JP2011181287A - 光電変換素子及び光電変換素子用色素 - Google Patents
光電変換素子及び光電変換素子用色素 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2011181287A JP2011181287A JP2010043481A JP2010043481A JP2011181287A JP 2011181287 A JP2011181287 A JP 2011181287A JP 2010043481 A JP2010043481 A JP 2010043481A JP 2010043481 A JP2010043481 A JP 2010043481A JP 2011181287 A JP2011181287 A JP 2011181287A
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- Prior art keywords
- dye
- photoelectric conversion
- metal oxide
- group
- conversion element
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- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
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- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
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- LKKPNUDVOYAOBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalocyanine Chemical compound N1C(N=C2C3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C(N=C3C4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=C2C(C=CC=C2)=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C2C4=N1 LKKPNUDVOYAOBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002791 naphthoquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002560 nitrile group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- UHGIMQLJWRAPLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyl dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOP(O)(O)=O UHGIMQLJWRAPLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004043 oxo group Chemical group O=* 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005740 oxycarbonyl group Chemical group [*:1]OC([*:2])=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5].[Ta+5] BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SJHHDDDGXWOYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxytitamium phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Ti+2]=O.C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 SJHHDDDGXWOYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGBWPZSGHAXYGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N perinone Chemical compound C12=NC3=CC=CC=C3N2C(=O)C2=CC=C3C4=C2C1=CC=C4C(=O)N1C2=CC=CC=C2N=C13 DGBWPZSGHAXYGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- CMPQUABWPXYYSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl phosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 CMPQUABWPXYYSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 230000002165 photosensitisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002572 propoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- BJDYCCHRZIFCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-1-ium;iodide Chemical class I.C1=CC=NC=C1 BJDYCCHRZIFCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229940079877 pyrogallol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UCFSULAKAYDAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-1-ium;iodide