JP2010146818A - 車両用灯具 - Google Patents
車両用灯具 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2010146818A JP2010146818A JP2008321599A JP2008321599A JP2010146818A JP 2010146818 A JP2010146818 A JP 2010146818A JP 2008321599 A JP2008321599 A JP 2008321599A JP 2008321599 A JP2008321599 A JP 2008321599A JP 2010146818 A JP2010146818 A JP 2010146818A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- light
- light guide
- lamp
- extending direction
- incident
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
- F21S43/20—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by refractors, transparent cover plates, light guides or filters
- F21S43/235—Light guides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
- F21V7/005—Reflectors for light sources with an elongated shape to cooperate with linear light sources
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
- F21S43/20—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by refractors, transparent cover plates, light guides or filters
- F21S43/235—Light guides
- F21S43/236—Light guides characterised by the shape of the light guide
- F21S43/237—Light guides characterised by the shape of the light guide rod-shaped
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
- F21S43/20—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by refractors, transparent cover plates, light guides or filters
- F21S43/235—Light guides
- F21S43/242—Light guides characterised by the emission area
- F21S43/245—Light guides characterised by the emission area emitting light from one or more of its major surfaces
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
- F21S43/20—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by refractors, transparent cover plates, light guides or filters
- F21S43/235—Light guides
- F21S43/247—Light guides with a single light source being coupled into the light guide
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
- F21S43/30—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by reflectors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
- F21S43/30—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by reflectors
- F21S43/31—Optical layout thereof
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
- G02B6/0038—Linear indentations or grooves, e.g. arc-shaped grooves or meandering grooves, extending over the full length or width of the light guide
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
- G02B6/0045—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
- G02B6/0055—Reflecting element, sheet or layer
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S43/00—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights
- F21S43/10—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by the light source
- F21S43/13—Signalling devices specially adapted for vehicle exteriors, e.g. brake lamps, direction indicator lights or reversing lights characterised by the light source characterised by the type of light source
- F21S43/14—Light emitting diodes [LED]
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2103/00—Exterior vehicle lighting devices for signalling purposes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2107/00—Use or application of lighting devices on or in particular types of vehicles
- F21W2107/10—Use or application of lighting devices on or in particular types of vehicles for land vehicles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
- F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
- G02B6/0045—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it by shaping at least a portion of the light guide
- G02B6/0046—Tapered light guide, e.g. wedge-shaped light guide
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】車両用灯具は、入射面22aから入射した光を内部で導光しながら延出方向に沿った側面から外部に出射する導光体22と、入射面22aに光が入射するよう配置されたLED32と、導光体22の延出方向に沿って配置され、側面から出射された光の一部を灯具前方へ反射するリフレクタ24とを備える。導光体22は、延出方向に直交する断面の面積が、入射面22aからの距離に応じて減少するように形成されている。
【選択図】図2
Description
Claims (5)
- 端面から入射した光を内部で導光しながら延出方向に沿った側面から外部に出射する導光体と、
前記端面に光が入射するよう配置された光源と、
