SK287660B6 - Method of reducing the vapour pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels for spark ignition combustion engines - Google Patents

Abstract

It is described method for reducing the vapor pressure of a mixture of motor fuel for conventional internal combustion engines with spark ignition engines, based on C3 to C12 hydrocarbon, containing ethanol, water and oxygen, which further comprises a component selected from the following types of compounds: alkanol, dialkylether, ketone, alkyl alkanoic acid , hydroxyketones, ketonester alkanoic acid or heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen and another component is a mixture consisting of C6 - C12 hydrocarbons and is present in a predetermined amount.

Description

The present invention relates to motor fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of reducing the vapor pressure of a C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon based fuel fuel composition for a conventional spark ignition internal combustion engine.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Petrol is the main fuel for internal combustion engines with spark ignition. Extensive use of petrol results in environmental pollution. Combustion of gasoline derived from oil or natural gas disturbs the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and causes a greenhouse effect. Oil stocks continue to decline, with some countries already facing oil shortages.

The growing interest in environmental protection, stricter requirements regulating the content of harmful components in exhaust emissions and the lack of oil forces the industry to urgently develop alternative fuels that burn cleaner.

The existing global inventory of vehicles and machines operating with spark-ignition internal combustion engines does not currently allow the complete elimination of gasoline as motor fuel.

The task of creating alternative fuels for spark-ignition internal combustion engines has been around for a long time and a number of attempts have been made to use renewable sources to obtain components of motor fuel.

U.S. Pat. _No. 2,365,009, issued in 1944, describes a combination of C _1-5 alcohols and C ₃ hydrocarbons for use as a fuel. U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,250, issued in 1989, suggests the use of limonene derived from citrus and other plants as a motor fuel or as a component in gasoline blends. U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,486, issued in 1997, discloses novel motor fuel additives containing terpenes, aliphatic hydrocarbons and lower alcohols.

At present, tert-butyl ethers are widely used as gasoline components. Motor fuels containing tert-butyl ethers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,233, issued in 1984. The major part of these ethers is obtained from oil by refining, but can also be produced from renewable sources.

Ethanol is the most promising product for use as a component of motor fuel in gasoline blends. Ethanol is obtained from the processing of a renewable raw material, known generically as biomass, which in turn is produced from carbon dioxide under the influence of solar energy.

The combustion of ethanol produces considerably less harmful substances compared to the combustion of gasoline. But the use of motor fuel containing mainly ethanol requires specially designed engines. At the same time, spark-ignition internal combustion engines, normally operated on petrol, may be operated with a motor fuel comprising a gasoline mixture and no more than about 10% ethanol by volume. Such a mixture of gasoline and ethanol is currently marketed in the United States as gazohol. Current European gasoline regulations allow up to 5% ethanol to be added to petrol.

The main drawback of ethanol-gasoline mixtures is that for mixtures containing up to about 20% ethanol by volume, the equivalent of dry vapor pressure increases compared to the gasoline source.

Fig. 1 shows the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content of mixtures of ethanol and A92 summer gasoline and A95 summer and winter gasoline at 37.8 ° C. Petrol known as A92 and A95 are standard gasoline purchased at gas stations in the United States and Sweden. A92 comes from the United States and A95 comes from Sweden. The ethanol used was fuel grade ethanol manufactured by Williams, USA. The dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of the mixtures was determined according to ASTM D5191 at SGS laboratory in Stockholm, Sweden.

As regards the range of ethanol concentration concentrations between 5 and 10%, which is of particular interest for use as motor fuel in standard spark ignition internal combustion engines, the data in FIG. 1 show that the DVPE of gasoline / ethanol blends can exceed the DVPE of the gasoline source by more than 10%. Since industrial oil companies normally supply the market with gasoline that is already at the maximum allowed DVPE, which is strictly defined by current regulations, the addition of ethanol to such currently available gasoline in the trading network is not possible.

It is known that DVPE blends of gasoline and ethanol can be treated. U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,356, issued May 14, 1991, proposes reforming gasoline by removing both volatile and non-volatile constituents from C ₄ C ₁₂ gasoline to yield either intermediate C ₆ -C 9 or C ₆ -C ₁₀ gasoline. Such fuels are said to facilitate the addition of alcohol to the present gasoline better because of their lower dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE). A disadvantage of this method of treating DVPE blends of gasoline and ethanol is that in order to obtain such a blend, it is necessary to produce specially reformed gasoline which adversely affects the chain of sale and results in increased motor fuel prices. Also, such gasolines and their blends with ethanol have a higher ignition point temperature that impairs their performance.

It is also known that some chemicals reduce DVPE when added to gasoline or a mixture thereof with ethanol. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,756, issued July 18, 1995, discloses chemically pure combustion promoting compounds containing, in addition to gasoline, ketones, nitroparaffins, as well as alcohols other than ethanol. It is noted that the catalytic pure combustion promoter composition described in this patent reduces DVPE gasoline fuel. There is nothing in this patent about the impact of a pure combustion promoter composition on DVPE blends of petrol and ethanol.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,295, issued November 18, 1997, provides a chemical compound as an additive to gasoline or as a fuel to standard gasoline engines. According to the invention, an alcohol-based fuel additive is proposed. The fuel additive comprises from 20 to 70% alcohol, from 2.5 to 20% ketone and ether, from 0.03 to 20% aliphatic and silicon compounds, from 5 to 20% toluene and from 4 to 45% white spirit. The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. It is stated in this patent that the additive improves the quality of the gasoline and particularly reduces the DVPE. The disadvantages of this method of treating DVPE motor fuel are that large amounts of additive are required, not less than 15% by volume of the mixture, and that the use of silicon compounds which produce silicon dioxide upon combustion results in increased engine wear.

