FR2550571A1 - CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLY FOR THE CASTING OF MONOLITHIC RIGID STRUCTURES AND METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SUCH STRUCTURES - Google Patents

Abstract

THIS CONSTRUCTION KIT INCLUDES AN ASSEMBLY OF METAL FORMWORK ELEMENTS INCLUDING A PART OF A FACADE 126 AND SIDE WINGS 131 LOCATED ON ITS PERIOD AND AT LEAST ONE ELEMENT IS PROVIDED TO FACILITATE DISASSEMBLY AND SHAPED BY A BODY IN THE FORM OF L SUCH AS THE BASE OF THE L MAY BE PLACED BELOW THE WING OF THE LOWEST FORMWORK ELEMENT AND THE VERTICAL PART OF WHICH IS OUTSIDE THE SURFACE OF THE FORMWORK ELEMENT, AND WHERE IT IS PROVIDED THAT WATER LESS ON ONE OF THE FORMWORK ELEMENTS, AT LEAST ONE OF THE WINGS 131 IS OBLIQUE IN RELATION TO THE FACADE PART. APPLICATION IN PARTICULAR TO LARGE-SERIES CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES AND BUILDINGS ALL OF THE WALLS ARE IN CONCRETE.

Description

Over the past two decades, changes have been observed throughout the world.

  in the field of construction techniques The traditional systems of construction used since the last part of the nineteenth century until the beginning of the decade of the 1950s, were exceeded because of the significant demand from the construction point of view, which was based on two decisive factors: global population growth and improved family-room acquisition opportunities. These factors have led to increased demand for housing, schools, schools, hospitals and commercial buildings, exceeded all types of planned projects and resulted in a continuing increase in construction costs, the latter

  being linked to increases in skilled labor at high interest rates in terms of financing, with a large impact on the material used, etc.

  The building assembly according to the present invention fills a gap in the field of construction. It satisfies a whole series of objectives simplifying the construction process of any type of structures and also substantially reduces

  the cost of implementing the method.

  The use of panels or plates to provide a surface for receiving concrete has been known for a long time. More or less complicated systems have been used to cast walls and slabs and to partially join them together. The invention makes it possible to perform integral or single wall and roof casting which can be used, if desired, to manufacture a complete structure. addition that it was not possible to produce previously

this way.

  Casting of concrete for buildings in metal molds or forms, which are assembled on the site, is also known But such techniques of the prior art pose problems during assembly and disassembly of the formwork elements, particularly if wants to pour concrete in the same way for walls

and for roofs.

  It is an object of the present invention to provide a structural assembly for structural casting which can be very advantageously used when constructing a series of similar constructions, but which can be used for monolithic structure project This therefore provides opportunities for the use of all the elements and matching equipment in this new type of construction process, so as to preserve elements

as standard as possible.

  Another object of the invention is to provide a method of construction providing an implementation

  no problem when all phases of the operation are followed as indicated.

  Another object is to provide monolithic structures requiring less material and providing greater strength.

  Another object of the invention is to provide an extraordinarily fast building system for building houses and the like at an advantageous rate corresponding at least to the ratio of 3 to

  1 compared to current building systems.

  Another object of the invention is to provide the means for a low-cost construction operation, which can be entirely planned in advance and carried out, from the design to the commissioning, in a

  brief interval of time by a disciplined team.

  Another object of the invention is to provide a building assembly which may be partly used for construction work involving minor additions or modifications to existing structures or for making partial constructions to be completed with materials. such as, for example, glass walls or thatched roofs, etc. Another object of the invention is to provide a building assembly for incorporating a wide variety of building materials, a choice of extended architectural arrangements and any desired combination of building foundations, arch supports or additional storage for heavy machinery, load-bearing walls in combination with non-load-bearing walls, etc. The compliant building set to the present invention relates to a formwork formed by a multiplicity of panels to be assembled and in which can be introduced a material capable of being cast and can

  harden to form a supporting structure or under strain.

  According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a building assembly for carrying out the monolithic construction of a structure and which comprises an assembly of metal formwork elements, into which a castable and hardenable material may be introduced. to produce a supporting or supporting structure, said assembly of formwork elements having at least one arrangement facilitating removal of the formwork elements and which is selected from the following elements: a) an L-shaped member disposed below the lower layer of metal form members, such that the vertical portion of this L-shaped member is disposed outwardly with respect to the surfaces between which said flowable and settable material is to be introduced, and b) at least some elements formwork having a part of the facade forming part of the formwork surface which is it is in contact with the concealed construction material, and wings along said facade part portion and by means of which the element can be attached to neighboring formwork members, at least one of said collars being disposed in making an angle

  different from the right angle to the facade part.

  In other respects, the present invention provides formwork elements having a particular configuration, particular arrangements of formwork elements, and particular devices for use in connection with all of the formwork elements.

  The assembly of construction according to the present invention further provides panels able to withstand the pressure exerted by a cement or a concrete in the liquid state. The construction elements of the system can also be coupled to one another liquid-tight way, because of their construction process and the particular type of a new system

used to nut and bolt.

  The invention further provides a building assembly including a structure or a floor model

  allowing unskilled or semi-skilled workers to set up pipelines for fuel systems and set up walls with minimal supervision.

  Other features and benefits of

  the present invention will emerge from the description given

  hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like parts are marked by the same

reference numbers.

