SK12222002A3 - Method of reducing the vapour pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels for spark ignition combustion engines - Google Patents

Abstract

Method of reducing the vapour pressure of a C3 to C12 hydrocarbon-based motor fuel mixture containing 0.1 to 20 % by volume of ethanol for conventional spark ignition internal combustion engines, wherein, in addition to an ethanol component (b) and a C3 to C12 hydrocarbon component (a), an oxygen-containing additive (c) selected from at least one of the following types of compounds: alcohol other than ethanol, ketone, ether, ester, hydroxy ketone, ketone ester, and a heterocyclic containing oxygen, is used in the fuel mixture in an amount of at least 0.05 by volume of the total fuel, is disclosed. A mixture of fuel grade ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c) usable in the method of the invention is also disclosed. <IMAGE>

Description

The present invention relates to motor fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of a fuel composition comprising liquid hydrocarbons and ethanol using oxygen-containing additives. The ethanol and dry vapor pressure equivalent modifiers (DVPE) used to obtain the fuel composition are preferably obtained from renewable raw materials. By means of the process according to the invention, it is possible to obtain motor fuels containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol which meet the standard requirements for spark-ignition internal combustion engines operating on petrol.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Petrol is the main fuel for internal combustion engines with spark ignition. Extensive use of petrol results in environmental pollution. Combustion of gasoline derived from oil or natural gas disturbs the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and causes a greenhouse effect. Oil stocks continue to decline, with some countries already facing oil shortages.

The growing interest in environmental protection, stricter requirements regulating the content of harmful components in exhaust emissions and the lack of oil forces the industry to urgently develop alternative fuels that burn cleaner.

The existing global inventory of vehicles and machines operating with spark-ignition internal combustion engines does not currently allow the complete elimination of gasoline as motor fuel.

993 / B

r. crree • · yyyy C • 7 C ^y - C

The task of creating alternative fuels for spark-ignition internal combustion engines has existed for a long time and a number of attempts have been made to use renewable sources to obtain components of motor fuel.

U.S. Pat. No. 2,365,009, issued in 1944, describes a combination of C1-5 alcohols and C3-hydrocarbons for use as a fuel. U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,250, issued in 1989, suggests the use of limonene derived from citrus and other plants as a motor fuel or as a component in gasoline blends. U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,486, issued in 1997, discloses novel motor fuel additives containing terpenes, aliphatic hydrocarbons and lower alcohols.

At present, tert-butyl ethers are widely used as gasoline components. Motor fuels containing tert-butyl ethers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,233, issued in 1984. The major part of these ethers is obtained from oil by refining, but can also be produced from renewable sources.

Ethanol is the most promising product for use as a component of motor fuel in gasoline blends. Ethanol is obtained from the processing of a renewable raw material, known generically as biomass, which in turn is produced from carbon dioxide under the influence of solar energy.

The combustion of ethanol produces considerably less harmful substances compared to the combustion of gasoline. However, the use of motor fuel containing mainly ethanol requires specially designed engines. At the same time, spark-ignition internal combustion engines, normally operated on petrol, may be operated with a motor fuel comprising a gasoline mixture and no more than about 10% ethanol by volume. Such a mixture of gasoline and ethanol is currently sold in the United States as gazohol. At the same time, European petrol regulations allow the addition of up to 5% ethanol by volume to petrol.

The main drawback of ethanol-gasoline mixtures is that for mixtures containing up to about 20% ethanol by volume, the equivalent of dry vapor pressure increases compared to the gasoline source.

993 / B f f Γ Ο c r. about

O c o ** c · ». · R c r r.

CC c r c e C r r

C r-C C f-r f U O

CC i ·

C r f, <I r O r (.

C ι Γ c i- r. * 'c <- r FIG. 1 shows the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content of mixtures of ethanol and A92 summer gasoline and A95 summer and winter gasoline at 37.8 ° C. Petrol known as A92 and A95 are standard gasoline purchased at gas stations in the United States and Sweden. A92 comes from the United States and A95 comes from Sweden. The ethanol used was fuel grade ethanol manufactured by Williams, USA. The dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of the mixtures was determined according to ASTM D5191 at SGS laboratory in Stockholm, Sweden.

As regards the range of ethanol concentrations by volume between 5 and 10%, which is of particular interest as regards use as motor fuel for standard spark ignition internal combustion engines, the figures in FIG. 1 show that the DVPE of gasoline / ethanol blends can exceed the DVPE of the gasoline source by more than 10%. Since industrial oil companies normally supply the market with gasoline that is already at the maximum permitted DVPE, which is strictly defined by current regulations, adding ethanol to such currently available gasoline in the trading network is not possible.

It is known that DVPE blends of gasoline and ethanol can be treated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,356, issued May 14, 1991, proposes to reform gasoline by removing both volatile and non-volatile components from C4-C12 gasoline to obtain either intermediate C ₆ -C 8 or C ₆ -C _{10 O} gasoline. Such fuels are said to facilitate the addition of alcohol to the present gasoline better because of their lower dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE). A disadvantage of this method of treating DVPE blends of gasoline and ethanol is that in order to obtain such a blend, it is necessary to produce specially reformed gasoline which adversely affects the chain of sale and results in increased motor fuel prices. Also, such gasolines and their blends with ethanol have a higher ignition point temperature that impairs their performance.

It is also known that some chemicals reduce DVPE when added to gasoline or a mixture thereof with ethanol. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,756, issued July 18, 1995, discloses chemically pure combustion promoting compounds containing, in addition to gasoline, ketones, nitroparaffins, as well as alcohols

993 / B ľ r c o e n c '

K <er r. rrc ^r r ti r other than ethanol. It is noted that the catalytic pure combustion promoter composition described in this patent reduces DVPE gasoline fuel. There is nothing in this patent about the impact of a pure combustion promoter composition on DVPE blends of petrol and ethanol.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,295, issued November 18, 1997, provides a chemical compound as an additive to gasoline or as a fuel for standard gasoline engines. According to the invention, an alcohol-based fuel additive is proposed. The fuel additive comprises from 20 to 70% alcohol, from 2.5 to 20% ketone and ether, from 0.03 to 20% aliphatic and silicon compounds, from 5 to 20% toluene and from 4 to 45% white spirit. The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. It is stated in this patent that the additive improves the quality of the gasoline and particularly reduces the DVPE. The disadvantages of this method of treating DVPE motor fuel are that large amounts of additive are required, not less than 15% by volume of the mixture, and that the use of silicon compounds that produce silicon dioxide upon combustion results in increased engine wear.

WO 97/43 356 describes a method for reducing the vapor pressure of a hydrocarbon-alcohol mixture by adding it to a hydrocarbon-alcohol co-solvent mixture. Also disclosed is a fuel composition for spark ignition internal combustion engines comprising a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon component of C ₅ -C ₈ alkanes substantially free of olefins, aromatics, benzene and sulfur, wherein the hydrocarbon component of ASTM D2699 and D2700 has a minimum an anti-knock index of 65 and, according to ASTM D5191, a maximum DVPE of 103.35 kPa; fuel quality alcohol; and a cosolvent for the hydrocarbon component and the alcohol in which the components of the fuel composition are present in an amount selected to provide a motor fuel with a minimum anti-knock index of 87 and a maximum DVPE of 103.35 kPa. The co-solvent used is biomass-derived 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran (MTHF) and other heterocyclic ethers such as pyranes and oxepanes, with MTHF being preferred.

993 / B r c • • r. ¢. r r * - A e c

r. r CC e r r c n r c c c G c c p. C r, r

The disadvantages of this method of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent with a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons and ethanol are as follows:

(1) it is only necessary to use the hydrocarbon components Cs-Cg, which are straight chain or branched alkanes, (i) free of such unsaturated compounds as olefins, benzene and other aromatics, (ii) free of sulfur and as follows from the description of the invention, (iii) the hydrocarbon component is a condensate of gas from coal gasification or natural gas;

(2) only one specific class of oxygen-containing chemical compounds should be used as a co-solvent for the hydrocarbon component and ethanol; namely ethers, including short chain ethers and heterocyclic ethers;

(3) large quantities of ethanol, not less than 25%, should be used in the fuel;

(4) large amounts of co-solvent, not less than 20%, of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran should be used; and (5) a spark-ignition internal combustion engine is required when operating with such a fuel mixture, and in particular the Software in the control computer or the control computer itself must be changed.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method by which the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art can be overcome. It is a first object of the present invention to provide a method for reducing the vapor pressure of a C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon fuel mixture containing up to 20% ethanol by volume for conventional gasoline engines with a vapor pressure not greater than C 3 -C 12 hydrocarbons alone or at least standard requirements for petrol fuel.

993 / B • r * r * **, c * 5. β λ o r, c c g cr, r r r.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The above object of the present invention is achieved by the method of the preamble of claim 1, characterized in that an oxygen-containing additive selected from at least one of the following types of compounds: alcohol other than ethanol, ketone, ether, ester, hydroxyketone, ketone ester and heterocyclic compound The oxygen-containing content of the fuel mixture is used in an amount of at least 0.05% by volume, based on the total fuel mixture.

In the present invention, it has been found that specific types of compounds having oxygen-containing groups surprisingly reduce the vapor pressure of the gasoline-ethanol mixture.

This effect can unexpectedly be further enhanced by special C ₆ C ₁₂ hydrocarbon compounds.

The authors have also found that the octane number of the resulting hydrocarbon-based fuel mixture can surprisingly be maintained or even increased by using the oxygen component of the present invention.

According to the present method up to about 20% by volume of fuel grade ethanol (b) may be used in the total fuel compositions. These oxygen-containing additives (c) can be obtained from renewable raw materials, and said hydrocarbon component (a) can be, for example, any standard gasoline (which need not be reformed) and optionally contain aromatic fractions and sulfur as well as hydrocarbons obtained from renewable raw materials.

By the method of the present invention, fuels can be prepared for standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines, and these fuels allow such engines to exhibit the same maximum power as when operating on standard gasoline currently marketed. By using the method of the present invention, it is also possible to achieve a reduction in the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gases and to reduce fuel consumption.

993 / B c c c c r

According to one aspect of the present invention, in addition to the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE), the anti-knock index (octane number) may also be desirable.

Yet another object is to provide an additive mixture of fuel grade ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and optionally other components (d) that are individual hydrocarbons from the C ₆ -C ₁₂ fraction or mixtures thereof, which additive mixture may subsequently used in the inventive process, ie to add to the hydrocarbon component (a). Mixtures (b) and (c) and optionally (d) may also be used alone as a fuel for modified engines, ie a non-standard type of gasoline engine. The additive composition may also be used to adjust the octane number and / or reduce the vapor pressure of the high vapor pressure hydrocarbon component.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention are apparent from the following detailed description, examples, and dependent claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In FIG. 1 shows the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content of the ethanol-gasoline blends of the prior art.

In FIG. 2 shows the DVPE behavior of the various fuels of the present invention as a function of their ethanol content.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following is a detailed description of the present invention.