前記導光体の延出方向に沿って配置され、前記側面から出射された光の一部を灯具前方へ反射するリフレクタと、
を備えることを特徴とする車両用灯具。 - 前記導光体は、延出方向に直交する断面の面積が、光が入射する端面からの距離に応じて減少するように形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の車両用灯具。
- 前記導光体は、延出方向に直交する断面の面積が、光が入射する端面からの距離に応じて増加するように形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の車両用灯具。
- 前記リフレクタは、前記導光体の延出方向に沿って反射面の大きさが略一定となるように形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の車両用灯具。
- 前記リフレクタは、前記導光体の延出方向に沿って反射面の大きさが変化するように形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の車両用灯具。
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008321599A JP5275776B2 (ja) | 2008-12-17 | 2008-12-17 | 車両用灯具 |
| KR1020090123911A KR20100070295A (ko) | 2008-12-17 | 2009-12-14 | 차량용 등기구 |
| US12/639,792 US8226282B2 (en) | 2008-12-17 | 2009-12-16 | Vehicle lamp |
| CN2009102525111A CN101749623B (zh) | 2008-12-17 | 2009-12-17 | 车辆用灯具 |
| KR1020120045712A KR101236022B1 (ko) | 2008-12-17 | 2012-04-30 | 차량용 등기구 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008321599A JP5275776B2 (ja) | 2008-12-17 | 2008-12-17 | 車両用灯具 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2010146818A true JP2010146818A (ja) | 2010-07-01 |
| JP5275776B2 JP5275776B2 (ja) | 2013-08-28 |
Family
ID=42240299
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008321599A Expired - Fee Related JP5275776B2 (ja) | 2008-12-17 | 2008-12-17 | 車両用灯具 |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8226282B2 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5275776B2 (ja) |
| KR (2) | KR20100070295A (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN101749623B (ja) |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013095216A (ja) * | 2011-10-31 | 2013-05-20 | Sakae Riken Kogyo Co Ltd | イルミネーショングリル |
| JP2013161728A (ja) * | 2012-02-07 | 2013-08-19 | Koito Mfg Co Ltd | 車両用灯具 |
| JP2013232405A (ja) * | 2012-04-02 | 2013-11-14 | Sharp Corp | 照明装置、車両用灯具、車両用制動灯、車両用方向指示灯、車両用補助灯および車両用前照灯装置 |
| WO2014103743A1 (ja) * | 2012-12-26 | 2014-07-03 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | 車両用灯具 |
| JP2014127357A (ja) * | 2012-12-26 | 2014-07-07 | Koito Mfg Co Ltd | 車両用灯具 |
| JP2014127356A (ja) * | 2012-12-26 | 2014-07-07 | Koito Mfg Co Ltd | 車両用灯具 |
| CN104235727A (zh) * | 2014-08-28 | 2014-12-24 | 马瑞利汽车零部件(芜湖)有限公司 | 新型逆向传输光的光导式的箱灯位置灯及其安装方法 |
| WO2016120973A1 (ja) * | 2015-01-26 | 2016-08-04 | 日立マクセル株式会社 | 光源装置及びそれを利用した照明器具と車両用灯具 |
| JPWO2014141597A1 (ja) * | 2013-03-14 | 2017-02-16 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | 車両用灯具 |
| JP2018092753A (ja) * | 2016-12-01 | 2018-06-14 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | 灯具 |
| JP2023075750A (ja) * | 2021-11-19 | 2023-05-31 | トヨタ車体株式会社 | 車両用外装部品 |
Families Citing this family (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013056603A (ja) * | 2011-09-08 | 2013-03-28 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | 鞍乗り型車両及びそれに用いられる導光体 |
| DE102011119231A1 (de) * | 2011-11-23 | 2013-05-23 | Audi Ag | Kraftfahrzeugleuchte, Kraftwagen und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Kraftfahrzeugleuchte |
| US9677721B2 (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2017-06-13 | Flex-N-Gate Advanced Product Development, Llc | Optical light pipe with uniform lit intensity |
| CN104100908A (zh) * | 2014-06-23 | 2014-10-15 | 江苏彤明高科汽车电器有限公司 | 一种汽车尾饰灯 |
| CN108025624B (zh) | 2015-09-07 | 2021-04-27 | 沙特基础工业全球技术公司 | 车辆的后挡板的塑料装配玻璃 |
| CN108025469B (zh) | 2015-09-07 | 2020-12-25 | 沙特基础工业全球技术公司 | 后栏板的塑料玻璃的成型 |
| CN108136633B (zh) | 2015-09-07 | 2021-02-05 | 沙特基础工业全球技术公司 | 具有塑料玻璃的后挡板的照明系统 |
| WO2017042698A1 (en) | 2015-09-07 | 2017-03-16 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Surfaces of plastic glazing of tailgates |
| KR102215029B1 (ko) | 2015-11-23 | 2021-02-15 | 사빅 글로벌 테크놀러지스 비.브이. | 플라스틱 글레이징을 갖는 윈도우를 위한 라이팅 시스템 |
| KR20170088019A (ko) * | 2016-01-22 | 2017-08-01 | 현대모비스 주식회사 | 자동차의 조명장치 |
| CN109661541B (zh) * | 2016-08-10 | 2020-11-03 | 昕诺飞控股有限公司 | 间接型照明设备 |
| CN109642712B (zh) * | 2016-08-26 | 2021-07-06 | 株式会社小糸制作所 | 车辆用灯具 |