Chemical class I.N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UCFSULAKAYDAAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodamine B Chemical compound [Cl-].C=12C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C2OC2=CC(N(CC)CC)=CC=C2C=1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O PYWVYCXTNDRMGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043267 rhodamine b Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000475 sulfinyl group Chemical group [*:2]S([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium Chemical compound [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- DPKBAXPHAYBPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DPKBAXPHAYBPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UQFSVBXCNGCBBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylammonium iodide Chemical compound [I-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC UQFSVBXCNGCBBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KCSOHLKZTZMKQA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraheptylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCCCCC[N+](CCCCCCC)(CCCCCCC)CCCCCCC KCSOHLKZTZMKQA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VRKHAMWCGMJAMI-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrahexylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCCCC[N+](CCCCCC)(CCCCCC)CCCCCC VRKHAMWCGMJAMI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBLZDUAOBOMSNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapentylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCCC[N+](CCCCC)(CCCCC)CCCCC FBLZDUAOBOMSNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GKXDJYKZFZVASJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapropylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC GKXDJYKZFZVASJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- KKLAORVGAKUOPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl(phenyl)azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C[N+](C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 KKLAORVGAKUOPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002211 ultraviolet spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
【解決手段】色素が金属酸化物層に担持された色素担持金属酸化物電極を有する作用電極を備える光電変換素子において、前記色素として、下記一般式(1)で表される構造を有する化合物を用いる。
[式(1)中、R1〜R4は、それぞれ独立して炭素数が4〜20の直鎖状アルキル基であり、各々が同一であっても異なっていてもよく、A1及びA2は、芳香環群A(ピロール環との縮合位置を示すため、式(1)中のピロール環を円弧aで表した。)から選択されるいずれか1種である。]
【選択図】なし
Description
<1> 色素が金属酸化物層に担持された色素担持金属酸化物電極を有する作用電極を備える光電変換素子において、
前記色素として、下記一般式(1):
<芳香環群A>
光電変換素子。
上記<1>に記載の光電変換素子。
上記<1>又は<2>に記載の光電変換素子。
上記<1>〜<3>のいずれか一項に記載の光電変換素子。
<芳香環群A>
上記<5>に記載の光電変換素子用色素。
上記<5>又は<6>に記載の光電変換素子用色素。
<芳香環群A>
本実施形態の色素増感型太陽電池100は、作用電極11と、対向電極21と、これら作用電極11及び対向電極21の間に設けられた電解質31とを備える。作用電極11及び対向電極21のうち少なくとも一方は、光透過性を有する電極となっている。作用電極11と対向電極21とは、スペーサ41を介して対向配置され、これら作用電極11、対向電極21及びスペーサ41並びに図示しない封止部材によって画成される封止空間内に電解質31が封入されている。
