HRP940968A2 - Hirudin conjugates from hirudin and lipophilic compounds - Google Patents
Hirudin conjugates from hirudin and lipophilic compounds Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- HRP940968A2 HRP940968A2 HRP4341115.0A HRP940968A HRP940968A2 HR P940968 A2 HRP940968 A2 HR P940968A2 HR P940968 A HRP940968 A HR P940968A HR P940968 A2 HRP940968 A2 HR P940968A2
- Authority
- HR
- Croatia
- Prior art keywords
- hirudin
- acid
- lipophilic
- conjugates
- compounds
- Prior art date
Links
- 229940006607 hirudin Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 122
- WQPDUTSPKFMPDP-OUMQNGNKSA-N hirudin Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC(OS(O)(=O)=O)=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H]1N(CCC1)C(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H]1N(CCC1)C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H]1NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)[C@@H]2CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2)=O)CSSC1)C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H]1NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](N)C(C)C)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)CSSC1)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WQPDUTSPKFMPDP-OUMQNGNKSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 96
- 108010007267 Hirudins Proteins 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 102000007625 Hirudins Human genes 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 150000002634 lipophilic molecules Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- HGASFNYMVGEKTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-1-ol;hydrate Chemical compound O.CCCCCCCCO HGASFNYMVGEKTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003588 lysine group Chemical group [H]N([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(N([H])[H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Octanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO KBPLFHHGFOOTCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 24
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 19
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 18
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical class [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 16
- 210000001772 blood platelet Anatomy 0.000 description 13
- -1 hirudin compound Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 13
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 12
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 10
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 9
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- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 230000002785 anti-thrombosis Effects 0.000 description 6
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- RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dioxane Chemical compound C1COCCO1 RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- GLZPCOQZEFWAFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Geraniol Chemical compound CC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCO GLZPCOQZEFWAFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N arachidonic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCC(O)=O YZXBAPSDXZZRGB-DOFZRALJSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 4
- GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- XEYBRNLFEZDVAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N prostaglandin E2 Natural products CCCCCC(O)C=CC1C(O)CC(=O)C1CC=CCCCC(O)=O XEYBRNLFEZDVAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010410 reperfusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000037803 restenosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003079 salivary gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 108010073863 saruplase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- KZJWDPNRJALLNS-VJSFXXLFSA-N sitosterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)CC[C@@H](CC)C(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 KZJWDPNRJALLNS-VJSFXXLFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015500 sitosterol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229950005143 sitosterol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NLQLSVXGSXCXFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N sitosterol Natural products CC=C(/CCC(C)C1CC2C3=CCC4C(C)C(O)CCC4(C)C3CCC2(C)C1)C(C)C NLQLSVXGSXCXFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000329 smooth muscle myocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCXVJBMSMIARIN-PHZDYDNGSA-N stigmasterol Chemical compound C1C=C2C[C@@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@H](C)/C=C/[C@@H](CC)C(C)C)[C@@]1(C)CC2 HCXVJBMSMIARIN-PHZDYDNGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940032091 stigmasterol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000016831 stigmasterol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BFDNMXAIBMJLBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N stigmasterol Natural products CCC(C=CC(C)C1CCCC2C3CC=C4CC(O)CCC4(C)C3CCC12C)C(C)C BFDNMXAIBMJLBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960005202 streptokinase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002317 succinimide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonic acid Chemical group OS(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- BUNBVCKYYMRTNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tachysterol Natural products C=1CCC2(C)C(C(C)CCC(C)C(C)C)CCC2C=1C=CC1=C(C)CCC(O)C1 BUNBVCKYYMRTNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229960003604 testosterone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003634 thrombocyte concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009424 thromboembolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000103 thrombolytic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002537 thrombolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001732 thrombotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KBPHJBAIARWVSC-XQIHNALSSA-N trans-lutein Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CC(O)CC1(C)C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2C(=CC(O)CC2(C)C)C KBPHJBAIARWVSC-XQIHNALSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trisodium borate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BSVBQGMMJUBVOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003668 tyrosines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960005356 urokinase Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010930 zeaxanthin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001775 zeaxanthin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940043269 zeaxanthin Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
- A61K47/545—Heterocyclic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
- A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Diabetes (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Treatment Of Liquids With Adsorbents In General (AREA)
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- Silicon Polymers (AREA)
Description
Izum se odnosi na nove konjugate hirudina, koji se tvore od hirudina i lipofilnih spojeva, njihovo pripremanje i njihovu upotrebu kao lijekova.
Hirudin je već dulje vrijeme poznati prirodno nastali protein sa svojstvima sprečavanja zgrušavanja krvi. On je dosada poznati najjači i najselektivniji inhibitor krvnih ugrušaka (Naturwissenschaften, 42, 573, (1955); Hoppe-Seylers Z. für Biol. Chemie 366, 379 (1985). Prirodni hirudin je smjesa kemijski srodnih peptida s molnom masom od 6900-7000 daltona i 64-66 amino kiselina. Dosada je bilo opisano otprilike 20 varijanti prirodno nastalog hirudina (Scharf et al. , FEBS-Letters 255, 105-110, (1989) ).
U EP 345616 opisani su spojni proizvodi iz hirudina i polimernih nosioca. Kao nosioci navedeni su topivi i netopivi polimeri kao dekstran, sefaroza, heparin, laevan i parcijalni hidrolizat želatine. Hirudini modificirani s nosiocima trebaju imati poboljšana farmakološka svojstva kao možda produljeno vrijeme poluraspada.
U DE 40 14 260 opisani su polialkilenglikolni konjugati hirudina, koji u usporedbi s prirodnim hirudinom imaju povoljniji farmakološki profil učinkovitosti, možda produljenu biološku učinkovitost i bolju biološku raspoloživost.
U oba gore navedena objavljenja spisa opisani su derivati hirudina s produljenom učinkovitošću, koja se postiže modificiranjem hirudina s visokomolekulnim polimerima. Pri tome molna masa polimera iznosi nekoliko kilodaltona, tako da se značajno povećava molna masa polipeptida hirudina. Takovi visokomolekulni polimeri kemijski međutim nisu egzaktno definirani; čak štoviše oni tvore mnoštvo različitih molekula, koje se raspodjeljuju oko jednog područja molnih masa. Posljedica toga je to da se također s njima proizvedeni spojni proizvodi hirudina ne sastoje iz jednog jedinog kemijskog spoja, već iz mnoštva molekula, koje se glede svoje molne mase međusobno razlikuju.
Aktivne tvari koje se upotrebljavaju kao lijekovi potrebno je međutim kemijski definirati maksimalno egzaktno, da bi se njihovo ponašanje u organizmu moglo bolje kontrolirati.
Postojala je stoga zadaća pripremiti derivate hirudina koji u usporedbi s prirodnim hirudinom imaju poboljšana farmakološka svojstva, a koji nemaju gore navedene nedostatke hirudina modificiranog s visokomolekulnim polimerima.
Ta zadaća riješena je pomoću konjugata hirudina stvorenih iz jednog hirudina i jednog ili više lipofilnih spojeva, pri čemu lipofilni spoj ima razdjelni koeficijent oktanol-voda veći od 1,8 i kemijski je kovalentno povezan s hirudinom.
Za konjugate hirudina prema izumu prikladni su svi prirodno stvoreni hirudini i također varijante koje su izvedene od njih, takozvani mutanti hirudina, i odlomci koji su učinkoviti kao inhibitori stvaranja krvnih ugrušaka.