The present method allows the use of C3-C1 ₂ hydrocarbon fractions as hydrocarbon component (a), including narrower ranges within this broader range, without limitation to the presence of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatics and sulfur. In particular, the hydrocarbon component may be standard gasoline currently marketed, as well as other blends

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c r r

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of hydrocarbons obtained in the refining of crude oil, waste gas from chemical treatment of wastes in coking coal, natural gas and synthesis gas. Hydrocarbons derived from renewable raw materials may also be included. The C ₃ -C ₁₂ fractions are usually prepared by fractional distillation or blending of various hydrocarbons.

Importantly, and as mentioned above, component (a) may contain aromatics and sulfur which are either co-produced or naturally present in the hydrocarbon component.

According to the method of the present invention, the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) equivalent can be reduced for fuel mixtures containing up to 20% ethanol by volume, calculated as pure ethanol. According to a preferred embodiment, the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon-based fuel mixture containing ethanol is reduced by 50%, with the ethanol-induced vapor increase, more preferably 80% and even more preferably, the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon-based fuel mixture containing ethanol is reduced to a vapor pressure the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon component itself and / or the vapor pressure according to any standard requirement for gasoline sold on the merchant network.

As is evident from the examples, the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) can be reduced, if desired, to a level even lower than the pressure level of the hydrocarbon component used.

Most preferably, other fuel properties, such as an octane number, have been maintained within the required limits of the standard.

This is achieved by adding at least one oxygen-containing organic compound (c) other than ethanol to the motor fuel mixture. Oxygen-containing organic compound allows treatment of:

(i) dry vapor pressure equivalent; (ii) anti-knock index and other operating parameters of the motor fuel composition, as well as

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r. · T · r y r 9 r 9 y. O e t ,. n 9. 9, -r · r r Γ · 9 r ~ (iii) reduction of fuel consumption and reduction of toxic substances in engine exhaust emissions.

The oxygen-containing compound (c) contains oxygen bonds in at least one of the following functional groups:

-C-O-H

-c-c-o-co

II - c-o-cO H H II I I

-c-c-οι I.

'H O- H

OHO

II I II)

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H

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Such functional groups are present, for example, in the following classes of organic compounds which may be used in the present invention: alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, hydroxy ketones, ketone esters and heterocyclic compounds with oxygen-containing rings.

The fuel additive may be obtained from fossil sources or preferably from renewable sources such as biomass.

The oxygen-containing fuel additive (c) can usually be an alcohol other than ethanol. In general, aliphatic or alicyclic alcohols, both saturated and unsaturated, preferably alkanols, are used. More preferably, alkanols of the general formula are used

R-OH where:

993 / B e ·

R is alkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 3 to 8 carbon atoms such as propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, npentanol, isopentanol, tert-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol , diethylcarbinol, diisopropylcarbinol, 2-ethylhexanol, 2,4,4-trimethylpentanol, 2,6-dimethyl-4heptanol, linalool, 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol, phenol, phenylmethanol, methylphenol, methylcyclohexanol or similar alcohols, as well as mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be an aliphatic or alicyclic ketone, saturated or unsaturated, of the general formula:

ABOUT

II

R-C-R 'where:

R and R 'are the same or different and are each a CpCg-hydrocarbon, which may also be cyclic, and are preferably C1-C4 hydrocarbons.

Preferred ketones have a sum (R + R ') of from 4 to 9 carbon atoms and include methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 3-heptanone,

2-octanone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetophenone, trimethylcyclohexanone or similar ketones or mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be an aliphatic or alicyclic ether, including both saturated and unsaturated ethers of the general formula:

R-O-R 'in which:

R and R 'are identical or different and are each a C 1 -C 4 hydrocarbyl group.

Generally, lower (C 1 -C ₆ ) dialkyl ethers are preferred. The total number of carbon atoms in the ether is preferably from 6 to 10. Typical ethers include methyl tert-amyl ether, methyl isoamyl ether, ethyl isobutyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, dibutyl ether, diisobutyl ether, diisoamyl ether, anisole, methylanisole, phenetol or the like ethers and mixtures thereof.

993 / B c c c c c c - c.

r n

Component (c) may further be an aliphatic or alicyclic ester, including both saturated and unsaturated esters of the general formula:

ABOUT

II

R-C-O-R 'where:

R and R 'are the same or different and are preferably hydrocarbon groups, more preferably alkyl groups, and most preferably alkyl and phenyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Especially preferred is an ester wherein R is CrC ₄ and R 'is C ₄ -C ₆ .

Typical esters are alkyl esters of alkanoic acids, including n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, isobutyl propionate, isobutyl isobutyrate, n-amyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, isoamyl propionate, methylbenzoate, phenyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate or similar esters and mixtures thereof. It is generally preferred to use an ester having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms.

Additive (c) may simultaneously contain two oxygen-containing groups linked in the same molecule to different carbon atoms.

Additive (c) may be a hydroxyketone. A preferred hydroxyketone has the general formula:

Ri HR ¹¹ i

R - C - C - C - R or R - C - C - R ₍

II

H-0 HO O O - H where:

R is a hydrocarbon residue, and

R, is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical, preferably lower alkyl, i.e. (C _r C _4).

993 / B. c e c r c r c r c c c r c r o r c r

ŕ Γ r r r r

It is generally preferred to use a ketol having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms. Typical hydroxyketones include 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone or similar ketols or mixtures thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the fuel additive (c) is a ketone ester, preferably of the formula;

H

I

R-C-C-C-O-R

II I II OHO where:

R is a hydrocarbon radical, preferably lower alkyl, i. (C 1 -C 4).

I

Typical ketone esters include methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate and tert-butyl acetoacetate. Preferably, such ketone esters have from 6 to 8 carbon atoms.

Additive (c) may also be an oxygen in the ring containing the heterocyclic compound, and preferably the oxygen-containing heterocycle has a C4-C5 ring. More preferably, the heterocyclic additive has a total of from 5 to 8 carbon atoms. The additive may preferably have the general formula (1) or (2) below:

R Ri

R 1 / R 1 / R-C C-R

1 (1)

R-C.

/

C- R \ where:

R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical, preferably -CH 3, and R 1 is hydrogen; is CH 3 or -OH, or -CH ₂ OH or CH ₃ CO ₂ CH ₂ -.

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O p r r C Γ C β Γ.

c ^r C C. rz

Typical heterocyclic additives (c) are tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofuryl acetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropyran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran or similar heterocyclic additives or mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be a mixture of any of the compounds of one or more of the above-mentioned different classes of compounds listed above.

Suitable fuel grade ethanol (b) for use in the present invention can be readily identified by those skilled in the art. A suitable example of the ethanol component is ethanol containing 99.5% of the main substance. Any impurities contained in ethanol in an amount of at least 0,5% by volume and falling within the definition of component (c) above should be taken into account when determining the quantity of component (c) used. That is, such impurities must be included in an amount of at least 0.5% in ethanol to be considered as part of component (c). Any water, if present in ethanol, should preferably be no more than about 0.25% by volume of the total fuel mixture to meet the current required fuel standards for gasoline engines.

Thus, a denatured ethanol blend as marketed containing about 92% ethanol, hydrocarbons and by-products can also be used as an ethanol component in the fuel composition of the present invention.

Unless otherwise indicated, all amounts are in% by volume based on the total volume of the engine fuel composition.

Generally, ethanol (b) is used in amounts of from 0.1 to 20% by volume, usually from about 1 to 20% by volume, preferably from 3 to 15% by volume, and more preferably from about 5 to 10% by volume. The oxygen-containing additive (c) is generally used in amounts of from 0.05 to about 15% by volume, more generally from 0.1 to about 15% by volume, preferably from about 3 to 10% by volume, and most preferably from about 5 to 10% by volume.

Generally, the total volume of ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) used is from 0.15 to 25% by volume, normally from about 0.5 to

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% By volume, preferably from about 1 to 20% by volume, more preferably from 3 to 15% by volume, and most preferably from 5 to 15% by volume.

Thus, the ratio of ethanol (b) to oxygen-containing additive (c) in the motor fuel composition is generally from 1: 150 to 400: 1, and more preferably from 1: 10 to 10: 1.

The total oxygen content of the motor fuel composition relative to ethanol and the oxygen additive, expressed in% oxygen by weight relative to the total weight of the motor fuel composition, is preferably not greater than about 7% by weight, more preferably not greater than about 5% by weight.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, to obtain a motor fuel suitable for operating a standard spark ignition internal combustion engine, the aforementioned hydrocarbon component, ethanol and an additional oxygen-containing component are mixed to obtain the following properties of the resulting motor fuel composition:

a density at 15 ° C and at normal atmospheric pressure not less than 690 kg / m ³ ;

an oxygen content, based on an amount of oxygen-containing components of not more than 7% w / w of the motor fuel composition;

an anti-knock index (octane number) not less than the anti-knock index (octane number) of the original hydrocarbon component, and preferably for 0.5 (RON + MON) not less than 80;

the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) substantially equal to that of the original hydrocarbon component and preferably from 20 kPa to 120 kPa; an acid content of not more than 0,1% by weight of acetic acid (HAc); pH from 5 to 9;

an aromatic hydrocarbon content of not more than 40% vol, including benzene and, for benzene alone, not more than 1% vol;

993 / B Evaporative limits at normal atmospheric pressure in% of the original volume of the motor fuel composition:

re r f rr n r r n r n r r <r

C r Cr c o r c · -> r r. c 'C' r

r. (: c

initial boiling point, min. Deň: 18 ° C Evaporated liquid volume (at 70 ° C, min.) 25% vol Evaporated liquid volume (at 100 ° C, min.) 50% vol Evaporated liquid volume (at 150 ° C, min.) 75% vol Evaporated liquid volume (at 190 ° C, min.) 95% vol distillation residue, max. 2% vol final boiling point, max. 205 ° C sulfur content not more than 50 mg / kg - a resin content not exceeding 2 mg / 100 ml.

According to a preferred embodiment of the process of the invention, the hydrocarbon component and the ethanol may be added together, followed by the addition of an additional oxygen-containing compound or compounds to the mixture. Then, the resulting motor fuel composition should be maintained at a temperature of not less than -35 ° C for at least about one hour. An essential feature of the present invention is that the components of the motor fuel composition can only be added to each other to form the desired composition. Generally, it is not required to agitate or otherwise provide any significant mixing to form the composition.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to obtain a motor fuel composition suitable for operating a standard spark-ignition internal combustion engine with minimal harmful environmental impact, it is preferred to use an oxygen-containing component (s) derived from renewable raw material (s).

993 / B f 'e

r · c c r f r · c e c

Optionally, component (d) may be used to further reduce the vapor pressure of the fuel composition of components (a), (b) and (c). Individual hydrocarbons selected from C ₆ -C 12 aliphatic or alicyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons may be used as component (d). Preferably, the hydrocarbon component (d) is selected from C ₈ -C ₁₁ fraction. Suitable examples of component (d) are benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, isopropyltoluene, diethylbenzene, isopropylxylene, tert -butylbenzene, tert -butyltoluene, tert -butylxylene, cyclooctadiene, cyclooctatetraane, limonecone, isonodone, iso-dodecane, iso-dodecane, isooctene, myrcene, alocymene, tert-butylcyclohexane or the like, and mixtures thereof.