| KR102693625B1 (ko) * | 2016-12-08 | 2024-08-09 | 엘지이노텍 주식회사 | 조명장치 및 이를 포함하는 차량용 램프 |
| JP6902354B2 (ja) * | 2017-01-24 | 2021-07-14 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | 光源ソケットとライトガイドを備えた灯具 |
| EP3671020A1 (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2020-06-24 | Ningbo Geely Automobile Research & Development Co. Ltd. | A vehicle lighting system |
| CN109539159B (zh) * | 2019-01-03 | 2024-01-26 | 华域视觉科技(上海)有限公司 | 一种光学模组及车灯 |
| WO2020189185A1 (ja) * | 2019-03-19 | 2020-09-24 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | 車両用灯具 |
| CN112197242A (zh) * | 2019-07-08 | 2021-01-08 | 常州星宇车灯股份有限公司 | 一种厚壁渐变车灯光导 |
| CN113531478B (zh) * | 2021-07-19 | 2022-12-23 | 东风汽车集团股份有限公司 | 一种隐藏式车灯光学结构及其车灯 |
| EP4279803A1 (en) * | 2022-05-18 | 2023-11-22 | Yanfeng Plastic Omnium Automotive Exterior Systems Co., Ltd. | A light emitting device that achieves a light screen efect and an atmosphere light assembly equipped with such light emitting device |
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| JP2001060405A (ja) * | 1999-08-23 | 2001-03-06 | Ichikoh Ind Ltd | Led光源を用いた車両用灯具 |
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| JP2005267928A (ja) * | 2004-03-17 | 2005-09-29 | Chatani Sangyo Kk | 曲面体等の均一発光方法及び均一発光品 |
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| JP4798563B2 (ja) * | 2006-12-05 | 2011-10-19 | コルコート株式会社 | ライン照明装置 |
| JP4780788B2 (ja) * | 2007-01-31 | 2011-09-28 | スタンレー電気株式会社 | Led灯具ユニット |
-
2008
- 2008-12-17 JP JP2008321599A patent/JP5275776B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-12-14 KR KR1020090123911A patent/KR20100070295A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2009-12-16 US US12/639,792 patent/US8226282B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-12-17 CN CN2009102525111A patent/CN101749623B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-04-30 KR KR1020120045712A patent/KR101236022B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JPH10133026A (ja) * | 1996-10-31 | 1998-05-22 | Canon Inc | 導光体を有する照明装置 |
| JP2001060405A (ja) * | 1999-08-23 | 2001-03-06 | Ichikoh Ind Ltd | Led光源を用いた車両用灯具 |
| JP2001105966A (ja) * | 1999-10-08 | 2001-04-17 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | グリルランプ |
| JP2003068113A (ja) * | 2001-08-28 | 2003-03-07 | Ichikoh Ind Ltd | 車両用照明装置 |
| JP2003081009A (ja) * | 2001-09-12 | 2003-03-19 | Ichikoh Ind Ltd | 車両用照明装置 |
| JP2005267928A (ja) * | 2004-03-17 | 2005-09-29 | Chatani Sangyo Kk | 曲面体等の均一発光方法及び均一発光品 |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013095216A (ja) * | 2011-10-31 | 2013-05-20 | Sakae Riken Kogyo Co Ltd | イルミネーショングリル |
| JP2013161728A (ja) * | 2012-02-07 | 2013-08-19 | Koito Mfg Co Ltd | 車両用灯具 |
| JP2013232405A (ja) * | 2012-04-02 | 2013-11-14 | Sharp Corp | 照明装置、車両用灯具、車両用制動灯、車両用方向指示灯、車両用補助灯および車両用前照灯装置 |
| WO2014103743A1 (ja) * | 2012-12-26 | 2014-07-03 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | 車両用灯具 |
| JP2014127357A (ja) * | 2012-12-26 | 2014-07-07 | Koito Mfg Co Ltd | 車両用灯具 |
| JP2014127356A (ja) * | 2012-12-26 | 2014-07-07 | Koito Mfg Co Ltd | 車両用灯具 |
| JPWO2014141597A1 (ja) * | 2013-03-14 | 2017-02-16 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | 車両用灯具 |
| CN104235727A (zh) * | 2014-08-28 | 2014-12-24 | 马瑞利汽车零部件(芜湖)有限公司 | 新型逆向传输光的光导式的箱灯位置灯及其安装方法 |
| WO2016120973A1 (ja) * | 2015-01-26 | 2016-08-04 | 日立マクセル株式会社 | 光源装置及びそれを利用した照明器具と車両用灯具 |
| JP2018092753A (ja) * | 2016-12-01 | 2018-06-14 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | 灯具 |
| JP2023075750A (ja) * | 2021-11-19 | 2023-05-31 | トヨタ車体株式会社 | 車両用外装部品 |
| JP7616028B2 (ja) | 2021-11-19 | 2025-01-17 | トヨタ車体株式会社 | 車両用外装部品 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20100070295A (ko) | 2010-06-25 |
| CN101749623B (zh) | 2012-12-05 |
| US8226282B2 (en) | 2012-07-24 |
| US20100149829A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
| CN101749623A (zh) | 2010-06-23 |
| KR20120056805A (ko) | 2012-06-04 |
| KR101236022B1 (ko) | 2013-02-21 |
| JP5275776B2 (ja) | 2013-08-28 |
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