  FIGS. 1 to 10 show different stages of the implementation of the construction assembly according to the invention. The other figures illustrate elements used for the implementation of the assembly of construction and certain characteristics relating to their use. . Figure 1 is a perspective view of the ground layout configuration; Figure 2 is an insert indicating in detail how the floor structure is attached to the floor; Figure 3 further shows a floor structure suspended above said floor structure; Figure 4 shows the distribution of plumbing pipes in the floor; Figure 5 and the inset shown show the ground structure put in place after pouring concrete to identify the position of walls, etc. Figure 6 is a similar perspective view showing the mounted steel structure and the formwork assembled around said structure; Figure 7 shows the formwork in the fully assembled state; Figure 8 is a similar perspective view of the already cast construction after the formwork has been disassembled and recovered; Figure 9 shows perspective views of panels or elements in the form of standard boards; Fig. 10 is a partial side elevational view of a wing or flange shown in Fig. 9; Figure 11 shows the manner in which shuttering elements provided for the opposite faces of a wall are held at a distance using a spacer or spacer;

2550571.

  Figure 12 shows a spacer; Figure 13 shows a nut for use in connection with said spacer; Figure 14 is a cross section of a wall with formwork elements still in place and showing the use of a spacer and its associated nut; Figures 15 and 16 show formwork elements forming corner pieces of formwork assemblies; Figure 17 shows the use of the formwork element of a specially designed type to facilitate disassembly of the formwork assembly after curing the concrete or other curable material in the formwork; Fig. 18 shows a formwork element made in the form of a Greek cross, which is particularly useful in connection with formwork assemblies for the roof; Fig. 19 shows a particularly useful arrangement of formwork elements for a roof assembly in connection with Greek cross formwork elements as shown in Fig. 18; Figure 20 shows the final step of dismantling a formwork device as shown in Figure 19; Figure 21 is a side perspective view of two formwork elements arranged opposite and a spacer member joining these two elements, used to "achieve the entourage" of door posts; Fig. 22 is a perspective view of a hoisting apparatus; Figure 23 is a side elevational view of a self-centering bolt; Figure 24 is a side elevational view of a self-centering nut; Figure 25 shows the use of the self-centering bolt and nut assembly. Figure 26 is a formwork member mounted on an L-shaped member; and

  Figure 27 shows a structural element on the ground.

  The present invention will be described below. A) GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BUILDING ASSEMBLY A particular feature of the building assembly according to the present invention is the ease with which the formwork elements, into which the concrete or cement is to be poured, can be assembled and disassembled We will describe below the elements

  However, it is useful to provide the following information:

  a more general description of how these operations can be implemented.

  After a suitable location has been defined for the construction of a series of family dwellings and the site has been identified for each of these family homes, and the plumbing, lighting and other facilities for supply systems have been defined for the complex of these dwellings and for each individual dwelling house, the process according to the invention may be

implemented.

  The first site for the first house of bungalow has been identified, we install a formwork 100 defining the periphery of the foundation slab, using formwork elements These elements have walls and base parts 201 They are attached to ground (comre shown in Figure 1), by means of the depression of 35 metal piles 203 in holes 202 and in corresponding holes (not shown) in the base 200 Then all the curved parts in the ground surrounded by the the formwork may be leveled and a wire mesh 101 installed (this lattice is shown in position in Figure 4, but for convenience it is not shown in Figure 3) This lattice acts as an element Reinforcing or armoring for the concrete of the floor slab A floor distribution structure 108 made on a scale of 1: 1 in relation to the home wall is disposed of to the ground so as to provide a marking of the contours of each part, as shown in FIG. 3 An element of the type used to construct the ground distribution structure is shown in FIG. 27 This figure represents elements 204 and 205 which locate the faces of the walls and a strut 206 to prevent any distortion of the structure used is also shown hooks 207 allowing the element to be suspended from the walls 200 of the basic formwork element as shown in FIG. 3 After careful marking, vertical metal rods 102 can be attached to mesh 101,

along the lines of the walls.

  The plumbing network 104 as well as the electricity supply network, the air conditioning, the gas supply and other networks are installed at their desired final locations, so that they

  are embedded in the concrete when it is poured.

This is illustrated in Figure 4.

  The next step of the process is to pour concrete or cement so as to make a floor and fix a base for the construction. The rods 102 are naturally sealed in this floor layer. The ground structure is then repositioned as shown. 5 and the positions of the rods 102 and the ducts for the supply services 104 are controlled. This repositioning of the structure also makes it possible to fasten the spacer means and the positioning means to the concrete base in such a way that to guarantee the correct mounting of the metal formwork elements, into which the concrete for the walls will be cast. Typically such bracing / positioning means will be in the form of a single U-shaped element which can be fixed to the concrete base between the elements of the

  structure for interior partitions and external walls.

  If the repositioning of the structure is effected before the concrete has hardened sufficiently for

  Withstanding the load, it is possible to suspend the structure from the walls of the formwork used for pouring the concrete base.

  Once the positioning of the ducts and inner walls is controlled and the bracing / positioning means are fixed in position, the structure is removed from the concrete base. metal reinforcement 103 to the vertical rods 102 so as to reinforce the

  walls as shown in Figure 6.

  Once they are put in place, the formwork elements 106 are assembled on both sides of the previously established mesh of threads 103. The set of shuttering elements delimits the lower surface of the roof and arrangements are made for them. frames of doors and windows or a space

  corresponding is provided for these.

  But first we put in place L-shaped elements as shown in Figure 26 along the lines that delimit the inner and outer faces of all the interior partitions and all

the outer walls.