The hydrocarbon component (d) may also be a fraction boiling at 100 to 200 ° C, obtained by distillation of petroleum, bituminous coal resins or synthesis gas processing products.

As already mentioned, the present invention further relates to an additive mixture consisting of components (b) and (c), and optionally also component (d), which can be gradually added to the hydrocarbon component (a) and can also be used as fuels for a modified spark - ignition internal combustion engine.

The additive mixture preferably has a ratio of ethanol (b) to additive (c) of from 1: 150 to 200: 1 by volume. According to a preferred embodiment of the additive composition, said composition comprises oxygen-containing component (c) in an amount of from 0.5 to 99.5% by volume, and ethanol (b) in an amount of from 0.5 to 99.5% by volume, and the component (d) comprising at least one C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbon, more preferably _C8 hydrocarbon, -CN, in an amount of 0 to 99% by volume, preferably from 0 to 90% by volume, more preferably from 0 to 79.5%, and most preferably from 5 to 77% additive mixture. The additive composition preferably has a ratio of ethanol (b) to the sum of other additive components (c) + (d) of 1: 200 to 200: 1 by volume, more preferably the ratio of ethanol (b) to the sum of components (c) + (d) of 1 : 10 to 10: 1 by volume.

The octane number of the additive mixture can be determined and the mixture can be used to adjust the octane number of component (a) to the desired level by mixing the appropriate proportion of mixture (b), (c) and (d) to component (a).

993 / B

Γ Γ Γ Γ

CC Γ fenre <· nc _c e r. r, rr

e. c c c f. f c c c r y r y c n o

The following motor fuel compositions are presented as examples demonstrating the efficacy of the present invention, which are not designed to limit the scope of the invention but merely provide an explanation of some of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention.

As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, all fuel compositions of the following examples may certainly also be obtained by first preparing an additive mixture of components (b) and (c) and optionally (d), which mixture may then be added to component (a) or vice versa. . In this case, some degree of mixing may be required.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For the preparation of mixed motor fuel the following components (b), (c) and (d) shall be used:

fuel quality ethanol purchased in Sweden from Sekab and in the US from ADM Corp. and Williams;

oxygen-containing compounds, individual unsubstituted hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof purchased in Germany from Merck and Russia from Lukoil;

a mixture of hydrocarbons that is a primary naphtha naphtha containing aliphatic and alicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkylate, which is a hydrocarbon fraction, consisting almost entirely of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons and obtained by alkylating isobutene with butanol. Alkylbenzene, which is a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, is obtained in the alkylation of benzene. Technical grade alkylbenzene usually contains ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, butylbenzene and others.

All tests of gasoline and ethanol-containing motor fuel sources, including fuels of the present invention, are conducted using standard ASTM methodologies at SGS in Sweden and at Auto Research Laboratories, Inc., USA.

993 / B

Operability test is carried out on VOLVO 240DL from

1987 according to the EU 2000 standard test methodology NEDC EC 98/69.

The descriptions of the standard European 2000 (EU 2000) New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test are identical to the standard descriptions of the EU / ECE tests and operating cycle (91/441 EEC, ECE-R 83/01 and 93/116 EEC respectively). ). These standardized EU tests cover urban and off-site cycles and require specific emissions regulations. Exhaust emission analysis shall be performed using a constant volume sampling method and a flame ionisation detector shall be used to determine the hydrocarbon. The exhaust gas directive 91/441 EEC (Phase I) provides specific standards for CO (HC + NO) and (PM), while the EU fuel directive 93/116 EEC (1996) sets consumption standards.

The tests shall be carried out on a 1987 VOLVO 240DL with a B230F, 4-cylinder, 2,32-liter (No LG4F20-87) engine developing 83 kW at a speed of 90 per second and a torque of 185 Nm at a speed of 46 per second .

Example 1

Example 1 illustrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol containing motor fuel for cases where gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent according to ASTM D-5191 of 90 kPa (about 13 pounds per square inch) was used as the hydrocarbon base.

A92, A95 and A98 winter gasoline, which are currently marketed and purchased in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem, are used to prepare the compositions of this composition.

Fig. 1 shows the behavior of DVPE ethanol containing motor fuel based on A95 winter gasoline. Ethanol containing motor fuel based on A92 and A98 winter gasoline used in this example also exhibits similar behavior.

993 / B r <* r Ο e

The naphtha contains aliphatic and alicyclic C4-C12 hydrocarbons, including both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The A92 winter gasoline used has the following specification:

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.7.

Fuel 1-1 (not according to the invention) contains A92 winter gasoline and ethanol and has the following properties for different ethanol contents:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 94.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.1. A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 94.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

The following different embodiments of fuels 1-2 and 1-3 show options for adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel based on A92 winter gasoline.

The inventive fuel 1-2 comprises winter gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen

I containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88,5: 4,5: 7% by volume DVPE = 89,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

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A92: ethanol: isoamyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 88.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: ethanol: diacetone alcohol = 88.5: 4.5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.65

A92: ethanol: ethyl acetoacetate = 90.5: 2.5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.8

A92: ethanol: isoamyl propionate = 87.5: 5.5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 88.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

The motor fuel blends below show that the excess DVPE of motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: 3-heptanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

993 / B e C ¾

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A92: ethanol: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol = 85: 8,5: 6,5% by volume DVPE = 90,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.25

The inventive fuel 1-3 contains winter gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c) and hydrocarbons C6-C12 (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 79: 9: 2: 10% v / v The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.25

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: hydrocarbon mixture = 80: 5: 5: 10% v / v The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 88.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.6

A92: ethanol: tert-butanol: hydrocarbon mixture = 81: 5: 5: 9% v / v The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

993 / B

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: benzene: ethylbenzene: diethylbenzene = 82,5: 9,5: 0,5: 0,5: 3: 4% by volume

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: toluene = 82,5: 9,5: 0,5: 7,5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-xylene = 82,5: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6:

7,5% vol

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

The following compositions 1-5 and 1-6 show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol containing motor fuel based on A98 winter gasoline.

993 / B • * r c c r. ·· r c r <· e ·. r e r ·

Winter gasoline A98 has the following specification:

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.35

Comparative fuel 1-4 containing A98 winter gasoline and ethanol has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% (v / v)

DVPE = 95.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 94.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

Fuel 1-5 contains winter gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 84: 9: 7% by volume DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol; tert-butyl acetate = 84: 9: 7 v / v

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

993 / B e e

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A98: ethanol: benzyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.05

A98: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume DVPE = 88.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

A98: ethanol: diethyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

I

A98: ethanol: methyl (propyl) ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0 kPa

A98: ethanol: methyl (isobutyl) ketone = 85: 7,5: 7,5% by volume DVPE = 89,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.65

A98: ethanol: 3-heptanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

993 / B

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The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A98: ethanol: methyl (isobutyl) ketone = 85: 8: 7% by volume DVPE = 90,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.7

A98: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 85: 8.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: methylphenol = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.05

Fuel 1-6 contains winter gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isooctane = 80: 5: 5: 10% v / v DVPE = 82,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

993 / B r r c f

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 78,2: 6,1: 6,1: 9,6% v / v

DVPE = 81.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture = 80: 5: 5: 10% v / v The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100 to 200 ° C.

DVPE = 82.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.35

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: m-isopropyltoluene = 80: 5: 5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 82.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.25

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: hydrocarbon mixture = 83: 5: 5: 7% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 82.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline.

993 / B e r r '· • · c • r r <p

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In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isooctane -85: 5: 5: 5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3 <c u r

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture = 85: 5: 5: 5% by volume The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100 to 200 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropylxylene = 85: 9.5: 0.5: 5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that it may be necessary to reduce the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol below the DVPE level of the original gasoline. Normally, this is required when the original gasoline DVPE is higher than the limits set by the applicable gasoline regulations. In this way, for example, it is possible to transform winter gasoline into summer gasoline. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 9,5: 0,5: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

993 / B β r <c <9 9 rt C r c c <f f ŕ 'C f

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol; isobutanol: alkylate: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 9.5: 0.5: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: ethanol; tert-butyl acetate: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 9: 3: 28% v / v

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

The following fuels 1-8, 1-9 and 1-10 show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol containing motor fuel based on A95 winter gasoline.

Winter gasoline A95 has the following specifications:

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

The EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Standard Test Method as described above shows the following results:

993 / B

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.13 g / km HC (hydrocarbons) 0.280 g / km NO _X (nitrogen oxides) 0.265 g / km CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) 227.0 g / km NMHC * 0.276 g / km Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km 9.84

non - methane hydrocarbons

Comparative fuel 1-7 contains A95 winter gasoline and ethanol and has the following characteristics for different compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 94.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol = 90: 10% v / v

DVPE = 94.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

The reference fuel test (RFM 1) shows the following results compared to A95 winter gasoline:

CO -.15,0%

HC - 7.3%

NO _X + 15.5%

CO ₂ + 2.4%

NMHC * -0.5%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 4.7%

993 / B fp r- C rcr · rrfrrc C fepic · f no r · · · · · · ^c fcrrrr. crrrf · * f ,, - ,, represents emission reduction, while "+" represents emission increase.

The inventive fuel 1-8 contains winter gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: diisoamyl ether = 86: 8: 6% v / v

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.85

A95: ethanol: isoamyl propionate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.35

A95: ethanol: isoamyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.25

A95: ethanol: 2-octanone = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

993 / B r t r c r t r PC f r r r c c A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A95: ethanol: diisoamyl ether = 87: 9: 4% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: ethanol: isoamyl acetate = 88: 7: 5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 88: 7: 5% by volume DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

993 / B r r f

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Fuel 1-9 contains winter gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

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A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 83.7: 5: 2: 9.3% v / v The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 88.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.65

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 83,7: 5: 2: 9,3%

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixtures is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: alkylate = 81: 5: 5: 9 v / v

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: hydrocarbon mixture = 81: 5: 5: 9% v / v The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

993 / B

f. f r c r y r t r y r t c y r ccc r c c

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The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 80: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6: 10% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

I

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 80; 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa 0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that it may be necessary to reduce the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the engine

The fuel produced by the presence of ethanol is below the DVPE level of the original gasoline.