Takovi hirudini i njihovo pripremanje poznati su primjerice iz EP 171 024, EP 158 986, DE 38 055 406, WO 92/1712, BG 2 247 239, EP 557 199, WO 92/5748, DE 40 14 260.
Nadalje peptidi koji su strukturno izvedeni od hirudina ili derivati peptida koji djeluju kao hirudin, kao što su primjerice oni opisani u EP 333 356, vrlo su prikladni za pripremanje konjugata hirudina prema izumu.
Upotrebljavaju se prvenstveno takvi hirudini kod kojih nadovezivanje lipofilnog spoja ne dovodi do nikakvog gubitka djelovanja. To je primjerice slučaj kod hirudina kod kojih nadovezivanje ide preko bočnih lanaca amino kiselina 27 do 37. Osobito je od prednosti nadovezivanje položaja aminokiselina 27 i 33 (u odnosu na prirodni hirudin HVI), jer spojevi se nalaze na vrhu područja sličnog prstu i ne smetaju interakciji hirudina s trombinom.
Vezanje lipofilnih spojeva, po potrebi spacera s lipofilnim spojevima, može se izvršiti na amino skupinama hirudina, primjerice slobodnim N-krajnjim amino skupinama, amino skupinama na bočnim lancima lisina, amino skupinama histidina, amino skupinama arginina, ili na hidroksilnim skupinama hirudina, primjerice na bočnim lancima tirosina, serina ili treonina.
Za nadovezivanje lipofilnih spojeva osobito su prikladne amino skupine na bočnim lancima lizina.
Također moguće je vezanje lipofilnog spoja na modificirani tirozin hirudina, koji je dostupan putem nitriranja i redukcije (Meth. Enzymol. 25, 515-521, (1972). Na stvoreni arilaminotirozin može se tada nadovezati lipofilni spoj po poznatim metodama nadovezivanja.
Kao lipofilni spoj prikladni su spojevi koji imaju više od jedne ili više funkcionalnih skupina kao što su amino, hidroksi, karboksi ili skupina sulfonske kiseline i koji imaju koeficijent razdiobe oktanol-voda veći od 1,8.
Lipofilni spojevi mogu biti prirodne tvari, npr. zasićene ili nezasićene masne kiseline, terpen, prostaglandin, vitamini topivi u mastima, karotinoid ili stereoidi, ali također i sintetičke karbonske kiseline, alkoholi, amini i sulfonske kiseline s jednom ili više alkila, arila, alkenila ili također višestruko nezasićeni spojevi koji mogu biti kako linearni tako također i razgranati i koji su po potrebi supstituirani s halogenim, nitro, cijano, alkoksi, alkiltio ili halogenalkil skupinama.
Primjeri lipofilnih spojeva su zasićene masne kiseline kapronska kiselina, kaprilna kiselina, kaprinska kiselina, laurinska kiselina, miristinska kiselina, palmitinska kiselina, stearinska kiselina, arahinska kiselina i behenska kiselina i nezasićene masne kiseline palmitoleinska kiselina, uljna kiselina, linolna kiselina, ricinolna kiselina, oktadekatetraenska kiselina, eikosaenska kiselina, eikosadienska kiselina, arakidonska kiselina, eikosapentaenska kiselina ili erukanska kiselina, te iz njih dobiveni masni alkoholi i masni amini.
Prikladne su također i mješavine masnih kiselina, kao one koje se dobiju pri saponifikaciji prirodnih masti kao kokosove masti, masti iz palmine jezgre, repičinog ulja, maslinovog ulja, suncokretovog ulja, suncokretovog ulja iz suncokreta visokog sadržaja ulja, ricinusovog ulja ili goveđeg loja.
Daljnji primjeri lipofilnih spojeva su karotinoidi zeaksantin, rodovibrin ili astaksantin, steroidi kolesterin desmosterol, koprosterol, cerebrosterol, latosterol, ergesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, kolanska kiselina, kolinska kiselina, dehidrokortikosterol, aldosteron, andosteron, testosteron, tahisterol, lanosterol ili lumisterol, terpeni geraniol, nerol, linalool, mentol, karveol, borneol, farnesol, nerolidol ili sklareol, prostaglandini brefeldin, PGE2 ili PGF2, vitamini A1 ili D, ali također i sintetički spojevi kao oksoalkoholi, heksilamin, etilheksanska kiselina, etilheksanol, etilheksilamin ili alkilbenzolsulfonske kiseline.
Za izum osobito prikladni lipofilni spojevi su oni opće formule I
[image]
I,
gdje
R1 i R2 međusobno neovisno predstavljaju (CH2)m-C(R3) (R4) - (CH2)n- (CH=CH-CH2)o-CH3,
m je broj od 0 do 28,
n je broj od 3 do 6,
o je broj od 0 do 6,
R3 i R4 međusobno neovisno predstavljaju H, C1-6-alkil, C3-6-cikloalkil, aril ili benzil, po potrebi supstituiran s halogenim, nitro, cijano, alkilnom, alkoksilnom, alkiltio, halogenalkilnom skupinom.
S osobitom prednošću su oni spojevi formule I kod kojih se ostaci R1 i R2 sastoje od 4 do 16 ugljikovih atoma i zasićeni su ili su jedno-, dvo- ili trostruko nezasićeni.
Nadalje kao lipofilni spojevi prikladni su ostaci opće formule II
H-Y-R1 II
Gdje
R1 predstavlja (CH2)m-C (R3) (R4) - (CH2)n-(CH=CH-CH2)o-CH3 i
Y je -C(O)-, N(R5)-, -O- pri čemu
R5 predstavlja H, C1-18 -alkil, C3-18 -alkenil, C3-6 -cikloalkil, aril ili benzil, po potrebi supstituiran s halogenim, nitro, cijano, alkilnom, alkoksilnom, alkiltio, halogenalkilnom skupinom.
Pripremanje konjugata hirudina prema izumu provodi se tako da se hirudin ili izravno ili posredno pomoću spacera povezuje s jednim ili više lipofilnih spojeva.
Kao spaceri prikladne su sve molekule s dvije ili više funkcionalnih skupina koje na osnovu svojih višefunkcionalnih skupina omogućuju spajanje - po potrebi nakon aktivacije - hirudina i lipofilnog spoja.
Kao spaceri osobito su prikladne amino kiseline, oligopeptidi, mono-. di- ili oligosaharidi, amino ili hidroksikarbonske kiseline, osobito one s lancom dugačkim 2 do 10 C-atoma, koje po potrebi za povećanje hidrofilnosti mogu nositi dalje supstituente, primjerice C1-C4-oligoalkilenglikole.
Za spajanje lipofilnih spojeva na hirudin mogu se upotrijebiti primjerice slijedeći spaceri:
[image]
gdje
X predstavlja S, O, NH, N(CH3), N(C2H5),
W predstavlja H, OH, Cl,
Z predstavlja C2-C6-alkilensku skupinu ili p-fenilensku skupinu.
Za dobivanje biološke aktivnosti konjugata hirudina nakon vezanja na površinu membrane stanice ili sintetičke površine može biti potrebna upotreba spacera za uređenje razmaka.
Za konjugate herudina prema izumu prikladni su svi oni lipofilni spojevi koji nose jednu ili više funkcionalnih skupina, kao primjerice amino, hidroksi, karboksi ili skupinu sulfonske kiseline, jer te funkcionalne skupine nakon aktivacije mogu reagirati s reaktivnim skupinama hirudina.