  These L-shaped elements comprise "rear" members 127 and bases 125 having holes 124, and are arranged so that their base 125 is turned inward. The dimensions of the bases of the L-shaped elements are such that They are adapted with the flanges or side wings of the shuttering elements The shuttering elements used for the walls are typically of the type shown in FIG. 9. Such shuttering elements comprise a metal base 126 whose face, which is not visible in this figure, is the face which for10 me the surface in contact with the concrete once the latter has been poured Flanges or wings 131, in which are formed positioning holes 128, are welded to the These elements may also be provided with holes through which bracing or

  Spacers may be arranged to maintain the vertical separation between sets of formwork elements for each of the faces of the wall.

  The provision of a shuttering element on an L-shaped element is shown in FIG. 26. The holes 128 in the shuttering element are aligned with the

  holes 126 located in the L-shaped element and it is possible to introduce screws or any object that can be screwed into these holes so as to maintain the alignment.

  But the L-shaped elements are not fixed to the expensive concrete floor and the formwork elements are not permanently attached to the L-shaped elements. Each formwork element is attached to the surrounding formwork elements by means of screws which are introduced through the holes 128 and are fixed by nuts 30 30 the wing 131 of a neighboring formwork element In this way we realize a formwork assembly for a face of the wall A similar assembly is made for the other face of each wall The forms for both the interior partitions and the exterior walls are made in the same way As is desirable, frames for the doors and windows are put in place while the formwork is in progress Normally it is desirable that a bracing bar be arranged across the base of each space for a door and be attached to the formwork elements so as to Ensure that the clearance required for the doors is maintained when the concrete is poured. Properly frames or window frames may be "hooked" in the correct position from the top of the formwork assembly. There is shown a typical arrangement of formwork elements and a tensioning element which can be used to "surround" the door frame with a door frame. A similar arrangement can be used for a window frame. Although in most formwork elements the flange 131 is 90 relative to the base plate 126, it is desirable that at least a pair of adjacent vertical rows of elements in the assembly which constitutes each face of each wall comprises elements whose wing is arranged at an angle different from 90 relative to the base plate. As will be described later, the use of elements comprising such oblique wings facilitates Important solution to the problem of disassembly of the form after the concrete has been completed The arrangement of the formwork elements with inclined or oblique flanges is shown in Figure 17 Four formwork elements 135, 136, 137 and 138 are maintained. to each other by nuts and bolts 139, which typically correspond to the type shown in FIG. 25 While the abutting wings of the pairs of elements 135, 138 and 1 36, 137, are perpendicular to the face of the formwork, the wings located between the elements 135 and 136 and between the elements 137 and

  138 make a certain angle different from a right angle and do not have 3 not perpendicular to the elements.

  Naturally it is possible that the formwork elements have any desired shape. Particular shapes can be used for angles or for the addition of walls and roof or for the construction of staircases and the like. formwork suitable for making angles as well as the manner of using them are shown in Figures 15 and 16 The general principle of construction and

  the mounting of such formwork elements are however identical to what has been described above.

  The two sets of shuttering elements constituting the opposite faces of a wall comprise a certain number of holes which are formed in the different shuttering elements, as represented for example by the hole 130 in FIG. 9. holes, spacers or spacers are introduced so as to ensure that the correct spacing between the formwork elements for each of the faces of the wall is preserved during the pouring of the concrete. It is often appropriate to apply a little grease. or oil to the spacer before putting it in place A typical spacer is shown in Figure 12 in which the taper of the spacer is a bit exaggerated for convenience of representation A nut suitable for use with such The spacer is shown in FIG. 14. It should be noted that the spacer has a conical shape allowing it to be removed from the concrete after it has been poured into the concrete. forming the sets of form elements, which are reciprocally vis-à-vis The correct spacing of en30 sembles is provided by the protective member 140 and the position of the thread 141 which determines the-final position that can take the nut 142 when it is tightened on the spacer The spacer is provided with a handle 143 allowing the tightening The nut 142 is provided with a tab 144 that can "mesh" with the stiffener 129 elements This allows for the clamping of the spacer and the nut by a single worker located on the "handle" side of the formwork assemblies, without the need for another worker to hold the nut when the spacer is screwed into the nut A typical arrangement showing the use of spacers is shown in FIG. 11, and FIG. 14 shows a cross section at the spacer through the formwork elements, after the concrete was cast between these elements. The assembly of the formwork elements for the roof of a one-storey building or of the first-floor ceiling and the floor of the second floor of a multi-storey building is carried out in substantially the same manner.

  as the assembly of formwork elements for the walls.

  But in this case the upper part can be left open unless the roof is sloping In the case where an assembly of the formwork elements is used only for the underside of the roof, it is possible to smooth or manually equalize the roof of the roof. the same way it was done for the initial floor on the floor. It has been found that a particular arrangement of the formwork elements is particularly useful for mounting the roof. The arrangement envisaged makes it particularly easy to dismantle most elements of the entire roof, while leaving certain elements in place, where they can be supported by struts This allows the entire roof formwork to be dismounted before the concrete of the latter is completely hard30, since the subsistani elements supported by the struts provide sufficient support for the roof. Exterior concrete that is particularly hardened The key to using an assembly for roof formwork is the use of a formwork element with oblique or inclined wings. The flanges are directed "inwardly". formwork element having this design does not need to have a dimension greater than what is necessary to be mounted on the top of u The use of an element of this type allows easy removal of neighboring elements when the time is taken to dismantle the roof formwork, while leaving the element itself. in place mounted on a forestay. However, it has been found particularly useful to use as an element to be supported by a strut, a Greek cross-shaped element and to use a particular arrangement of the formwork elements. With a particular configuration, in connection with this cross, a suitable element in the form of a Greek cross is shown in FIG. 18 and an arrangement of the formwork elements to be used in connection with such a member is shown in FIG. Figure 19, which shows the underside of such an arrangement The various elements 147, 148, 149, 150, each of which has a flange or wing inclined "outward" at the end which is in contact with the element 144, and flanges or flanges inclined "inwardly" on adjacent sides, abut with the cross-shaped element likewise elements 151, 152, 25, 153 and 154, each of which comprises two wings "outwards" inclined on the sides which abut with the element 146, but have a wing perpendicular to the base plate on its two other sides, form an abutment against the element 146 The element 153 is in abutment against the elements 147 and 152, the element 158 is abutting against the elements 149 and 153, the element 155

  is abutting against the elements 149 and 154 and the element 156 is abutting against the elements 151 and 147.