Normally this is required when the original gasoline DVPE is higher than the limits under the applicable gasoline regulations. In this way, for example, it is possible to convert winter gasoline to summer gasoline. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isooctane = 60:

9.2: 0.2: 0.6; 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 9: 1; 30% vol

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

Fuel 1-10 contains 75% by volume of A95 winter gasoline, 9.6% by volume of ethanol, 0.4% by volume of isobutyl alcohol, 4.5% by volume of misopropyltoluene and 10.5% by volume of a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling in the range of 100-200 ° C. This fuel formulation shows the possibility of lowering the DVPE, increasing the octane number, reducing the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas, and reducing fuel consumption compared to the reference gasoline / ethanol (RFM 1) mixture. The motor fuel composition has the following characteristics:

density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052 initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 evaporable fraction - 70 ° C

749.2 kg / m ° C

47,6% vol

993 / B rce "rrree <cre t- rc ^r fcrt '-, r ·' rerrrrr f. rfc evaporable fraction - 100 ° C evaporable fraction - 150 ° C evaporable fraction - 180 ° C final boiling point evaporation loss evaporation oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 acidity, according to ASTM D 1613,% acetic acid (HAc) pH, according to ASTM D 1287 sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 gum content, according to ASTM D 381 water content, according to ASTM D 6304 weight / weight aromatics, according to ASTM SS 155120, including benzene benzene alone, according to EN 238

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86

55.6% by volume 84.2% by volume 97.5% by volume 194.9 ° C

1,3% vol

1.6% vol

3.7% w / w

0,004

6.6 mg / kg mg / 100 ml

0,03%

30,2% vol. 0,7% vol. 89,0 kPa

92.6

The 1-10 engine fuel formulation is tested according to the EU 2000 NEDC 98/69 Standard Test Methodology and gives the following results compared to A95 winter gasoline:

993 / B rr r e t e

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WHAT - 21% HC -9% NO _X + 12,8% CO ₂ + 2.38% NMHC - 6,4% Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 3,2%

Fuel formulations 1-1 to 1-10 show a reduced dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) equivalent to the ethanol fuel-based motor fuels tested. Similar results are obtained when the additives of Examples 1-1 to 1-10 are replaced with other oxygen-containing compounds of the invention.

To prepare the above fuel formulations 1-1 to 1-10 of this motor fuel blend composition, the gasoline is initially mixed with ethanol and the corresponding oxygen-containing additive is added to the fuel mixture. The obtained motor fuel composition is then allowed to stand between 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35 ° C prior to the test. All of the above formulations are prepared without the use of any mixing devices.

This confirms the possibility of using an additive mixture containing an oxygen-containing additive other than ethanol (c) and ethanol (b) for the preparation of ethanol-containing motor fuels for standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines meeting standard gasoline requirements, such as vapor pressure and anti-knock stability.

The fuel compositions below show such a possibility.

A mixture containing 50% ethanol and 50% isoamyl alcohol is mixed in various proportions with winter gasoline, the equivalent of which is the dry vapor pressure

993 / B (DVPE) does not exceed 90 kPa. All resulting mixtures have a DVPE not higher than that required by the winter gasoline regulations, namely 90 kPa.

c r. c. r e t e r i * <· r> p c r

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 87: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.15

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 86: 7.0; 7.0% vol

DVPE = 89.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 7.5; 7,5% vol

DVPE = 86.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

Fig. 2 shows the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content when mixing additive mixture 2, which contains 33.3% ethanol and 66.7% tert-pentanol, with A95 winter gasoline. Fig. 2 shows that different values of ethanol content in gasoline ranging from 0 to 11% do not cause an increase in vapor pressure for these blends above the requirements of the DVPE standards of winter gasoline, which is 90 kPa.

Similar dry vapor pressure equivalent behavior (DVPE) is observed for A92 and A98 winter gasoline mixed with an additive mixture containing 33.3% ethanol by volume and 66.7% tert-pentanol by volume.

The effect of reducing the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasoline in increasing the ethanol content of the resulting mixture from 0 to 11% by volume is also observed when part of the oxygen-containing additive is replaced by C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (component

993 / B r f c c c c e e c c r r r r • • • • • • • ** ** ** d d d d d d d (d)). The compositions below show the result obtained by the methods of the invention.

The additive mixture containing 40% by volume of ethanol, 10% by volume of isobutanol and 50% by volume of isopropyltoluene is mixed with winter gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) not higher than 90 kPa. The various compositions obtained have the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyltoluene = 85: 6: 1.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 84.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyltoluene = 80: 8: 2: 10% v / v

DVPE = 84.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.1

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyltoluene = 86: 5,6: 1,4: 7% by volume

DVPE = 85.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

Similar results are obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds as well as the C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons of the present invention are used in the ratio of the present invention to prepare the additive mixture, and the mixture is then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline. These gasoline fully meet the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark ignition internal combustion engines.

993 / B e r r c • e • ·

Example 2

Example 2 shows the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol-containing motor fuel for cases where gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent according to ASTM D 5191 of 70 kPa (about 10 pounds per square inch) is used as the hydrocarbon base.

A92, A95 and A98 summer gasoline, currently marketed and purchased in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem, are used to prepare blends of this composition.

The naphtha contains aliphatic and alicyclic C4-C12 hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Fig. 1 illustrates the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel based on A95 summer gasoline. Ethanol-based motor fuels based on A92 and A98 winter gasoline, respectively, show similar behavior.

The following fuels 2-2 and 2-3 show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of motor fuel containing ethanol based on A92 summer petrol.

A92 petrol has the following features:

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.5.

The comparative fuel 2-1 contains A92 summer petrol and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 77.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

993 / B r r f. r- r • r r r c e e <r p e p'c r.

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

Fuel 2-2 contains A92 (a) summer gasoline, ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 69.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: ethanol: isobutanol = 80: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: diethylcarbinol = 85: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 69.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85.5: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

993 / B e r c r.

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ether = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 68.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A92: ethanol: di (n-butyl) ester = 85: 8: 7 v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.5

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.5

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient if DVPE is brought into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol = 87.5: 10: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: ethanol: di (n-butyl) ether = 85: 9: 6 v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.2

993 / B e r. o r • *

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4 c c.

Fuel 2-3 contains summer gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol: methyl (ethyl) ketone: isooctane = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isononane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isodecane = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume DVPE = 68,5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

993 / B c o <C f c r r y r

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% v / v The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: toluene = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropyltoluene = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

993 / B

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The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess equivalent of the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isodecane = 82,5: 9,5: 0,5: 7,5% by volume of DVPE = 70,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.85

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: tert-butylbenzene = 82,5: 9,5: 0,5: 7,5% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.5

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: tert-butyltoluene = 82,5: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6: 5: 2,5% by volume DVPE = 70,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

The following 2-5 and 2-6 fuels show the possibility to adjust the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) equivalent of ethanol containing motor fuel based on A98 summer petrol.

A98 petrol has the following specification:

993 / B r c

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DVPE = 69.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Comparative fuel 2-4 contains summer gasoline A98 and ethanol and

Also the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% (v / v)

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 76.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

Fuel 2-5 contains summer gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

A98: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 83: 9.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A98: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.4

993 / B

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The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess equivalent of the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline.

In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

r · r

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 85: 8: 7% by volume DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: tert-pentanol = 90: 5: 5% by volume DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

Fuel 2-6 contains A98 (a) summer gasoline, ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: isopropanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 5: 5: 10% by volume DVPE = 68,5 kPa »

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

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The motor fuel compositions shown below do not need to reduce the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) fuel induced by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 81,5: 9,5: 0,5: 8,5% by volume of DVPE = 70,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

A98: ethanol: tert-butanol: limonene = 86: 7; 4; 4% vol

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The following 2-8 to 2-10 fuels show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) ethanol containing motor fuel based on A95 summer gasoline.

Summer gasoline A95 has the following specification:

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

The test carried out as described above shows the following results for A95 summer petrol:

993 / B y r, n y r

CO (carbon monoxide)

2.198 g / km

H C (hydrocarbons)

0.245 g / km

NO _X (nitrogen oxides)

0.252 g / km

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) NMHC *

230.0 g / km

0.238 g / km

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km

Non - methane hydrocarbons

Comparative 2-7 fuel contains A95 summer gasoline and ethanol and has the following characteristics for different compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 75.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A95: ethanol = 90: 10% (also referred to as RFM 2)

DVPE = 75.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.25

The reference fuel blend (RFM 2) test shows the following results compared to A95 summer gasoline:

CO -9.1%

HC -4.5% mp

NO _X +7,3%

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C0 ₂ + 4.0%

NMHC * - 4.4%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 3.6% "-" represents emission reduction, while "+" represents emission increase.

Fuel 2-8 contains A95 summer gasoline and oxygen containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: di (isoamyl) ether = 86: 8: 6 v / v

DVPE = 66.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 67.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: tert-butahol = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 68.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

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A95: ethanol: tert-pentanol = 90: 5: 5% by volume DVPE = 68.5 kPa

I

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isopropanol = 80: 10: 10% v / v DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.8

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-2-pentanol = 85: 8: 7% v / v DVPE = 66.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: ethanol: diethyl ketone = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: trimethylcyclohexanone = 85: 8: 7% by volume DVPE = 67.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: methyl (t-amyl) ether = 80: 8: 12% v / v DVPE = 68,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

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A95: ethanol: n-butyl acetate = 87: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A95: ethanol: isobutyl isobutyrate = 90: 5: 5% v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A95: ethanol: methyl acetoacetate = 85: 7: 8% v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess equivalent of the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline.

In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-2-pentanol = 85: 10: 5 v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol: isobutyl isobutyrate = 90: 6: 4% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

993 / B

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Fuel 2-9 contains summer gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: tert-pentanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 7: 4: 9% v / v

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A95: ethanol: tert-butanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 7: 4: 9% v / v

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A95: ethanol: propanol: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

A95: ethanol: diethyl ketone: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropyltoluene = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-170 ° C.

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

993 / B

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A95: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-170 ° C.

The boiling point for the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess equivalent of the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 82,5: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6: 7,5% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: cyclooctadiene = 82,5: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6: 7,5% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

Fuel formulation 2-10 contains 81.5% by volume of summer gasoline

A95, 8.5% m-isopropyltoluene by volume, 9.2% ethanol by volume and 0.8% by volume

993 / B

P C β C C r C-r c r r c of isoamyl alcohol by volume. Formulation 2-10 is tested to demonstrate how the inventive composition maintains the dry vapor pressure equivalent at the same level as the original gasoline, while increasing the octane number while reducing the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas and reducing fuel consumption compared to Reference mixture of RFM 2 gasoline and ethanol. Formulation 2-10 has the following specific characteristics:

density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052 initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 evaporable fraction - 70 ° C evaporable fraction - 100 ° C evaporable fraction - 150 ° C evaporable fraction - 180 ° C final boiling point evaporation loss evaporation loss oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 weight / weight acidity, according to ASTM D 1613,% by weight acetic acid (HAc) pH, according to ASTM D 1287 sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 gum content, according to ASTM D 381 water content, ASTM D 6304 weight / weight aromatics, according to ASTM SS 155120,

754.1 kg / m ³

26.6 ° C

45,2% vol. 56,4% vol. 88,8% vol

97.6% by volume 186.3 ° C

1.6% vol. 0,1% vol

3.56%

0,007

8.9 mg / kg <1 mg / 100 ml

0,12%

993 / B e «

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Vrátane 'C rrrc Γ r ·, - t _r ' including benzene benzene alone, according to EN 238

DVPE according to ASTM D 5191 anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to

ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86

30,3% v / v 0,8% v / v 68,5 kPa

92.7

The 2-10 motor fuel formulation is tested according to the EC 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Test Methodology above and gives the following results (+) or (-)% compared to the results for the original A95 summer petrol:

CO -0,18%

HC - 8.5%

NO _X + 5.3%

NMHC - 9%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 3.1%

Fuel Formulations 2-1 to 2-10 exhibit a reduced dry vapor pressure (DVPE) equivalent to the test fuel containing ethanol, based on summer gasoline. Similar results are obtained when the additives of Examples 2-1 to 2-10 are replaced with other oxygen-containing additives of the invention.