WO 97/43 356 discloses a method for reducing the vapor pressure of a hydrocarbon-alcohol mixture by adding to the hydrocarbon-alcohol co-solvent mixture. Also disclosed is a spark-ignition internal combustion fuel composition comprising a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon component of C ₅ -C ₈ alkanes substantially free of olefins, aromatics, benzene and sulfur, wherein the hydrocarbon component of ASTM D2699 and D2700 has a minimum an anti-knock index of 65 and according to ASTM D5191 a maximum DVPE of 103.35 kPa; fuel quality alcohol; and a cosolvent for the hydrocarbon component and the alcohol in which the components of the fuel composition are present in an amount selected to provide a motor fuel with a minimum anti-knock index of 87 and a maximum DVPE of 103.35 kPa. The co-solvent used is barium-derived 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran (MTHF) and other heterocyclic ethers such as pyranes and oxepanes, with MTHF being preferred.

The disadvantages of this method of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent with a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons and ethanol are as follows:

(1) only C ₅ -C ₈ hydrocarbon components which are straight-chain or branched alkanes need to be used, (i) free of such unsaturated compounds as olefins, benzene and other aromatics, (ii) free of sulfur and as indicated by this description (iii) the hydrocarbon component is a condensate of a gas from coal gasification or natural gas;

(2) only one specific class of oxygen-containing chemical compounds should be used as a co-solvent for the hydrocarbon component and ethanol; namely, ethers including short chain ethers and heterocyclic ethers;

(3) large quantities of ethanol, not less than 25%, should be used in the fuel;

(4) large amounts of co-solvent, not less than 20%, of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran must be used; and (5) a spark ignition internal combustion engine is required when operating with such a fuel mixture, and in particular the software in the control computer or the control computer itself must be changed.

US 5,697,987 A and US 2,104,021 A disclose fuel grade ethanol mixtures. These patents disclose the use of fuel compositions to reduce vapor pressure in motor fuels and the compositions used therein.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method by which the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art can be overcome. It is a first object of the present invention to provide a method for reducing the vapor pressure of a C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon fuel mixture containing up to 20% ethanol by volume for conventional gasoline engines with a vapor pressure not greater than C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons alone or at least that it meets the standard requirements for petrol fuel.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for reducing the vapor pressure of a C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon-based engine fuel mixture for a conventional spark-ignition internal combustion engine containing from 0.1 to 20% by volume of ethanol, not more than 0.25% by weight of water, determined according to ASTM D 6304, and not more than 7% by weight of oxygen as determined by ASTM D 4815, increasing the vapor pressure of the ethanol introduced by at least 80%, and more preferably the vapor pressure of the C ₃ -C ₂ hydrocarbon component (a) alone, which is characterized in that, in addition to the C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon component (a) and an ethanol component (b) is present in the fuel composition, component (c) containing oxygen in an amount of 0.05 to 15% by volume relative to the the total volume of the fuel mixture, wherein component (c) is selected from at least one of the following types of compounds:

- alkanol containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms,

- a dialkyl ether containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms,

- ketone containing from 4 to 9 carbon atoms,

- alkyl esters of alkanoic acid containing from 5 to 8 carbon atoms,

- hydroxyketone containing from 4 to 6 carbon atoms,

- ketone ester of an alkanoic acid containing from 5 to 8 carbon atoms,

- oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound selected from the compounds: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfurylacetát, dimetyltetrahydrofurán, tetrametyltetrahydrofurán, methyltetrahydropyran, 4-methyl-4oxytetrahydropyrán and mixtures thereof, and wherein component (d) which is selected from at least one hydrocarbon, C ₆ -C _2, is present in an amount such that the volume ratio of (b): ((c) + (d)) is from 1: 200 to 200: 1.

The following is a detailed explanation of the subject matter of the invention in a broader context. There are also data illustrating the whole width of the proposed solution as well as comparative data.

The present invention is based on a method of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of a fuel composition comprising liquid hydrocarbons and ethanol using oxygen-containing additives. The ethanol and the dry vapor pressure equivalent components (DVPE) used to obtain the fuel composition are preferably obtained from renewable raw materials. By means of the process according to the invention, it is possible to obtain motor fuels containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol which meet the standard requirements for spark-ignition internal combustion engines operating on petrol.

Said object of the present invention is achieved by a method of reducing the vapor pressure of a C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon-based motor fuel mixture for a conventional spark ignition internal combustion engine containing from 0.1 to 20% by volume of ethanol, not more than 0.25% by weight water, determined according to ASTM D 6304, and not more than 7% by weight of oxygen, determined according to ASTM D 4815, by increasing the vapor pressure of the introduced ethanol by at least 80% and more preferably the vapor pressure of the C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon component (a) alone, which is based on the oxygen-containing additive being selected from at least one of the following types of compounds: an alcohol other than ethanol, a ketone, an ether, an ester, a hydroxyketone, a ketone ester and an oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound and used in an amount of at least 0.05% by volume, based on the total volume of the fuel mixture.

It has been found in the present invention that specific types of compounds having oxygen-containing groups surprisingly reduce the vapor pressure of the gasoline-ethanol mixture.

This effect can unexpectedly be further enhanced by special C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon compounds.

The authors have also found that the octane number of the resulting hydrocarbon-based fuel mixture can surprisingly be maintained or even increased by using the oxygen component of the present invention.