下記の化学反応式(I−1)に示すように、インドレニウム塩I0.46mmol、アミジン塩酸塩0.22mmol、無水酢酸4.4mmol、トリエチルアミン0.51mmol及びアセトニトリル3gを仕込み、85℃で3時間攪拌した後、ヨウ化ナトリウムを加えた。このようにして得られた反応生成物を、クロロホルム:メタノールが10:1の溶出液を用いてシリカゲル精製を行った後に減圧乾燥することにより、最終生成物である化学式(B1)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物8mg(収率4%)を得た。
下記の化学反応式(I−2)に示すように、インドレニウム塩II2mmol、アミジン塩酸塩1mmol、無水酢酸2.4mmol、トリエチルアミン4mmol及びアセトニトリル4gを仕込み、室温で3時間攪拌した後、ヨウ化ナトリウムを加えた。このようにして得られた反応生成物を、クロロホルム:メタノールが10:1の溶出液を用いてシリカゲル精製を行った後に減圧乾燥することにより、最終生成物である化学式(B2)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物310mg(収率27%)を得た。
下記の化学反応式(I−3)に示すように、インドレニウム塩III0.5mmol、アミジン塩酸塩0.25mmol、無水酢酸0.5mmol、トリエチルアミン0.5mmol及びアセトニトリル1.2gを仕込み、室温で5時間攪拌した後、ヨウ化ナトリウムを加えた。このようにして得られた反応生成物を、クロロホルム:メタノールが10:1の溶出液を用いてシリカゲル精製を行った後に減圧乾燥することにより、最終生成物である化学式(B3)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物8mg(収率2%)を得た。
色素として、上述した合成例1の化学式(B1)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物を用いて、以下の手順により、上記の実施形態で説明した色素増感型太陽電池100を作製した。
最初に、導電性表面12aを有する基体12として、フッ素ドープしたSnOを透明導電膜とする縦2.0cm×横1.5cm×厚さ1.1mmの導電性ガラス基板(F−SnO2)を用意した。続いて、その導電性表面12a上に、縦0.5cm×横0.5cmの四角形を囲むように厚さ70μmのマスキングテープを貼り、この部分に金属酸化物スラリー3cm3を一様の厚さとなるように塗布して乾燥させた。この場合、金属酸化物スラリーとしては、10重量%となるように酸化亜鉛粉末(平均粒径20nm;堺化学工業社製FINEX−50)を、非イオン性界面活性剤としてTriton X-100(Tritonは登録商標)を1滴添加した水に懸濁して調製したものを用いた。続いて、導電性表面12a上のマスキングテープを剥がし取り、この基体12を電気炉により450℃で焼成し、金属酸化物層13としての厚さ約5μmの酸化亜鉛膜を形成した。続いて、化学式(B1)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物とデオキシコール酸とをそれぞれ3×10−4mol/dm3及び1×10−2mol/dm3の濃度になるように無水エタノールに溶解させて、色素含有溶液を調製した。そして、この色素含有溶液中に金属酸化物層13が形成された基体12を浸漬し、化学式(B1)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物を金属酸化物層13に担持させて色素担持金属酸化物電極14を形成することにより、実施例1の作用電極11を得た。
まず、導電性表面22aを有する基体22として、フッ素ドープしたSnOを透明導電膜とする縦2.0cm×横1.5cm×厚さ1.1mmの導電性ガラス基板(F−SnO2)を用意した。続いて、その導電性表面22a上に、スパッタリングにより厚さ100nmのPt層を形成することにより、対向電極21を得た。なお、この場合、導電性表面22aを有する基体22には、電解液注入用の孔(φ1mm)を、予め、2つ開けておいた。
まず、厚さ50μmのスペーサを金属酸化物層13の周りを囲むように配置し、その後、作用電極11の色素担持金属酸化物電極14と対向電極21のPt層とを対向配置し、スペーサを介して貼り合わせた。その後、対向電極21に開けておいた注入孔から電解液を注入して、電解質31を形成した。最後に、セルの周囲全体及び注入孔を封止することにより、実施例1の色素増感型太陽電池100を得た。
色素として、合成例1の化学式(B1)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物に代えて、合成例2の化学式(B2)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物を用いること以外は、実施例1と同様に処理して、実施例2の作用電極11及び色素増感型太陽電池100を得た。
色素として、合成例1の化学式(B1)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物に代えて、合成例3の化学式(B3)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物を用いること以外は、実施例1と同様に処理して、実施例3の作用電極11及び色素増感型太陽電池100を得た。
色素として、合成例1の化学式(B1)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物に代えて、下記の色素(C1)〜(C4)をそれぞれ用いること以外は、実施例1と同様に処理して、比較例1〜4の作用電極11及び色素増感型太陽電池100を得た。
得られた実施例1〜3及び比較例1〜4の色素増感型太陽電池100の電池特性を、AM−1.5(1000W/m2)のソーラーシミュレーターを用いて測定した。評価結果を、表1に示す。
なお、エネルギー変換効率(η:%)は、色素増感型太陽電池100の電圧をソースメーターにて掃引して応答電流を測定し、これにより得られた電圧と電流との積である最大出力を1cm2あたりの光強度で除した値を算出し、この算出結果に100を乗じてパーセント表示したものである。すなわち、エネルギー変換効率(η:%)は、(最大出力/1cm2あたりの光強度)×100で表される。