Način aktivacije lipofilnih spojeva, po potrebi povezivajanje preko spacera, ovisi o funkcionalnoj skupini i stručnjak ju može izvršiti na poznati način.
Ako lipofilni spoj ili spacer s lipofilnom skupinom nosi jednu karboksilnu skupinu, tada se aktivacija može izvršiti primjerice prevođenjem u alkilenester, arilester, O-poluacetal, O-acilpoluaminoacetal, O-acilpoluketal, O-acilpoluaminoketal, O-acillaktim, simetričan ili nesimetričan anhidrid karbonske kiseline, anhidrid karbonske kiseline-karbarainske kieline, O-acilsoureid, O-acil-N-alkilhidroksilamin, jednu O-acilhidroksamnu kiselinu, jednu O-acil-N,N-diacilhidroksilamin, O-aciloksim, O-acil-N-azo-N-acilhidroksilamin, O-acil-N-azo-N-arilhidroksilamin, anhidrid karbonske kiseline-sumporaste kiseline, anhidrid karbonske kiseline-sumporne kiseline, anhidrid karbonske kiseline-fosforaste kiseline, anhidrid karbonske kiseline-fosforne kiseline, jedan aciloksifosfonijev spoj, anhidrid karbonske kiseline-amid fosforne kiseline, fluorid karbonske kiseline ili klorid karbonske kiseline, kao što je opisano u Muller, Hoben-Weyl, "Methoden der organischen Chemie", Vol. 15/1 i 15/2, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart (1974) ili Bodanszky, Klausner, Ondetti, "Peptide Syntehesis", str. 85-128, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1976 ili u drugin standardnim djelima kemije peptida.
Osobito prikladne reaktivne skupine su kloridi karbonskih kiselina, simetrični anhidridi, po potrebi s 1, 2, 3 ili 5 halogenih ili nitro skupina supstituirani aril ester, N-hidroksisukcinimid ester, N-hidroksiftalimid ester ili N-hidroksibenzotriazol ester.
Na analogan način mogu se aktivirati skupine sulfonske kiseline.
Ako u lipofilnim spojevima kao funkcionalne skupine postoje amino ili hidroksilne skupine, tada povezivanje lipofilnih spojeva na hirudin ide prvenstveno preko spacera, koji kao drugu funkcionalnu skupinu nosi skupinu karboksilne ili sulfonske kiseline i na gore opisan način aktivira se za spajanje na hirudin.
Kao lipofilni spojevi vrlo su prikladni također i alkildiketeni, koji se mogu povezati na hirudin izravno bez dalje aktivacije.
Kao alkildiketeni prvenstveno se upotrebljavaju spojevi opće formule III
[image]
gdje
R1 i R2 međusobno neovisno predstavljaju (CH2)m-C (R3) (R4) - (CH2)n- (CH=CH-CH2)o-CH3,
m je broj od 0 do 2 8,
n je broj od 3 do 6,
o je broj od 0 do 6,
R3 i R4 međusobno neovisno predstavljaju H, C1-4 -alkil, C3-6 -cikloalkil, aril ili benzil, po potrebi supstituiran s halogenim, nitro, cijano, alkilnom, alkoksilnom, alkiltio, halogenalkilnom skupinom.
Spojevi opće formule III od osobite prednosti jesu masni alkidketeni, koji se, kao što je primjerice opisano u DE 2927118, odvode od rečenih masnih kiselina kapronske kiseline, kaprilne kiseline, kaprinske kiseline, laurinske kiseline, miristinske kiseline, palmitinske kiseline, stearinske kiseline, arakinske kiseline i behenske kiseline i nezasićenih masnih kiselina palmitooleinske kiseline, uljne kiseline, linolne kiseline, linolenske kiseline, ricinolne kiseline, oktadekatetraenske kiseline, eikosaenske kiseline, eikosadienske kiseline, arakidonske kiseline, eikosapentaenske kiseline ili erucanske kiseline.
Nadalje također se mogu upotrijebiti i masni alkidketeni, koji se odvode iz smjesa masnih kiselina, kakve se dobivaju pri saponifikaciji prirodnih masti kao kokosove masti, masti palmine jezgre, repičinog ulja, maslinovog ulja, suncokretovog ulja, suncikretovog ulja visokog sadržaja ulja, ricinusovog ulja ili goveđeg loja.
Opisani konjugati hirudina prema izumu kemijski su egzaktno definirani i u usporedbi s hirudinom pokazuju povoljniji farmakološki profil učinkovitosti. Između ostalog oni imaju značajno dulju biološku učinkovitost i bolju biološku raspoloživost. Stoga hidrofobnom hirudinu omogućuju ciljanje aktivne tvari na površinu krvnih stanica i površinu krvnih žila.
Na osnovu tih svojstava konjugati hirudina prema izumu dragocjeni su lijekovi za liječenje i profilaksu tromboemboličnih pojava ovosnih o trombinu kao što su duboke venske tromboze, plućne embolije, cerebralni ili infarkti miokarda i osobito angina, nadalje za terapiju neuklonivih intravazalnih koagulacija (DIC) te kao komedikacija za trombolitiku kao što je streptokinaza, urokinaza, prourokinaza, t-PA, APSAC, aktivatori plazminogena iz žlijezda slinovnica životinja, te rekombinantne i mutirajuće oblike svih tih tvari za skraćenje vremena reperfuzije i produljenje vremena reokluzije.
Dalje područje primjene je sprečavanje ranije reokluzije ovisne o trombinu i kasnije restenozacije nakon PTCA, sprečavanje profileracije glatkih stanica mišića izazvane trombinom, sprečavanje akumulacije aktivnog trombina u središnjem nervnom sustavu (npr. kod M. Alzheimera), suzbijanje tumora i sprečavanje mehanizama koji vode do adhezije i metastaziranja stanica tumora.
Novi spojevi mogu se primijeniti u uporabnim galenskim oblicima aplikacija ili se primjenjuju tekući, npr. kao otopine, masti, kreme ili sprejevi. Oni se pripremaju na uobičajen način. Pri tome aktivne tvari mogu se preraditi s uobičajenim galenskim pomoćnim sredstvima kao što su punila, konzervansi, sredstva za regulaciju tecivosti, sredstva za umreživanje, sredstva za dispergiranje, emulgatori, otapala i/ili potisni plinovi (usporedi H. Sucker et al. Pharmazeutische Technologie, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1978).
Hidrofobna svojstva omogućuju također i transdermalnu aplikaciju novih derivata hirudina osobito u svezi sa sredstvima za pojačanje penetracije kao što su npr. diraetilsulfoksid, alkoholi ili također i azoni odnosno pomoću ionoforeze.
Doziranje ovisi o starosti, stanju i tjelesnoj težini pacijenata, te o načinu aplikacije. Ovisno o načinu aplikacije i indikacijama dnevna doza aktivne tvari u pravilu iznosi između 20 do 40.000 ATU/kg tjelesne težine.
Konjugati hirudina mogu se također uspješno upotrijebiti i za antitrombogena premazivanja sintetičkih površina, kao npr. membrana za hemodializu i za to potrebne sisteme cijevi, kod umjetnih žila ili srčano-plućnih uređaja.
Slijedeći primjeri služe za dalji opis izuma.