According to the present method up to about 20% by volume of fuel grade ethanol (b) may be used in the total fuel compositions. These oxygen-containing additives (c) can be obtained from renewable raw materials, and said hydrocarbon component (a) can be, for example, any standard gasoline (which need not be reformed) and optionally contain aromatic fractions and sulfur as well as hydrocarbons obtained from renewable raw materials.

By the method of the present invention, fuels can be prepared for standard spark ignition internal combustion engines, which allow such engines to exhibit the same maximum power as when operating on standard gasoline currently marketed. By using the method of the present invention, it is also possible to achieve a reduction in the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gases and to reduce fuel consumption.

According to one aspect of the present invention, in addition to the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE), the anti-knock index (octane number) may also be desirable.

Yet another object is to provide an additive mixture of fuel grade ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and optionally other components (d) that are individual hydrocarbons from the C ₆ -C ₁₂ fraction or mixtures thereof, which additive mixture may subsequently used in the inventive process, ie to add to the hydrocarbon component (a). Mixtures (b) and (c) and optionally (d) may also be used alone as fuel for modified engines, ie a non-standard type of gasoline engine. The additive composition may also be used to adjust the octane number and / or reduce the vapor pressure of the high vapor pressure hydrocarbon component.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, examples, and dependent claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In FIG. 1 shows the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content of the ethanol-gasoline blends of the prior art.

In FIG. 2 shows the DVPE behavior of the various fuels of the present invention as a function of their ethanol content.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following is a detailed description of the present invention.

The present method allows the use of C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon fractions as a hydrocarbon component (a) including narrower ranges within this broader range, without limiting the presence of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatics and sulfur. In particular, the hydrocarbon component may be standard gasoline currently on the market, as well as other hydrocarbon blends obtained from petroleum refining, waste gas from chemical coking waste, natural gas and synthesis gas. Hydrocarbons derived from renewable raw materials may also be included. The C ₃ -C ₁₂ fractions are usually prepared by fractional distillation or blending of various hydrocarbons.

Importantly, and as mentioned above, component (a) may contain aromatics and sulfur which are either co-produced or naturally present in the hydrocarbon component.

According to the method of the present invention, the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) equivalent can be reduced for fuel mixtures containing up to 20% ethanol by volume, calculated as pure ethanol. According to a preferred embodiment, the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon-based fuel mixture containing ethanol is reduced by 50%, with the ethanol-induced vapor increase, more preferably 80% and even more preferably, the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon-based fuel mixture containing ethanol is reduced to a vapor pressure the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon component itself and / or the vapor pressure according to any standard requirement for gasoline sold on the merchant network.

As is evident from the examples, the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) can be reduced, if desired, to a level even lower than the pressure level of the hydrocarbon component used.

Most preferably, other fuel properties, such as an octane number, have been maintained within the required limits of the standard.

This is achieved by adding at least one oxygen-containing organic compound (c) other than ethanol to the motor fuel mixture. Oxygen-containing organic compound allows treatment of:

(i) dry vapor pressure equivalent; (ii) anti-knock index and other operating parameters of the engine fuel composition, as well as (iii) reduction of fuel consumption and reduction of toxic emissions in engine exhaust emissions.

The oxygen-containing compound (c) contains oxygen bonds in at least one of the following functional groups:

C-ο-H

ABOUT

II - c - o

II c-o-c-c-o-cO H H II I c-c-cOHO II I II

II

-c-c-c-o-c-H-c-o-H

C C

C ^

Such fuming groups are present, for example, in the following classes of organic compounds which may be used in the present invention: alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, hydroxy ketones, ketone esters and heterocyclic compounds with oxygen-containing rings.

The fuel additive can be obtained from fossil sources or preferably from renewable sources such as biomass.

The oxygen-containing fuel additive (c) can usually be an alcohol other than ethanol. In general, aliphatic or alicyclic alcohols are used, both saturated and unsaturated, preferably alkanols. More preferably, alkanols of the general formula are used

R-OH where:

R is alkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 3 to 8 carbon atoms such as propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, n-pentanol, isopentanol, tert-pentanol, 4-methyl-2 -pentanol, diethylcarbinol, diisopropylcarbinol, 2-ethylhexanol, 2,4,4-trimethylpentanol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol, linalool, 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol, phenol, phenylmethanol, methylphenol, methylcyclohexanol or the like alcohols as well as mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be an aliphatic or alicyclic ketone, saturated or unsaturated, of the general formula:

ABOUT

II

R-C-R ', where:

R and R 'are the same or different and are each _Ci-C6 hydrocarbons, which also can be cyclic, and are preferably C _r C ₄ hydrocarbons.

Preferred ketones have a sum (R + R ') of 4 to 9 carbon atoms and include methyl ethyl ketone, methylpropyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 3-heptanone, 2-octanone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetophenone, trimethylcyclohexanone or similar ketones or mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be an aliphatic or alicyclic ether including both saturated and unsaturated ethers of the general formula:

R-O-R ', in which:

R and R 'are the same or different and are each a C 1 -C 10 hydrocarbyl group.

Generally, lower (C 1 -C ₆ ) dialkyl ethers are preferred. The total number of carbon atoms in the ether is preferably from 6 to 10. Typical ethers include methyl tert-amyl ether, methyl isoamyl ether, ethyl isobutyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, dibutyl ether, diisobutyl ether, diisoamyl ether, anisole, methylanisole, phenetol or similar ethers and mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may further be an aliphatic or alicyclic ester including both saturated and unsaturated esters of the general formula:

ABOUT

II

R-C-O-R ', where:

R and R 'are the same or different and are preferably hydrocarbon groups, more preferably alkyl groups, and most preferably alkyl and phenyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Particularly preferred is an ester where R is C _r C ₄ and R 'is C ₄ -C _6th

Typical esters are alkyl esters of alkanoic acids including n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, isobutyl propionate, isobutyl isobutyrate, n-amyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, isoamyl propionate, methyl benzoate, phenyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate or similar esters and mixtures thereof. It is generally preferred to use an ester having from 5 to 8 carbon atoms.