  Each of the members 153, 154, 155 and 156 has a single flange or flange that is oblique or inclined (in each case "outwardly"), the other flanges being perpendicular.

to the base plate.

  It has been found that with this arrangement, in the case where a strut for the support member 146 is used, the other elements shown can be dismantled without any difficulty once the concrete has been poured and has become particularly hard, and that the element 146 can be left attached to a suitable strut, so as to make a support for the particularly hard concrete of the roof 10 until it has sufficiently hardened so that the roof is adapted to In a very advantageous manner, the formwork elements provided for the lower face of the roof can be mounted to the roof level using a lifting apparatus of the type shown in FIG. 22 if reinforcement or bracing walls during the pouring of concrete is necessary, as

  this is often the case when no roof is present, this can be achieved through the use of a cons-sheet.

  Once the formwork elements for the walls and walls, that is to say both for the interior partitions and the outer walls, and for the lower face of the roof (the assembly for the outer face of the exterior walls extending to the level of the upper face of the roof) have been assembled, concrete is poured into the formwork by means of a gravity feed or

  gravity If necessary, vibrators can be used to eliminate any risk of cavities in the walls.

  It is possible to use any type of motor that can be cast and subsequently hardened to form a self-supporting or retaining structure. Typically such materials are cement and concrete, for example a cellular concrete such as the one described in Rodolph C VALOR's article in Journal of the

  American Concrete Society JACS, May and June 1954 (pages 77335 796 and 817832).

  Once the wall concrete has sufficiently hardened so that it can withstand the weight of the walls and part of the weight of the roof (the remainder of the weight of the roof being supported by props as described above), it is possible to essentially dismantle all the formwork elements The shuttering elements provided for the lower face of the roof are removed, with the exception of the formwork elements which are supported by a strut. The inclined flanges of the formwork elements make it possible to partially sliding the wings one over the other so as to break the connection of the formwork to the concrete rather than requiring a correction perpendicular to the face of an element and this therefore greatly simplifies the removal of the first elements Such displacement elements is obtained through the use of levers that are operated manually Once some of the elements having such wings have been withdrawn, the withdrawal of

remaining items is easier.

  To remove the entire formwork from the walls, first remove the spacers that held the formwork for both sides of the wall at a proper distance. Then, lightly strike the L-shaped elements. they are released from their position by means of a lever below the set of formwork elements, whereby the action of gravity facilitates the fall of the formwork elements and the breaking of their connection to the concrete We then dismantle the

  formwork starting with the formwork elements comprising the oblique wings.

  The formwork can then be reassembled at the following site where preliminary preparations have already been made.

  The process can then be repeated similarly until the series of buildings is completed.

PARTS AND EQUIPMENT

  A) Elements or panels The elements come into contact with the concrete or any other material used These elements are entirely metallic and comprise a smooth contact surface surrounded by metal flanges or flanges 131 and may be constituted by a plate reinforced by a frame This frame, which is arranged in the

  rear part of the panels, allows the contact surface 10 to withstand pressures of the product poured into the formwork, as well as the cover joints with other panels This frame can be better described in the form of reinforcing ribs.

  Due to their function and shape, panels can be classified into the following groups: standard panels, special panels, interior corner panels, 20 exterior corner panels, retrievable panels, retractable panels, cross type . Standard Panels As described with reference to FIG. 9, the standard panels in accordance with the present invention have a series of features which give them great functionality and universality in their use; these features are: a) existence of wings 131 located around the perimeter of the panel, perfectly brazed or welded on the edge of the concrete contacting surface, forming a right angle to the face 126 The peripheral wings possess Circular perforations 128 which generally have identical diameters. These perforations 128 are uniformly distributed, as shown in FIG. 10, at a distance 1, and in these panels only a distance 1 is not constant and it is the distance between the center of the perforations along the edges of the corner or corner and the corner itself , ce5 distance 1 being identified by 12 and 1 'These distances 12 and 1' are always equal and their sum is always equal to the distance 1 t, that is to say that we have:

11 = 12 + 1 '

1 2 2

O 12 = 12

2 12 = 2 1 '= 11

  Further, the mentioned perforations are at a uniform distance taking into account the thickness of the contact surface, as shown in FIG. 10, on which it is noted that the distance a 2 is equal to the sum of the distance to 1 and the thickness of the frontal surface.

  The features described above allow the universality of the combinations of the different panels to each other since: Besides the fact that one has as distance 12 12 = 12 11 + 1 = a 2

  1) The elements can be joined side by side vertically or horizontally.

  2) The junction of two adjacent elements horizontally and the junction of a third panel vertically are also possible.

  3) All types of elements can be assembled in a universal manner, which allows the assembly of three panels simultaneously as the perforations

circulars always coincide.

