ES2243510T3 - METHOD FOR REDUCING THE FUEL VAPOR PRESSURE FOR ENGINE CONTAINING ETHANOL FOR FUEL ENGINES ON SPARK. - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of reducing the vapor pressure of an engine fuel mixture based on a C3-C12 hydrocarbon for internal combustion engines with spark ignition, containing 0.1 to 20% by volume of ethanol, not more than 0, 25% by weight of water according to ASTM D 6304, and not more than 7% by weight of oxygen according to ASTM D 4815, at least 80% of the increase in vapor pressure caused by ethanol, and more preferably at the vapor pressure of the C3-C12 hydrocarbon component (a) alone, where in addition to the C3-C12 hydrocarbon component (a) and an ethanol component (b), an oxygen-containing component is present in the fuel mixture ( c) in an amount from 0.05 to 15% by volume of the total volume of the fuel mixture; the component (c) being selected from at least one of the following types of compounds: alkanol having 3 to 10 carbon atoms; dialkyl ether having 6 to 10 carbon atoms; ketone having 4 to 9 carbon atoms; alkanoic acid alkyl ester having 5 to 8 carbon atoms; hydroxyketone having 4 to 6 carbon atoms; alkanoic acid ketone ester, which has 5 to 8 carbon atoms; oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound selected from the following: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropyran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran, and mixtures thereof, and where a component (d) selected from al is present in the fuel mixture minus a C6C12 hydrocarbon, in an amount such that the ratio (b): ((c) + (d)) is 1: 200 to 200: 1 by volume.

Description

Method to reduce the vapor pressure of engine fuels containing ethanol for engines spark ignition combustion.

The invention relates to a fuel for internal combustion engines with spark ignition. More particularly the invention relates to a method for reducing the equivalent of dry vapor pressure (hereinafter referred to as DVPE, for the English expression dry vapor pressure equivalent ) of a fuel composition that includes a hydrocarbon liquid and ethanol, using an additive that It contains oxygen. The ethanol and the DVPE adjustment components used to obtain the fuel composition are preferably derived from renewable raw materials. By means of the method of the invention, motor fuels of the invention containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol are obtained, which meet the standard requirements for internal combustion engines with spark ignition that run on gasoline.

Background of the invention

Gasoline is the main fuel for internal combustion engines spark ignition. The use Extensive gasoline results in contamination of environment. The combustion of gasoline derived from crude oil petroleum or mineral gas alters the carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere, and causes the greenhouse effect. The reserves of crude oil steadily decline and some countries already They face insufficient oil crude.

The growing interest for environmental protection environment, the severe requirements that regulate the content of harmful components in exhaust emissions, and the deficit of crude oil, force the industry to develop urgently alternative fuels that burn more cleanly.

The existing global vehicle inventory and machinery that works with internal combustion engines of spark ignition does not currently allow complete removal of gasoline as engine fuel.

The task of creating alternative fuels for internal combustion engines has been around for a long time and a large number of attempts have been made to use resources renewable to produce engine fuel components.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,365,009, issued in 1944 describes the combination of alcohols of C 1-5 with hydrocarbons of C_ {3-5} for use as fuel. In the patent from the USA No. 4,818,250 issued in 1989 proposes the use of Lemon tree obtained from citrus and other plants as a engine fuel, or as a component in mixtures with gasoline. In US Pat. No. 5,607,486 issued in 1997, is describe new engine fuel additives, which comprise terpenes, aliphatic hydrocarbons and alcohols lower.

Zudkevitcvh D. et al. , in "Thermodinamycs of reformed automotive fuels" Hydrocarbon Processing , vol 74, No. 8, 1995, describe in its table 5 two fuel compositions comprising base gasoline, ethanol (5% and 3.2% respectively) and 12% of ETBE . Using the vapor pressure data given in Table 5, it can be calculated that the two fuel compositions show an increase in ethanol-induced vapor pressure of 32.1% and 30.3% respectively.

Currently tert.butyl ethers are used widely as components of gasoline. Fuels for motor comprising tert-butyl ethers are described in the U.S. Patent No. 4,468,233 issued in 1984. The largest portion of these ethers are obtained from petroleum refining, but also They can be produced from renewable sources.

Ethanol is the most promising product to use as a component of engine fuel in mixtures with gasoline. Ethanol is obtained from the processing of renewable raw material, generically known as biomass, which in turn is derived from carbon dioxide under the influence of solar energy.

The combustion of ethanol produces significantly less harmful substances compared to the combustion of gasoline. However, the use of a fuel for engine that contains mainly ethanol requires engines specially designed At the same time, combustion engines internal spark ignition that normally work with gasoline can be operated with an engine fuel that it comprises a mixture of gasoline and not more than about 10% in Ethanol volume Such a mixture of gasoline and ethanol is currently sold in the United States as gasohol. Regulations Current European concerning gasoline allow the addition to Gasoline up to 5% by volume of ethanol.

The main drawback of mixtures of ethanol and gasoline is that for mixtures containing up to approximately 20% by volume of ethanol, there is an increase in equivalent of the dry vapor pressure compared to the corresponding to the original gasoline.

Figure 1 shows the behavior of the equivalent of dry vapor pressure (DVPE) depending on the Ethanol content of the A92 ethanol and gasoline mixtures of summer, and summer and winter A95 gasoline at 37.8ºC. Gasolines known as A92 and A95 are standards that are sold in the gas stations in the United States and Sweden. A92 gasoline It is originally from the United States and gasoline A95 from Sweden. He Ethanol used was a fuel grade ethanol produced by Williams, USA The DVPE of the mixtures was determined according to the standard ASTM D5191 method in SGS laboratories in Stockholm, Sweden.

For the volume concentration range of ethanol between 5 and 10% which is of particular interest to your use as fuel for standard ignition engines by Spark, the data in Figure 1 shows that the DVPE of the mixtures of gasoline and ethanol can exceed the DVPE of the source gasoline in more than 10%. Since the companies that sell oil they usually supply the market with the maximum DVPE allowed, which is strictly limited by regulations in force, it is currently not possible to add ethanol to commercially available gasoline in the market.

It is known that the DVPE of mixtures of gasoline and ethanol U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,356 granted on 4 of May of 1995 proposes to reformulate the gasoline eliminating so much the volatile as non-volatile components of C_ {4} -C_ {12} of gasoline to provide an intermediate gasoline of C_ {6} -C_ {9} or C_ {6} -C_ {10}. It is said that such fuels would facilitate alcohol addition better than current gasoline due to its lower equivalent of dry vapor pressure (DVPE). A disadvantage of this method of adjusting the DVPE of gasoline mixtures and ethanol is that to obtain such a mixture it is necessary to produce a Special reformulated gasoline, which adversely affects the supply chain and results in an increase in prices of engine fuel. In addition, such gasoline and mixtures thereof with ethanol they have a higher flash point which damages its performance properties or performance.

It is known that some chemical components decrease DVPE when added to gasoline or a mixture of the same with ethanol. For example, US Pat. No. 5,433,756 granted on July 18, 1995 describes chemical compounds clean combustion promoters that comprise, in addition to the gasoline, ketones, nitro-paraffins and also alcohols other than ethanol. It should be noted that the composition of the catalytic clean combustion promoter described in the patent Reduces the DVPE of fuel consisting of gasoline.

Nothing is mentioned in this patent in relation to to the impact of the clean combustion promoting composition on the DVPE of gasoline and ethanol mixtures.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,295 issued on November 18, 1997 provides a chemical compound as a gasoline additive or as a fuel for standard gasoline engines. According to the invention an additive for alcohol-based fuel is proposed. The fuel additive comprises 20-70% alcohol, 2.5-20% acetone and ether, 0.03-20% aliphatic compounds and silicon, 5-20% toluene and 4- 45% petroleum solvents (spirits) . The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. Note in the patent that the additive improves the quality of gasoline and specifically decreases DVPE. The disadvantages of this method of adjusting the engine fuel DVPE are the need for large amounts of additives, specifically not less than 15% by volume of mixing, and the use of silicon compounds, which form silicon oxide during combustion. which causes increased engine wear.

In WO 9743356 a method for reducing the vapor pressure of an alcohol-hydrocarbon mixture is described by adding a co-solvent to the hydrocarbon and alcohol mixture. Also described is a fuel composition for spark ignition engine, which includes a hydrocarbon component of straight or branched chain alkanes, of C 5 -C 8, essentially free of olefins, aromatic, benzene and sulfur, in which the hydrocarbon component has a minimum anti-detonating index of 65, in accordance with ASTM D2699 and D2700, and a maximum DVPE of 103.4 kPa (15 psi), in accordance with ASTM D5191; a fuel grade alcohol; and a co-solvent for the hydrocarbon and alcohol component in which the components of the fuel composition are present in amounts selected to provide a motor fuel with a minimum anti-detonating index of 87 and a maximum DVPE of 103.4 kPa ( 15 psi). The co-solvent used is 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) derived from biomass and other heterocyclic ethers, such as pyranoses and oxepanes, with preferred
MTHF

The disadvantages of this method of adjusting the equivalent of dry vapor pressure of liquid mixtures Hydrocarbon and ethanol are as follows:

(one)

Is it is necessary to use only hydrocarbon components of C_ {5} -C_ {8} which are chain alkanes linear or branched (i) free of unsaturated compounds such as olefins, benzene or other aromatic compounds, (ii) free of  sulfur and, as follows in the description of the invention, (iii) the Hydrocarbon component is coal condensate gas or natural gas condensed.

(2)

Is necessary to use as co-solvent for the component hydrocarbon and ethanol, only a particular class of compounds oxygen-containing chemicals, specifically, ethers, including heterocyclic and short chain ethers.

(3)

Is it is necessary to use a large amount of ethanol in the fuel, not less than 25%

(4)

Is it is necessary to use a large amount of co-solvent, not less than 20% 2-methyltetrahydrofuran; Y

(5)

Be requires modifying the internal combustion engine ignition by spark when it works with such combustible composition and, specifically, you must change the computer program from to board or completely replace the computer.