Additive (c) may simultaneously contain two oxygen-containing groups linked in the same molecule to different carbon atoms.

Additive (c) may be a hydroxyketone. A preferred hydroxyketone has the general formula:

R! H R

I I I

R-C-C-C-R or R-C-C-R 1

II

H-O H O O O - H ....... where:

R is a hydrocarbon residue, and

R, is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical, preferably lower alkyl, i.e. (C _r C _4).

It is generally preferred to use a ketol having from 4 to 6 carbon atoms. Typical hydroxyketones include 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone or the like ketols or mixtures thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the fuel additive (c) is a ketone ester, preferably of the formula:

H

I

R-C-C-C-O-R

II I II

OHO where:

R is a hydrocarbon radical, preferably lower alkyl, ie (C 1 -C ₄ ).

Typical ketone esters include methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate and tert-butyl acetoacetate. Preferably, such ketone esters have from 6 to 8 carbon atoms.

Additive (c) may also be an oxygen in the ring containing the heterocyclic compound and preferably the oxygen-containing heterocycle has a C ₄ -C ₅ ring. More preferably, the heterocyclic additive has a total of from 5 to 8 carbon atoms. The additive may preferably have the general formula (1) or (2) below:

R R '1

C-C

(D

R Ri

R \ / R \ .C. / R-C C-R 11

R-C \ .C — R / O \

R R (2:

where:

R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical, preferably -CH ₃ , and

R 1 is CH ₃ or -OH, or -CH ₂ OH or CH ₃ CO ₂ CH ₂ -.

Typical heterocyclic additives (c) are tetrahydrofiiryl alcohol, tetrahydrofuryl acetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropyran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran or similar heterocyclic additives or mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be a mixture of any of the compounds, from one or more of the various classes of compounds listed above.

Suitable fuel grade ethanol (b) for use in the present invention can be readily identified by those skilled in the art. A suitable example of the ethanol component is ethanol containing 99.5% of the main substance. Any impurities contained in ethanol in an amount of at least 0,5% by volume and falling within the abovementioned definition of component (c) should be taken into account when determining the quantity of component (c) used. That is, such impurities must be included in an amount of at least 0.5% in ethanol to be considered as part of component (c). Any water, if present in ethanol, should preferably be no more than about 0.25% by volume of the total fuel mixture to meet the current required fuel standards for gasoline engines.

Thus, a denatured ethanol blend as marketed containing about 92% ethanol, hydrocarbons and by-products can also be used as an ethanol component in the fuel composition of the present invention.

Unless otherwise indicated, all amounts are in% by volume based on the total volume of the engine fuel composition.

Generally, ethanol (b) is used in amounts of from 0.1 to 20% by volume, usually from about 1 to 20% by volume, preferably from 3 to 15% by volume, and more preferably from about 5 to 10% by volume. The oxygen-containing additive (c) is generally used in amounts of from 0.05 to about 15% by volume, more generally from 0.1 to about 15% by volume, preferably from about 3 to 10% by volume, and most preferably from about 5 to 10% by volume.

Generally, the total volume of ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) used is from 0.15 to 25% by volume, normally from about 0.5 to 25% by volume, preferably from about 1 to 20% by volume, more preferably from 3 to 15%. % by volume and most preferably from 5 to 15% by volume.

Thus, the ratio of ethanol (b) to oxygen-containing additive (c) in the motor fuel composition is generally from 1: 150 to 400: 1, and more preferably from 1: 10 to 10: 1.

The total oxygen content of the motor fuel composition relative to ethanol and the oxygen additive, expressed in% oxygen by weight relative to the total weight of the motor fuel composition, is preferably not greater than about 7% by weight, more preferably not greater than about 5% by weight.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, to obtain a motor fuel suitable for operating a standard spark-ignition internal combustion engine, the aforementioned hydrocarbon component, ethanol and an additional oxygen-containing component are mixed to obtain the following properties of the resulting motor fuel composition:

- a density at 15 ° C and at normal atmospheric pressure not less than 690 kg / m ³ ;

- an oxygen content, based on an amount of oxygen-containing components of not more than 7% w / w of the motor fuel composition;

an anti-knock index (octane number) of not less than the anti-knock index (octane number) of the original hydrocarbon component and preferably of not less than 80 for 0.5 (RON + MON);

a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) substantially equal to that of the original hydrocarbon component and preferably from 20 kPa to 120 kPa;

an acid content of not more than 0.1% by weight of acetic acid (HAc);

pH from 5 to 9;

an aromatic hydrocarbon content of not more than 40% vol., including benzene, and for benzene alone, not more than 1% vol .;

- limits of evaporation at normal atmospheric pressure in% of the original volume of the motor fuel composition:

initial boiling point, min.

vapor volume (at 70 ° C, min) vapor volume (at 100 ° C, min) vapor volume (at 150 ° C, min) vapor volume (at 190 ° C, min) distillation residue , max.

final boiling point, max.

- a sulfur content of not more than

- a resin content of not more than ° C by volume 50% by volume 75% by volume 95% by volume 2% by volume 205 ° C mg / kg 2 mg / 100 ml.