  4) Elements may be joined perpendicularly to each other, thereby obtaining three-dimensional and adjustable forms whose dimensions may be reduced or increased in identical lengths or multiples of the existing distance "1"

  between the centers of the circular perforations.

  In this case it is possible to place metal bars having holes aligned with the holes of the wings, above the upper parts of the wings and to set up a new set of formwork elements at the upper part of said wings. it is fixed by bolting to the wings, the metal bar serves

  to maintain the elements in the correct position at right angles to each other.

  b) Existence, in some of these standardized elements, of certain transverse circular perforations 130 arranged perpendicularly and extending from the contact surface with the concrete to the rear part of the element, at the level of which the mentioned perforations are joined to the reinforcing elements

by welding.

  The mentioned circular perforations, which all have the same diameter and are as shown in FIG. 9, provide the following relationships in connection with their position: 1) Equidistance between the lateral ends of the standardized panel 2) Hole positioning symmetry there o more than one hole is provided in any element, by

  example as shown in Figure 14.

  3) Therefore the placement of the perforations satisfies the following characteristics: b 1 b 2 gl g 2 h = gl + 2 gl = 2 g 2 these characteristics must satisfy the condition that gl and g 2 must have a length which is a multiple of N 1; therefore: The features described above allow the universality of the combination of elements for pouring concrete into-vertical structures, as well as some specific uses to achieve the

casting of horizontal structures.

  1) Circular perforations are intended to allow the passage of parts or accessories allowing the joining of two opposite panels, with the objective of supporting the horizontal pressures exerted by the cast material. Such a thickness ("E") will be determined by the length of the connecting element between

opposite panels.

  2) As a result of the establishment of the mentioned perforations, satisfying the characteristic h = gl + g 2 = 2 gl = 2 g 2 and b 1 = b 2, the balance of panels 15 is perfect and that is why, during the casting of the

  structure, there is no deformation due to the distribution of vertical loads.

  3) As a result of the circular characteristic of these perforations as well as the equidistance of such perforations related to the lateral ends,

  can join the metal sheets frontally, regardless of their horizontal or vertical position.

SPECIAL ELEMENTS

  Special elements are available for the assembly of the formwork elements for use where concrete or a like material is to be poured for a structure which does not have a regular shape.

  Such special elements, however, have many features of the standardized elements. A) A metal facade element and peripheral wings welded to this facade element Such metal wings generally have two types of perforations which are the following: circular perforations having identical diameters in the case of wings which make right angles at the corners and only for such wings forming right angles, elliptical perforations whose smallest dimension is equal to the diameter of the

circular perforations.

  In all cases the distance between the centers of the circular perforations or elliptical perforations may be the same as for standardized panels. In the case where, due to the requirements of a casting, the

  contact surfaces are not straight, the lengths must be measured according to the shape taken by the marginal line of the element.

  In any case, the length "1" existing between the centers of the perforations must correspond to the width of the peripheral flange, plus the thickness of the contact surface, that is to say to 3.

  1) Circular perforations allow the joining of special elements to standardized elements by making perfect joints with surfaces

  thus joined together with a completely smooth surface.

  2) Elliptical perforations allow the joining of flat and special elements to standardized elements, while offering possibilities of a certain lateral tolerance, but not frontal, and that is why the contact surfaces with the concrete (surfaces contacted by

  some products or other products to be cast) will be completely smooth.

  b) The existence, in some of these elements, of a greater number of transverse circular perforations extending from the contact surface with the bcc to the rear part, such perforations being fixed by welding to the organs. reinforcement The perforation mentioned is perpendicular to the surface of conta t

  in the area where it is laid out.

  These mentioned circular perforations, which are all of identical diameter and are as shown in FIG. 9, allow to maintain only the relation of arrangement with respect to the inter sections of the reinforcing members of the panels, and in the proportion of a perforation for each set of

  two intersections of the reinforcing member in any direction.

  These perforations, as described with reference to standardized panels, are intended to allow the passage of parts or accessories allowing the joining of two opposing panels, with the aim of supporting the horizontal pressures exerted by the product in front of it. be cast as well as to define the thickness of the structure to be obtained by casting Such a thickness will be determined by the length of the spacer located

between opposite panels.

INTERIOR ANGLE ELEMENTS

  The elements intended to be used in the construction of the angles of formwork assemblies are shown in FIG. 15. They have the following characteristics:

  a) Two frontal portions intended to be in contact with the concrete are joined at an angle, with length and width dimensions in relation to a multiple of the length 12 of the standardized elements.

  These elements comprise, on opposite sides and perpendicular to the two front surfaces, a seal situated between them and joining two peripheral wings 131 forming a right angle with the mentioned front surfaces. The mentioned wings, similar to those described in FIG. perforations circula

  All have identical diameters on the ends of such angled elements.

  two steel end pieces 133 are arranged

  welded perpendicularly to the front faces and which serve for contact with the concrete as well as perforated plates described in the previous paragraph.

  If desired, one end of such a corner piece can be adjusted to make a certain

angle different from 90.

  The end pieces 133 comprise circular perforations 128 having diameters identical to the perforations existing in the perforated wings, and which

  also satisfy the same relations between the lengths 11 and 12, as well as for a 2 although this is not necessary.

  The features described above allow universality of use of said elements in combination with other interior corner elements, as well as other elements of the presently described building assembly, since the interior elements

  are joined to each other by their ends or by their sides.

  In addition the corner elements can be joined to any type of elements already described, for example.

  example as shown in Figure 15.