Therefore an object of the present invention is to provide a method by which the disadvantages of the prior art. A primary object of the present invention is to provide a method for reducing pressure of a fuel mixture based on a hydrocarbon of C_ {3} -C_ {12}, which contains up to 20% by volume of ethanol, for conventional gasoline engines until no more than the vapor pressure typical of C3 hydrocarbons at C_ {12}.

Summary of the invention

The aforementioned object of this invention has been achieved by means of the method of claim one.

The authors of the present invention have found that specific types of compounds that exhibit a group which contains oxygen surprisingly lower the pressure of the steam from a mixture of gasoline-ethanol.

This effect may be unexpectedly more intensified by means of specific hydrocarbon compounds of C_ {6} -C_ {12}.

They have also surprisingly found that the octane number of the resulting hydrocarbon-based fuel mixture can be maintained or even raised using the oxygenated component of the present invention.
tion.

In accordance with the present method up to approximately 20% by volume of fuel grade ethanol (b) can be used in all combustible compositions. The used additives containing oxygen (c) can be obtained from renewable raw materials, and the hydrocarbon component (a) used can be, for example, any standard gasoline (which it does not have to be reformulated) and can optionally contain aromatic fractions and sulfur, and also hydrocarbons obtained from renewable raw materials

By means of the method of the invention they can Prepare fuels for standard combustion engines internal with spark ignition, allowing such fuels that these internal combustion engines reach the same maximum performance when operating on standard gasoline currently distributed in the market. Using the method of invention can also be obtained a decrease in the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust and a decrease in fuel consumption.

According to one of the aspects of the invention, in addition to the equivalent of dry vapor pressure (DVPE), if desired, the index can also be controlled anti-trigger (octane index).

It is yet another object of the invention to provide an additive mixture of fuel grade ethanol (b) and an additive containing oxygen (c) and optionally, the additional component (d), which is constituted by individual hydrocarbons of the C 6 fraction -C12 or mixtures thereof, said additive mixture can subsequently be used in the method of the invention, that is, added to the hydrocarbon component (a). The mixture of (b) and (c) and optionally (d) can also be used per se as fuel for modified engines, for example, non-standard gasoline engines. The additive mixture can also be used to adjust the octane number and / or to reduce the vapor pressure of a high vapor pressure hydrocarbon component.

Additional objects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following description detailed, examples and dependent claims.

Brief description of the drawings

In Fig. 1 the behavior of the equivalent of dry vapor pressure (DVPE) depending on the Ethanol content of known mixtures of ethanol and gasoline of the prior art.

In Fig. 2 the behavior of the equivalent of dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the different fuels of the present invention based on their contents of ethanol

Detailed description of the present invention

The present invention allows the use of hydrocarbon fractions of C 3 -C 12 as a hydrocarbon component (a), which include more intervals narrow within the broadest range, without restriction on the presence of saturated and unsaturated, aromatic and sulfur. In particular the hydrocarbon component can be current standard gasoline on the market, as well as other mixtures of hydrocarbons obtained in oil refining, residual gas from carbonization process of chemically recovered coal, gas Natural and synthesis gas. You can also include hydrocarbons obtained from renewable raw materials. The C 3 -C 12 fractions are usually prepared by fractional distillation or by mixing various hydrocarbons

It is important to point out, as we mentioned previously, that component (a) may contain compounds aromatic and sulfur which are both co-produced or naturally found in the hydrocarbon component.

In accordance with the method of the present invention the DVPE can be reduced for combustible mixtures containing up to 20% volume of ethanol, calculated as pure ethanol. From according to the claimed method the vapor pressure of the fuel mixture containing ethanol based on hydrocarbons is reduces by 80% of the increase in steam pressure caused by ethanol, and more preferably the vapor pressure of the mixture fuel containing ethanol based on hydrocarbons is reduced to a vapor pressure corresponding to that of the component hydrocarbon alone.

As will be evident from the examples, DVPE can be reduced if desired to an even lower level than that of Hydrocarbon component used.

According to the most preferred embodiment, the other properties of the fuel, such as the octane number, are they maintain within the required standard limits.

This is achieved by adding to the composition of engine fuel at least one organic compound containing oxygen (c) other than ethanol and component (d). The compound Organic containing oxygen allows the adjustment of (i) the equivalent of dry steam pressure, (ii) the index anti-detonating and other performance parameters of the engine fuel composition, as well as (iii) the reduction of fuel consumption and reduction of substances toxic in engine exhaust emissions. The compound that contains oxygen (c) has oxygen bound in at least one any of the following functional groups:

one

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

2

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

3

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

4

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

5

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

6

Such functional groups are present, for example, in the following classes of organic compounds and that can be used in the present invention: alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, hydroxy ketones, ketone esters, and heterocyclic with rings containing oxygen.

The fuel additive can come from a fossil based source or preferably from renewable sources, such Like biomass

The fuel additive that contains oxygen (c) It can typically be an alcohol other than ethanol. In general it they use alicyclic or aliphatic alcohols, both saturated and non-saturated saturated, preferably alkanols. More preferably they are used  alkanols of the general formula: R-OH where R is alkyl with 3 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 3-8 carbon atoms, such as propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert.butanol, n-pentanol, isopentanol, third pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, diethylcarbinol, diisopropylcarbinol, 2-ethylhexanol, 2,4,4-trimethylpentanol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol, linalool, 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol,  phenol, phenylmethanol, methylphenol, methylcyclohexanol or alcohols similar, as well as their mixtures.

Component (c) can also be a ketone alicyclic or aliphatic, both saturated and unsaturated of the General Formula

\uelm{C}{\uelm{\dpara}{O}}

--- R',R ---

 \ uelm {C} {\ uelm {\ dpara} {O}} 

--- R ',

where R and R 'are the same or different and each are hydrocarbons of C_ {1} -C_ {6}, which can also be cyclic and are preferably hydrocarbons of C_ {1} -C_ {4}. Preferred ketones have a total (R + R ') of 4 to 9 carbon atoms and include methyl ethyl ketone, methylpropyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 3-heptanone, 2-octanone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetophenone, trimethylcyclohexanone or similar ketones and their mixtures

Component (c) can also be an ether alicyclic or aliphatic, including both saturated and non-saturated ethers saturated of the general formula R-O-R 'where R and R' are equal or different and each one is a hydrocarbon group of C_ {1} -C_ {10}. In general, the lower dialkyl ethers of C 1 -C 6. The total number of carbon atoms in the ether is preferably from 6 to 10. Typical ethers include methyl-tert.amil-ether; methyl isoamyl ether, ethyl isobutyl ether, ethyl tert.butyl ether, dibutyl ether, diisobutyl ether, diisoamil ether, anisole, methylanisol, phenethol or similar ethers and mixtures thereof.

The component (c) can also be an ester alicyclic or aliphatic, including saturated and unsaturated esters of the general formula

\uelm{C}{\uelm{\dpara}{O}}

--- O --- R',R ---

 \ uelm {C} {\ uelm {\ dpara} {O}} 

--- O --- R ',

where R and R 'are the same or different. R and R 'are preferably hydrocarbon groups, more preferably alkyl groups and more preferably alkyl and phenyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Especially preferred is an ester where R is C 1 -C 4 and R 'is C 4 -C 6. Typical esters are alkyl esters of alkanoic acids, including n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, tert.butyl acetate, isobutyl propionate, isobutyl butyrate, n-amyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, isoamyl propionate, benzoate of methyl, phenyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate or similar esters and mixtures thereof. In general, it is preferred to employ an ester having 5 to 8 carbon atoms
no.

Additive (c) can simultaneously contain two oxygen-containing groups connected in the same molecule with different carbon atoms.

The additive (c) can be a hydroxy ketone. A preferred hydroxyketone has the general formula

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

7

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

where R is hydrocarbyl, and R_ {1} it is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, preferably a lower alkyl, that is, of C_ {1} -C_ {4}. In general, it prefer to use a ketol that has 4-6 atoms of carbon. Typical hydroxy ketones include 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone or similar ketoles or their mixtures

In yet another embodiment the additive for fuel (c) is a ketone ester, preferably of the General Formula:

8

where R is hydrocarbyl, preferably a lower alkyl, that is, of C_ {1} -C_ {4}.

Typical ketone esters include methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate and acetoacetate tert.butyl. Preferably, such ketone esters have 6-8 carbon atoms.

The additive (c) can also be a compound heterocyclic containing oxygen in the ring and preferably the oxygen-containing heterocycle has a ring of C_ {4} -C_ {5}. More preferably the additive Heterocyclic has a total of 5 to 8 carbon atoms. Additive It may preferably have the formula 1 or 2 as follows:

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

9

       \ vskip1.000000 \ baselineskip
    

where R is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, preferably -CH 3, and R 1 is -CH 3, or -OH, or -CH2OH, or CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 -.

A typical heterocyclic additive (c) is alcohol tetrahydrofurfuryl, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropyran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran or similar heterocyclic additives or mixtures thereof.

Component (c) can also be a mixture of any of the compounds listed above of one or more of the classes of different compounds mentioned above.

Fuel grade ethanol (b) available to be used in accordance with the present invention can be quickly identified by an expert in the field. An example of an ethanol component is ethanol that contains 99.5% of substance  principal. Any impurity included in ethanol in an amount of at least 0.5% in volume thereof and that falls within the definition of component (c) stated above, must be taken into account when determining the amount of used component (c). That is, such impurities must be included in an amount of at least 0.5% in ethanol to be taken Account as part of component (c). Any amount of water, if present in ethanol, should preferably be a amount not greater than 0.25% by volume of the fuel mixture total to meet the usual standard requirements for fuels for gasoline engines.