According to a preferred embodiment of the process of the invention, the hydrocarbon component and the ethanol may be added together, followed by the addition of an additional oxygen-containing compound or compounds to the mixture. Then, the resulting motor fuel composition should be maintained at a temperature of not less than -35 ° C for at least about one hour. An essential feature of the present invention is that the components of the motor fuel composition can only be added to each other to form the desired composition. Generally, it is not required to agitate or otherwise provide any significant mixing to form the composition.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to obtain a motor fuel composition suitable for operating a standard spark-ignition internal combustion engine with minimal harmful environmental impact, it is preferred to use an oxygen-containing component (s) derived from renewable raw material (s).

Optionally, component (d) may be used to further reduce the vapor pressure of the fuel composition of components (a), (b) and (c). Individual hydrocarbons selected from C ₆ -C ₁₂ aliphatic or alicyclic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons may be used as component (d). Preferably, the hydrocarbon component (d) is selected from C ₈ -C ₁₁ fraction. Suitable examples of component (d) are benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, isopropyltoluene, diethylbenzene, isopropylxylene, tert-butylbenzene, tert-butyltoluene, tert. butylene, cyclooctadiene, cyclooctatetraene, limonene, isooctane, isononane, isodecane, isooctene, myrcene, alocylene, tert-butylcyclohexane or the like, and mixtures thereof.

The hydrocarbon component (d) may also be a fraction boiling at 100 to 200 ° C, obtained by distillation of petroleum, bituminous coal resins or synthesis gas processing products.

As already mentioned, the present invention further relates to an additive mixture consisting of components (b) and (c), and optionally also component (d), which can be gradually added to the hydrocarbon component (a) and can also be used as fuels into a modified internal combustion engine with spark ignition.

The additive mixture preferably has a ratio of ethanol (b) to additive (c) of from 1: 150 to 200: 1 by volume. According to a preferred embodiment of the additive composition, said composition comprises oxygen-containing component (c) in an amount of from 0.5 to 99.5% by volume, and ethanol (b) in an amount of from 0.5 to 99.5% by volume, and the component (d) containing at least one C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon, more preferably C ₈ -C ₁₁ hydrocarbon, in an amount of from 0 to 99% by volume, preferably from 0 to 90% by volume, more preferably from 0 to 79.5%, and most preferably from 5 to 77% of the additive composition. The additive composition preferably has a ratio of ethanol (b) to the sum of other additive components (c) + (d) of 1: 200 to 200: 1 by volume, more preferably the ratio of ethanol (b) to the sum of components (c) + (d) of 1 : 10 to 10: 1 by volume.

The octane number of the additive mixture can be determined and the mixture can be used to adjust the octane number of component (a) to the desired level by mixing the appropriate proportion of mixture (b), (c) and (d) to component (a).

The following motor fuel compositions are presented as examples demonstrating the efficacy of the present invention, which are not designed to limit the scope of the invention but merely provide an explanation of some of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention.

As will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, all fuel compositions of the following examples may certainly also be obtained by first preparing an additive mixture of components (b) and (c) and optionally (d), which mixture may then be added to component (a) or vice versa. . In this case, some degree of mixing may be required.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For the preparation of mixed motor fuel the following components (b), (c) and (d) shall be used:

fuel quality ethanol purchased in Sweden from Sekab and in the US from ADM Corp. and Williams;

- oxygen-containing compounds, individual unsubstituted hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof purchased in Germany from Merck and in Russia from Lukoil;

- a combination of hydrocarbons that is a primary naphtha naphtha containing aliphatic and alicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkylate, which is a hydrocarbon fraction, consisting almost entirely of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons and obtained by alkylating isobutene with butanol. Alkylbenzene, which is a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, is obtained in the alkylation of benzene. Technical grade alkylbenzene usually contains ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, butylbenzene and others.

All testing of gasoline and ethanol containing motor fuel sources, including the fuels of the present invention, are conducted using standard ASTM methodologies at SGS in Sweden and at Auto Research Laboratories, Inc., USA.

The serviceability test is carried out on a 1987 VOLVO 240DL according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 standard test methodology.

The descriptions of the standard European 2000 (EU 2000) New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test are identical to the standard descriptions of the EU / ECE tests and operating cycle (91/441 EEC and ECE-R 83/01 and 93/116 EEC respectively). ). These standardized EU tests cover urban and off-site cycles and require specific emissions regulations. Exhaust emission analysis shall be carried out using a constant volume sampling method and a flame ionisation detector shall be used to determine the hydrocarbon. The Exhaust Gas Directive 91/441 EEC (Phase I) provides specific standards for CO (HC + NO) and (PM), while the EU Fuel Directive 93/116 EEC (1996) sets consumption standards.

The tests shall be carried out on a 1987 VOLVO 240DL with a B230F, 4-cylinder, 2,32 liter (LG4F20-87) engine developing 83 kW at a speed of 90 per second and a torque of 185 Nm at a speed of 46 per second.

Example 1

Example 1 illustrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol containing motor fuel for cases where gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent according to ASTM D-5191 of 90 kPa (about 13 pounds per square inch) was used as the hydrocarbon base.

A92, A95 and A98 winter gasoline, which are currently marketed and purchased in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem, are used to prepare the compositions of this composition.

Fig. 1 shows the behavior of DVPE ethanol containing motor fuel based on A95 winter gasoline. Ethanol containing motor fuel based on A92 and A98 winter gasoline used in this example also exhibits similar behavior.