EXTERIOR ANGLE ELEMENTS

  The outer corner members as shown in FIG. 16 can be tightly joined to other members. The outer corner panels have no contact surfaces with the concrete or with a product to be cast and their features are not readily apparent. The following features are as follows: a) Two plates 170, 172 joined along their length, with reinforcements 173 located in the rear part and joined perpendicularly, and located in their ends The mentioned plates have perforations 126, all having identical diameters The perforations are circular and have dimensions corresponding to those described with reference to Figures 14, 15, 16 of the standardized elements, and which also satisfy the relations already described with reference to the drawings mentioned: 11 ln; d 1 = d 2 = dn; 12 = 1/2 11 and a 1 = 11 = n In this way the joint between the panels will be fully adjusted, with no possibility of leakage. 10 RECOVERY PANELS These are all panels having a contact surface with concrete or any other material, for which the formwork assembly has been used to fabricate a structure, and they are designed to facilitate the work of recovery of elements of the building set

  once the structure has been poured and dried.

  It has been found that, in the context of the use of the construction assembly described, it actually presents a difficulty when dismantling all the formwork elements once the structure is completed. the tension-existing between the various panels at their joint, and the fact that these panels form a body in one piece with the cast structure The critical problem is the removal of the first element when, during casting, two or more elements are joined to each other, which makes it difficult to recover panels located at the corners of walls. When the casting is carried out with recou30 vrement panels and roofs in one operation, the difficulty is twofold since recovery of panels corresponding to the roof is impossible without causing damage.

  Three types of elements are arranged specifically to facilitate the disassembly of the formwork.

  a) The recovery panels having an inclined wing as shown in Figure 17, are similar to the elements described as previously standardized elements, but one or more peripheral wings are not arranged at right angles along their length. The elements shown in FIG. 17 are complementary and can be joined to a standardized panel since the sum of their angles is

   which provides a completely smooth surface without the possibility of leakage.

  The recovery panels are used in the form of pairs of complementary panels and instead of standard elements for example as shown

in Figure 17.

  Recovery panels with non-right-angled wings on both sides are used to replace standardized panels in roof formwork as they allow for easy recovery and support of the weight of the cast product during a period of time.

  certain time interval after the shuttering panels have been removed.

  b) The cross-type recovery panels shown in FIGS. 18, 19 and 20 comprise a concrete-contacting surface or the product to be cast, having the shape of a cross with two faces 180 who are together on their periphery

  a perforated wing 181 not disposed at right angles.

  The perforated wings 181, similar to those existing in the cross-type recess panels, generally have circular perforations 128, the dimensions of which satisfy the relationships

  indicated for standardized panels.

  The cross-type element is preferably used for the conformation of the formwork elements for the roofs and allows to be connected on all sides to corner-type recuperation panels and serves as a support for the beams. support When the formwork is removed, it is the last panel to be recovered and its placement divides the surrounding panels into four areas of withdrawal formwork. The recovery panels are strategically placed in the roofs so that the panels can be conveniently removed once the concrete or the like has cured in multiple locations, and serves to ensure accurate support. once the panels are removed, supporting the structure of the roof and preventing it from being deformed

  under the effect of incomplete hardening.

  c) L-shaped elements such as re15 shown in FIG. 26 in the form of a metal plate

  of irregular thickness folded at an angle.

  Their reduced thickness end shown in FIG. 26, namely the thickness "C", acts as a contact surface with the concrete or product to be cast. These elements usually have circular perforations along their lengths, similar to to those existing in the perforated wings of

standardized elements.

  Recovery panels of the general type can be used to adapt to angles. Their shape is that of a square-cut plate. Their non-uniform thickness is less than the level of two end faces. It was noted that after the casting operation 30 of a structure of the type mentioned above, there is a particular difficulty of disassembly of the formwork due to the absence of a tolerance between the roof and the cot s of the floor formed with concrete or solid product, as well as the joining panels, the difficulty of removing the formwork elements being due to the absence of a tolerance between the roof and the floor to allow the

recovery of elements.

  First removing the L-shaped elements greatly facilitates the disassembly of the formwork.

  B) Self-centering conical screws A single element for joining and assembling the building assembly according to the invention has been developed, consisting of self-centering conical screws, such as

  as shown in Figures 23 and 24.

  Other joining systems have already been used to assemble panels for pouring concrete or similar products, for example the combination of a wedge and a spindle, a fastening hook, etc. or even the conventional screw, but it has been noted that these joining systems suffer from a lack of precision in providing, during their fixing, a tolerance which has the effect that the junction between the panels is never perfect and provides Defective castings with markings in the panels These defects are accentuated by the continued use of the joining elements and panels as the tolerances increase as a result of the wear of these elements, in particular in connection elements with which tools such as hammers or mallets must be used for repositioning. The self-centering screw shown below

solve such problems.

  The screw 185 and the bolt 186 have at the ends of their heads the shape of elements

  frustoconical 187, 188 so that when these ele ments are screwed, their cones are contacted.

  The screws pass through the circular or elliptical perforations of the panels with a tolerance

  more or less sufficient and, when screwing the panels, they slide on the cones of the screw and the bolo: 35 which forces them to be joined accurately.

25505-71

  Due to the tolerances, self-centering conical screws and formwork panels retain their precision after use, even though

  there is wear, the connection continues to be precise.

  C) SEPARATION SPACERS FIGS. 12 and 13 show a separation spacer and a nut for use with this spacer The spacer is constituted by a conical metal rod having a thread 141 at its thinner end and a blocking or guarding 140

  at its thickest end.

  The separation spacer is the element by means of which the panels arranged facing each other are joined together.

  passing the spacer through the circular perforations previously described in the panel chapter.