Thus, it can also be used, as the component ethanol in the combustible composition according to the invention, a mixture of denatured ethanol such as those supplied in the market, which contain approximately 92% ethanol, hydrocarbons and byproducts.

Unless otherwise indicated all quantities are in% by volume based on the total volume of the engine fuel composition.

Generally, ethanol (b) is used in amounts from 0.1% to 20%, typically from about 1% at 20%, preferably 3% to 15% by volume and more preferably of 5 to 10% by volume. The additive (c) containing oxygen is used generally in amounts of 0.05% to about 15% in volume, more generally from 0.1% to about 15% in volume, preferably about 3-10% by volume and more preferably from about 5 to 10% in volume.

In general the total volume of ethanol (b) and the additive containing oxygen (c) used is from 0.15 to 25% in volume, usually about 0.5 to 25% by volume, preferably about 1 to 20% by volume, more preferably from 3 to 15% by volume and most preferred from 5 to 15% by volume.

The proportion of ethanol (b) to the additive that contains oxygen (c) in the engine fuel composition it is generally from 1: 150 to 400: 1, and is more preferably from 1:10 to 10: 1.

The total oxygen content of the composition of engine fuel based on ethanol and additive oxygenated, expressed in terms of oxygen in% by weight based on The total weight of the engine fuel composition is preferably not more than about 7% by weight, more preferably not more than about 5% by weight.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention to obtain a suitable engine fuel for operation of a standard internal combustion engine with spark ignition, the hydrocarbon component mentioned above,  ethanol, and the additional component that contains oxygen is mix to obtain the following properties of the composition of resulting engine fuel:

-

density at 15 ° C and atmospheric pressure normal of not less than 690 kg / m 3;

-

oxygen content, based on the quantity of oxygen-containing components, not more than 7% in weight / weight of the engine fuel composition;

-

index anti-trigger (octane rating) not less than the anti-trigger index (octane index) of source hydrocarbon component and preferably for 0.5 (RON + MON) of not less than 80; [RON and MON are respectively the English initials of Research Octane Number and Octane Number Engine, which are the two usual methods of measuring the octane index].

-

he equivalent of dry vapor pressure (DVPE) essentially the same DVPE of the source hydrocarbon component and preferably 20 kPa at 120 kPa;

-

acid content of not more than 0.1% in HAc weight,

-

pH of 5 to 9,

-

aromatic hydrocarbon content no greater than 40% by volume, including benzene, and for benzene alone, no more than 1% by volume,

-

evaporation limits of the liquid a normal atmospheric pressure in% by volume of the source of the Engine fuel composition:

Point of initial boiling, minimum. 20ºC Volume (a 70ºC, minimum) of evaporated liquid 25% in volume Volume (at 100ºC, minimum) of liquid evaporated 50% by volume Volume (at 150ºC, minimum) of evaporated liquid 75% in volume Volume (at 190ºC, minimum) of liquid evaporated 95% by volume Residue of distillation, maximum. 2% by volume Point of final boiling, maximum. 205 ° C - Sulfur content not greater than  \ hskip2cm 50 mg / kg - Content of resins not greater than  2 mg / 100 ml

According to a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention the hydrocarbon component and ethanol should be added together, followed by the addition to the mixture of a compound or additional compounds containing oxygen. TO then the resulting engine fuel composition must preferably maintained at a temperature not less than -35 ° C, for at least about an hour. It is a characteristic of this invention that the components of the fuel composition for motor they can simply add each other to form the desired composition Stirring or supply some kind of significant mixing to form the composition.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention to obtain a motor fuel composition, suitable for operation in a standard internal combustion engine of ignition by spark and with a minimum of harmful impact for the environment, it is preferable to use component (s) that contain oxygen from raw material (s) renewable.

Component (d) is used to further decrease the vapor pressure of the fuel mixture of the components (a), (b) and (c). As component (d) a hydrocarbon can be used individual selected from a fraction C 6 -C 12 of saturated and non-saturated hydrocarbons saturated, alicyclic or aliphatic. Preferably the component hydrocarbon (d) is selected from a fraction of C_ {8} -C_ {11}. Examples of (d) are benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, isopropyl toluene, diethylbenzene, isopropyl xylene, tert.butylbenzene, tert.butyltoluene, tert.butylxylene, cyclooctadiene, cyclooctatetraeno, limonene, isooctane, isononano, isodecano, isooctene, myrcene, allocyan, tert.butylcyclohexane or hydrocarbons similar and their mixtures.

The hydrocarbon component (d) can also be a fraction that boils at 100-200ºC, obtained in the distillation of oil, bituminous carbon resin, or Synthetic gas treatment products.

As already mentioned, the invention also refers to an additive mixture consisting of the compounds (b) and (c) and, optionally also the component (d), which can subsequently be added to the hydrocarbon component (a) and it is also possible to use such fuel for a modified internal ignition combustion engine
fallen

The additive mixture preferably has a ratio of ethanol (b) to additive (c) from 1: 150 to 200: 1 by volume. According to a preferred embodiment of the additive mixture, said mixture comprises the component (c) containing oxygen in a  amount from 0.5 to 99.5% by volume, and ethanol (b) in a amount from 0.5 to 99.5% by volume, and component (d) that comprises at least one hydrocarbon of C 6 -C 12, more preferably a C 8 -C 11 hydrocarbon, in an amount of 0 to 99% by volume, preferably 0 to 90%, more preferably from 0 to 79.5%, and most preferably from 5 to 77% of the additive mixture. The additive mixture preferably has a proportion of ethanol (b) to the sum of the other additive components (c) + (d) from 1: 200 to 200: 1 by volume, more preferably a Ethanol ratio (b) to the sum (c) + (d) is 1:10 to 10: 1 in volume

The octane index of the additive mixture and said mixture be used to adjust the index of octane of component (a) to a desired level by mixing a corresponding portion of the mixture (b), (c), (d) with the component

As examples that demonstrate the effectiveness of the present invention the following compositions of engine fuel, which should not be construed as limiting of the scope of the invention, but merely illustrative of some of the preferred embodiments of the present invention.

As will be apparent to a person skilled in the technique, all combustible compositions of the following examples can of course be obtained by first preparing an additive mixture of components (b), (c) and (d), to which later you can add component (a), or vice versa. In This case may require a certain amount of mixing.

Examples

To prepare a mixed engine fuel The following components were used as components (b), (c) and (d):

-

ethanol quality fuel purchased in Sweden from Sekab and in the United States United to ADM Corp. and Williams;

-

oxygen containing compounds, individual unsubstituted hydrocarbons and mixtures purchased in Germany to Merck and in Russia to Lukoil.

-

naphtha, which is a direct distillation gasoline that contains saturated and unsaturated, alicyclic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Alkylate, which is a hydrocarbon fraction consisting almost completely in isoparaffinic hydrocarbons obtained in the alkylation of isobutene by butanol. Alkylbenzene, which is a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons obtained in the alkylation of benzene. Usually, technical grade alkylbenzene comprises ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, butylbenzene and others.

All tests of source gasolines and engine fuels containing ethanol, including those comprising the components of this invention, were made using standard ASTM methods in the SGS laboratory in Sweden and Auto Research Laboratories, Inc. in the United States.

The driving behavior test It was made in a VOLVO 240 DL car from 1987 according to the Standard test method EU2000 NEDC EC 98/69.

The descriptions of the standard Europe 2000 test (EU 2000) New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) are identical to the Standard EU Description and Driving Cycle Test Description (91/441 EEC resp. ECE-R 83/01 and 93/116 EEC). These standardized EU tests include city driving cycles and extra-urban driving cycles and require specific emission regulations to be followed. The analysis of the emission of exhaust gases is carried out with a constant volume sampling procedure and uses a flame ionization detector to determine hydrocarbons. The Exhaust Emissions Directive 91/441 EEC (Phase I) provides specific standards for CO, (HC + NO) and (PM), while the EU Fuel Consumption Directive 93/116 EEC (1996) introduces standards for consumption

The test was conducted on a 1987 VOLVO 240 DL car with a 2.30 liter, 4-cylinder B230F engine (No. LG4F20-87) that developed 83 kW at 90 revolutions / second and a torque of 185 Nm at 46 revolutions / according-
do.

       \ newpage
    

Example 1

Example 1 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the equivalent of dry steam pressure of engine fuel which contains ethanol for cases where gasoline is used with the equivalent of dry vapor pressure, in accordance with ASTM D-5191, 90 kPa as hydrocarbon base.

To prepare mixtures of this composition, they used the A92, A95 and A98 gasoline that are currently sold in the market and that are bought in Sweden to Shell, Statoil, Q80K and Preem.

Fig. No. 1 demonstrates the behavior of DVPE of engine fuel containing gasoline-based oxygen A95 winter. Engine fuels that contain ethanol, based on winter A92 and A98 and used in this example too They demonstrated similar behavior.

Source gasoline comprised hydrocarbons of C 4 -C 12 alicyclic and aliphatic, including both saturated and unsaturated.

The used winter A92 gasoline had the following specification:

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 anti-trigger index (RON + MON) = 87.7

Fuel 1-1 (disagree with the invention) contained winter A92 gasoline and ethanol and had the following properties for different contents of ethanol:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume.

DVPE = 94.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.1

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume.

DVPE = 94.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

The following different embodiments of 1-3 fuels demonstrate the possibility of adjust the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of the engine fuel, containing ethanol, based on A92 gasoline of winter.

Fuel 1-3 of the invention contained winter A92 gasoline (a), ethanol (b), additives containing oxygen (c) and hydrocarbons of C_ {6} -C_ {12} (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 79: 9: 2: 10% by volume.

The boiling point for alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.25

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: naphtha = 80 : 5: 5: 10% by volume.

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 88.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.6

A92: ethanol: tert.butanol: naphtha = 81: 5: 5 : 9% by volume.