The naphtha contains aliphatic and alicyclic C ₄ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, including both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The A92 winter gasoline used has the following specification:

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.7.

Fuel 1-1 (not according to the invention) contains A92 winter gasoline and ethanol and has the following properties for different ethanol contents:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 94.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.1

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 94.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

The following different embodiments of fuels 1-2 and 1-3 show options for adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel based on A92 winter gasoline.

The inventive fuel 1-2 comprises winter gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88,5: 4,5: 7% by volume DVPE = 89,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

A92: ethanol: isoamyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 88.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: ethanol: diacetone alcohol = 88.5: 4.5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.65

A92: ethanol: ethyl acetoacetate = 90.5: 2.5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.8

A92: ethanol: isoamyl propionate = 87.5: 5.5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 88.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

The motor fuel blends mentioned later show that the excessive DVPE of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: 3-heptanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

A92: ethanol: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol = 85: 8.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.25

The inventive fuel 1-3 contains winter gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c) and hydrocarbons C ₆ -C ₁₂ (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 79: 9: 2: 10% v / v The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.25

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: hydrocarbon mixture = 80: 5: 5: 10% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 88.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.6

A92: ethanol: tert-butanol: hydrocarbon mixture = 81: 5: 5: 9 by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: benzene: ethylbenzene: diethylbenzene = 82,5: 9,5: 0,5: 0,5: 3: 4% by volume

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: toluene = 82,5: 9,5: 0,5: 7,5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-xylene = 82,5: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6: 7,5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

The following compositions 1-5 and 1-6 show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol containing motor fuel based on A98 winter gasoline.

Winter gasoline A98 has the following specification:

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.35

Comparative fuel 1-4 containing A98 winter gasoline and ethanol has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% (v / v)

DVPE = 95.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 94.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

Fuel 1-5 contains winter gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 84: 9: 7% v / v

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate = 84: 9: 7 v / v

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: benzyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.05

A98: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 88.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

A98: ethanol: diethyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol: methyl (propyl) ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0 kPa

A98: ethanol: methyl (isobutyl) ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.65

A98: ethanol: 3-heptanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A98: ethanol: methyl (isobutyl) ketone = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.7

A98: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 85: 8.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: methylphenol = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.05

1-6 comprises a fuel winter gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c), and _{C6-C] 2} hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isooctane = 80: 5: 5: 10% v / v DVPE = 82,0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 78,2: 6,1: 6,1: 9,6% v / v

DVPE = 81.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture = 80: 5: 5: 10% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 82.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.35

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: m-isopropyltoluene = 80: 5: 5: 5: 5% by volume The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100 to 200 ° C.

DVPE = 82.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.25

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: hydrocarbon mixture = 83: 5: 5: 7% v / v

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 82.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isooctane = 85: 5: 5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture = 85: 5: 5: 5 by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropylxylene = 85: 9.5: 0.5: 5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

The motor fuel compositions shown below show that it may be necessary to reduce the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol below the DVPE level of the original gasoline. Normally, this is required when the original gasoline DVPE is higher than the limits set by the applicable gasoline regulations. In this way, for example, it is possible to transform winter gasoline into summer gasoline. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 9,5: 0,5: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: alkylate: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 9,5: 0,5: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 9: 3: 28% v / v

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

The following fuels 1-8, 1-9 and 1-10 show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol containing motor fuel based on A95 winter gasoline.

Winter gasoline A95 has the following specifications:

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

The EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Standard Test Method as described above shows the following results:

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.13 g / km

HC (hydrocarbons) 0.280 g / km

NO _X (nitrogen oxides) 0.265 g / km

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) 227.0 g / km

NMHC * 0.276 g / km

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km 9,84 non-methane hydrocarbons

Comparative fuel 1-7 contains A95 winter gasoline and ethanol and has the following characteristics for different compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 94.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol = 90: 10% v / v

DVPE = 94.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

The reference fuel test (RFM 1) shows the following results compared to winter

gasoline A95: WHAT - 15,0% HC - 7.3% NO _X + 15,5% co ₂ + 2.4% NMHC * - 0,5% Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 4.7%

represents a reduction in emissions, while "+" represents an increase in emissions.

The inventive fuel 1-8 contains winter gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: diisoamyl ether = 86: 8: 6% v / v

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.85

A95: ethanol: isoamyl propionate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.35

A95: ethanol: isoamyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.25

A95: ethanol: 2-octanone = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A95: ethanol: diisoamyl ether = 87: 9: 4% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: ethanol: isoamyl acetate = 88: 7: 5% v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 88: 7: 5 v / v

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

Fuel 1-9 contains winter gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 83.7: 5: 2: 9.3% v / v

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 88.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.65

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 83,7: 5: 2: 9,3%

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: alkylate = 81: 5: 5: 9 v / v

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: hydrocarbon mixture = 81: 5: 5: 9% v / v

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 80: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 10% by volume The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100 to 200 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 80: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that it may be necessary to reduce the excess equivalent of the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol below the DVPE level of the original gasoline. Normally this is required when the original gasoline DVPE is higher than the limits under the applicable gasoline regulations. In this way, for example, it is possible to convert winter gasoline to summer gasoline. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isooctane = 60: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 9: 1: 30% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