  Other systems used to join panels facing each other such as steel bars having special association members on their ends, a cone and a recessed portion opposite, by means of which the bars can be As well as steel plates having perforations and joined to the panels, etc. are known but the indicated systems are confronted with several problems: the majority of these systems leaves the element inclisou inserted into the concrete or the product to be poured , which prevents the recovery of these elements, with the consequence that they are lost, and there is also the problem that this causes a point of corrosion of the metal part 30 which is exposed in the cast structure. cone-shaped cones have the disadvantage of the difficulty of automatic cone placement since the assembly ge must be done in the interior space between the two panels, etc. The system proposed in the present invention reduces this problem to a large extent since the conical spacer is introduced through the perforations existing in the metal roofs and the nut

is placed on its end.

  The length of the spacer is the element that determines the thickness of the wall, and the thickness "a 3" of the two panels and the length "r" of the

thread (screw).

  After completion of the pouring of the concrete, the conical spacer is recovered by turning it slightly; Its taper allows it to be removed easily The installation of a spacer after pouring the concrete and before

  the disassembly of the mold is illustrated in FIG.

D) TELESCOPIC STATUS ADJUSTABLE

  It is the system designed to support panels arranged to fit roof formwork elements.

  Metal bars are known for supporting the structures or panels for formwork elements, but the strut according to the present invention is provided with a thread on a cylindrical metal bar, which provides the advantage of a manipulation with a millimetric precision in order to obtain lengths without any error In addition this stay allows a certain mobility even if it supports high loads since the rotation of the threaded axis is carried out

  via a metal screw attached to the tube.

  The bar is basically constituted of two tubular bodies arranged telescopically and having perforations arranged regularly and coinciding, in which it is possible to introduce a metal rod which holds the two fixed tubes by

report to the other.

  On the opposite end of the thinnest of the two mentioned tubes, there is arranged a metal screw.

  fixed by its inner part, on which another

  cylindrical element is also screwed, which cylindrical element comprises two or more arms to facilitate its manual rotation drive.

  A base is connected to the tube having the greatest thickness by means of a connection made using

of an axis.

E) REINFORCEMENT BAR

  This reinforcing bar is a U-shaped metal profile having circular perforations arranged regularly on its lateral ends as well as at its center. The lateral perforations mentioned coincide in shape and dimensions with those indicated in the chapter. relative to standardized panels and peripheral plates, with the same relation in terms of diameters and the same relation concerning the distances between the centers and the edges

sheet metal.

  The reinforcement bar considered is used as an additional support element in critical load cases, both at

roof level.

  In the case of walls having a large thickness and a high height, the reinforcing bar 25 is the part which directly stores the force transmitted by the spacers as it passes through two of these sections arranged together in sense. opposite

shuttering panels.

  The reinforcing bar can also be used as an alignment member and support in cantilevered roofs as well as for panel group reinforcement, with the purpose of providing greater strength and ease of use. their manipulation using

mechanical means.

F) ALIGNMENT BAR

  It is a "J" shaped metal profile with perforations on its lateral faces and whose dimensions concerning the diameter and the distances between the centers and the edges are similar to those described and present for the peripheral wings that comprise the panels. standardized. In accordance with the invention, a profile has been developed which makes it possible to obtain a perfect alignment of the

  formwork of the walls and that does not contain the element of cof10 frage for the casting of the roofs.

  The profile is attached to the upper perforations existing in the elements, using screws through

  which gives a perfect alignment.

G) LIFTING APPARATUS

  The lifting devices are intended for the installation of panels that fit the roof formwork or are devices assigned to the walls for which, because of their height, the installation is difficult (for example the walls - of a two-storey building). The lifting apparatus shown in FIG. 22 is equipped with two wheels 220 fixed on its front part as well as two handles 221 located in its rear part, so that it can be handled by one person, in the form of a hand trolley or a devil. The front part comprises a telescopically mounted profile system 222 and a cable winch 223 which can be operated manually or with the aid of a motor.

  locking to prevent slippage during use.

  In the end of the profiles is a pivoting system 224 for fastening the panels and pivoting at a rotation of 90, which allows the panels to be mounted in the vertical position, and then to assume the horizontal position. or inclined

to these.

  The lifting apparatus has reinforcing members located at its lower part, which can be

  used as a scale and working platform.

  H) STABILIZERS FOR WALLS This accessory is an adjustable mechanism used to fix and maintain the formwork of walls.

  vertical position, when these walls are made by casting with formwork for the roof.

Such a stabilizer is constituted by a platform having a threaded shaft joined vertically to a handle at its ends. The connection between the threaded shaft and the base platform is a hinge connection allowing the rotation of the Threaded shaft A metal section, at the end of which is arranged a plate provided with a circular perforation, is connected to a threaded bolt located in the mentioned threaded axis. Another profile is connected to this metal section using 'a

  articulated joint which also has a perforated plate at its end.

  The stabilizers are joined, by means of flanges or perforated wings, to the formwork panels

  and driving the handle in a circular motion allows the formwork panel to be placed in any desired position.

  I) FRAME COVERS FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS

  Figure 21 shows laminated profiles used to hold the frames of doors, windows, etc. in the inner part of the formwork. Moreover, these 30 sections act against the pressure exerted by

  the concrete or the product to be poured inside the mold, which avoids deformation of the frames.

  The coverings of the frames are shaped so as to have a surface 118 which is deformed from the

  plan of their outer extremities and include

  circular or elliptical drillings 119 which are located at their outer ends and satisfy the same specification as the formwork panels, to which

They are reunited.