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

The compositions of engine fuels that appear below show that it is not always necessary reduce excess DVPE of engine fuel caused by presence of ethanol at the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In In some cases it is sufficient to only adjust it to the requirements the regulations in force for the corresponding gasoline. He DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: benzene: ethylbenzene: diethylbenzene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 0.5: 3: 4% in volume.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: toluene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5% by volume.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-xylene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5% in volume.

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9.

The following compositions 1-6 demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the pressure equivalent of dry steam (DVPE) of the engine fuel, which contained ethanol, based on winter A98 gasoline.

A98 winter gasoline had the following specification:

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

Detonating Index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.35.

Comparative fuel 1-4 It contained winter A98 gasoline and ethanol and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95.5% by volume.

DVPE = 95.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 94.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

Fuel 1-6 contained winter A98 gasoline (a), ethanol (b), additives containing oxygen (c) and C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isooctane = 80: 5: 5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 82.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-isopropyl toluene = 78.2: 6.1: 6.1: 9.6% in volume.

DVPE = 81.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha = 80: 5: 5: 10% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 82.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.35

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: m-isopropyloluene = 80: 5: 5: 5: 5% in volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 82.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.25

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: naphtha = 83: 5: 5: 7% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 82.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The compositions of engine fuels that appear below show that it is not always necessary reduce excess DVPE of the engine fuel caused by the presence of ethanol at the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In In some cases, it is sufficient to only adjust it to the regulations in force for the corresponding gasoline. He DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isooctane = 85: 5: 5: 5% by volume.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha = 85: 5: 5: 5% by volume.

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl xylene = 85 : 9.5: 0.5: 5% by volume.

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

The compositions of engine fuels that appear below demonstrate that it might be necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the engine fuel caused by the presence of ethanol below the DVPE level of gasoline source. Normally this is necessary when the gasoline DVPE source is greater than the limits of current regulations for the corresponding spent gasoline. Thus, for example, it is possible to transform winter quality gasoline into gasoline Summer quality The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70  kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane: naphtha = 60: 9.5: 0.5: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 70 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: alkylate: naphtha = 60: 9.5: 0.5: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

The boiling point for alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 70 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: naphtha = 60: 9: 3: 28% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 70 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

The following fuels 1-9 and 1-10 demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the equivalent of dry steam pressure (DVPE) of the fuel for engine, which contained ethanol, based on winter A95 gasoline.

A95 winter gasoline had the following specification:

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

Detonating Index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

The analysis according to the test method EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 standard as described above showed the following results:

CO (monoxide of carbon) 2.13 g / km HC (hydrocarbons) 0.280 g / km NO_ {x} (oxides nitrogen) 0.265 g / km CO2 (dioxide carbon) 227.0 g / km (HCNM) * 0.276 g / km Fuel consumption, F_ {c}, 1/100 km 9.84 * Non-methane hydrocarbons

Comparative fuel 1-7 It contained winter A95 gasoline and ethanol and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume.

DVPE = 94.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume (called hereinafter MCR 1 (reference fuel mixture))

DVPE = 94.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

The MCR 1 analysis demonstrated the following Results compared to winter A95 gasoline:

CO -15.0% HC -7.3% NO_ {X} + 15.5% CO 2 + 2.4% HCNM * -0.5% Consumption of fuel, F_ {c}, 1/100 km + 4.7%  \ begin {minipage} [t] {145mm} The sign (-) represents a reduction in emission while (+) represents an increase in the emission \ end {minipage}

The 1-9 fuel it contained A95 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b), additives containing oxygen (c) and C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 83.7: 5: 2: 9.3% by volume

The boiling point for alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 88.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.65

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 83.7: 5: 2: 9.3% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: alkylate = 81: 5: 5: 9% by volume

The boiling point for alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: naphtha = 81 : 5: 5: 9% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

The engine fuel compositions that appear below show that it is not always necessary reduce excess DVPE of engine fuel caused by presence of ethanol up to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some cases it is sufficient to adjust this to the requirements of the regulations in force for the corresponding gasoline. Level The DVPE for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 80: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 10% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 80: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

The boiling point for alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

The engine fuel compositions that appear below demonstrate that it might be necessary to reduce the excess DVPE of the engine fuel caused by the presence of ethanol below the DVPE level of gasoline source. Normally this is necessary when the gasoline DVPE source is greater than the limits of current regulations for the corresponding gasoline. In this way, for example, it is possible transform winter quality gasoline into gasoline Summer quality The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isooctane = 60: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: naphtha = 60: 9: 1: 30% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

Fuel 1-10 contains 75% by volume of winter A95 gasoline, 9.6% by volume of ethanol, 0.4% by volume of isobutyl alcohol, 4.5% by volume of m-isopropyl-toluene and 10.5% in volume of gasoline with a boiling point of 100-200 ° C. This fuel formulation demonstrates the possibility of decreasing DVPE, increasing the octane index, decrease the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gases and decrease fuel consumption compared to the mix reference gasoline and ethanol (MCR 1). The composition Engine fuel has the following properties:

Density at 15 ° C, in accordance with ASTM D 4052 749.2 kg / m 3 Initial boiling point, okay with ASTM D 86 29ºC Vaporizable portion - 70ºC 47.6% by volume Vaporizable portion - 100ºC 55.6% by volume Vaporizable portion - 150ºC 84.2% by volume Portion vaporizable - 180ºC 97.5% by volume Point final boil 194.9 ° C Residue of evaporation 1.3% by volume Loss for evaporation 1.6% by volume Content of oxygen, conforming to ASTM D4815 3.7% weight Heartburn, according to ASTM D 1613 0.004% by weight of HAc pH, okay with ASTM D 1287 6.6 Sulfur content, of conforming to ASTM D 5453 18 mg / kg Content rubber, conforming to ASTM D381 \ hskip2.5cm one 1 mg / 100 ml Water content, according with ASTM D6304 0.03% in w / w Aromatic, of agreement with SS 155120 including benzene 30.2% in volume Benzene alone, according to EN 238 0.7% by volume DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 89.0 kPa Index 0.5 anti-detonator (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.6

The engine fuel formulation 1-10 was tested according to the test method EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 standard and the following were obtained Results, compared to winter A95 gasoline:

CO -twenty-one% HC -9% NO_ {X} +12.8 CO 2 +2.38 HCNM -6.4% Consumption of fuel, F_ {c}, 1/100 km + 3.2%

Fuel formulations 1-1 to 1-10 showed a DVPE reduced above that of motor fuels that They contained ethanol tested based on summer quality gasoline. Similar results were obtained when the compounds that contained oxygen of this invention replace the additives of Examples 1-1 to 1-10.

To prepare fuel formulations previous 1-1 to 1-10 of this engine fuel composition, the gasoline with ethanol and the additive was added to the fuel mixture which contained corresponding oxygen. Fuel composition for the engine obtained, it was then allowed to stand before the test between 1-24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35ºC. All The above formulations were prepared without the use of mixing

The effect of the reduction of the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasoline while the ethanol content in the resulting composition of 0 to 11% by volume when part of the additive was replaced contained oxygen by hydrocarbons of C_ {6} -C_ {12} (component (d)). The compositions shown below demonstrate the effect achieved by means of the invention.

A mixture of additives comprising 40% by volume of ethanol, 10% by volume of isobutanol and 50% of Isopropyl toluene with winter gasoline with DVPE not greater than 90 kPa. The various compositions obtained had the following properties.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 85 : 6: 1.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 84.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 80 : 8: 2: 10% by volume

DVPE = 84.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.1

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 86 : 5.6: 1.4: 7% by volume

DVPE = 85.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

Similar results were obtained when they used other compounds that contained oxygen and also C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbons herein invention in the proportion of the invention to prepare the mixture additive, which was then used to prepare the additive mixture that it was then used for the preparation of the gasoline containing ethanol. These gasolines completely fulfilled the requirements of the engine fuels used in standard ignition engines by spark

Example 2

Example 2 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the equivalent of dry steam pressure of engine fuel which contained ethanol for the cases in which they are used as a base hydrocarbon gasoline with a vapor pressure equivalent dry, conforming to ASTM D-5191, 70 kPa (approximately 10 psi).

To prepare the mixtures of this composition, they used gasoline A92, A95 and A98 currently sold in the market and acquired in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q80K, and Preem.

Source gasoline comprised hydrocarbons of C 4 -C 12 alicyclic and aliphatic, including saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 shows the behavior of the DVPE of engine fuel, which contained ethanol, based on gasoline A95 summer. Engine fuels, which contained ethanol, based on winter A92 and A98 gasoline, respectively, They showed similar behavior.

The following 2-3 fuels demonstrated the possibility of adjusting the pressure equivalent of dry steam (DVPE) of the engine fuel, which contained ethanol, based on summer A92 gasoline.

Summer A92 gasoline had the following properties:

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

Detonating Index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.5

2-1 comparative fuel It contained summer A92 gasoline and ethanol, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 77.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

Fuel 2-3 contained A92 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b), additives containing oxygen (c) and C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: ethanol: methyl ethyl ketone: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5 : 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isononane = 80: 9.5 : 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isodecane = 80: 9.5 : 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctene = 80: 9.5 : 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: toluene = 80 : 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropyloluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

The engine fuel compositions that appear below show that it is not always necessary reduce excess DVPE of engine fuel caused by presence of ethanol up to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some cases it is sufficient to adjust it to the requirements of the regulations in force for the corresponding gasoline. Level The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isodecane = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.85

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: tert.butylbenzene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7,% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.5

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: tert.butyl toluene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2; 0.6: 5: 2.5% in volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

The following fuels 2-6 demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the pressure equivalent of dry steam (DVPE) of the engine fuel, which contained ethanol, based on summer A98 gasoline.