Primjer 1 Oktidiketen
400,1 g N, N-dimetilcikloheksilamina otopi se u 2 1 toluola pri 50 do 60°C i pri toj temperaturi dokapa se tijekom 2,5 sata 487,5 g klorida oktanske kiselina. Miješa se još 2 sata pri 50 do 60°C i ohladi na sobnu temperaturu.
Reakcijska smjesa ispere se s ledeno hladnom 1 N sumpornom kiselinom, vodom i zasićenom otopinom natrij klorida i organska faza se osuši iznad magnezij sulfata. Sirov proizvod očisti se frakcionom destilacijom. Kao glavna frakcija dobije se 317,3 g bezbojne tekućine pri temperaturi glave od 135°C i tlaku od 0,3 mbara. Prema GC-analizi proizvod se sastoji 97% od oktildiketena. IR, 1H i 13C-NMR-spektar slažu se s predloženom strukturom.
Primjer 2 Spajanje oktil-diketena na hirudin
Kao hirudin upotrebljava se jedan hirudinski mutant, koji se odvodi od prirodnog hirudina HV1 slijedećom izmjenom amino kiselina: položaj 27: liz; položaj 33: liz; položaj 36: arg; položaj 47: arg. Pripremanje takvog hirudinskog mutanta opisano je u DE 40 14 260.
20 mg hirudinskog mutanta otopi se u 1 ml 100 mM natrijboratnog pufera pH 9,0 i pomiješa s 1,5 mg oktildiketena i konačno uz intenzivno miješanje inkubira pri 4°C.
Po isteku vremena reakcije od 30 minuta kemijski nepretvoren oktilketen odvoji se ekstrakcijom s n-heksanom (1 vol/vol). Nastala smjesa proizvoda 50-struko se razrijedi s 0,1% TFA/H2O, stavi na Hi-poru RP 304 kolone (250 x 4,6 cm, Biorad, br. 125-0550) i razvija sa slijedećim gradijentima:
otopina A: 0,1% TFA/H2O
otopina B: 0,1% TFA/acetonitril
brzina protoka: 1 ml/min
detekcija: 216 nm
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Komplesi hirudin-diketena eluiraju pod slijedećim uvjetima:
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Specifična aktivnost derivata izoliranog iz proizvoda povezivanja iznosila je za:
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(određeno ispitivanjem inhibicije trombina pomoću kromogenog supstrata S 2238 (Kabi-Pharmacia), FEBS-Lett. (1983) 164, 307, Određivenje proteina pomoću UV- ekstinkcije (εmolarno= 3148, l/mol- cm; λ = 278 nm) .
Primjer 3 Heksildiketen
272,2 g N,N-dimetilcikloheksilamina stavi se u 1 l toluola i 2 sata cirkulira s vodom na separatoru vode. Pusti se ohladiti na 50 do 60°C, tome se dokapa 269 g klorida heksanske kiseline i još se miješa 2 sata pri 55°C.
Reakcijska smjesa ispere se s 1 N sumpornom kiselinom, vodom i zasićenom otopinom kuhinjske soli. Organska faza osuši se iznad magnezij sulfata. Sirov proizvod očisti se frakcionom destilacijom. Kao glavna frakcija dobije se 172,8 g bezbojne tekućine pri temperaturi prijelaza od 95 do 100°C i tlaku od 0,15 mbara. Prema GC-analizi proizvod se sastoji 98% od heksildiketena. IR, 1H i 13C-NMR-spektar slažu se s predloženom strukturom.
Primjer 4 Spajanje heksil-diketena na hirudin
Spajanje heksil-diketena na hirudin vrši se analogno primjeru 2. Za reakciju otopi se 20 mg mutanta hirudina u 2 ml 50%-tnog n-propanola i s 50 mM Na-karbonatom namjesti se pH 9,5. Razdvajanje smjese proizvoda vrši se nakon zaustavljanja (vidi primjer 2) na RP 304 HPLC-koloni (Biorad br. 125-0550) sa slijedećim gradijentima:
otapalo A: 5 mM amonij acetat pH 6,5
otapalo B: metanol
brzina protoka: 1 ml/min
detekcija: 216 nm
[image] Proizvodi spajanja heksil-diketen1-hirudin, heksil-diketen2-hirudin i heksil-diketen3-hirudin eluiraju u gradijentima pri 42,5, 44 i 50% otapala B. Specifična aktivnost određena je kao što je opisano u primjeru 2 i za heksil-diketen3-hirudin iznosi 5700 ATU/mg.
Primjer 5 Klorid kiseline suncokretove masti
70,5 g kiseline suncokretove masti iz ulja suncokreta visokog sadržaja ulja, sa sadržajem ulja od 89% i kiselinskim brojem 219, otopi se u 250 ml toluola i zagrije na 40°C. Pri toj temperaturi dokapa se 41,2 g oksalil klorida i miješa još 2 sata.
Otapalo se ukloni destilacijom pri 60°C i pod smanjim tlakom. Dobije se 75 g klorida kiseline suncokretove masti kao žutog ulja s kloridnim brojem 12,0.
Primjer 6 Alkildiketen iz klorida kiseline masti suncokreta (sunnyIdiketen)
65 g klorida kiseline suncokretove masti kloridnog broja 12,0 stavi se u 400 ml toluola i zagrije na 50°C. Pri toj temperaturi tijekom 25 minuta dokapa se 33,7 g N, N-dimetilcikloheksilamina. Reakcijska smjesa drži se 2 sata pri 50°C i zatim se ohladi na sobnu temperaturu.
Čvrsta tvar odvoji se tlačnom filtracijom i organska faza se ispere s 1 M sumpornom kiselinom, zasićenom otopinom natrij hidrogenkarbonata i zasićenom otopinom natrij klorida. Nakon sušenja organske faze iznad magnezij sulfata otapalo se ukloni pod smanjenim tlakom. Ostane 51,8 g slabo žute uljaste tekućine koja se na osnovu 1H- i 13C-NMR sastoji 95% od alkildiketena.
Primjer 7 Pripremanje sunnvldiketen-hirudina
20 mg hirudin mutanta (kao u primjeru 2) otopi se u 2 ml 50%-tnog n-propanola, 50 mM kalcij karbonat pufera 9,5 i pomiješa s 8,5 mg sunnyldiketena i uz intenzivno miješanje inkubira se 60 minuta pri 20°C. Po isteku vremena reakcije suvišak diketena ekstrahira se s n-heksanom (1 vol/vol). U cilju razdvajanja smjesa proizvoda stavi se na RP-304 HPLC-kolonu (Bio-Rad. br. 125-0550); 250 x 4, 6 cm) i kolona se ispire sa slijedećim gradijentima:
otapalo A: 5 mM amonij acetat pH 6,5
otapalo B: metanol
brzina protoka 1 ml/min
detekcija: 216 nm
[image]
Konjugati sunnyldiketen-hirudina sunnyl1-hirudin, sunnyl2-hirudin i sunnyl3-hirudin eluiraju kod 70%, 80% i 90% metanola.
