中間部分の長さが異なる触媒D、F、G、HおよびIの各触媒について、T50に達する時間を測定した。触媒全長に対する中間部分の長さの割合[%]を横軸に、T50に達する時間[秒]を縦軸にとったグラフを図3として示す。
同様の方法により貴金属配分の効果について評価した。中間部分の開始位置および中間部分の長さが同じで貴金属配分の異なる触媒C、J、K、LおよびMの各触媒について、T50に達する時間を測定した。第1触媒層および第2触媒層の合計貴金属量に対する第1触媒層中に含まれる貴金属量の割合[%]を横軸に、T50に達する時間[秒]を縦軸にとったグラフを図4として示す。
Claims (9)
- 担体と、上流側の第1触媒層と、下流側の第2触媒層と、第3触媒層とを有する排気ガスの浄化用触媒であって、
該第3触媒層の上流側部分は、該第1触媒層の上に存在し、
該第3触媒層の下流側部分は、該第2触媒層の上に存在し、
該第3触媒層の該上流側部分と該下流側部分との間の中間部分は、該第1触媒層と該第2触媒層との間に存在する、
排気ガスの浄化用触媒。 - 前記中間部分の厚さH4は、前記上流側部分の厚さH3および前記下流側部分の厚さH5よりも薄いことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の触媒。
- 前記触媒の全長に対する前記第1触媒層の長さの割合は、10%〜70%である、請求項1または2に記載の触媒。
- 前記触媒の全長に対する前記第3触媒層の中間部分の長さの割合は、1%〜25%である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
- 前記第1触媒層、前記第2触媒層および前記第3触媒層はいずれも貴金属を含み、該第1触媒層に含まれる貴金属の質量が、該第2触媒層に含まれる貴金属の質量よりも多いことを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
- 前記第3触媒層はロジウムおよびパラジウムを含み、前記第1触媒層および前記第2触媒層はパラジウムを含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
- 前記第1触媒層、前記第2触媒層および前記第3触媒層がセリウムを含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
- リン化合物を含む排気ガスを浄化するために使用される、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
- 請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の触媒に排気ガスを接触させる工程を包含する、排気ガスの浄化方法。
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