Summer A98 gasoline had the following specification:

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

Detonating Index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Comparative fuel 2-4 It contained summer A98 gasoline and ethanol, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 76.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

Fuel 2-6 contained A98 Summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c) and C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbons (d) and had The following properties for the various compositions:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5 : 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: isopropanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 5: 5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

The engine fuel compositions that appear below show that it is not always necessary reduce excess DVPE of engine fuel caused by presence of ethanol up to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some cases it is sufficient to adjust it to the requirements of the regulations in force for the corresponding gasoline. Level The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 81.5: 9.5: 0.5: 8.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

A98: ethanol: tert.butanol: limonene = 86: 7: 4: 4% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The following fuels 2-9 a 2-10 demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the equivalent of dry steam pressure (DVPE) of the fuel for engine, which contained ethanol, based on summer A95 gasoline.

Summer A95 gasoline had the following specification:

DVPE = 6.5 kPa

Detonating Index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

The trials previously developed demonstrated the following results for A95 gasoline summer:

CO (monoxide of carbon) 2,198 g / km HC (hydrocarbons) 0.245 g / km NO_ {x} (oxides nitrogen) 0.222 g / km CO2 (dioxide carbon) 230.0 g / km HCNM * 0.238 g / km Fuel consumption F_ {c}, 1/100 km 9.95 * Non-methane hydrocarbons

Comparative fuel 2-7 It contained summer A95 gasoline and ethanol, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 75.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A95: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume (also hereinafter referred to as MCR 2 (fuel mixture of reference))

DVPE = 75.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.25

The MCR 2 analysis showed the following Results compared to summer A95 gasoline:

CO -9.1% HC -4.5% NO_ {x} + 7.3% CO 2 + 4.0% HCNM -4.4% Consumption of fuel, F, 1/100 km + 3.6%  \ begin {minipage} [t] {143mm} The sign - represents a reduction in the emission, while the + sign It represents an increase in emission. \ end {minipage}

Fuel 2-9 contained A95 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b), additives containing oxygen (c) and C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: ethanol: tert.pentanol: alkylbenzene = 80 : 7: 4: 9% by volume

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A95: ethanol: tert.butanol: alkylbenzene = 80 : 7: 4: 9% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A95: ethanol: propanol: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5 : 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

A95: ethanol: diethyl ketone: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: Isopropyloluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume.

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-170 ° C

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: alkylate = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-170 ° C

The boiling point for alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

The engine fuel compositions that appear below show that it is not always necessary reduce excess DVPE of engine fuel caused by presence of ethanol up to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some cases it is sufficient to adjust it to the requirements of the regulations in force for the corresponding gasoline. Level The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: cyclooctadiene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

Fuel formulation 2-10 contained 81.5% by volume of A95 gasoline from summer, 8.5% by volume of m-isopropyl toluene, 9.2% by volume of ethanol, and 0.8% by volume of isoamyl alcohol. This formulation 2-10 was tested to demonstrate how the composition of the invention maintained the pressure equivalent of dry steam (DVPE) on the same level as the source gasoline, as the octane index increased, the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust and decreased consumption of fuel compared to the MCR 2 mixture of gasoline and ethanol. Formulation 2-10 had the following specific properties:

       \ newpage
    

Density at 15 ° C, in accordance with ASTM D 4052 754.1 kg / m 3 Initial boiling point, okay with ASTM D 86 26.6 ° C Vaporizable portion - 70ºC 45.2% by volume Vaporizable portion - 100ºC 56.4% by volume Vaporizable portion - 150ºC 88.8% by volume Portion vaporizable - 180ºC 97.6% by volume Point final boil 186.3 ° C Residue of evaporation 1.6% by volume Loss for evaporation 0.1% by volume Content of oxygen, in accordance with ASTM D 4815 3.56% p / p Heartburn, according to ASTM D 1613 0.007% by weight of HAc pH, okay with ASTM D 1287 8.9 Sulfur content, of conforming to ASTM D 5453 16 mg / kg Content rubber, conforming to ASTM D 381 <1 mg / 100 ml Water content, in accordance with ASTM D 6304 0.12% w / w Aromatic, according to SS 155120 including benzene 30.3% in volume Benzene alone, according to EN 238 0.8% by volume DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 68.5 kPa Index 0.5 anti-detonator (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.7

The fuel formulation for engine 2-10 was tested according to the test method EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 as before and gave the following results in comparison (+) or (-)% with the results for the source gasoline A95 summer:

CO -0.18% HC -8.5% NO_ {x} + 5.3% CO 2 + 2.8% HCNM -9% Consumption of fuel, F_ {c}, 1/100 km + 3.1%

Fuel formulations 2-1 to 2-10 showed a DVPE reduced above that of motor fuels that They contained ethanol tested based on summer quality gasoline. Similar results were obtained when other additives that contained oxygen of the invention replaced the additives of Examples 2-1 to 2-10.

To prepare all formulations of previous fuel 2-1 to 2-10 of this engine fuel composition, it was mixed initially gasoline with ethanol, to which mixture was added to then the corresponding additive containing oxygen. The engine fuel composition obtained was then left in rest before the test between 1-24 hours at temperature not less than -35 ° C. All the above formulations They were prepared without the use of mixing equipment.

The use of an additive mixture that comprised ethanol and compounds containing oxygen other than ethanol, for the preparation of gasoline containing ethanol was carried out with summer quality gasoline. Fuel compositions appearing below demonstrate that it is possible to obtain ethanol-containing gasoline that meets the requirements standards for summer quality gasoline, including a vapor pressure not greater than 70 kPa.

Figure 2 shows the behavior of the equivalent of dry vapor pressure (DVPE) depending on the Ethanol content, when mixing summer A95 gasoline with the additive mixture 3 containing 35% by volume of ethanol, 5% in volume of isoamyl alcohol and 60% by volume of boiling naphtha at temperatures between 100-170 ° C.

Figure 2 shows that varying the content of ethanol in gasoline within the range of 0 to 20%, it is not induces an increase in vapor pressure for these compositions greater than the requirements of the employers for the DVPE of the Summer quality gasoline, which is 70kPa.

Similar behavior of DVPE was observed for summer gasoline A92 and A98 mixed with a mixture additive comprising 35% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of isoamyl alcohol, and 60% by volume of naphtha boiling at 100-170 ° C.

The ratio between ethanol and the compound that it contained oxygen other than ethanol in the additive mixture, which used for the preparation of gasoline containing ethanol is of a substantial importance. The ratio between the components of the additive established by the present invention allows adjusting the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasoline in a wide range

Similar results were obtained when they used other compounds that contained oxygen (c) and also C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbons of this invention, in the proportion established by this invention for prepare the additive mixture, which was then used for preparation of gasoline containing ethanol. These gasolines Fully met the requirements of engine fuels used in standard spark ignition engines.

In addition, the additive mixture comprising ethanol and the oxygen-containing compound of the present invention other than of ethanol, in the proportion of the present invention, can be used as an independent fuel for engines adapted for Run with ethanol.

Example 3

Example 3 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the equivalent of dry steam pressure of engine fuel which contained ethanol in the cases in which they are used, as the base hydrocarbon, gasoline with dry vapor pressure equivalent conforming to ASTM D-5191 48 kPa (approximately 7 psi).

To prepare mixtures of this composition, they used A92, A95, and A98 summer lead-free gasoline that met US standards, and purchased in the United States with brands  Phillips J Base Fuel, Union Clear Base and Indolene.

The source gasolines included hydrocarbons of C 5 -C 12 {alicyclic and aliphatic, which They included both saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 shows the behavior of the equivalent of dry steam pressure of engine fuel, containing ethanol, based on summer quality A92 gasoline from USA Engine fuels, which contained ethanol, based on  US summer A95 and A98 gasoline, respectively, They showed similar behavior. A92 summer gasoline had The following specification:

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 anti-trigger index (RON + MON) = 87.7

Fuel 3-1 contained A92 US summer gasoline, and ethanol and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 55.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 55.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

Fuel 3-3 contained US summer A92 gasoline (a), ethanol (b); additives that they contained oxygen (c) and hydrocarbons of C_ {6} -C_ {12} (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume.

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: m-isopropyl toluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume.

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% in volume.

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

The compositions of engine fuels that appear below show that it is not always necessary reduce excess DVPE of engine fuel caused by presence of ethanol up to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some cases it is sufficient to adjust it to the requirements of the regulations in force for the corresponding gasoline. Level of the DVPE for US summer quality gasoline it's 7 psi, the which corresponds to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha = 76: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 14.4% by volume.

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha: isooctane = 76: 9.2; 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 4% in volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha: m-isopropyl toluene = 77: 9.2 : 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 3% by volume.

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

The following fuels demonstrate the possibility to adjust the equivalent of dry steam pressure (DVPE) of engine fuel containing ethanol, based on the US summer A98 gasoline

U.S. A98 gasoline I had the following specification:

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 anti-trigger index (RON + MON) = 92.2

3-4 comparative fuel It contained US summer A98 gasoline. and ethanol and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 56.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 55.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

Fuel 3-6 contained US summer A98 gasoline (a), ethanol (b), additives that they contained oxygen (c) and hydrocarbons of C_ {6} -C_ {12} (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume.

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% in volume.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: m-isopropyl toluene = 75.5: 9.2: 0.3 : 0.1: 14.9% by volume.

DVPE = 47.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.4

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 8.4: 7% in volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha: m-isopropyl toluene = 75: 9.2 : 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 5% by volume.

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 48.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha: alkylate = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7.9: 7.5% in volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

The boiling point for alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The following fuels demonstrated the possibility to adjust the equivalent of dry steam pressure (DVPE) of engine fuel, containing ethanol, based on A95 US summer gasoline

A95 US summer gasoline had the following specification:

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 anti-trigger index (RON + MON) = 90.9

A95 US summer gasoline It was used as reference fuel for tests performed according with the EU2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test cycle in a Volvo car 240 DL of 1987, with a B230F engine of 2.32 liters and 4 cylinders (No. LG4F20-87), which developed 83 kW at 90 revolutions / second and a torque of 185 Nm to 46 revolutions / second.