色素の吸着性(密着性)を評価するために、剥離試験を行った。評価結果を、表1に示す。
なお、剥離試験は、以下の手順により行った。まず、UVスペクトルメータにより、各々の作用電極11の色素担持金属酸化物層14の表面の吸収スペクトル(測定波長は350nm〜950nmの範囲)を測定し、ピーク波長における初期の吸光度を求めた。次に、作用電極11を10重量%の割合で水を含むアセトニトリル混合液100cm3に2時間浸漬した後、同様に吸収スペクトルを測定し、ピーク波長における10重量%水含有アセトニトリル2時間浸漬後の吸光度を求めた。最後に、ピーク波長における初期の吸光度と10重量%水含有アセトニトリル2時間浸漬後の吸光度から、色素残存率(%)=(10重量%水含有アセトニトリル2時間浸漬後の吸光度/初期の吸光度)×100を算出した。なお、この一連の吸収スペクトルの測定には、島津製作所製UV−3101PCを用いて、スリット幅5nmとして行った。
また、実施例1〜3の作用電極11は、比較例1〜3の作用電極11に比して、色素残存率が高くエネルギー変換効率にも優れる傾向にあることが確認された。このことから、ヘプタメチン鎖骨格にシクロ環等が導入されていない合成例1〜3のシアニン式化合物は、ヘプタメチン鎖骨格にシクロ環等が導入された(C1)〜(C3)のシアニン式化合物に比して、アンカー基近傍の立体障害が緩和され、インドレニン骨格の窒素原子に導入された−CH2CH2COOH基の金属酸化物層への吸着が促進され、その密着性が高められるとともに、金属酸化物半導体材料に対する電子注入が高められていることが示唆される。さらに、比較例4は色素残存率は高いが、エネルギー変換効率が低い。実施例1〜3の色素増感型太陽電池100はR1〜R4が炭素数10〜20の直鎖状アルキル基であることで、エネルギー変換効率が優れることが示唆される。
焼成法により金属酸化物層13を形成する際に、酸化亜鉛粉末に代えて、酸化チタン(TiO2)粉末を含む金属酸化物スラリーをそれぞれ用いること以外は、実施例1〜3及び比較例1〜4と同様に処理して、実施例4〜6及び比較例5〜8の作用電極11及び色素増感型太陽電池100を得た。
なお、上記の酸化チタン粉末を含む金属酸化物スラリーとしては、以下のように調製したものを用いた。まず、チタンイソプロポキシド125cm3を、0.1mol/dm3硝酸水溶液750cm3に攪拌しながら添加し、80℃で8時間激しく攪拌した。得られた液体をテフロン(登録商標)製の圧力容器に注ぎ入れ、その圧力容器を230℃、16時間オートクレーブにて処理した。その後、オートクレーブ処理した沈殿物を含む液体(ゾル液)を攪拌することにより再懸濁させた。続いて、この懸濁液を吸引濾過して再懸濁しなかった沈殿物を除き、ゾル状の濾液をエバポレータで酸化チタン濃度が11質量%になるまで濃縮した。こののち、濃縮液に基板への塗れ性を高めるためにTriton X-100を1滴添加した。続いて、平均粒径30nmの酸化チタン粉末(日本アエロジル社製P−25)をこのゾル状の濃縮液に、酸化チタンの含有率が全体として33質量%となるように加え、自転公転を利用した遠心撹拌を1時間行い、分散させた。
また、実施例4〜6の作用電極11は、比較例5〜8の作用電極11に比して、色素残存率が高くエネルギー変換効率にも優れる傾向にあることが確認された。このことから、ヘプタメチン鎖骨格にシクロ環等が導入されていない合成例1〜3のシアニン式化合物は、ヘプタメチン鎖骨格にシクロ環等が導入された(C1)〜(C3)のシアニン式化合物に比して、アンカー基近傍の立体障害が緩和され、インドレニン骨格の窒素原子に導入された−CH2CH2COOH基の金属酸化物層への吸着が促進され、その密着性が高められるとともに、金属酸化物半導体材料に対する電子注入が高められていることが示唆される。さらに、比較例8は、色素残存率は高いが、エネルギー変換効率が低い。実施例4〜6の色素増感型太陽電池100はR1〜R4が炭素数10〜20の直鎖状アルキル基であることで、エネルギー変換効率が優れることが示唆される。
さらに、実施例1〜3と実施例4〜6との比較から、実質的に酸化亜鉛からなる金属酸化物層13を有する実施例1〜3の色素増感型太陽電池100は、実質的に酸化チタンからなる金属酸化物層13を有する実施例4〜6の色素増感型太陽電池100に比して、色素残存率は同程度である一方、エネルギー変換効率が有意に優れることが確認された。
色素として、合成例1の化学式(B1)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物に代えて、下記の色素(化合物D1及び化合物D2)をそれぞれ用いること以外は、実施例1と同様に処理して、参考例1及び2の作用電極11を得た。
化学式(B1)〜(B3)に示す構造を有するシアニン化合物(ヨウ化物)を用いた実施例1〜3並びに参考例1及び2の作用電極11のCIE Yxy表色系の色度座標(x,y)を、以下の手順で測定した。測定結果を、表3に示す。
なお、CIE Yxy表色系の色度座標(x,y)は、以下の手順により行った。まず、UVスペクトルメータにより、作用電極11の色素担持金属酸化物層14の表面の吸収スペクトル(測定波長は350nm〜850nmの範囲)を測定した。次いで、CIE Yxy表色系の色度座標(x,y)を、日本分光製V−570のカラー診断プログラムにより計算した。
Claims (7)
- 色素が金属酸化物層に担持された色素担持金属酸化物電極を有する作用電極を備える光電変換素子において、
前記色素として、下記一般式(1):
<芳香環群A>
光電変換素子。 - 前記一般式(1)において、A1及びA2が、ベンゼン環である、
請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。 - 前記一般式(1)において、R1〜R4が炭素数10〜20の直鎖状アルキル基である、
請求項1又は2に記載の光電変換素子。 - 前記金属酸化物層は、実質的に酸化亜鉛からなる、
請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の光電変換素子。 - 下記一般式(1):
<芳香環群A>
- 前記一般式(1)において、A1及びA2が、ベンゼン環である、
請求項5に記載の光電変換素子用色素。 - 前記一般式(1)において、R1〜R4が炭素数10〜20の直鎖状アルキル基である、
請求項5又は6に記載の光電変換素子用色素。
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