JP2012526046A - 神経変性障害のための遺伝子治療 - Google Patents
神経変性障害のための遺伝子治療 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は特許法第119条(e)(1)の下、2009年5月2日付で出願された米国特許仮出願第61/174/982号および2009年6月8日付で出願された同第61/268,059号の恩典を主張するものであり、これらの出願はその全体が参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
本発明は全体として、遺伝子送達法に関する。特に、本発明は、脳および/または脊髄に対する疾患または損傷によって影響を受ける運動機能のなどの運動機能に影響を与える障害を処置するための組成物および方法に関する。
遺伝子治療は、中枢神経系(CNS)に影響を与える障害のための新たな処置様式である。CNSの遺伝子治療は、有糸分裂後のニューロンに効率的に感染できるウイルスベクターの開発によって容易になっている。中枢神経系は脊髄および脳で構成されている。脊髄は、末梢神経系から脳に感覚情報を伝導し、脳からさまざまなエフェクタに運動情報を伝導している。中枢神経系への遺伝子送達のためのウイルスベクターの概説は、Davidson et al., Nature Rev. (2003) 4:353-364を参照されたい。
本発明の実施では、他に指定のない限り、当技術分野の技術の範囲内で化学、生化学、組換えDNA技術および免疫学の従来の方法を用いる。このような技術は文献で十分に説明されている。例えば、Fundamental Virology, 2nd Edition, vol. I and II (B.N. Fields and D.M. Knipe, eds.); Handbook of Experimental Immunology, VoIs. I-IV (D.M. Weir and C.C. Blackwell eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications); T.E. Creighton, Proteins: Structures and Molecular Properties (W.H. Freeman and Company, 1993); A.L. Lehninger, Biochemistry (Worth Publishers, Inc., current addition); Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd Edition, 1989); Methods In Enzymology (S. Colowick and N. Kaplan eds., Academic Press, Inc.)を参照されたい。
本発明について記述するうえで、以下の用語が用いられ、以下に示される通りに定義されるものとする。
本発明について詳細に記述する前に、特定の製剤化または過程のパラメータは、当然ながら、変化しうるので、本発明が特定の製剤化または過程のパラメータに限定されないことが理解されるべきである。本明細書において用いられる専門用語は、単に本発明の特定の態様を記述する目的のためのものであり、限定することを意図していないことも理解されるべきである。
本発明は、運動ニューロン障害または運動ニューロン損傷に罹患している対象において、運動機能を調節する、是正するまたは増補するための組成物および方法を提供する。説明のみを目的として、対象は、脊髄性筋萎縮症(SMA)、筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)、球脊髄性筋萎縮症、脊髄性小脳運動失調、原発性側索硬化症(PLS)または外傷性脊髄損傷の一つまたは複数に罹患していてもよい。特定の理論によって束縛されるものではないが、運動ニューロン損傷に付随する病変は、運動ニューロン変性、神経膠症、神経フィラメント異常、皮質脊髄路および前根中の有髄化線維の消失を含むことができる。例えば、以下の2つの型の発症が認められる - 上位運動ニューロン(皮質および脳幹運動ニューロン)に影響を与え、顔面筋、発話および嚥下に影響を与える延髄性発症; ならびに下位運動ニューロン(脊髄運動ニューロン)に影響を与え、痙縮、全身性脱力、筋萎縮症、麻痺および呼吸不全によって反映される四肢発症。ALSにおいて、対象は延髄性発症も四肢発症も有する。PLSにおいて、対象は延髄性発症を有するだけである。