The test performed as before demonstrated the Following results for US summer A95 gasoline:

CO (monoxide of carbon) 2.406 g / km HC (hydrocarbons) 0.356 g / km NO_ {x} (oxides nitrogen) 0.278 g / km CO2 (dioxide carbon) 232.6 g / km HCNM * 0.258 g / km Fuel consumption, F_ {c}, 1/100 km 9.93 * Non-methane hydrocarbons

3-7 comparative fuel It contained US summer A95 gasoline. and ethanol and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: ethanol: = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 55.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.5

A95: ethanol: = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 54.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

The mix trials reference gasoline-alcohol (MCR 3) that comprised 90% by volume of summer quality A95 gasoline of USA and 10% by volume of ethanol made in a Volvo car 240 DL of 1987 with 2.30 liter B230F engine and 4 cylinders (No. LG4F20-87), according to standard test method EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 demonstrated the following results, compared to US summer A95 gasoline:

CO -12.5% HC -4.8% NO_ {x} + 2.3% CO 2 + 3.7% HCNM * -4.0% Consumption of fuel, F, 1/100 km + 3.1%  \ begin {minipage} [t] {130mm} "-" represents a reduction in the emission, while "+" an increase in the issue. \ end {minipage}

Fuel 3-9 contained US summer A95 gasoline (a), ethanol (b), additives that they contained oxygen (c) and hydrocarbons of C_ {6} -C_ {12} (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% in volume

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: m-isopropyl toluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: cyclooctatetraen = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 by volume

DVPE = 46.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran : Alocimeno = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 by volume

DVPE = 46.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

The compositions of engine fuels that appear below show that it is not always necessary reduce excess DVPE of engine fuel caused by presence of ethanol up to the DVPE level of the source gasoline. In some cases it is sufficient to adjust it to the requirements of the regulations in force for the corresponding gasoline. Level of the DVPE for US summer quality gasoline it's 7 psi, the which corresponds to 48.28 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha = 76.5: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7 by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha: isooctane = 76.5: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7: 6.9% in volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: m-isopropyl toluene = 77: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 13.4% by volume

DVPE: 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

Fuel formulation 3-10 contained 76% by volume of A95 gasoline from US summer 9.2% by volume of ethanol, 0.25% by volume of isoamyl alcohol, 0.05% by volume of isobutyl alcohol, 11.5% in volume of gasoline with a boiling point of 100-200 ° C and 3% by volume of isopropyl toluene. The formulation 3-10 was tested to demonstrate how the invention allows the production of gasoline containing ethanol which fully meets the requirements of current standards, first for the DVPE level and also for the other parameters. The same time this gasoline ensures a decrease in toxic emissions in the exhaust and a decrease in fuel consumption compared to the CMR 3 summer A95 source gasoline mix from the USA with 10% ethanol. The formulation 3-10 It had the following specific properties:

Density at 15 ° C, in accordance with ASTM D 4052 774.9 kg / m 3 Initial boiling point, okay with ASTM D 86 36.1 ° C Vaporizable portion - 70ºC 33.6% by volume Vaporizable portion - 100ºC 50.8% by volume Vaporizable portion - 150ºC 86.1% by volume Portion vaporizable - 180ºC 97.0% by volume Point final boil 204.8 ° C Residue of evaporation 1.5% by volume Loss for evaporation 1.5% by volume Content of oxygen, in accordance with ASTM D 4815 3.37% p / p Heartburn, according to ASTM D 1613 0.007% by weight of HAc pH, okay with ASTM D 1287 7.58 Sulfur content, in accordance with ASTM D 5453 47 mg / kg Rubber content, in accordance with ASTM D 381 2.8 mg / 100 ml Water content, of conforming to ASTM D 6304 0.02% w / w

(Continuation)

Aromatic, of agreement with SS 155120 including benzene 31.2% in volume Benzene alone, according to EN 238 0.7% by volume DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 48.0 kPa Index 0.5 anti-detonator (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.2

The engine fuel formulation 3-10 was tested in a 1987 Volvo 240 DL car with a 2.30 liter 4-cylinder B230F engine (No. LG4F20-87), according to the test method EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 standard as before and gave the following results, compared (+) or (-)% with the results of the A95 summer US gasoline source:

CO -15.1% HC -5.6% NO_ {x} + 0.5% CO 2 unchanged HCNM -4.5% Consumption of fuel, F_ {c}, 1/100 km unchanged

Similar results were obtained when others compounds containing oxygen replaced the compounds that They contained tested oxygen.

To prepare all formulations of previous fuel, summer gasoline was initially mixed from the USA with ethanol, to which mixture was then added the corresponding additive containing oxygen. The composition of obtained engine fuel was allowed to stand before analyzing between 1-24 hours at a temperature not less than -35 ° C. All of the above formulations were prepared without use of mixing devices.

The possibility of using the mixture was established additive comprising ethanol and oxygen containing compounds other than ethanol, also to adjust the vapor pressure of engine fuels containing ethanol used in engines internal combustion standards for spark ignition, based on Summer quality gasoline that meets US standards The addition of C 8 -C 12 hydrocarbons to the composition of the additive mixture increased pressure efficiency of steam, reducing the impact of the additive on the excess of vapor pressure caused by the presence of ethanol in the gasoline.

Figure 2 shows the behavior of the equivalent of dry vapor pressure (DVPE) depending on the Ethanol content of summer A92 gasoline blends of USA and additive mixture 4 containing 35% by volume of ethanol, 1% by volume of isoamyl alcohol, 0.2% by volume of isobutanol, 43.8% by volume of naphtha boiling at temperatures between 100-170 ° C, and 20% of isopropyl toluene.

Figure 2 demonstrates that the use of this additive mixture in the formulation of the gasoline it contains Ethanol, allows the reduction of more than 100% of the vapor pressure in excess caused by the presence of ethanol.

Similar DVPE results were obtained for A95 and A98 summer quality US gasoline, mixed with the additive mixture composed of 35% by volume of ethanol, 1% in volume of isoamyl alcohol, 0.2% by volume of isobutanol, 43.8% in volume of naphtha that boils at temperatures between 100-170 ° C, and 20% by volume of isopropyl toluene.

Similar results were obtained when they used other compounds that contained oxygen and hydrocarbons of C 6 -C 12 of this invention, in the proportion established by this invention to formulate the mixture additive, which was then used for the preparation of gasoline that contained ethanol. These gasolines fully comply with requirements for fuels used in standard engines of internal combustion of spark ignition.

In addition, the additive mixture comprising ethanol, the compound containing oxygen other than ethanol e C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbons in the proportion and composition of the present invention, can be used as independent engine fuel in engines adapted to Run with ethanol.

Example 4

Example 4 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the equivalent of dry steam pressure of engine fuel containing ethanol, for cases in which the base Hydrocarbon fuel is a non-standard gasoline with a equivalent of dry steam pressure in accordance with ASTM D-5191 of 110 kPa (approximately 16 psi).

To prepare mixtures of this composition, they used lead-free A92, A95 and A98 winter gasoline acquired in Sweden to Shell, Statoil, Q80K and Preem and condensate gas (GC) acquired in Russia from Gazprom.

The hydrocarbon component (CHC) for Engine fuel compositions were prepared by mixing approximately 85% by volume of gasoline A92, A95 or A98 of winter with approximately 15% by volume of liquid condensed gas hydrocarbon (GC).

To prepare the hydrocarbon component (CHC) for combustible formulations 4-1 a 4-10 of this engine fuel composition approximately 85% by volume of A92, A95 or A98 winter gasoline with the hydrocarbon liquid of condensed gas (GC). The hydrocarbon component (CHC) obtained it was then allowed to stand for 24 hours. The resulting gasoline contained hydrocarbons of C 3 -C 12 alicyclic and aliphatic, including both saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 demonstrates the behavior of DVPE of engine fuel, which contained ethanol, based on gasoline A98 winter and condensate gas. The engine fuel, which it contained ethanol, based on winter A92 and A98 gasoline and condensed gas (GC) demonstrated similar behavior.

Gasoline comprising 85% by volume of A92 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of condensed gas (GC) It had the following properties:

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

Detonating Index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.9

The comparative fuel 4-1 it contained winter A92 gasoline, condensate gas (GC) and ethanol and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% in volume

DVPE = 115.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.4

A92: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% in volume

DVPE = 115.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

Fuel 4-3 contained A92 winter gasoline, condensate gas (GC), ethanol, the additive which contained oxygen and hydrocarbons of C_ {6} -C_ {12} and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropylbenzene = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A92: GC: ethanol: tert.butyl ethyl ether: naphtha = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamil-methyl ether: toluene = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5:  10% by volume

DVPE 107.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

The fuel compositions that appear at then demonstrate that the invention allows the reduction of DVPE in excess of non-standard gasoline, up to the level of corresponding standard gasoline. The gasoline A92 DVPE of Standard winter is 90 kPa.

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

The boiling point for alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: ethylbenzene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5 15: 10% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isopropyloluene = 55: 10: 9.5 0.5: 20: 5% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

The following compositions demonstrated the possibility to adjust the equivalent of dry steam pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel blends, which contained ethanol, based on approximately 85% by volume of A98 gasoline winter and approximately 15% by volume of condensed gas.

Gasoline containing 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of condensed gas (GC) It had the following specification:

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

Detonating Index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

The comparative fuel 4-4 It contained winter A98 gasoline, condensate gas (GC) and ethanol, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% in volume

DVPE = 115.3 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 93.1

A98: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% in volume

DVPE = 114.8 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 94.0

Fuel 4-6 contained winter A98 gasoline, condensate gas, ethanol, additives that they contained oxygen and hydrocarbons of C_ {6} -C_ {12} and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha = 68: 12: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 10% in volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 107.4 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 93.8

A98: GC: ethanol: ethyl isobutyl ether: myrcene = 72: 13: 9.5: 0.5:  5% by volume

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 93.6

A98: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 68: 12: 5: 5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 102.5 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 93.5

The engine fuel compositions that appear below demonstrate that the invention allows DVPE reduction in excess of non-standard gasoline until DVPE level of the corresponding standard gasoline. The DVPE of The standard winter A98 gasoline is 90.0 kPa.