Specifične aktivnosti određene kao u primjeru 2 iznose:
7700 ATU/mg za sunnyl1-hirudin,
7100 ATU/mg za sunnyl2-hirudin,
6100 ATU/mg za sunnyl3-hirudin.
Primjer 8 Kemijska pretvorba estera palmitinske kiseline-N-hidroksisukcinimida s hirudinom
20 mg hirudin mutanta (kao u primjeru 2) otopi se u 1 ml 100 mM natrij karbonata pH 9,5 i pomiješa s 1 ml otopine od 1,5 mg estera palmitinske kiseline-N-hidroksi-sukcinimida (sigma) u 1,4-dioksanu i uz miješanje pri 20°C dovede se do reakcije. Po isteku vremena reakcije u trajanju od 4 sata, reakcija s hirudinom zaustavlja se dodatkom peterostrukog suviška butilamina (jedan sat pri sobnoj temperaturi).
Razdvajanje smjese proizvoda vrši se na RP-304 HPLC-koloni (Biorad 125-0550) sa slijedećim gradijentima:
otapalo A: 5 mM amonij acetat pH 6,5
otapalo B: 100% metanol
brzina protoka: 1 ml/min
detekcija: 216 nm
[image]
Palmitinska kiselina1-hirudin eluira kod 57%, palmitinska kiselina2-hirudin kod 62% i palmitinska kiselina3-hirudin kod 76% otapala B.
Primjer 9 Pripremanje uljna kiselina-hirudina
2 g anhidrida uljne kiseline otopi se u 4 ml dioksana, pomiješa s 460 mg N-hidroksisukcinimida i miješa 2 sata pri sobnoj temperaturi. 200 μl te otopine aktivirane uljne kiseline pomiješa se tada s 20 ml n-propanola i 20 ml otopine hirudina (20 mg/ml) u 0, 1 M Na-karbonatu ili Na-boratu pH 9 i inkubira se 4 sata pri sobnoj temperaturi. Reakcija se zaustavlja dodatkom etanola (dvostruki molarni suvišak u odnosu na uljnu kiselinu).
2 ml kemijskog proizvoda spajanja razrijedi se sa 40 ml 20 mM Na-fostat pufera pH 7,0, 3,5 M NaCl, (protočno sredstvo A) i stavi na TSK-butil-kolonu (1 cm x 28 cm, vol: 22 ml, punjenje 2 mg/ml gela) i kolona se ispire pri protoku od 2 ml/min sa šesterostrukim volumenom (SV) protočnog sredstva A i razvija sa slijedećim gradijentima (protočno sredstvo B: 20 mM Na-fosfat pH 7,0):
1.) 2,5 SV 70% B,
2.) 2,5 SV 80% B,
3.) 2,5 SV 90% B,
4.) 2,5 SV 100% B,
5.) 2,5 SV 30% metanola u B,
6.) 2,5 SV 40% metanola u B.
Derivati hirudina eluiraju kod 100% B (uljna kiselina1-hirudin i uljna kiselina2-hirudin) i 30% metanola (uljna kiselina3-hirudin). Specifične aktivnosti iznose 11000 U/mg za uljnu kiselinu1-hirudin, 6200 U/mg za uljnu kiselinu2-hirudin i 6600 U/mg za uljnu kiselinu3-hirudin.
Primjer 10 Pripremanje kolesterin-hirudina
1 ml otopine hirudina (20 mg/ml u 0,1 M Na-karbonatu ili Na-boratu pH 9,5) pomiješa se s otopinom od 3,2 mg kolesterola aktiviranog s N-hidroksisukcinimidom u 1,2 ml THF-a i pri sobnoj temperaturi inkkubira se 4 sata. Reakcija se zaustavlja dodatkom etanolamina (dvostruki molarni suvišak u odnosu na kolesterin) i pH se namjesti na 7,0.
2 ml spojenog kemijskog proizvoda razrijedi se s 8 ml otopine amtonij acetata (2 mM, pH 6,0, protočno sredstvo A) i pri brzini protoka od 2,5 ml/min stavi se na Hi-poru BioRad RP 304-kolonu (10 x 250 mm) i razvija sa slijedećim gradijentima:
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Kolesterin-hirudin eluira kod 38 minuta. Specifična aktivnost derivata iznosi 16000 U/mg.
Aktivirani kolesterin priprema se na slijedeći način:
15,0 g 2β-kolesterola i 5,2 g anhidrida jantarne kiseline grije se u 40 ml piridina 22 sata pod refluksom i zatim se preuzme u 250 ml MTBE-a. Organska faza ekstrahira se s 200 ml 1N solne kiseline, 200 ml vode i 200 ml zasićene otopine natrij klorida i pomiješa s magnezij sulfatom i aktivnim ugljenom. Filtrat se u vakuumu oslobodi od otapala. Dobije se 18,1 g jantarna kiselina-kolest-5-en-3β-il-estera.
1,94 g tako dobivenog estera i 0,55 g N-hidroksisukcinimida stavi se u 12 ml diklormetana pri 4°C i tome se doda 1,01 g N, N-dicikloheksilkarbodiimida. Pusti se zagrijati na sobnu temperaturu, miješa preko noći i odfiltrira čvrstu tvar. Sirov proizvod dobiven u organskoj fazi kromatografira se na 80 g silika gela (diklormetan + etil ester octene kiseline = 2+1). Dobije se 1,7 g kolesterina (N-[3-(kolest-5-en-3β-iloksikarbonil)-propionil]-sukcinimid) aktiviranog s N-hidroksisukcinimidom.
Primjer 11 Pripremanje farnesil-hirudina
5,6 ml otopine hirudina (21 mg/ml u 0,1 M Na-karbonatu pH 9) razrijedi se s 5,5 ml n-propanola i pomiješa s 32 mg farnesilalkohol-p-nitrofenilkarbonata i pri sobnoj temperaturi uz miješanje inkubira se 12 sati.
Reakcijska smjesa razrijedi se tada sa 150 ml 2 M NaCl, 20 mM Na-fosfata pH 7 i prenese na t-butil-kolonu (punjenje 2 mg proteina/ml gela, visina kolone 25 cm). Konačno kolona se ispere tada s 2,2 volumena kolone nanosnog pufera i tada se razvija s linearnim gradijentom od 2 M NaCl, 20 mM Na-fosfata pH 7 nakon 20 mM Na-fosfata pH 7 (25 volumena kolone). Farnesil-hirudin eluira na kraju gradijenta kod 20 mM Na-fosfata. Specifična aktivnost određena je kao u primjeru 2 i iznosila je 11300 U/mg.
Farnesilalkohol-p-nitrofenilkarbonat priprema se na slijedeći način:
1,40 g farnesola i 1,01 g diazo-[2,2,2]-biciklooktana otopi se u 20 ml diklormetana i tijekom 15 minuta dokapa se 3,63 g p-nitrofenilklorformijata u 10 ml diklormetana. To se miješa 1,5 sata, otapalo se ukloni u vakuumu i sirov proizvod se kromatografira na 150 g silika gela (heksan + etil ester octene kiseline = 20+1). Dobije se 2,2 g farnesilalkohol-p-nitrofenilkarbonata.
Primjer 12 Pripremanje stearinska kiselina-hirudina
0,5 g stearoil klorida otopi se u 2 ml 1,4-dioksana i pomiješa s 0,29 g N-hidroksisukcinimida te 0,1 ml trietilamina i miješa se 3 sata pri sobnoj temperaturi. Reakcijska smjesa pomiješa se s 1 ml vode i dodatkom lužine namjesti se pH na 5.60 µm otopine stearinske kiseline aktivirane s sukcinimidom pomiješa se s 2,5 ml otopine hirudina (21 mg/ml u 0,1 M Na-karbonatu pH 9) i 2,5 ml dioksana i uz miješanje inkubira se 12 sati pri sobnoj temperaturi. Reakcijska smjesa čisti se na kraju preparativnom RP-HPLC-om (vidi primjer 2). Derivati eluiraju kod 48% B, 54% B, 62% B i 74% B. Specifične aktivnosti iznose 9600 U/mg, 12400 U/mg, 12800 U/mg te 840 U/mg.