Fuel 1-10 contains 75% by volume of A95 winter gasoline, 9.6% by volume of ethanol, 0.4% by volume of isobutyl alcohol, 4.5% by volume of m-isopropyltoluene and 10.5% by volume of a mixture of hydrocarbons boiling in the range of 100 to 200 ° C. This fuel formulation shows the possibility of lowering the DVPE, increasing the octane number, reducing the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas, and reducing fuel consumption compared to the reference gasoline / ethanol (RFM 1) mixture. The motor fuel composition has the following characteristics:

density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052 initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 evaporable fraction - 70 ° C evaporable fraction - 100 ° C evaporable fraction - 150 ° C evaporable fraction - 180 ° C final boiling point evaporation loss evaporation loss oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 acidity, according to ASTM D 1613,% acetic acid (HAc) pH, according to ASTM D 1287 sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 gum content, according to ASTM D 381 water content, according to ASTM D 6304 aromatics , according to ASTM SS 155120, including benzene benzene alone, according to EN 238

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to

749.2 kg / m @ 29 ° C

47.6% vol

55.6% vol

84.2% by volume 97.5% by volume 194.9 ° C

1,3% vol

1.6% vol

3.7% w / w

0,004

6.6 mg / kg mg / 100 ml

0.03% w / w

30.2% vol. 0,7% vol. 89,0 kPa

ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.6

The 1-10 engine fuel formulation is tested according to the EU 2000 NEDC 98/69 Standard Test Methodology and gives the following results compared to A95 winter gasoline:

CO -21%

HC - 9%

NO _X + 12.8%

CO ₂ + 2.38%

NHMC - 6.4%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 3.2%

Fuel formulations 1-1 to 1-10 show a reduced dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) equivalent to the ethanol fuel-based motor fuels tested. Similar results are obtained when the additives of Examples 1-1 to 1-10 are replaced with other oxygen-containing compounds of the invention.

To prepare said fuel formulations 1-1 to 1-10 of this motor fuel blend composition, the gasoline is initially mixed with ethanol and the corresponding oxygen-containing additive is added to the fuel mixture. The obtained motor fuel composition is then allowed to stand between 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35 ° C prior to the test. All formulations are prepared without the use of any mixing devices.

This confirms the possibility of using an additive mixture containing an oxygen-containing additive other than ethanol (c) and ethanol (b) to prepare ethanol-containing motor fuels for standard spark ignition internal combustion engines that meet both standard gasoline and vapor pressure requirements as well as anti-knock stability.

The fuel compositions mentioned later show such a possibility.

A mixture containing 50% ethanol and 50% isoamyl alcohol is mixed in various proportions with winter gasoline having a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) not exceeding 90 kPa. All resulting mixtures have a DVPE not higher than that required by the winter gasoline regulations, namely 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 87: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.15

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 86: 7.0: 7.0% v / v

DVPE = 89.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 86.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

Fig. 2 shows the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content when mixing additive mixture 2, which contains 33.3% ethanol and 66.7% tert-pentanol, with A95 winter gasoline. Fig. 2 shows that different values of ethanol content in gasoline ranging from 0 to 11% do not cause an increase in vapor pressure for these blends above the requirements of the DVPE standards of winter gasoline, which is 90 kPa.

Similar dry vapor pressure equivalent behavior (DVPE) is observed for A92 and A98 winter gasoline mixed with an additive mixture containing 33.3% ethanol by volume and 66.7% tert-pentanol by volume.

The effect of reducing the vapor pressure of the ethanol-containing gasoline in increasing the ethanol content in the resulting mixture from 0 to 11% by volume was also observed when part of the oxygen-containing additive replace the C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (component (d)). Said compositions show the result obtained by the methods of the invention.

The additive mixture containing 40% by volume of ethanol, 10% by volume of isobutanol and 50% by volume of isopropyltoluene is mixed with winter gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) not higher than 90 kPa. The various compositions obtained have the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyltoluene = 85: 6: 1.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 84.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyltoluene = 80: 8: 2: 10% v / v

DVPE = 84.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.1

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyltoluene = 86: 5,6: 1,4: 7% by volume

DVPE = 85.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

Similar results are obtained when the preparation of the additive composition using other oxygen-containing compounds and also C ₆ -C 2 hydrocarbons of the present invention, the ratio of the present invention, which mixture is then used to prepare the ethanol-containing gasolines. These gasoline fully meet the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark ignition internal combustion engines.

Example 2

Example 2 illustrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol-containing motor fuel for cases where gasoline with the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ASTM D 5191 at 70 kPa (about 10 pounds per square inch) is used as the hydrocarbon base.

A92, A95 and A98 summer petrol, which is currently marketed and purchased in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem, is used to prepare blends of this composition.

The naphtha contains aliphatic and alicyclic C ₄ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Fig. 1 illustrates the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel based on A95 summer gasoline. Ethanol-based motor fuels based on A92 and A98 winter gasoline, respectively, exhibit similar behavior.

The following fuels 2-2 and 2-3 show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of motor fuel containing ethanol based on A92 summer petrol.

A92 petrol has the following features:

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.5.

The comparative fuel 2-1 contains A92 summer petrol and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 77.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

Fuel 2-2 contains A92 (a) summer gasoline, ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 69.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: ethanol: isobutanol = 80: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: diethylcarbinol = 85: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 69.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85.5: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ether = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 68.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A92: ethanol: di (n-butyl) ester = 85: 8: 7 v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.5

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.5

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient if DVPE is brought into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol = 87.5: 10: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: ethanol: di (n-butyl) ether = 85: 9: 6 v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.2

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

Fuel 2-3 contains summer gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol: methyl (ethyl) ketone: isooctane = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isononane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isodecane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: toluene = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropyltoluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of the DVPE of the gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isodecane = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.85

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: tert-butylbenzene = 82,5: 9,5: 0,5: 7,5% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.5

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: tert-butyltoluene = 82,5: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6: 5:

2,5% vol

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

The following 2-5 and 2-6 fuels show the possibility to adjust the dry vapor pressure (DVPE) equivalent of ethanol containing motor fuel based on A98 summer petrol.