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

The boiling point for alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 94.0

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isopropylbenzene = 55: 10: 9.5 0.5: 15: 10% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 89.6 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 94.2

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropyloluene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5 by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 94.1

The following compositions demonstrated the possibility to adjust the equivalent of dry steam pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel blends, which contained ethanol, based on approximately 85% by volume of A95 gasoline from winter and approximately 15% by volume of condensed gas.

Gasoline containing 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of condensed gas (GC) It had the following specification:

DVPE = 109.5 kPa

0.5 anti-trigger index (RON + MON) = 90.2

The hydrocarbon component (CHC) that comprised 85% by volume of winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) was used as reference fuel for the evaluation as described above and gave the following results:

CO 2,033 g / km HC 0.299 g / km NO_ {x} 0.299 g / km CO 2 229.5 g / km HCNM 0.255 g / km Fuel consumption, F_ {c}, 1/100 km 9.89

Fuel 4-7 contained A95 winter gasoline, condensate gas (GC) and ethanol and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% in volume

DVPE = 115.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% in volume

DVPE = 114.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The reference fuel mixture (MCR 4) that comprised 80.75% of winter A95 gasoline, 14.25% of gas condensate (GC) and 5% ethanol was tested as described previously and gave the following results in comparison (+) or (-)% with the results for gasoline containing 85% by volume of winter A95 gasoline and 15% by volume of condensed gas (GC).

CO -6.98% HC -7.3% NO_ {x} + 12.1% CO 2 + 1.1% HCNM -5.3% Consumption of fuel, F_ {c}, 1/100 km + 2.62%

Fuel 4-9 contained winter A95 gasoline, condensate gas (GC), ethanol, additives that they contained oxygen and hydrocarbons of C_ {6} -C_ {12} and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alcohol isobutyl: naphtha = 68: 12: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 10% in volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 107.0 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 92.1

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: cyclooctatetraen = 72: 13: 9.5: 0.5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 92.6

The engine fuel compositions that appear below demonstrate that the invention allows reduction of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) in excess of non-standard gasoline, up to the level of gasoline corresponding standard. The standard A95 gasoline DVPE Winter is 90.0 kPa.

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

The boiling point for alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 92.4

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: tert.butylxylene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 20: 5% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 92.5

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropylbenzene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 100-200ºC

       \ newpage
    

DVPE = 89.9 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 92.2

4-10 engine fuel contained 55% by volume of winter A95 gasoline, 10% by volume of condensed gas (GC), 5% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of tert.butanol, 20% by volume of naphtha with a boiling point of 100-200 ° C and 5% by volume of isopropyl toluene. The formulation 4-10 was tested to demonstrate how the invention allows the formulation of gasoline containing ethanol that fully meets the current standard requirements, first with respect to the limit of the pressure equivalent of dry steam and also for the other fuel parameters, even when the source hydrocarbon component (CHC) had a DVPE considerably higher than standard requirements. The same time this gasoline containing ethanol lowers the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gases and decreases the consumption of fuel compared to the MCR 4 mixture described above. The formulation 4-10 had the following properties specific:

Density at 15 ° C, in accordance with ASTM D 4052 698.6 kg / m 3 Initial boiling point, okay with ASTM D 86 20.5 ° C Vaporizable portion - 70ºC 47.0% Vaporizable portion - 100ºC 65.2% Vaporizable portion - 150ºC 92.4% Vaporizable portion - 180ºC 97.3% Boiling point final 189.9 ° C Residue of evaporation 0.5% by volume Loss for evaporation 1.1% by volume Content of oxygen, in accordance with ASTM D 4815 3.2% p / p Heartburn, according to ASTM D 1613 0.001% by weight of HAc pH, okay with ASTM D 1287 7.0 Sulfur content, of conforming to ASTM D 5453 18 mg / kg Content rubber, conforming to ASTM D 381 2 mg / 100 ml Water content, in accordance with ASTM D 6304 0.01% w / w Aromatic, according to SS 155120 including benzene 30.9% in volume Benzene alone, according to EN 238 0.7% by volume DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 90.0 kPa Index 0.5 anti-detonator (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.3

The engine fuel formulation 4-10 was tested as before and gave following results compared (+) or (-)% with the results for engine fuel comprising 85% by volume of A95 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of condensate gas:

CO -14.0% HC -8.6% NO_ {x} unchanged CO 2 + 1.0% HCNM -6.7% Consume of fuel, F_ {c}, 1/100 km + 2.0%

Similar results were obtained when others oxygen-containing additives of the invention replaced the oxygen containing additives of examples 4-1 to 4-10.

To prepare all formulations of previous fuel 4-1 to 4-10 of this engine fuel composition, it was mixed initially the hydrocarbon component (CHC) which is a mixture of winter gasoline and condensed gas (GC), with ethanol, at whose mixture was then added the oxygen containing additive corresponding and C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbons. The engine fuel composition obtained was then left in rest before the test between 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not less than -35 ° C. All the above formulations were prepared Without the use of mixing device.

The fuel formulations of the invention demonstrated the possibility of adjusting the vapor pressure of the engine fuels containing ethanol for engines internal combustion standards for spark ignition based on Non-standard gasoline that had a high vapor pressure.

Example 5

Example 5 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the equivalent of dry steam pressure of the engine fuel containing ethanol, for cases where the hydrocarbon base of the fuel is a reformulated gasoline with an equivalent of dry steam pressure in accordance with ASTM D-5191 of 27.5 kPa (approximately 4
psi).

To prepare mixtures of this composition, they used reformulated unleaded gasoline purchased in Sweden from Preem and in Russia to Lukoil, and the petroleum benzine acquired from Merck in Germany.

The hydrocarbon component (CHC) for Engine fuel compositions were prepared by mixing approximately 85% by volume of gasoline A92, A95 or A98 of winter with approximately 15% by volume of liquid condensed gas hydrocarbon (GC).

The source gasolines included hydrocarbons of C 6 -C 12 alicyclic and aliphatic, including saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 demonstrates the behavior of DVPE of engine fuel containing ethanol, based on the reformulated A92 gasoline and petroleum benzine. Similary behavior was observed in the engine fuel it contained ethanol, based on reformulated A95 and A98 gasoline, and benzine of oil

It should be noted that the addition of ethanol to the reformulated gasoline causes a greater increase in the pressure of steam compared to the addition of ethanol to gasoline standard.

Gasoline containing 80% by volume of reformulated A92 gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum benzine (BP) had the following properties:

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

Detonating Index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 85.5

Comparative fuel 5-1 it contained reformulated A92 gasoline, petroleum benzine (BP) and ethanol and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: BP: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% by volume

DVPE = 36.5 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 89.0

A92: BP: ethanol: = 72: 18: 10% in volume

DVPE = 36.0 kPa

0.5 (MON + RON) = 90.7

Fuel 5-3 contained reformulated A92 gasoline, petroleum benzine (BP), ethanol, additives containing oxygen and also hydrocarbons of C_ {8} -C_ {12} and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: BP: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 140-200ºC

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: BP: ethanol: n-butanol: naphtha: xylene = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 7.5: 7.5 by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 140-200ºC

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A92: BP: ethanol: alcohol tetrahydrofurfuryl: isopropylbenzene = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15% in volume

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

The fuel compositions that appear at They show the possibility of adjusting the equivalent of dry vapor pressure of ethanol-based gasolines in reformulated A98 gasoline and petroleum benzine (BP).

Engine fuel containing 80% in volume of reformulated A98 gasoline and 20% by volume of gasoline of Petroleum (BP) had the following properties:

DVPE = 27.3 kPa

0.5 anti-trigger index (RON + MON) = 88.0

The 5-4 comparison fuel it contained reformulated A98 gasoline, petroleum benzine (BP) and ethanol and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: BP: ethanol: 76: 19: 5% by volume

DVPE = 36.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A98: BP: ethanol: 72: 18: 10% by volume

DVPE = 35.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Fuel 5-6 contained reformulated A98 gasoline, petroleum benzine (BP), ethanol, additives containing oxygen, hydrocarbons of C_ {8} -C_ {12} and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: BP: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 140-200ºC

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A98: BP: ethanol: linalool: allocyan = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15% by volume

DVPE = 26.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: BP: ethanol: methylcyclohexanol: limonene = 60: 15: 9.5: 1: 14.5% by volume

DVPE = 25.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

The engine fuel compositions that appear below demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the equivalent of dry vapor pressure of the fuel mixture that it contained ethanol based on approximately 80% by volume of reformulated A95 gasoline and approximately 20% by volume of benzine of oil (BP). Gasoline containing 80% by volume of reformulated A95 gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum benzine (BP) had the following properties:

DVPE = 27.6 kPa

0.5 anti-trigger index (RON + MON) = 86.3

The hydrocarbon component (CHC) it contained 80% by volume of reformulated gasoline and 20% by volume of benzine Petroleum (BP) was used as reference fuel for testing in a 1987 Volvo 240 DL car with a 2.32 B230F engine liters and 4 cylinders (No. LG4F20-87), according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test method and gave the following results:

       \ newpage
    

CO 2,631 g / km HC 0,348 g / km NO_ {x} 0.313 g / km CO 2 235.1 g / km HCNM 0.308 g / km Fuel consumption, F_ {c}, 1/100 km 10.68

Fuel 5-7 contained reformulated A95 gasoline, petroleum benzine (BP) and ethanol and had The following properties for the various compositions:

A95: BP: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% by volume

DVPE = 36.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A95: BP: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% by volume