To prepare all of the above fuel formulations 2-1 to 210 of this motor fuel composition, the gasoline is first mixed with ethanol, and the corresponding oxygen-containing additive is then added to the mixture. The obtained motor fuel composition is then allowed to stand between 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35 ° C prior to the test. All of the above formulations are prepared without the use of any mixing devices.

The use of an additive composition comprising ethanol and oxygen-containing compounds other than ethanol for the preparation of ethanol-containing gasoline is carried out with summer gasoline. The fuel compositions below show the possibility

993 / B. r r «r r r r r r

to obtain ethanol-containing gasoline that meets the standard requirements for summer gasoline, including a vapor pressure of not more than 70 kPa.

Fig. 2 illustrates the behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of ethanol content when blending A95 summer gasoline with additive mixture 3 containing 35% by volume ethanol, 5% by volume isoamyl alcohol and 60% by volume mixture of hydrocarbons boiling at temperatures between 100 and 170 C.

Fig. 2 shows that the variable ethanol content of gasoline ranging from 0 to 20% does not induce a vapor pressure increase for these compositions higher than the requirements of the summer gasoline equivalent pressure (DVPE) equivalent of 70 kPa.

A similar dry vapor pressure equivalent behavior (DVPE) is observed for the A92 and A98 summer petrol blended with an additive blend containing 35% ethanol by volume, 5% isoamyl alcohol and 60% by volume hydrocarbon boiling at 100-170 ° C.

The ratio between ethanol and an oxygen-containing compound other than ethanol in the additive mixture used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline is of considerable importance. The ratio between the components of the additives determined by the present invention makes it possible to adjust the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasoline over a wide range.

The compositions below show the possibility of using additive mixtures with both high and low ethanol content. The additive mixture containing 92% by volume ethanol, 6% by volume isoamyl alcohol and 2% by volume isobutanol is mixed with summer gasoline. The compositions obtained have the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 18.4: 1.2: 0.4% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

993 / B

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R f, f r f o r f / P: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 82: 16.56: 1.08: 0.36% v / v

DVPE = 69.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 78: 20,24: 1,32: 0,44%

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.5

The additive mixture containing 25% by volume of ethanol, 60% by volume of isoamyl alcohol and 15% by volume of isobutanol is mixed with summer gasoline. The compositions obtained have the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 5: 12: 3 v / v

DVPE = 66.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 84: 4: 9.6: 2.4% v / v

DVPE = 65.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 86: 3,5: 8,4: 2,1% by volume

DVPE = 65.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

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Similar results are obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds (c) as well as the C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d) of the present invention are used in the proportions determined by the present invention to prepare an additive blend which is then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasolines. These gasoline fully meet the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark ignition internal combustion engines.

In addition, an additive composition comprising ethanol and an oxygen-containing compound of the present invention, other than ethanol, with a ratio of the present invention, can be used as a separate motor fuel for engines adapted to operate on ethanol.

Example 3

Example 3 illustrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol-containing motor fuel for cases where gasoline with the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ASTM D 5191 at 48 kPa (about 7 pounds per square inch) is used as the hydrocarbon base.

A92, A95, and A98 lead-free summer gasoline that meets US standards and purchased in the US under the trademarks Phillips J Base Fuel, Union Clear Base, and Indolene are used to prepare compositions of this composition.

Native naphthas contain aliphatic and alicyclic C5-C12 hydrocarbons, including both saturated and unsaturated.

Fig. 1 depicts the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel based on summer US gasoline A92. Ethanol-containing motor fuels based on the summer US petrol A95 and A98, respectively, show similar behavior.

Summer US petrol A92 has the following specifications:

993 / B • c r r c e r f.

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DVPE = 47.8 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.7.

Fuel 3-1 contains summer US petrol A92 and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 55.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 55.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

Fuel 3-2 contains US A92 summer gasoline, ethanol and oxygen containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 8.5: 8.5% v / v

DVPE = 47.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

A92: ethanol: isoamyl propionate = 82: 8: 10% v / v

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

993 / B

Α92: ethanol: 2-ethylhexanol = 82: 8: 10% by volume DVPE = 47,8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.2

A92: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 82: 7: 10% v / v

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 82: 7: 10% by volume DVPE = 47.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.1

A92: ethanol: methoxybenzene = 80: 8.5: 11.5% by volume DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: ethanol: methoxytoluene = 82: 8: 10% by volume DVPE = 46.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: methyl benzoate = 82: 8: 10% v / v

DVPE = 46.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

993 / B e e r r r c r r.

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The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess equivalent of the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer US gasoline is 7 pounds per square inch, which corresponds to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 9: 8% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

A92: ethanol: methoxytoluene = 84: 8: 8% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: methyl benzoate = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

3-3 fuel comprises gasoline A92 summer US (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 75: 9,2:

0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

993 / B

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The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 75: 9,2:

0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1:

15,4% vol

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the excess equivalent of the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline.

In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer US gasoline is 7 pounds per square inch, which corresponds to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 76: 9,2:

0.3: 0.1: 14.4% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

993 / B • r e r e e · r e r

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A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isooctane =: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 10,4: 4% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: misopropyltoluene = 77: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 3% by volume The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

The following fuels show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel based on summer US gasoline A98.

Summer US petrol A98 has the following specification:

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

Comparative fuel 3-4 contains summer US petrol A98 and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% (v / v)

DVPE = 56.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

993 / B c c r.

f c r.

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 55.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

Fuel 3-5 contains summer US petrol A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 82.5: 9: 8.5% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol = 82,5: 9: 7: 1,5% vol.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.4

A98: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 80: 10: 10% v / v DVPE = 48,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

Fuel 3-6 contains summer US gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 75: 9,2:

0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

993 / B «c

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The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1:

15.4% by volume of DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 75,5: 9,2:

0.3: 0.1: 14.9% by volume

DVPE = 47.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.4

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isooctane = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 8,4: 7% v / v The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100 to 200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: misopropyltoluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 5% v / v The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100 to 200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

993 / B r r r r β

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A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 7,9: 7,5% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The following fuels show options for adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel based on summer US gasoline A95.

Summer US petrol A95 has the following specification: DVPE = 47.0 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A95 US summer gasoline is used as a comparative fuel for the test conducted according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test cycle on a Volvo 240DL 1987 car with a 4-cylinder B230F engine of 2.32 liters (No. LG4F20) -87), which generates 83 kW at 90 rpm and has a torque of 185 Nm at 46 rpm.

The test is conducted for summer US gasoline A95: CO (carbon monoxide)

HC (hydrocarbons)

NO _X (nitrogen oxides)

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) is given above, with the following results

2.406 g / km

0.356 g / km 0 _at 278 g / km 232.6 g / km

993 / B c r c c c e e e * *

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I ?. Γ; C n

NMHC ’0.258 g / km

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km 9.93 non-methane hydrocarbons

Comparative fuel 3-7 contains US A95 summer petrol and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 55.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.5

A98: ethanol = 90:10% (v / v)

DVPE = 54.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

The petrol - alcohol (RFM 3) comparative test, containing 90% by volume of US A95 summer petrol and 10% by volume of ethanol, shall be carried out on a 1987 Volvo 240DL with a 4 - cylinder B230F engine of 2,32 liters (No. LG4F20-87) according to the standard EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Test Methodology and shows the following results compared to US A95 summer gasoline:

WHAT -12.5% HC - 4,8% NO _X + 2,3% CO ₂ + 3.7% NMHC ' - 4,0%

993 / B

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km +3.1% "-" represents emission reduction, while "+" represents emission increase.

Fuel 3-8 contains summer US petrol A95, ethanol and oxygen containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 8.5: 8.5% v / v

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: n-amyl acetate = 80: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: cyclohexyl acetate = 80: 10: 10% by volume DVPE = 46.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: tetramethyltetrahydrofuran = 80: 12: 8% v / v

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A95: ethanol: methyltetrahydropyran = 80: 15: 5% v / v DVPE = 46,8 kPa

993 / B r- r r r o r. r- r,

9. - c 9 r · <

f · r. or r. fr ľ. rrf · r 'r -. · rccr - - rc' ^r

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The motor fuel blends below show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer US gasoline is 7 pounds per square inch, which corresponds to 48.28 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 84: 8.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: phenylacetate = 82.5: 10: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.3

A95: ethanol: tetramethyltetrahydrofuran = 81: 10: 9% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

Fuel 3-9 contains summer US gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 75: 9,2:

0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

993 / B

C r t 9 c y r C c r c 9 y r 9 9 9, f r 9 y r 9 C

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C. DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1:

15,4% vol

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 75: 9,2:

0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: cyclooctatetraene = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 46.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran: alocymene = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 46.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not always necessary to reduce excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the engine

993 / B rc rc fuel, induced by the presence of ethanol, to the DVPE level of the original gasoline.

In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer US gasoline is 7 pounds per square inch, which corresponds to 48.28 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 76,5: 9,2:

0.3: 0.1: 7: 6.9% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isooctane =

76,5: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 7: 6,9% vol

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 77: 9,2:

0.3: 0.1 13.4% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

Fuel formulation 3-10 contains 76% (v / v) of US A95 summer gasoline, 9.2% (v / v) ethanol, 0.25% (v / v) isoamyl alcohol, 0.05% (v / v) isobutyl alcohol, 11.5% (v / v) C and 3% by volume of isopropyl ether. statement

3-10 is tested to demonstrate how the invention allows the production of ethanol-containing gasoline that fully meets the requirements of applicable standards,

993 / B r r e

C ft r

C C r c r first in terms of DVPE level and also in other parameters. At the same time, this gasoline ensures that the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas is reduced and fuel consumption is reduced compared to the RFM 3 blend of the original summer

US gasoline A95 with 10% ethanol. Formulation 3-10 has the following specific characteristics:

r. r

C f '

density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052 774.9 kg / m ³ Initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 36.1 ° C evaporable fraction - 70 ° C 33,6% vol evaporable fraction - 100 ° C 50,8% vol evaporable fraction - 150 ° C 86,1% vol evaporable fraction - 190 ° C 97.0% vol final boiling point 204.8 ° C evaporation residue 1,5% vol evaporation loss 1,5% vol oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 3.37 w / w acidity, according to ASTM D 1613,% by weight acetic acid (HAc) 0,007 pH, according to ASTM D 1287 7.58 sulfur content according to ASTM D 5453 47 mg / kg gum content, according to ASTM D 381 2.8 mg / 100 ml water content according to ASTM D 6304 0.02 w / w aromatics, according to ASTM SS 155120, including benzene 31,2% vol

993 / B © © benzene alone, according to EN 238

DVPE according to ASTM D 5191 c r f r,

0,7% vol

Anti - knock index 0,5 (RON + MON), according to

ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86

92.2

The 3-10 engine fuel formulation is tested on a VOLVO 240DL 4-cylinder B230F engine with a 2.32 liter capacity (LG4F20-87) according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Test Methodology as described above and provides the following results (+) or (-)% compared to the original US A95 summer petrol:

CO -15,1%

HC - 5,6%

NO _X + 0.5%

CO2 unchanged

NHMC - 4.5%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km unchanged

I

Similar results are obtained when the oxygen-containing compounds to be tested are replaced with other oxygen-containing compounds.