Primjer 13 Pripremanje lutensol TO3-hirudina
0,5 ml otopine hirudina (21 mg/ml u 0,1 M Na-karbonatu ili Na-boratu pH 9) razrijedi se s 0,5 ml tetrahidrofurana i pomiješa s 1,2 mg lutensola TO3-N-hidroksisukcinimid karbonata (primjer 12) i uz miješanje pri sobnoj temperaturi inkubira se 12 sati. Reakcija se zaustavlja dodatkom etanolamina (dvostruki molarni suvišak u odnosu na aktivirani lutensol) i razdvaja se kromatografijom - kao što je opisano u primjeru 10. Derivati hirudin-lutensola eluiraju kod 45% B (derivat 1 11300 U/mg, za derivat 2 9700 U/mg i 440 U/mg za derivat 3) .
Polazni materijal priprema se na slijedeći način:
20 g fozgena kondenzira se pri 0°C u 100 ml toluola i tome se dokapa tijekom 10 minuta 34,0 mg lutensola TO3 (OH-broj = 165) u 50 ml toluola. Pusti se zagrijati na sobnu temperaturu i otapalo se ukloni pri 35°C u volumen uljne pumpe. Dobije se 40,3 g klorkarbonata lutensola TO3.
1,2 g N-hidroksisukcinimida i 1,0 g trietilamina otopi se u 20 ml diklormetana i tome se tijekom 5 minuta dokapa 3,92 g klorkarbonata lutensola TO3 u 10 ml diklormetana. Pusti se miješati još 2 sata pri sobnoj temperaturi, otapalo se ukloni u vakuumu i dobiveni ostatak preuzme se u etilester octene kiseline. Zaostala čvrsta tvar se odvoji i filtrat se u vakuumu oslobodi od otapala. Dobije se 4,3 g N-hidroksisukcinimid karbonata lutensola TO3.
Primjer 14 Pripremanje oktil-diketen-fenilamin-hirudina
0,5 ml otopine hirudina (21 mg/ml u 0,1 M Na-karbonatu ili Na-boratu pH 9) razrijedi se s 0,5 ml tetrahidrofurana i pomiješa s 4 mg N-(2-heksil-3-okso-dekanoil)-fenilalanin-N-hidroksisukcinimid estera i uz miješanje inkubira se 12 sati pri sobnoj temperaturi. Reakcija se zaustavlja dodatkom etanolamina (dvostruki molarni suvišak u odnosu na aktivirani fenilamin) i razdvaja pomoću RP-HPLC-e - kao što je opisano u primjeru 10. Derivati hirudin-diketena eluiraju kod 43% B (derivat 1), 48% B (derivat 2) i 58% B (derivat 3). Specifične aktivnosti određene su kao u primjeru 2 i iznose za derivat 1 930 U/mg, za derivat 2 2800 U/mg i 135 U/mg za derivat 3.
Polazni materijali pripremaju se na slijedeći način: 82,5 g fenilalanina stavi se u 500 ml vode pri pH 13,5 i tijekom 1,25 sata dokapa se 145,9 g oktildiketena u 50 ml diklormetana. Suspenzija se intenzivno miješa 5 sati, pomiješa s 2,5 l vode i s koncentriranom solnom kiselinom namjesti na pH 1. Vodena faza ekstrahira se s ukupno 2,5 l diklormetana, cjelokupne organske faze osuše se iznad magnezij sulfata i otapalo se ukloni u vakuumu. Dobivena čvrsta tvar umiješa se u 1000 ml pentana, čvrsta tvar se odfiltrira i osuši u vakuumu pri 60°C. Dobije se 190 g N-(2-heksil-3-okso-dekanoil)-fenilalanina.
N-(2-heksil-3-okso-dekanoil)-fenilalanin i 0,55 g N-hidroksisukcinimida stave se u 10 ml diklormetana i tome se doda pri 4°C 1,01 g N,N-diklorheksilkarbodiimida. Pusti se zagrijati na sobnu temperaturu, stvorena čvrsta tvar se odvoji i sirov proizvod nastao u fazi kromatografira se na 80 g silika gela (diklorheksan + heksan = 3+1; 1%-tna octena kiselina). Dobije se 2,0 g N-(2-heksil-3-okso-dekanoil)-fenilalanin-N-hidroksisukcinimid estera.
Primjer 15 Pripremanje oktildiketen-kapronska kiselina-hirudina
1,0 ml otopine hirudina (21 mg/ml u 0,1 M Na-karbonata ili Na-borata pH 9) razrijedi se s 1,0 ml tetrahidrofurana i pomiješa sa 7 mg N-(6-(2-heksil-3-okso-dekanoilamino)-haksanoiloksi)-sukcinimida i to se uz miješanje inkubira 12 sati pri sobnoj temperaturi. Reeakcija se zaustavlja dodatkom etanolamina (dvostruki molarni suvišak u odnosu na diketen) i razdvoji RP-kromatografijom - kao što je opisano u primjeru 10. Derivati hirudin-diketena eluiraju kod 48% B (derivat 1) , 52% B (derivat 2) i 63% B (derivat 3). Specifične aktivnosti određene su kao u primjeru 2 i iznosile se za derivat 1 7500 U/mg, za derivat 2 3400 U/mg i 80 U/mg za derivat 3.
Polazni materijali pripremaju na na slijedeći način: 6,55 g 6-aminokapronske kiseline otopi se pri pH 9 u 100 ml vode i tijekom 20 minuta dokapa se 14,24 g oktildiketena. Miješa se preko noći, pH se namjesti na vrijednost 1 pomoću koncentrirane solne kiseline i vodena faza ekstrahira se sa 100 ml MTBE-a. Organska faza osuši se iznad magnezij sulfata, otapalo se ukloni u vakuumu i sirov proizvod se umiješa u 150 ml pentana. Dobivena čvrsta tvar se odfiltrira i osuši u vakuumu pri 60°C. Dobije se 5,9 g 6-(2-heksil-3-okso-dekanoilamino)heksanske kiseline.
1,53 g tako dobivenog proizvoda i 0,55 g N-hidroksisukcinimida stavi se u 10 ml diklormetana pri 4°C i pomiješa s 1,01 g N,N-diklorheksilkarbodimida. Pusti se zagrijati na sobnu temperaturu, miješa se preko noći i čvrstu tvar se odfiltrira. Sirov proizvod dobiven u organskoj fazi kromatografira se preko 80 g silika gela (octeni ester + heksan = 3+5; 1% octena kiselina). Dobije se 1,7 g N-[6-(2-heksil-3-okso-dekanoilamino)-heksanoil-oksi] sukcinimida.
Primjer 16 Kinetila aktivnosti anti-faktora IIa u uzorcima plazme psa i štakora
Metoda: Konjugati hirudina ili placebo bili su intravenozno aplicirani narkotiziranim štakorima ili budnim psima. Nakon definiranog vremena životinjama su uzeti venski uzorci krvi za dobivanje citrat plazme. Slobodne aktivnosti anti-faktora IIa konjugata hirudina u plazmi bile su određene pomoću kromogena Assay standardnom krivuljom s rekombinantnim hirudinom.