上記の構築体は、いくつかのrAAV遺伝子送達技術のいずれかを用いて該当の対象に送達される。遺伝子送達のためのいくつかのAAVを介した方法が当技術分野において公知である。以下でさらに記述される通り、遺伝子は、対象に直接送達されても、または対象に由来する細胞などの適切な細胞にエクスビボで送達され、この細胞が対象に再移植されてもよい。
公知の技術を用い組換えAAV (rAAV)発現ベクターを構築して、転写の方向に機能的に連結された成分として、転写開始領域を含む制御要素、関心対象のポリヌクレオチドおよび転写終結領域を少なくとも提供する。この制御要素は、例えば哺乳動物細胞においてなど、関心対象の細胞において機能的であるように選択される。機能的に連結された成分を含む、得られた構築体を、機能的なAAV ITR配列と(5'側および3'側で)結合させる。
上記のAAV発現ベクターを含む宿主細胞は、AAV ITRに隣接したヌクレオチド配列を複製しカプシド形成してrAAVビリオンを産生するために、AAVヘルパー機能を提供できるようにされなければならない。AAVヘルパー機能は一般に、AAV遺伝子産物を提供するように発現されうるAAV由来コード配列であり、この産物が次に、生産的なAAV複製のためにトランスで機能する。AAVヘルパー機能はここで、AAV発現ベクターから欠失している必須のAAV機能を補完するために用いられる。したがって、AAVヘルパー機能には、主なAAV ORF、すなわちrepおよびcapコード領域の一方もしくは両方、またはそれらの機能的ホモログが含まれる。
宿主細胞(またはパッケージング細胞)はまた、rAAVビリオンを産生するために、非AAV由来機能、または「アクセサリ機能」を提供できるようにされなければならない。アクセサリ機能は非AAV由来のウイルスおよび/または細胞の機能であって、AAVがその複製のために依存する機能である。したがって、アクセサリ機能には少なくともそれらの非AAVタンパク質、およびAAV複製に必要であるRNAが含まれ、これにはAAV遺伝子転写の活性化、段階特異的なAAV mRNAスプライシング、AAV DNA複製、Cap発現産物の合成、およびAAVカプシドの集合に関与する機能が含まれる。ウイルスに基づくアクセサリ機能は、任意の公知のヘルパーウイルスに由来しうる。
A. 組成物
産生されると、関心対象の遺伝子をコードするrAAVビリオンは送達に適した組成物に製剤化される。組成物は、関心対象の遺伝子の治療的に有効な量、すなわち、(1) 疾患に曝されうるもしくは疾患の素因を持ちうるが、疾患の症状を未だ経験していないもしくは示していない対象において疾患の発現を予防するのにもしくはいっそう軽度で疾患を発生させるのに、(2) 疾患を抑制するのに、すなわち、発現を阻止するのにもしくは疾患状態を逆転するのに、または(3) 疾患の症状を和らげるのに、すなわち、対象が経験する症状の数を減らすのに、および疾患に付随する細胞病変を変化させるのに十分な量をもたらすために十分な遺伝物質を含む。
一般に、組換えビリオンはインビボまたはインビトロのいずれかの形質導入技術を用いて対象へ導入される。インビトロで形質導入された場合には、所望のレシピエント細胞は対象から取り出され、組換えベクターで形質導入され、対象へ再導入される。あるいは、対象において不適切な免疫応答を生じない場合には、同系細胞または異種細胞が用いられてもよい。哺乳類宿主動物への送達に適した細胞には、臓器、組織または細胞株由来の哺乳類細胞種が含まれる。例えば、ヒト、ネズミ、ヤギ、ヒツジ、ウシ、イヌ、ネコおよびブタ細胞を用いることができる。用いるのに適した細胞腫には、非限定的に、線維芽細胞、肝細胞、内皮細胞、角化細胞、造血細胞、上皮細胞、筋細胞、神経細胞および幹細胞が含まれる。さらに、神経前駆細胞はインビトロで形質導入され、次いでCNSに送達されることができる。
上記の導入遺伝子を含むAAVビリオンを用いて治療的有効性および安全性を、適切な動物モデルで試験することができる。例えば、ヒト疾患に最も類似しているように見える動物モデルには、高発生率の特定の疾患を自発的に発現する動物種、またはそうするように誘導されている動物種が含まれる。