DVPE = 36.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

The reference fuel mixture (MCR 5) that it contained 72% by volume of reformulated A95 gasoline, 18% by volume of petroleum benzine (BP) and 10 by volume of ethanol was tested in a 1987 Volvo 240 DL car with a 2.32 B230F engine liters and 4 cylinders (No. LG4F20-87), according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test method as above and gave the following results in comparison (+) or (-)% with Results for gasoline containing 80% by volume of gasoline A95 reformulated and 20% by volume of petroleum benzine (BP):

CO -4.8% HC -1.3% NO_ {x} + 26.3% CO 2 + 4.4% HCNM -0.6% Consumption of fuel, F_ {c}, 1/100 km + 5.7%

Fuel 5-9 contained reformulated A95 gasoline, petroleum benzine (BP), ethanol, additives containing oxygen and hydrocarbons of C_ {8} -C_ {12} and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: BP: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume

The boiling point for gasoline is 140-200ºC

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

A95: BP: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol : tert.butylcyclohexane = 60: 15 9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume

DVPE = 26.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.7

A95: BP: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-hydroxytetrahydropyran : isopropyl toluene = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume

DVPE = 26.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

5-10 engine fuel it contained 60% by volume of reformulated A95 gasoline, 15% by volume of petroleum benzine (BP), 10% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran and 10% in volume of isopropyloluene. Formulation 5-10 analyzed to demonstrate how the invention allows formulation of gasoline containing ethanol with a low vapor pressure, where the presence in the ethanol engine fuel composition does not induce an increase in the equivalent of dry steam pressure, in comparison with the hydrocarbon component (CHC) source. Further, this gasoline ensures a decrease in toxic emissions in exhaust gas and a decrease in fuel consumption in comparison with the previous MCR 5 mixture. Formulation 5-10 had the following properties specific:

Density at 15 ° C, in accordance with ASTM D 4052 764.6 kg / m 3 Initial boiling point, okay with ASTM D 86 48.9 ° C Vaporizable portion - 70ºC 25.3% by volume Vaporizable portion - 100ºC 50.8% by volume Vaporizable portion - 150ºC 76.5% by volume Portion vaporizable - 180ºC 95.6% by volume Point final boil 204.5 ° C Residue of evaporation 1.4% by volume Loss for evaporation 0.5% by volume Content of oxygen, in accordance with ASTM D 4815 4.6% p / p Heartburn, according to ASTM D 1613 0.08% by weight of HAc pH, okay with ASTM D 1287 7.5 Sulfur content, of conforming to ASTM D 5453 39 mg / kg Content rubber, conforming to ASTM D 381 1.5 mg / 100 ml Water content, in accordance with ASTM D 6304 0.1% w / w Aromatic, according to SS 155120 including benzene 38% in volume Benzene alone, according to EN 238 0.4% by volume DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 27.2 kPa Index 0.5 anti-detonator (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 91.8

The engine fuel formulation 5-10 was tested as described above and gave the following results in comparison (+) or (-)% with engine fuel results containing 80% by volume of reformulated A95 gasoline and 20% by volume of benzine Petroleum:

CO -12.3% HC -6.2% NO_ {x} unchanged CO 2 + 2.6% HCNM -6.4% Consumption of fuel, F_ {c}, 1/100 km + 3.7%

Similar results were obtained when others additives of the invention containing oxygen replace those oxygen containing additives of examples 5-1 to 5-10.

To prepare all formulations of previous 5-1 to 5-10 fuel of this engine fuel composition was initially mixed the hydrocarbon component (CHC) which is a mixture of gasoline reformulated and petroleum benzine (BP) with ethanol, whose mixture is subsequently added the corresponding additive containing oxygen and C 8 -C 12 hydrocarbons. The engine fuel composition obtained was then left in rest before the test between 1-24 hours at temperature not less than -35 ° C. All the above formulations They were prepared without the use of mixing device.

The invention demonstrated the possibility of adjusting the vapor pressure of the motor fuels they contained ethanol for standard internal combustion ignition engines by spark based on non-standard gasoline that had a low vapor pressure.

Figure 2 shows the behavior of the equivalent of dry vapor pressure (DVPE) when the hydrocarbon component (CHC) containing 80% by volume of reformulated A92 gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum benzine, with the additive mixture 5 containing oxygen, which comprised 40% in volume of ethanol, 20% by volume of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone, and 20% by volume of gasoline with a boiling point 130-170ºC and 20% by volume of tert.butyl toluene. The graph shows that the use of the additive of this invention allowed to obtain gasoline that they contained ethanol, whose vapor pressure did not exceed the pressure of steam of the hydrocarbon component (CHC) source.

Similar behavior of DVPE was demonstrated when the previous additive containing oxygen was mixed with the hydrocarbon component (CHC) containing 20% by volume of petroleum benzine and 80% by volume of gasoline A95 or A98 reformulated

Similar results were obtained when they used other compounds that contained oxygen and hydrocarbons of C 8 -C 12 of the present invention in the proportion of the invention to formulate the additive containing oxygen, which was then used for the preparation of gasoline that contained ethanol.

These gasolines had a pressure equivalent dry steam (DVPE) not greater than component DVPE hydrocarbon (CHC) source. At the same time the index anti-detonating of all gasoline containing Ethanol prepared according to the invention, was greater than that of hydrocarbon component (CHC) source.

The present description and examples of Preferred embodiments of this invention should be taken as illustrative rather than limiting of the present invention, such as defined by the claims. How it will be easily appreciated, numerous variations and combinations of the characteristics set forth above without departing from this invention as set forth in the claims. Should It is understood that all modifications are included in the scope of the following claims.

Claims (9)

1. A method of reducing the vapor pressure of an engine fuel mixture based on a C 3 -C 12 hydrocarbon for internal combustion engines with spark ignition, containing 0.1 to 20% by volume of ethanol, not more than 0.25% by weight of water according to ASTM D 6304, and not more than 7% by weight of oxygen according to ASTM D 4815, at least 80% of the increase in vapor pressure caused by ethanol, and more preferably at the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon component of C 3 -C 12 (a) alone, where in addition to the hydrocarbon component of C 3 -C 12 (a) and an ethanol component (b), an oxygen-containing component (c) is present in the fuel mixture in an amount from 0.05 to 15% by volume of the total volume of the fuel mixture;
selecting component (c) of at least one of the following types of compounds:

-

alkanol having 3 to 10 atoms of carbon;

-

ether dialkyl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms;

-

ketone which has 4 to 9 carbon atoms;

-

ester alkanoic acid alkyl having 5 to 8 atoms of carbon;

-

hydroxyketone having 4 to 6 atoms carbon;

-

ester of alkanoic acid ketone, which has 5 to 8 atoms of carbon;

-

heterocyclic compound containing oxygen selected from the following: alcohol tetrahydrofurfuryl, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropyran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran, and their mixtures, and

where it is present in the mixture fuel a component (d) selected from at least one C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbon, in an amount such that the ratio (b): ((c) + (d)) is 1: 200 to 200: 1 in volume. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the oxygen-containing component (c) and component (d) are added to the ethanol component (b), whose mixture of (c), (b) and (d) is subsequently added to the hydrocarbon component (a). 3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the ethanol component (b) is added to the hydrocarbon component (a), to which mixture of (b) and (a) the oxygen-containing component (c) is added, thus obtaining a mixture of (a), (b) and (c), to which component (d) is added. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydrocarbon component of C 3 -C 12 (a) is selected from the group consisting of non-reformulated standard type gasoline, a hydrocarbon liquid of the petroleum refining, a liquid Natural gas hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon liquid of a carbonization waste gas with recovery of chemical products, a hydrocarbon from the synthesis gas treatment, or mixtures thereof, with a standard non-reformulated gasoline being preferred. 5. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fuel composition obtained shows the following characteristics:

(i)

a density at 15 ° C, in accordance with ASTM D 4052, of at least 690 kg / m 3;

(ii)

an equivalent of dry steam pressure, okay with ASTM D 5191, from 20 kPa to 120 kPa;

(iii)

an acid content, according to ASTM D 161.3, not more than 0.1% by weight of HAc;

(iv)

a pH, according to ASTM D 1287, from 5 to 9;

(v)

an aromatic content, according to SS 155120, not greater than 40% by volume, where benzene is present in quantities, according to EN 238, not more than 1% in volume;

(saw)

a sulfur content, in accordance with ASTM D 5453, not more than 50 mg / kg;

(vii)

a rubber content, according to ASTM D 381, no greater than 2 mg / 100 ml;

(viii)

distillation properties, in accordance with ASTM D 86, where the initial boiling point is at least 20 ° C; a vaporizable portion at 70 ° C is at least 25% by volume; a portion vaporizable at 100 ° C is at least 50% by volume; a portion vaporizable at 150 ° C is at least 75% by volume; a portion vaporizable at 190 ° C is at least 95% by volume; an end point of boiling no greater than 205 ° C; and an evaporation residue no greater that 2% by volume; Y

(ix)

an anti-detonating index 0.5 (RON + MON), in accordance with ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D2700-86, of at least 80,

6. The method of any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydrocarbon component (d) is selected from benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, isopropyl toluene, diethylbenzene, isopropyl xylene, tert.butylbenzene, tert.butyl toluene, tert.butylxylene cyclooctadiene, cyclooctatetraen, limonene, isooctane, isononane, isodecane, isooctene, myrcene, allocyan, tert.butylcyclohexane or similar hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof. 7. The method of any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydrocarbon component (d) is selected from a C 6 -C 11 fraction, 8. The method of any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydrocarbon component (d) is selected from a boiling fraction at 100-200 ° C, obtained in the distillation of petroleum, bituminous carbonaceous resin, or synthesis gas treatment products. 9. The method of any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the ratio of (b): ((c) + (d)) is 1:10 to 10: 1 by volume.