Načelo ispitivanja:
[image]
U mikro posudice pipetirano je svaki puta u 100 µl Tris-pufera (Tris 200 mmol/l, NaCl 25 mmol/l, pH 8,1) po 10 µl uzorka plazme i 100 µl trombina (0,3 NIH-jedinice/ml). Nakon 1 minute reakcija je potaknuta dodatkom 50 µl otopine supstrata (S-2238, 1,34 mmol/l). Reakcijska smjesa nakon kratkog miješanja inkubirana je pri 25°C i reakcija je zaustavljana nakon 5 minuta dodatkom 100 µl 30%-tne octene kiseline. Ekstinkcija uzorka, mjerena pri 405 nm prema 630 nm, obrnuto je proporcionalna aktivnosti anti-faktora IIa u uzorku plazme. U uzorcima plazme djelomice su izmjereni takodr i parametar zgrušavanja trombinskog vremena (TT) i parcijalno vrijeme tromboplasta (APTT).
Rezutati:
Kod približno jednake specifične aktivnosti nakon i.v. aplikacije od 1 mg/kg lipofilnog derivata hirudina na narkotiziranim štakorima u usporedbi s r-hirudinom utvrđen je jasno usporeniji povratak aktivnosti slobodnog anti-faktora IIa (slika 1). Kod pasa nakon i.v. aplikacije 5000 antitrombinskih jedinica/kg (ATU/kg) oktildiketen-3-hirudina u usporedbi s r-hirudinom izmjerena je također jasno viša razina učinkovitosti produžene eliminacije (slika 2). Vrlo polagano opadanje aktivnosti slobodnog anti-faktora IIa bilo je primijećeno također i nakon i.v. aplikacije od 1 mg/kg farnesil-hirudina (slika 3).
Primjer 17 Agregacija trobmocita ispranih iz ljudske krvi i krvi štakora inducirana trorabinom ex vivo i in vitro nakon prethodne inkubacije trombocita s lipofilnim derivatima hirudina
Metoda: Svježa citra-krv (9 dijelova krvi + 1 dio natrijevog citrata 0,11 mol/l, štakor: 8,5+1,5) centrifugira se za dobivanje čiste plazme bez pločica (PRP, istureni dio) 16 minuta kod 250 x.g. Iz PRP-a po metodi Patschekea i sur. (Haemostasis 10, 14-27, 1981) dobije se koncentrat ispranih trombocita. Pri tome trombociti se sedimentiraju najprije iz PRP-a tijekom 7 minuta centrifugiranja pri 330 x.g. Ako se nakon toga mora vršiti obrada s derivatima hirudina, tada se na tom mjestu nakon dodatka 200 µl derivata u vodenoj otopini (120 mmol/l NaCl, 5 mmol/l CaCl2 mmol/l CaCl2, 1 mmol/l MgCl2, 5 mmol/l glukoze, 2 g/l albumina, 50 mg/l apiraze u 30 mmol/l natrij fosfata, pH 6,5) za krajnju koncentraciju derivata od 0,215 mg/l uzvitla pilula i inkubira 10 minuta pri sobnoj temperaturi. Slijede dva ispiranja u toj otopini za ispiranje i zatim krajnja rezusna suspenzija trombocita u ispitnom mediju sa 120 mmol/l NaCl, 5 mmol/l KCl, 1 mmola/1 CaCl2, 0,1 mmol/l MgCl2, 5 mmol/l glukoze, 0,5 g/l albumina, 50 ,g/l apiraze, 1 mmol/l natrij fosfata, TES/NaOH, pH 7,4. Broj trombocita namjesti se na 2 x 105/µl (štakor 8 x 106/µl) . Za određivanje nakupljanja trombocita inkubira se 218 µl koncentrata trombocita 3 minute pri 37°C u agregometru (PAP-4 Bio Data Corporation), 1 minutu miješa pri 1000 okr./min i još jednom inkubira 1 minutu. Zatim se agregacija potakne dodatkom 2 µl otopine trombina. Agregacija trombocita određuje se preko promjene izmjerene transmisije po jedinici vremena u uzorku (metoda Slope). Kao mjera relativne učinkovitosti i afiniteta derivata hirudina određuje se kao EC50 koncentracija trombina u NIH-jedinicama/ml., s kojom se postiže polumaksimalni porast agregacije trombocita. Iz tog EC50 i EC50 prethodno inkubiranog uzorka bez hirudina računa se indeks neutralizacije (NI) s NI EC50 derivat/EC50 usporedbeno. Ta vrijednost specifična je za derivat i ona daje faktor za koji se mora povećati koncentracija trombina kao agonista, da bi se postigla ista agregacija (polumaksilmalno povećanje) kao u kontrolnom uzorku.
Rezultati:
Nakon prethodnog inkubiranja trombocita različitih vrsta s 21,5 µl/ml lipofilnog derivata hirudina morala se je djelomice upotrijebiti višestruka koncentracija trombina od one upotrijebljene u kontrolnim uzorcima, da bi se ponovno postigla agregacija (slika 4). To sprečavanje potaknuto je imunologičkim dokazivim hvatanjem lipofilnog derivata hirudina na trobmocite. Indeksi neutralizacije postižu vrijednosti sve do 25 kod humanih trombocita (tablica 1) . Kod štakora 24 sata nakon aplikacije 10 mg/kg kolesteril-hirudina utvrđen je još NI od 5,4 na ispranim trombocitima ex vivo (vidi primjer 20): talbica 2).
Tablica 1:
Indeksi neutralizacije (NI) za odabrane spojeve na ljudskim trombocitima.
[image]
Primjer 18 Antitrombotičko djelovanje na arteriovenoznom shuntu na štakoru
Metoda: U ovom pokusu staklena kapilara u arteriovenoznom shuntu služi kao sintetička trombogena površina i izaziva trombozu. Narkotizirani štakori (Urethan 25%, 2x8 mg/kg i.p. pričvršćeni su u leđnom položaju na temperiranu (37°C) grijaću klupu. U slobodno preparirani desni A, carotis i V. jugularis implantirani su kratki polietilenski kateteri (Portex, PE 50), napunjeni s fiziološkom NaCl-otopinom i zatvoreni sa stazaljkama. Slobodni krajevi katetera povezani su pomoću staklene kapilare duge 20,0 mm (unutrašnji promjer 1,0 mm), koja djeluje kao trombogena površina. Aplikacija ispitne tvari može se izvršiti i.v., s.c, p.o ili kao infuzija. Nakon željenog vremena inkubacije (5, 60 ili 360 min) s ispitnom tvari ili otapalom (kontrola) shunt je otvoren uklanjanjem stezaljki. Struja krvi kroz shunt vodi do brzog porasta temprature shunta, koja se mjeri na sredini staklene kapilare. Porast od sobne temperature na tjelesnu temperaturu indikacija je za protočnost shunta. Temperatura se kontinuirano pokazuje ipak 30 minuta uzdužno do zatvaranja shunta. Za usporedbu učinkovitosti različitih derivata hirudina računa se ED15 min kao doza koja u odnosu na usporedbenu skupinu dovodi do produljenja vremena začepljenja za 15 minuta. Pri otvaranju shunta i na kraju pokusa uzeti su dodatno uzorci krvi za određivanje aktivnosti anti-FIIa u plazmi.