To prepare all of the above fuel formulations, summer US gasoline is initially mixed with ethanol, and the corresponding oxygen-containing additive is then added to the mixture. The obtained motor fuel composition is then allowed to stand between 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35 ° C prior to the test. All of the above formulations are prepared without the use of any mixing devices.

993 / B e e

The possibility of using ethanol and oxygen-containing additive mixtures other than ethanol has also been confirmed to also be used to adjust the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels used in standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines based on US standards. Addition of C 8 -C 10 hydrocarbons to the composition of the additive composition increases the vapor pressure efficiency reducing the effect of the additive on excessive vapor pressure caused by the presence of ethanol in gasoline.

The additive blend containing 60 vol% ethanol, 32 vol% isoamyl alcohol and 8 vol% isobutyl alcohol is mixed in various proportions with summer US gasoline having a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of no more than 7 pounds per square inch, corresponding to 48.28 kPa.

The compositions obtained have the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 87.5: 7.5: 4: 1 v / v

DVPE = 51.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.7

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 85: 9: 4,8: 1,2% by volume DVPE = 51,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 12: 6.4: 1.6% v / v

DVPE = 52.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

The foregoing examples show the possibility of reducing excess vapor pressure in portions by about 50% of the excess vapor pressure of gasoline induced by the presence of ethanol in the mixture.

993 / B

The additive mixture containing 50% by volume ethanol and 50% by volume methyl (isobutyl) ketone is mixed in various proportions with summer US gasoline having a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of no more than 7 pounds per square inch, corresponding to 48.28 kPa . The mixtures obtained have the following properties:

n o

(1 r · e c r e e c: r * · · n o © © © e c r # 5 ΠΟ

A92: ethanol: methyl (isobutyl) ketone = 85: 7,5: 7,5% by volume DVPE = 49,4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A95: ethanol: methyl (isobutyl) ketone = 84: 8: 8% v / v

DVPE = 48.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A98: ethanol: methyl (isobutyl) ketone = 82: 9: 9 by volume

DVPE = 49.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

The foregoing examples show the possibility of reducing excess vapor pressure in portions by about 80% of the excess vapor pressure of gasoline induced by the presence of ethanol in the mixture.

Fig. 2 illustrates the behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content of blends of US A92 summer gasoline and additive blend 4 containing 35% ethanol by volume, 1% isoamyl alcohol by volume, 0.2% isobutanol by volume, 43.8% by volume mixture hydrocarbons boiling at temperatures between 100 and 170 ° C and 20% by volume of isopropyltoluene.

993 / B

e o

Fig. 2 shows that the use of this additive composition in producing ethanol containing gasoline allows the reduction of more than 100% of the excess vapor pressure induced by the presence of ethanol.

Similar results for dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) are obtained for summer US gasoline A95 and A98 mixed with an additive mixture consisting of 35% by volume ethanol, 1% by volume isoamyl alcohol, 0.2% by volume isobutanol, 43.8% by volume hydrocarbon mixture , boiling at 100 to 170 ° C, and 20% by volume of isopropyltoluene.

Similar results are obtained when the other oxygen-containing compounds and C6-C12 hydrocarbons of the invention are used in the proportions determined by the present invention to form an additive mixture which is then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline. These gasoline fully meet the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark ignition internal combustion engines.

In addition, the additive composition comprising ethanol, an oxygen-containing compound other than ethanol, and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons in the proportions and compositions of the present invention can be used as a separate motor fuel for engines adapted for ethanol operation.

Example 4

Example 4 illustrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol-containing motor fuel for cases where the hydrocarbon fuel base is a non-standard gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent according to ASTM D 5191 of 110 kPa (about 16 pounds per square inch).

A92, A95 and A98 unleaded winter gasoline purchased in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem and gas condensate (GC) purchased in Russia from Gazprom are used to prepare mixtures of this composition.

993 / B e e

«Co c r. r r r

Γ f Γ C r (. F f r ·. R r, · r- f * f c c s · n r f ', f r r

The hydrocarbon component (HCC) for motor fuel compositions is prepared by mixing about 85% by volume of gasoline A92, A95 and A98 with about 15% by volume of liquid hydrocarbon from gas condensate (GC).

For the preparation of the hydrocarbon component (HCC) for fuel formulations 4-1 to

4-10 of this motor fuel composition is first mixed with about 85% by volume of A92, A95 or A98 winter gasoline with liquid hydrocarbon from gas condensate (GC). The obtained hydrocarbon component (HCC) is then allowed to stand for 24 hours. The resulting gasoline contains aliphatic and alicyclic C3-C12 hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated.

Fig. 1 shows the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel, based on winter gasoline A98 and gas condensate. Ethanol containing motor fuel, based on A92 and A98 winter gasoline and gas condensate (GC), shows similar behavior.

Gasoline containing 85% by volume of A92 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) has the following characteristics:

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.9.

Comparative fuel 4-1 contains A92 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% v / v

DVPE = 115.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.4

A92: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% v / v

DVPE = 115.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

993 / B e c

The inventive fuel 4-2 contains A92 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol and oxygen-containing additive and has the following properties for different compositions:

o r. n r c

e r

o r r

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.35

A92: GC: ethanol: 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran = 68: 12: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.75

A92: GC: ethanol: propanol = 68: 12: 12: 8% v / v

DVPE = 109.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A92: GC: ethanol: diisopropylcarbinol = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 109.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: GC: ethanol: acetophenone = 72: 13: 9: 6% v / v

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

1 »

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutyl propionate = 75: 13: 5: 7% v / v

993 / B e c c c o

c. fl

DVPE = 109.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

Fuel 4-3 contains A92 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol, oxygen containing additive and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropylbenzene = 68: 12: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A92: GC: ethanol: tert-butyl (ethyl) ether: hydrocarbon mixture = 68: 12: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume DVPE = 108,5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl (methyl) ether: toluene = 68: 12: 9,5: 0,5: 10% v / v

DVPE = 107.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

The fuel compositions shown below show that the present invention allows the reduction of excess vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of substandard gasoline to a level corresponding to standard gasoline. The DVPE for A92 standard winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

993 / B c c Γ r cU '' r

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 55: 10: 9,5:

0.5: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: ethylbenzene = 55: 10:

9.5: 0.5: 15: 10% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropyltoluene = 55:

: 9,5: 0,5: 20: 5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

The following compositions show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing fuel mixtures based on about 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and about 15% by volume of gas condensate.

Petrol containing 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) shall have the following specification:

993 / B c rr, rr rr rr P rr - rr rc ί <: r 'f r · - c'

·. - '· · r c c ·

DVPE = 109.8 kPa anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

Comparative fuel 4-4 contains winter gasoline A98, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% (v / v)

DVPE = 115.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

A98: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% v / v

DVPE = 114.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

The inventive fuel 4-5 contains winter gasoline A98, gas condensate (GC) and oxygen-containing additive and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 109.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: GC: ethanol: ethoxybenzene = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

A98: GC: ethanol: 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone = 72: 13: 7,5: 7,5% v / v

993 / B c c r r i n e c

r. c o c o

about

C C ľ.

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

The fuel ^ t-6 contains winter gasoline A98, gas condensate (GC), oxygen-containing additive and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 68:

: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 10% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 107.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A98: GC: ethanol: ethyl (isobutyl) ether: myrcene = 72: 13: 9,5: 0,5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A98: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 68: 12: 5: 5: 10% by volume of DVPE = 102,5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the present invention allows the reduction of excess dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of non-standard gasoline to the level of DVPE corresponding to standard gasoline. The DVPE for A98 standard winter gasoline is 90.0 kPa.

993 / B f f f r.

o e r r

Γ. f '·

O r C r r r r r r Γ clear r r I r r C r C r r

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 55: 10: 9,5:

0.5: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 89.8 kPa 0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropylbenzene = 55:

: 9,5: 0,5: 15: 10% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.2

A98: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropyltoluene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.1

The following compositions show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing fuel mixtures based on about 85% by volume of A95 winter gasoline and about 15% by volume of gas condensate.

Petrol containing 85% by volume of A95 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) has the following specification:

993 / B t r y r

DVPE = 109.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

The hydrocarbon component (HCC), containing 85% by volume of winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC), is used as a reference fuel for the above tests and provides the following results:

CO 2.033 g / km

HC 0.279 g / km

NO _X 0.279 g / km

CO ₂ 229.5 g / km

NMHC * 0.255 g / km

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km 9.89

Fuel 4-7 contains A95 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% (v / v)

DVPE = 115.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% v / v

DVPE = 114.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

993 / B •

The Reference Fuel Mixture (RFM 4), which contains 80.75% by volume of A95 winter gasoline, 14.25% gas condensate (GC) and 5% ethanol, is tested as described above and gives the following results (+) or (-) % compared to results for petrol containing 85% by volume of A95 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate crf or • crrrc rr e / · rr crrricrr r. ·. · · Yyyy yy '' ^rr '(GC)

CO - 6.98%

HC -7,3%

NO _X +12.1%

CO ₂ + 1.1%

NMHC - 5.3%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 2.62%

The inventive fuel 4-8 contains A95 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol and oxygen-containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74:13: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 109.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: GC: ethanol: phenol = 72: 13: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 107.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

993 / B

A r. r - y r y · <· C y.

eecrnfcceer r. frc «cr rc * · ifcec - ccreec ' ^{yy r}

A95: GC: ethanol: phenyl acetate = 68: 12: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 106.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.8

A95: GC: ethanol: 3-hydroxy-2-butanone = 68: 12: 10: 10% by volume DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: GC: ethanol: tert-butyl acetoacetate = 68: 12: 10: 10% by volume DVPE = 108.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: GC: ethanol: 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone = 71: 12: 9: 8% v / v

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

4-9 comprises a fuel winter A95 gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol, the oxygen-containing additives, and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 68:

: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 10% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 107.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

993 / B e - r, - c C rr · _r . yy r> cc l. “Rc

-7, L. L.