  J) DOOR DIVIDER ELEMENTS Such a divider is an accessory which is placed in the lower part of the space assigned to the doors and joins the sides facing the door fittings. Its function is to guarantee that the space assigned to the door 10 is retained since its installation prevents that

  the space does not undergo any distortion and avoids any possibility of displacement or offset formwork panels.

  This divider is constituted by a tubular element having an oblique cut in its median section 15 to facilitate its recovery once the pouring of the concrete is carried out Its ends comprise profiles shaped so as to fit around the coatings of the

door frames.

K) FOUNDATION PLATE PANEL

  For the casting of the bases of the structures where the formwork must be mounted, if the latter are necessary, or for pouring concrete or a similar product during the formation of floors and foundations that do not involve significant thicknesses it is possible to provide a special panel according to the invention. This panel is an "L" shaped metal panel having wings connected perpendicularly to the panel at its ends and in each of the interior corners. These wings have circular perforations allowing the joining of the panels to each other. For these panels to be fixed to the foundation of the floor, they comprise, on one of their sides, perforations aligned with said wings provided with perforations. 35 L) STRUCTURE ON THE GROUND On the basis of the observation of the construction of structures in large series, it was thought to develop a system facilitating the preparation of the construction and allowing a precise assembly, while simultaneously eliminating the need for the use of the instrument

measurement.

  The ground structure, which must be prepared separately for each project to be implemented, consists of a tubular structure 204, 205, joined by metal elements 206 and which reproduces exactly

  the ends of the plan projection of a construction.

  For each of the lines of the end of the vertical production, a tubular structure is set up and reproduces exactly at the scale 1: 1 the realization mentioned; the different sides are united to each other by means of stratified plates arranged

at regular distances.

  All the ends of the tubular structure are provided with hooks 207 which serve to support the body of the structure on the floor form panels. The structure on the ground eliminates the need to take measures for the precise establishment of the structure to be carried out. In addition, when placing marks and repeating the structure, the structure on the ground makes it possible to indicate exactly the the location of any type of power supply (electricity, plumbing, etc.). Of course, it indicates the precise location of the walls and the structure to be constructed since it accurately reproduces the

projection in plan of the walls.

Claims (9)

  1 Set of building elements, for the construction of a formwork system for use in the manufacture of monolithic structures, characterized in that it comprises metal formwork elements (100, 106; 125, 126; 135 138; 146; 151 154), which have facade portions (126; 181; 135,138) and wings (131; 181) welded to said facade portion along each edge thereof; and where these wings are at a 90-degree angle to the facade portions, these wings are uniform in size and have holes (128) into which bolts or screws can be inserted during use to secure adjacent formwork members, said holes (128) being disposed midway along the distance extending between the face of the formwork member and the edge of the wing on all said formwork members and being located at reciprocal distances identi the distance of the hole closest to each corner of the formwork element relative to the latter being located at a distance equal to half the distance between adjacent holes, while the projecting dimension of each wing , which is at an angle to the base, is equal to half of the   distance between neighboring holes in a wing.   2 set of elementsaccording to claim 1, characterized in that said holes (128) are circular in the case where the angles at the corners of the periphery of the facade portion are 90, and elliptical in the case where the side in question is at an angle different from 30 90 relative to the sides which are adjacent thereto or when the facade portion is not flat, the minimum diameter having the same dimension as the diameter of the circular holes and the center of said elliptical holes being located at the midpoint of the distance between   the face of the shuttering element-and the edge of the wing.   3 Set of elements according to any of the   Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that it comprises   metal formwork elements (100, 106; 125, 126; 138; 146; 151; 154), each having a facade portion (126) and wings located around the periphery 10 of said facade portion, and comprises at least one arrangement facilitating the disassembly of the formwork and selected from the following provisions: a) an L-shaped element (126) having dimensions such that the base (126) of the L can be placed below the wing (131) of the lower metal formwork element when said formwork elements are assembled to form a formwork for a face of a wall, and b) at least one of said formwork elements (135 20 138) has at least one wing which is arranged obliquely at an angle other than 90 with respect to the facade part.   4 set of elements according to any one of claims 1 to 3,   characterized in that at least one of said metal formwork elements (146) has a facade portion in the form of a Greek cross and that the angle   between all the wings (181) and the facade portion (180) of the shuttering element is less than 90.   Set of elements according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it comprises   furthermore, a door spacer element.   6 Set of elements according to any of the   Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it comprises furthermore a spacer (140,143).   7 set of elements according to claim 6, characterized in that said spacer is conical and has a threaded portion (141) on its end.   8 set of elements according to claim 7,   characterized in that there is provided for each spacer a nut (142) having a tongue (144) on one of the nut faces and which extends in a direction parallel to the axis of said nut.   9 set of elements according to claim 6 characterized in that at least one of said metal shuttering elements (100, 106; 126, 131; 135 138; 151 154) comprises at least one hole through the facade portion and wherein a spacer can be inserted. Element of an assembly according to claim 4, characterized in that it comprises a Greek cross-shaped façade portion 20 and wings (181) located on the edge of said facade portion, the wings being provided with holes ( 128), through which bolts or screws can be introduced so as to secure said element in use to adjacent formwork elements 25 which are arranged at an angle of less than 90.   relative to said facade portion.   11 element of an assembly according to claim 7, characterized in that it comprises a spacer (141, 143), whose cross section is conical and a part of the end (141) is threaded and on which can a nut (142) having on one of its faces a tongue (144) extending in a parallel direction to the axis of the nut.