本発明はまた、キットを提供する。ある種の態様において、本発明のキットは、関心対象のタンパク質をコードする組換えベクターを含む一つまたは複数の容器を含む。キットはさらに、本明細書において記述されるいずれかの方法のためのベクターの使用に関する、適当なセットの使用説明書、一般に文章による使用説明書を含むことができる。
以下は、本発明を実施するための具体的な態様の例である。この例は、例示の目的でのみ提供されるのであって、本発明の範囲を決して限定することを意図するものではない。
AAVベクター
例示的なヒトSMN1遺伝子の読み取り枠(読み取り枠の配列は図9Aに示されており; 対応するアミノ酸配列は図9Bに示されており; 完全なヌクレオチド配列はGenBankアクセッション番号NM_000344で見出される)を、AAV2逆向き末端反復配列(ITR)および1.6 kbのサイトメガロウイルスエンハンサー/ニワトリβ-アクチン(CBA)プロモーターまたはscAAV2 ITRおよび0.4 kbのヒトβ-グルクロニダーゼ(GUSB)プロモーターのいずれかを含んだシャトルプラスミドへクローニングした。scAAVパッケージング反応における組換えゲノムのサイズ制約から、小さなプロモーターの使用が必要になった(McCarty, D.M. Molec. Ther. (2008) 16:1648-1656)。したがって、0.4 kb GUSBプロモーターを選択した。これは、脊髄の運動ニューロンを含むCNSの全体に普遍的に発現されるからである(Passini et al., J. Virol. (2001) 75:12382-12392)。組換えプラスミドをそれぞれ、ヒト293細胞の三重プラスミド同時形質移入によりAAV血清型-8カプシドへパッケージングし(例えば、全体が参照により本明細書に組み入れられる米国特許第6,001,650号を参照のこと)、ビリオンを既報(O'Riordan et al., J. Gene Med. (2000) 2:444-454.)の通りにカラム精製した。その結果として得られたベクターAAV2/8-CBA-hSMN1 (AAV-hSMN1)およびscAAV2/8-GUSB-hSMN1 (scAAV-hSMN1)はそれぞれ、1 mlあたり8.3 e12および2.8 e12ゲノムコピーの力価を持っていた。
ヘテロ接合体(SMN+/-、hSMN2+/+、SMNΔ7+/+)の雌雄を交配させ、出生日(P0)に、新生仔の両脳半球の側脳室および腰上部脊髄へ各2 μl計3回の注入を受けさせた。ウイルスベクターの総用量はAAV-hSMN1およびscAAV-hSMN1について、それぞれ、5.0 e10および1.7 e10ゲノムコピーであった。注入は全て、記述(Passini et al, J. Virol. (2001) 75:12382-12392)の通りに細延伸ガラスマイクロピペット針で行った。注入の後、仔の足指を留め、遺伝子型を同定して(Le et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. (2005) 14:845-857)、SMA (SMN-/-、hSMN2+/+、SMNΔ7+/+)、ヘテロ接合体および野生型(SMN+/+、hSMN2+/+、SMNΔ7+/+)マウスを特定した。全ての同腹仔を7匹の仔に選別し、生存に関して同腹仔のサイズを管理した。同腹仔のなかには、未処置対照群を作製するために注入されなかったものもあった。
生化学的分析のため、処置マウスおよび未処置マウスを16日および58〜66日の時点で殺処理し、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)で灌流し、脊髄を解剖し、腰部、胸部および頸部へ分け、液体窒素中で急速凍結した。T-Per溶解用緩衝液およびプロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル(Pierce, Rockford, IL)を用いて組織を50 mg/mLの濃度でホモジナイズした。ホモジネートを6分間10,000 RCFでの遠心分離によって清澄化し、タンパク質濃度をBCAアッセイ法(Pierce, Rockford, IL)によって測定した。