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: cyclooctatetraene = 72: 13: 9,5: 0,5: 5% v / v

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6 '

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that the present invention allows the reduction of excess vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of non-standard gasoline to a level corresponding to standard gasoline. The DVPE of standard A95 winter gasoline is 90.0 kPa.

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 55: 10: 9,2: 0,6: 0,2: 12,5: 12,5% by volume Boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100 to 200 ° C.

The boiling point for the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: tert-butylxylene = 55:

: 9,5: 0,5: 20: 5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropylbenzene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

993 / B r · r f! * Γ 9 e r

r. r

DVPE = 89.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

Motor fuel 4-10 contains 55% by volume of A95 winter gasoline, 10% by volume of gas condensate (GC), 5% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of tert-butanol, 20% by volume of a hydrocarbon mixture boiling in the range of 100 to 200 ° C; 5% by volume of isopropyltoluene. Formulation 4-10 is tested to demonstrate how the present invention allows the production of ethanol-containing gasoline that fully meets the requirements of the applicable standards, first with respect to the dry vapor pressure equivalent limit and also to other fuel parameters, even if the original hydrocarbon component (HCC) has DVPE considerably higher than standard requirements. At the same time, this ethanol-containing gasoline reduces the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas and reduces fuel consumption compared to RFM 4 described above. Formulation 4-10 has the following specific characteristics:

density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052 698.6 kg / m ³ Initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 20.5 ° C evaporable fraction - 70 ° C 47,0% vol evaporable fraction - 100 ° C 65,2% vol evaporable fraction - 150 ° C 92,4% vol evaporable fraction - 190 ° C 97,3% vol final boiling point 189.9 ° C evaporation residue 0,5% vol evaporation loss 1,1% vol oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 3.2% w / w acidity, according to ASTM D 1613,% by weight

993 / B

89 e yy yy ry e r e r r r e e f e c c u r r r 'C c r r C λ r · '· acetic acid (HAc) 0,001 pH, according to ASTM D 1287 7.0 sulfur content according to ASTM D 5453 18 mg / kg gum content, according to ASTM D 381 2mg / 100ml water content according to ASTM D 6304 0.01 w / w aromatics, according to ASTM SS 155120, including benzene 30.9% vol benzene alone, according to EN 238 0,7% vol DVPE according to ASTM D 5191 90,0 kPa

anti - knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to

ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.3

The 4-10 engine fuel formulation is tested as described above and provides the following results (+) or (-)% as compared to those for motor fuel containing 85% by volume of A95 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate:

CO - 14.0%

HC - 8.6%

NO _X unchanged. ¹

CO ₂ + 1.0%

NMHC - 6.7%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 2.0%

Similar results are obtained when the oxygen-containing additives of Examples 4-1 to 4-10 are replaced with other oxygen-containing additives of the invention.

993 / B

To prepare all of the above fuel formulations 4-1 to 4-10 of this motor fuel composition, the hydrocarbon component (HCC), which is a mixture of winter gasoline and gas condensate (GC), is initially mixed with ethanol and then added to the mixture. the corresponding oxygen-containing additive and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons. The obtained motor fuel composition is then allowed to stand between 1 and 24 hours at a temperature of not less than -35 ° C prior to the test. All of the above formulations are prepared without the use of any mixing devices.

The invented fuel formulations show the possibility of adjusting the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels for standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines based on non-standard gasoline having high vapor pressure.

Fig. 2 shows the dry vapor pressure equivalent behavior as a function of the ethanol content of a hydrocarbon component (HCC) mixture containing 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate, and additive mixture 1 containing 40% by volume of ethanol and 60% by volume of methyl benzoate.

Fig. 2 shows that the use of this ethanol-containing additive composition and an oxygen-containing additive other than ethanol makes it possible to obtain ethanol-containing gasoline whose vapor pressure does not exceed the vapor pressure of the original hydrocarbon component (HCC).

Similar results for dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) are obtained for fuel mixtures from an additive mixture containing 40% by volume ethanol and 60% by volume methyl benzoate and a hydrocarbon component containing 15% by volume gas condensate (GC) and 85% by volume of A92 or A95 winter gasoline.

Similar results are obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds and the C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons of the present invention are used in proportions of the present invention to form an additive mixture which is then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline.

993 / B

C C c

C Γ r

F 'r f e r r y r y r. F

These gasoline blends of the present invention have a vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) that does not exceed the DVPE source of the hydrocarbon component (HCC). At the same time, the oxygen-containing additive can only be added in an amount sufficient to provide ethanol-containing gasoline that is fully compliant with the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines.

Example 5

Example 5 shows the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol-containing motor fuel for cases where the hydrocarbon fuel base is reformed gasoline with the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ASTM D 5191 at 27.5 kPa (about 4 pounds per square inch).

Unleaded reformed petrol purchased from Preem in Sweden and Lukoil in Russia and white spirit from Merck in Germany are used to prepare mixtures of this composition.

The hydrocarbon component (HCC) for motor fuel blends is prepared by mixing about 85% by volume of A92, A95 or A98 winter gasoline with about 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) liquid hydrocarbons.

The original naphtha contains aliphatic and alicyclic C6-C12 hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated.

Fig. 1 shows the DVPE behavior of ethanol-containing motor fuel based on reformed A92 gasoline and white spirit. Similar behavior is observed for ethanol-containing motor fuels based on reformed A95 and A98 petrol and white spirit.

It should be noted that the addition of ethanol to the reformed gasoline will produce a higher vapor pressure increase compared to the addition of ethanol to the standard gasoline.

993 / B • c o c

P r, e ^r <- rn en 'n c - crc r.

o r r · r

Petrol containing 80% by volume of reformed A92 and 20% by weight of white spirit (PB) has the following characteristics:

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 85.5.

Comparative fuel 5-1 contains reformed A92 gasoline, white spirit (PB) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% v / v

DVPE = 36.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: PB: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% v / v

DVPE = 36.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.7

The inventive fuel 5-2 contains reformed A92 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol and oxygen containing additive and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: PB: ethanol: diisobutyl ether = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

993 / B e r y y <*

A92: PB: ethanol: n-butanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A92: PB: ethanol: 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 25.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

Fuel 5-3 contains reformed A92 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol, oxygen-containing additive as well as C6-C12 hydrocarbons and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 15: 9,2: 0,8: 15% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is from 140 to 200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: PB: ethanol: n-butanol: hydrocarbon mixture: xylene = 60: 15: 9,2: 0,8:

7,5: 7,5% vol

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is from 140 to 200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

993 / B e c

e. r.

rr · rci ^r crrrc C

A92: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: isopropylbenzene = 60: 15: 9: 1:

% vol

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

The fuel compositions below show the possibility of adjusting the equivalent pressure of dry vapors of ethanol containing gasoline based on reformed A98 gasoline and white spirit (PB).

Motor fuel, containing 80% by volume of reformed A98 gasoline and 20% by volume of white spirit (PB), has the following characteristics: DVPE = 27.3 kPa anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.0

Comparative fuel 5-4 contains reformed A98 gasoline, white spirit (PB) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% v / v

DVPE = 36.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A98: PB: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% v / v

DVPE = 35.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Fuel 5-5 of the present invention contains reformed A98 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol and oxygen containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:.

993 / B

Α98: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 26.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A98: PB: ethanol: n-amyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v DVPE = 26,5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A98: PB: ethanol: linalool = 68: 17: 9: 6% by volume DVPE = 27,1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: PB: ethanol: 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol = 68: 17: 9: 6% v / v

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Fuel 5-6 contains reformed A98 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol, oxygen-containing additives, and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 15: 9,2: 0,8: 15% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 140-200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

993 / B »r η

A98: PB: ethanol: linalool: alocymene = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15% v / v

DVPE = 26.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: PB: ethanol: methylcyclohexanol: limonene = 60: 15: 9,5: 1: 14,5%

DVPE = 25.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

The motor fuel compositions below show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent of an ethanol-containing motor fuel mixture based on about 80% by volume of reformed A95 gasoline and about 20% by volume of white spirit (PB). Petrol containing 80% by volume of reformed A95 petrol and 20% by volume of white spirit (PB), has the following characteristics:

DVPE = 27.6 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 86.3

The hydrocarbon component (HCC), which contains 80% by volume of reformed petrol and 20% by volume of white spirit (PB), is used as a reference fuel for the tests carried out on the Volvo 240 DL 1987 car with B230F 4-cylinder engine containing 2.32 liters (LG4F2087) according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Test Methodology and provides the following results:

CO 2.631 g / km

HC 0.348 g / km

993 / B

· ·

NO

0.313 g / km

CO ₂

235.1 g / km

N M HC

0.308 g / km

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km

10.68

Fuel 5-7 contains reformed A95 gasoline, white spirit (PB) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% by volume DVPE = 36.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A95: PB: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% v / v

DVPE = 36.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

The reference fuel mixture (RFM 5) contains 72% by volume of reformed A95 petrol, 18% by volume of white spirit (PB) and 10% by volume of ethanol and is tested on a Volvo 240 DL 4-cylinder B230F engine with a capacity of 2.32 liters (No. LG4F20-87), according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Test Methodology above and provides the following results (+) or (-)% compared to results for petrol containing 80% A95 reformed petrol and 20% vol. white spirit (PB):

CO - 4,8%

HC -1,3%

NO _X + 26.3%

CO ₂ + 4.4%

993 / B λ rs

NMHC - 0.6%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 5.7%

Fuel 5-8 contains reformed A95 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol and oxygen containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: PB: ethanol: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v DVPE = 27,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate = 60: 15: 15: 10% v / v

DVPE = 25.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

Fuel 5-9 contains reformed A95 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol, oxygen-containing additives and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 15: 9,2: 0,8: 15% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 140-200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

993 / B r r t r e

ee C e t. λ e f p c-c r P r r. (

Γ f r r r r r r- r

A95: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: tert-butylcyclohexane = 60: 15:

9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume

DVPE = 26.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.7

A95: PB: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-hydroxytetrahydropyran: isopropyltoluene = 60: 15: 9,2: 0,8: 15% v / v

DVPE = 26.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

Motor fuel 5-10 contains 60% by volume of reformed A95 gasoline, 15% by volume of white spirit (PB), 10% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran and 10% by volume of isopropyltoluene. Fuel 5-10 is tested to demonstrate how the present invention makes it possible to produce ethanol containing low vapor pressure gasoline in which the presence of ethanol in the fuel mixture does not induce an increase in dry vapor pressure equivalent compared to the original hydrocarbon component (HOC). In addition, this gasoline provides a reduction in toxic exhaust emissions and a reduction in fuel consumption compared to RFM 5 above.