Rezultati:
Oktildiketen-2-hirudin i oktildiketen-3-hirudin pokazuju na osnovu svojeg duljeg trajanja djelovanja antitrornbotičku učinkovitost već u vrlo malim dozama i kroz dulje vrijeme od r-hirudina (slika 5).
Primjer 19 Antitrombotička učinkovitost na trombozi induciranoj strujom na štakoru
Metoda: U ovom pokusu kratkim tokom struje pomoću dvije elektrode naslonjene na A. carotis izaziva se oštećenje endotela i time trombotičko začepljenje žile. Narkotizirani štakori (Urethan 25%, 2x8 mg/kg i.p.) pričvrste se u leđnom položaju na temperiranu (37°C) grijaću dasku. Segment desnog A. carotisa dugačak 20 mm preparira se slobodno i na susjednu polovicu segmenta placira se mjerna glava protoka prijenosnog vremena ulatrazvuka. Tok volumena snima se kontinuirano tijekom promatranja od 30 minuta pomoću ultrazvučnog uređaja za mjerenje toka (T206, Transonic System Inc., ).
Stvaranje trorabusa izaziva se stalnim tokom struje (3 mA, 1 min) pomoću kukastog para elektroda, koji se stavlja na udaljenost od 1 cm od mjerne glave toka na površinu žile. Začepljenje žile definira se kao smanjenje toka volumena na <0,3 ml/min za više od 3 minute. Antitrombotička učinkovitost derivata hirudina brojčano se izražava kao učestalost tromboze unutar 30 minuta u skupini od 10 životinja. Za usporedbu učinkovitosti različitih derivata hirudina računa se ED50 kao doza koja u odnosu na usporedbenu skupinu smanjuje učestalost tromboze za 50%. Prije priključenja napona i na kraju pokusa dodatno su uzeti uzorci krvi za određivanje aktivnosti anti-FII-a u plazmi.
Rezultati:
Za palmitoil2-hirudin određen je ED50 od 0,24 mg/kg, mjereno 5 minuta nakon intravenozne aplikacije. Odgovarajući ED50 r-hirudina iznosio je 0,47 mg/kg. Također i 24 sata nakon intravenozne aplikacije kolesteril-hirudina na štakorima na osnovu dugog trajanja djelovanja moglo se je pokazati sprečavanje agregacije ispranih trombicita ex vivo i dobra antitrombotička učinkovitost (tablica 2).
Tablica 2:
Antitrombotički učinak i sprečavanje trombocita kolesteril -hirudina 24 sata nakon i.v. aplikacije (n = 9-10).
[image]
Claims (7)
1. Konjugati hirudina, stvoreni iz hirudina i jednog ili više lipofilnih spojeva, naznačeni time, da lipofilni spoj ima razdjelne koeficijente oktanol-voda veće od 1,8 i kovelantno je povezan s hirudinom.
2. Konjugati hirudina prema zahtjevu 1, naznačeni time, da se povezivanje lipofilnog spoja vrši u području amino kiselina 27-37.
3. Konjugati hirudina prema zahtjevu 1 i 2, naznačeni time, da se povezivanje između hirudina i lipofilnih spojeva vrši preko amino bočnog lanca lizinskog ostatka hirudina.
4. Konjugati hirudina prema zahtjevima 1 do 3, naznačeni time, da su s hirudinom spojena 1 do 3 lipofilna spoja.
5. Konjugati hirudina prema zahtjevima 1 do 4, naznačeni time, da je najmanje jedan lipofilni spoj povezan s amino kiselinom 27 ili 33.
6. Konjugati hirudina prema zahtjevima 1 do 5, naznačeni time, da se upotrebljavaju kod suzbijanja bolesti.
7. Postupak za pripremanje konjugata hirudina, naznačen time, da se hirudin kemijski pretvara s jednim ili više mol-ekvivalenata jednog lipofilnog spoja, po potrebi nakon kemijske aktivacije lipofilnog spoja.
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US5726168A (en) * | 1995-10-12 | 1998-03-10 | Eli Lilly And Company | Lipophilic benzothiophenes |
DE19915862A1 (de) * | 1999-04-08 | 2000-10-12 | Max Planck Gesellschaft | Verwendung von molekulargewichtserweitertem Hirudin als Antikoagulans bei der extrakorporalen Nierenersatztherapie |
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US7438925B2 (en) * | 2002-08-26 | 2008-10-21 | Biovention Holdings Ltd. | Drug eluting coatings for medical implants |
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DE3445532A1 (de) * | 1984-12-13 | 1986-06-19 | Plantorgan Werk Heinrich G.E. Christensen, KG, 2903 Bad Zwischenahn | Hirudin-pa, desulfatohirudine-pa, verfahren zur herstellung und pharmazeutische mittel, die diese wirkstoffe enthalten |
US4939174A (en) * | 1988-02-26 | 1990-07-03 | Shashoua Victor E | Appetite suppression with dopamine-fatty acid conjugates |
DE3819079A1 (de) * | 1988-06-04 | 1989-12-07 | Hoechst Ag | Hirudin-derivate mit verzoegerter wirkung |
WO1990010448A2 (en) * | 1989-03-07 | 1990-09-20 | Genentech, Inc. | Covalent conjugates of lipid and oligonucleotide |
DE4014260A1 (de) * | 1989-12-01 | 1991-06-06 | Basf Ag | Hirudinpolyalkylenglykolkonjugate |
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US5256641A (en) * | 1990-11-01 | 1993-10-26 | State Of Oregon | Covalent polar lipid-peptide conjugates for immunological targeting |
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DE69218888D1 (de) * | 1991-05-02 | 1997-05-15 | Pierre Baudet | N-phenyl-cinnamamide, die einen schutz verleihen gegen schädigende effekte ultravioletten lichtes |
US5359030A (en) * | 1993-05-10 | 1994-10-25 | Protein Delivery, Inc. | Conjugation-stabilized polypeptide compositions, therapeutic delivery and diagnostic formulations comprising same, and method of making and using the same |
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US5919762A (en) | 1999-07-06 |
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AU679811B2 (en) | 1997-07-10 |
SK67596A3 (en) | 1996-12-04 |
WO1995015183A1 (de) | 1995-06-08 |
SG49156A1 (en) | 1998-05-18 |
NO962261D0 (no) | 1996-05-31 |
CN1142776A (zh) | 1997-02-12 |
JPH09505810A (ja) | 1997-06-10 |
AU1067095A (en) | 1995-06-19 |
FI962299A (fi) | 1996-05-31 |
EP0730473B1 (de) | 2001-08-29 |
DK0730473T3 (da) | 2001-10-08 |
CA2176967A1 (en) | 1995-06-08 |
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FI962299A0 (fi) | 1996-05-31 |
DE59409847D1 (de) | 2001-10-04 |
HU9601471D0 (en) | 1996-07-29 |
EP0730473A1 (de) | 1996-09-11 |
ES2163487T3 (es) | 2002-02-01 |
PL314797A1 (en) | 1996-09-30 |
PT730473E (pt) | 2002-02-28 |
BR9408195A (pt) | 1997-08-26 |
NO962261L (no) | 1996-05-31 |
CZ157096A3 (en) | 1996-09-11 |
ZA949562B (en) | 1996-06-03 |
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