ホモジネートタンパク質10〜20 μgを4〜12% SDS-PAGEにて分離し、ニトロセルロース膜に転写し、マウスモノクローナル抗SMN (1:5,000 BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA)抗体およびウサギポリクローナル抗β-チューブリン(1:750, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA)抗体でプローブした。膜を赤外吸収二次抗体(1:20,000, LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln NB)とともにインキュベートし、Odyssey (LI-COR Biosciences)を用いて定量的蛍光によりタンパク質のバンドを可視化した。分子量マーカーによってバンドのサイズが確認された。
組織学的分析のため、処置マウスおよび未処置マウスを16日および58〜66日の時点で殺処理し、4%パラホルムアルデヒド(pH 7.4)で灌流し、脊髄を取り出し、48〜72時間30%スクロース中に入れ、OCT中で包埋し、クリオスタットにより10 μmの凍結切片へ切り分けた。脊髄切片を室温(RT)で1時間ブロッキングし、次いでマウスモノクローナル抗SMN抗体(1:200希釈)とともにインキュベートしてAAV由来のhSMN発現を特定し、または、ヤギポリクローナル抗コリンアセチルトランスフェラーゼ(ChAT)抗体とともにインキュベートして脊髄のラミナ8および9 (前角)の運動ニューロンを特定し、または、ウサギポリクローナル抗グリア細胞繊維性酸性タンパク質(GFAP)抗体(Sigma-Aldrich, 1:2,500希釈)とともにインキュベートして星状細胞を検出した。一次抗体をRTで1時間インキュベートし、引き続き加湿チャンバ中にて4℃での終夜インキュベーションを行った。脊髄切片を次いで、FITC結合抗ウサギ二次抗体またはCy3結合抗ヤギ二次抗体(Jackson ImmunoResearch; West Grove, PA; 1:250希釈)のいずれかとともにRTで1時間インキュベートした。SMNおよびChAT免疫陽性シグナルを増加させるために、TSAシグナル増幅キット(Perkin Elmer; Waltham, MA)またはクエン酸抗原回復プロトコル(Vector Labs; Burlingame, CA)をそれぞれ、製造業者の使用説明書にしたがって行った。切片にVectashield封入剤(Vector Labs; Burlingame, CA)とともにカバーガラスをかけた。
ChAT免疫陽性細胞の数を頸部、胸部および腰部において計測した。3脊髄部の体軸に沿って前角で倍率100×にて左右両側の計測を行った。隣り合う切片を少なくとも100ミクロン離して同じ細胞の二重の計測を防いだ。異なる動物間で解剖学的に適合された切片を比較するために特別な注意を払い、一人の観察者が全ての細胞計数を盲検的に評価した。バックグラウンドを著しく上回る蛍光ChATシグナルを示している脊髄のラミナ8および9に位置する細胞を運動ニューロンと見なした。
末梢の組織学的分析のため、各マウスの右側から固定された四頭筋、腓腹筋および肋間筋をパラフィンによって加工処理し、ヘマトキシリンエオシン染色して既報(Avila et al., J. Clin. Invest. (2007) 117:659-671)の通りに筋線維サイズを判定した。動物1匹あたり各筋肉からおよそ500の非重複筋線維を無作為に選択し、倍率60×で写真撮影した。Metamorphソフトウェア(Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA)を用いて各筋線維の断面積を測定した。
各マウスの左側から固定された筋肉群をNMJ分析のためにPBS中で保存した。四頭筋、腓腹筋および肋間筋から裂かれた筋線維に対する全体染色を既報(Lesbordes et al., Hum. Mol. Genet. (2003) 12:1233-1239)の通りに行った。シナプス前神経末端を150 kDの神経フィラメントアイソフォームに対するウサギポリクローナル抗体(NF-M, Millipore, Billerica, MA, 1:200希釈)、その後、ビオチン化抗ウサギ二次抗体(Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:200希釈)との4℃での終夜インキュベーションによって標識した。筋終板のアセチルコリン受容体をRTで3時間5000分の1 (1:5000)のAlexa 555結合α-ブンガロトキシン(Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR)によって標識した。染色された筋線維をスライド上に載せ、Vectashieldとともにカバーガラスをかけ、落射蛍光下で観察した。NMJ定量化のため、動物1匹あたり各筋肉から最低100個のNMJを無作為に選択し、顕微鏡下で評価した。Zeiss LSM 510-META顕微鏡を用いて共焦点像を撮った。