5-10 has the following specific features:

density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 40β2 initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 evaporable fraction - 70 ° C evaporable fraction - 100 ° C evaporable fraction - 150 ° C

764.6 kg / m ³ 48.9 ° C

25,3% vol. 50,8% vol. 76,5% vol

993 / B p o r • f'ft n

100 • · r 6 λ fr • re r. 9 • rr · reerr r. • to · r <· or ŕ ^r c, c evaporable fraction - 190 ° C 95,6% vol final boiling point 204.5 ° C evaporation residue 1,4% vol evaporation loss i 0,5% vol oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 4.6% w / w acidity, according to ASTM D 1613,% by weight acetic acid (HAc) 0.08 pH, according to ASTM D 1287 7.5 sulfur content according to ASTM D 5453 39 mg / kg gum content, according to ASTM D 381 1.5 mg / 100 ml water content according to ASTM D 6304 0.1% w / w aromatics, according to ASTM SS 155120, including benzene 38% vol benzene alone, according to EN 238 0,4% vol DVPE according to ASTM D 5191 27,2 kPa

anti - knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to

ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 91.8

The 5-10 motor fuel formulation is tested as described above and provides the following results (+) or (-)% compared to those for motor fuel containing 80% by volume of reformed A95 gasoline and 20% by volume of white spirit:

CO -12,3%

HC - 6.2%;

NO _X unchanged

993 / B e ·

101 co ₂ + 2.6%

NMHC

- 6,4%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 3.7%

Similar results are obtained when the other oxygen-containing additives of the present invention replace the oxygen-containing additives of Examples 5-1 through 5-10.

To prepare all of the above Formulations 5-1 to 5-10 of this motor fuel composition, the hydrocarbon component (HCC), which is a blend of reformed gasoline and white spirit (PB), is first mixed with ethanol, then the corresponding oxygen is added to the mixture. containing an additive and C8-C12 hydrocarbons. The obtained motor fuel composition is then allowed to stand between 1 and 24 hours at a temperature of not less than -35 ° C prior to the test. All of the above mixtures were prepared without any mixing equipment.

The present invention shows the possibility of adjusting the vapor pressure of motor fuel for standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines that contains ethanol and is based on non-standard low vapor pressure gasoline.

Fig. 2 shows the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) when mixing a hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 80% by volume of reformed A92 gasoline and 20% by volume of white spirit, with an oxygen-containing additive composition 5 containing 40% by volume ethanol, 20% by volume by volume 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone and 20% by volume of a hydrocarbon mixture, at a temperature of. boiling 130-170 ° C, and 20% by volume tert-butyltoluene. The graph shows that the use of the additive of the present invention makes it possible to obtain ethanol containing gasolines whose vapor pressure does not exceed the vapor pressure of the original hydrocarbon component (HCC).

Similar behavior is shown when mixing the above oxygen-containing additive with a hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 20% by volume of white spirit (PB) and 80% by volume of reformed A95 or A98 gasoline.

993 / B m c n

102 β. c c r · r r.

β · © e e f- c r r n

C o r 'r

Similar results were obtained when using other oxygen-containing compounds and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons of the present invention, the proportion of the invention to form the oxygen-containing additive, which is then used for the production of ethanol-containing gasoline.

These gasoline have a vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) not higher than that of the original hydrocarbon component (HCC). At the same time, the anti-knock index for all ethanol containing gasoline prepared according to the present invention is higher than the original hydrocarbon component (HCC) index.

The foregoing description and examples of preferred embodiments of the present invention are intended to illustrate rather than limit the present invention as defined by the claims. As will be appreciated without hesitation, many variations and combinations of the above features may be used without departing from the present invention as defined in the claims. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

Claims (15)

PATENT CLAIMS A method for reducing the vapor pressure of a C3-C12 hydrocarbon-based motor fuel mixture comprising from 0.1 to 20% by volume of ethanol, not more than 0.25% by weight of water, determined according to ASTM D 6304, and not more than 7% by weight, determined according to ASTM D 4815, for a conventional spark ignition internal combustion engine, characterized in that, in addition to the C3-CL2 hydrocarbon component (a) and the ethanol component (b), the fuel mixture is present with: an oxygen-containing component (c) in an amount of from 0.05 to 15% by volume, based on the total volume of the fuel mixture, wherein the component (c) is selected from at least one of the following types of compounds: (C 3 -C 10) alkanol, (C 6 -C 10) dialkyl ether, (C 4 -C 9) ketone, (C 5 -C 8) alkanoic acid ester, (C 4 -C 6) hydroxyketone, alkane ketone ester acids containing from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, an oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound selected from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfurylacetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyl tetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropuran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropuran and mixtures thereof, and which is selected from at least one C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon, in an amount such that the volume ratio (b): ((c) + (d)) is from 1: 200 to 200: 1. 31 993 / B • r c f c e - c r e o o about A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the oxygen-containing component (c) and the component (d) are added to the ethanol component (b), wherein the mixture of (c), (b) and (d) is subsequently added to the ethanol component. hydrocarbon component (a). 104 A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the ethanol component (b) is added to the hydrocarbon component (a), wherein the oxygen-containing component (c) and the component (d) are added to the mixture of (b) and (a). ). A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the C3 to C12 hydrocarbon component (a) is selected from the group consisting of unreformed, standard gasoline type, petroleum refined liquid hydrocarbon, natural gas liquid hydrocarbon, liquid hydrocarbon chemical carbonization off-gas, synthesis hydrocarbon liquid hydrocarbons, or mixtures thereof, with the unreformed standard type of gasoline being preferred. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fuel mixture obtained has the following characteristic values: (i) specific gravity at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052, at least 690 kg / m ³ , (ii) dry vapor pressure equivalent, according to ASTM D 5191, from 20 kPa to 120 kPa, (iii) acid content, according to ASTM D 1613, not more than 0,1% acetic acid (HAc), (iv) pH, according to ASTM D 1287, from 5 to 9, (v) aromatic content, according to SS 155120, not more than 40% by volume, in which benzene is present, in accordance with EN 238, in an amount not greater than 1% by volume, 31 993 / B r c C yy yy yy yy 105 r. r (vi) sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453, not more than 50 mg / kg, (vii) gum content, according to ASTM D 381, not more than 2 mg / 100 ml, (viii) distillation properties, according to ASTM D 86, wherein the initial boiling point is at least 20 ° C, the evaporable fraction at 70 ° C is at least 25% v / v, the evaporable fraction at 100 ° C is at least 50% v / v, the evaporable fraction at 150 ° C is at least 75% v / v at 190 ° C it is at least 95% by volume, the final boiling point is not higher than 205 ° C, and the evaporation residue is not more than 2% by volume, and (ix) anti-knock index of 0.5 (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 is at least 80. 6. A C3-C12 hydrocarbon based motor fuel composition for a conventional spark-ignition internal combustion engine, containing from 0,1 to 20% by volume of ethanol, not more than 0,25% by weight of water, determined in accordance with ASTM D 6304 and not more 7% by weight of oxygen, determined according to ASTM D 4815, having a reduced vapor pressure, comprising: C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon component, fuel grade ethanol in an amount of from 0.1 to 20% by volume, suitably from 1 to 20% by volume, preferably from 3 to 15% by volume, and more preferably from 5 to 10% by volume, based on the total volume motor fuel compositions, an oxygen-containing component comprising at least one of the following types of compounds: alkanol of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, dialkyl ether of 6 to 10 carbon atoms, 31 993 / B c β 9 «e ^r 'rc ·: • ^r rc 'rrrrt c. r C r r r ^106-4- ketone of from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, alkyl ester of alkane acid of 5 to 8 carbon atoms, hydroxyketone of 4 to 6 carbon atoms, ketone ester of alkane acid of 5 to 8 carbon atoms, heterocyclic compound containing oxygen, selected from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyl tetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropuran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropuran and mixtures thereof, and wherein component (c) is present in an amount of from 0.05 to 0% by volume, suitably from 0.05 to 0%, 1 to 15% by volume, preferably from 3 to 10% by volume and more preferably from 5 to 10% by volume, based on the total volume of the motor fuel composition, and at least one C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon, preferably C ₈ -Cn hydrocarbon, present in an amount such that the volume ratio of (b): ((c) + (d)) is from 1: 200 to 200: 1. A mixture of fuel grade ethanol (b), oxygen-containing components (c) and at least one C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon, which may be used according to claim 1, wherein the ethanol component (b) is present in an amount of 0.5 to 99.5% by volume, suitably from 9.5 to 99% by volume, preferably from 20 to 95% by volume, and more preferably from 25 to 92% by volume, based on the total volume of the mixture, component (c) containing oxygen is selected from at least one of the following types of compounds: alkanol containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, dialkyl ether containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, ketone containing from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, 31 993 / B e r r <r- r · rc rc 'c * r c C r 107-: ^r . : ^R N- alkyl alkanoic acid containing 5-8 carbon atoms, an hydroxyketone having 4 to 6 carbon atoms, ketone esters alkanoic acid containing 5-8 carbon atoms, oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound selected from the compounds: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfurylacetát , dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyl tetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropuran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropuran and mixtures thereof, and is present in an amount of from 0.05 to 99.5% by volume, suitably from 0.5 to 90% by volume, preferably from 0.5 to 80% by volume and more preferably 3-70% by volume, based on the total volume of the mixture, and, component (d) comprising at least one hydrocarbon, C 6 -C _12, preferably a hydrocarbon, C ₈ C n, is present in an amount such that the volume ratio of (b) : ((c) + (d)) is from 1 to 200 to 200: 1. The composition of claim 7, wherein the fuel grade ethanol comprises at least 99.5% ethanol by volume. 9. The composition of claim 7 wherein component (b) is a blend of denatured ethanol as marketed containing about 92% ethanol by volume and the remainder to 100% by volume of component (b) are hydrocarbons and by-products. products. I Mixture according to claim 7, characterized in that component (d) is a single aliphatic saturated and unsaturated or alicyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon or a mixture thereof and / or a hydrocarbon fraction boiling at a temperature of 100 to 200 ° C obtained in the distillation of crude oil, bituminous coal resins or products obtained from the synthesis gas treatment. 31 993 / B • e β e 108 Use of the mixture according to claim 7 as a motor fuel in a modified spark ignition internal combustion engine. r, O r · c e c e r r c c c c r. f r c Use of a mixture according to claim 7 to obtain a gasoline fuel comprising components (a) + (b) + (c) + (d) for conventional spark ignition internal combustion engines to adjust the octane number of such fuel to the desired level by mixing an appropriate amount of said fuel. blends with conventional gasoline fuel (a), maintaining or decreasing the vapor pressure of the thus obtained fuel composition as compared to the vapor pressure level of the gasoline component (a) itself. Use of the gasoline fuel according to claim 6 to reduce fuel consumption compared to a corresponding gasoline / ethanol mixture comprising components (a) + (b). Use of the gasoline fuel according to claim 6 for reducing the pollutant content of the exhaust emissions compared to the corresponding gasoline / ethanol mixture comprising components (a) + (b). Use according to any one of claims 13 and 14, wherein the oxygen content of the motor fuel is not more than 7% by weight, preferably not more than 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the fuel.