立ち直り反射では、各マウスを仰臥位で置き、マウスが全四肢上へ体の位置を変えるのにかかった時間を測定した。この手順を各動物で3回繰り返し、3スコアの平均を立ち直りスコアと指定した。マウスが60秒以内に反応しなかった場合には、試験を終えた。負の走地性では、各マウスを下向きに45°のプラットフォームに置いた。マウスが「頭部挙上」位へ180°回転した場合には、試験を成功と見なした。この作業課題を180秒またはそれ以下で完了する試みを各マウスに3回与えた。握力では、前肢および後肢をワイヤグリッド上に一緒に置き、メッシュに沿って水平方向に引きずった。力変換器によりグラム単位で抵抗を記録した。後肢開脚試験では、各マウスをそのしっぽで5秒間懸垂させ、その結果として起きた開脚を任意のシステムに基づきスコア化した。野生型マウスで観察されたものに類似した両後肢の正常な開脚に4のスコアを与えた。両後肢の開脚鋭角度または「弱い開脚」を3のスコアとした。片足の開脚には2のスコアを割り当てた。開脚を示さなかったマウスには1のスコアを与えた。最後に、仔が両方の後肢を引き寄せ、互いに効果的に交叉させた場合に0のスコアを付けた。
行動試験、運動ニューロンの数、筋線維断面積およびNMJを一元配置ANOVAおよびボンフェローニ多重事後比較で、ならびに対応のない両側スチューデントt検定で解析した。カプラン・マイヤー生存曲線をマンテル・ヘンツェル試験に等価なlog-rank試験で解析した。全ての統計解析はGraphPad Prism v4.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA)で行った。p < 0.05を有する値を有意と見なした。
マウス1匹あたり5.0 e10ゲノムコピーの総用量について、出産後0日目(P0)のSMAマウスにAAV-hSMN1を、その両側脳室へ脳室内注入し、かつその腰上部脊髄へ直接的に脊髄注射した。処置SMAマウスおよび未処置SMAマウスを、全てのマウスがそのままにされかつ人道的な終点で殺処理された生存コホートへ、または全てのマウスが末期の未処置SMAマウスとの同齢比較のために16日の時点で殺処理された同齢のコホートへ、無作為に分けた。
hSMNタンパク質のレベルは、AAV-hSMN1のCNS投与後に脊髄の全体で増加した。16日の時点のAAV処置SMAマウスでは、未処置SMAマウスおよび野生型マウスと比べて、それぞれ、注入腰部でのhSMNタンパク質レベルのおおよそ34.0倍および3.6倍の増加が認められた(図2A)。hSMNタンパク質発現の増大は他の部分に広がり、これには16日の時点での胸髄および頸髄における野生型レベルを上回る2.0倍超の増加が含まれた(図2Bおよび2C)。第二の群では、hSMNタンパク質発現は58〜66日の時点でAAV処置SMAマウスでは維持されていた。注入された腰部ならびに隣接する胸部および頸部は、同齢のWT対照よりも、それぞれ、およそ2.5倍、2.2倍および1.2倍高かった。
分析のために四頭(近位)筋、腓腹(遠位)筋および肋間(呼吸)筋を選んだ。というのは、それらが著明な変性を示すからである。16日の時点の未処置SMAマウスでは、筋線維が小さく、個々の細胞の大部分が100 um2未満(< 100 um2)の断面積を含んでいた(図5A)。未処置SMAマウス由来の筋線維の10%未満に200 um2超の断面積が含まれていた。対照的に、AAV-hSMN1処置SMAマウスにおける筋線維サイズの分布は野生型のものに類似しており、多くの細胞が16日および58〜66日の時点で、それぞれ、200 μm2超および400 μm2超の断面積を保有していた(図5Aおよび5B)。16日の時点の全平均から、処置SMAマウス由来の筋線維が、未処置SMAマウス由来のものよりも2倍超大きいことが示された(図5C)。さらに、58〜66日の時点の処置SMAマウスにおける平均の筋線維断面積は、四頭筋、腓腹筋および肋間筋において野生型マウスのそれの、それぞれ、67%、76%および82%であった(図5C)。
理論に関して制限されるわけではないが、自己相補的AAV (scAAV)ベクターは二本鎖組換えゲノムによっていっそう速い発現動態を有するものと予想される(McCarty, D.M. Molec. Ther. (2008) 16:1648-1656において概説されている)。この素早い発現の増大は、介入の時間ウィンドウが小さい非常に侵攻性の疾患または状態において、有益でありうる。したがって、より早い発現が効力を改善できるかどうか判定するために、scAAVベクター(scAAV-hSMN1)を遺伝子操作し試験した。実施例1で行われたのと同じ注入部位を用いて、1.7 e10ゲノムコピーのscAAV-hSMN1の用量をP0 SMAマウスへ投与した。
Claims (19)
- 運動ニューロン障害を有する対象において運動機能を調節するタンパク質をコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む、自己相補的なアデノ随伴ウイルス(scAAV)ベクター。
- 前記運動ニューロン障害が、脊髄性筋萎縮症(SMA)、筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)、球脊髄性筋萎縮症、脊髄性小脳運動失調、原発性側索硬化症(PLS)または外傷性脊髄損傷から選択される、請求項1記載のscAAVベクター。
- 前記運動ニューロン障害がSMAである、請求項2記載のscAAVベクター。
- 前記ポリヌクレオチドが生存運動ニューロン(SMN)タンパク質をコードする、請求項3記載のscAAVベクター。
- 前記SMNタンパク質がヒトSMN-1によってコードされる、請求項4記載のscAAVベクター。
- 前記SMNタンパク質が、図9Bに示された配列と少なくとも90%の配列同一性を有するアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項5記載のscAAVベクター。
- 前記SMNタンパク質が、図9Bに示されたアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項6記載のscAAVベクター。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれか一項記載のscAAVベクターを含む、組換えAAVビリオン。
- 請求項8記載の組換えAAVビリオンおよび薬学的に許容される賦形剤を含む、組成物。
- 請求項9記載の組成物の治療的に有効な量を対象の細胞に投与する段階を含む、運動ニューロン障害を有する該対象において運動機能を調節する方法。
- 請求項4〜7のいずれか一項記載のAAVベクターを含む組換えAAVビリオンを、それを必要とする対象の細胞に投与する段階を含む、脊髄性筋萎縮症(SMA)を有する該対象にSMNタンパク質を提供する方法。
- 小脳の小脳核の少なくとも一つの領域への投与によって前記組成物が投与される、請求項10または11記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が直接脊髄注入によって投与される、請求項10または11記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が脳室内注入によって投与される、請求項10または11記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が少なくとも一方の側脳室へ投与される、請求項14記載の方法。
- 前記組成物が、脳室内注入および直接脊髄注入の両方によって投与される、請求項10または11記載の方法。
- 前記組成物がくも膜下注入によって投与される、請求項10または11記載の方法。
- 運動ニューロン障害を有する対象において運動機能を調節するための医薬の製造における、請求項8記載の組換えAAVビリオンの使用。
- 脊髄性筋萎縮症(SMA)を有する対象の細胞にSMNタンパク質を提供するための医薬の製造における、請求項4〜7のいずれか一項記載のAAVベクターを含む組換えAAVビリオンの使用。
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