A98 petrol has the following specification:

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Comparative fuel 2-4 contains A98 summer petrol and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% (v / v)

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 76.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

Fuel 2-5 contains summer gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

A98: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 83: 9.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A98: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.4

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of the DVPE of the gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: tert-pentanol = 90: 5: 5% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

Fuel 2-6 contains A98 (a) summer gasoline, ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: isopropanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 5: 5: 10% v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of the DVPE of the gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 81,5: 9,5: 0,5: 8,5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

A98: ethanol: tert-butanol: limonene = 86: 7: 4: 4% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The following 2-8 to 2-10 fuels show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) ethanol containing motor fuel based on A95 summer gasoline.

Summer gasoline A95 has the following specification:

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

The test carried out as described above shows the following results for A95 summer petrol:

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.198 g / km

HC (hydrocarbons) 0.245 g / km

NO _X (nitrogen oxides) 0.252 g / km

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) 230.0 g / km

NMHC * 0.238 g / km

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km 9,95 non-methane hydrocarbons

Comparative 2-7 fuel contains A95 summer gasoline and ethanol and has the following characteristics for different compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 75.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A95: ethanol = 90: 10% (also referred to as RFM 2)

DVPE = 75.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.25

The reference fuel blend (RFM 2) test shows the following compared to A95 summer gasoline

the results: WHAT -9.1% HC - 4,5% NO _X + 7.3% co ₂ + 4.0% NMHC * - 4,4% Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 3.6%

represents a reduction in emissions, while "+" represents an increase in emissions.

Fuel 2-8 contains A95 summer gasoline and oxygen containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: di (isoamyl) ether = 86: 8: 6 v / v

DVPE = 66.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 67.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: tert-butanol = 88: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 68.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A95: ethanol: tert-pentanol = 90: 5: 5% v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isopropanol = 80: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.8

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-2-pentanol = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 66.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: ethanol: diethyl ketone = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: trimethylcyclohexanone = 85: 8: 7 v / v

DVPE = 67.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: methyl (t-amyl) ether = 80: 8: 12% v / v

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A95: ethanol: n-butyl acetate = 87: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A95: ethanol: isobutyl isobutyrate = 90: 5: 5% v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A95: ethanol: methyl acetoacetate = 85: 7: 8% v / v

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of the DVPE of the gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-2-pentanol = 85: 10: 5 v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol: isobutyl isobutyrate = 90: 6: 4% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

Fuel 2-9 contains summer gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: tert-pentanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 7: 4: 9% v / v

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A95: ethanol: tert-butanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 7: 4: 9% v / v

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A95: ethanol: propanol: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

A95: ethanol: diethyl ketone: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropyltoluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% v / v The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-170 ° C.

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-170 ° C.

The boiling point for the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of the DVPE of the gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 82,5: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6: 7,5% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: cyclooctadiene = 82,5: 9,2: 0,2: 0,6: 7,5% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

Fuel formulation 2-10 contains 81.5% by volume of A95 summer gasoline, 8.5% by volume of misopropyltoluene, 9.2% by volume of ethanol and 0.8% by volume of isoamyl alcohol. Formulation 2-10 is tested to demonstrate how the inventive composition maintains the dry vapor pressure equivalent at the same level as the original gasoline while increasing the octane number while reducing the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas and reducing fuel consumption compared to with a reference mixture of RFM 2 gasoline and ethanol. Formulation 2-10 has the following specific characteristics:

density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052 initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 evaporable fraction - 70 ° C evaporable fraction - 100 ° C evaporable fraction - 150 ° C evaporable fraction - 180 ° C final boiling point evaporation loss evaporation loss oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 acidity, according to ASTM D 1613,% acetic acid (HAc) pH, according to ASTM D 1287 sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 gum content, according to ASTM D 381 water content, according to ASTM D 6304 aromatics , according to ASTM SS 155120, including benzene benzene alone, according to EN 238

DVPE according to ASTM D 5191 anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86

754.1 kg / m ³

26.6 ° C

45,2% vol

56.4% vol. 88,8% vol

97.6% vol

186.3 ° C

1.6% vol. 0,1% vol

3.56% w / w

0,007

8.9 mg / kg <1 mg / 100 ml

0.12% w / w

30.3% vol. 0,8% vol

68.5 kPa

92.7

The 2-10 motor fuel formulation is tested according to the EC 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Test Methodology above and gives the following results (+) or (-)% compared to the results for the original A95 summer petrol:

CO -0,18%

HC - 8.5%

NO _X + 5.3%

NMHC - 9%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km +3.1%

Fuel Formulations 2-1 to 2-10 exhibit a reduced dry vapor pressure (DVPE) equivalent to the test fuel containing ethanol, based on summer gasoline. Similar results are obtained when the additives of Examples 2-1 to 2-10 are replaced with other oxygen-containing additives of the invention.

In order to prepare all the above-mentioned fuel formulations 2-1 to 2-10 of this motor fuel composition, the gasoline is first mixed with ethanol, and the corresponding oxygen-containing additive is then added to the mixture. The obtained motor fuel composition is then allowed to stand between 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35 ° C prior to the test. All formulations are prepared without the use of any mixing devices.

The use of an additive composition comprising ethanol and oxygen-containing compounds other than ethanol for the preparation of ethanol-containing gasoline is carried out with summer gasoline. The fuel compositions shown later show the possibility of obtaining ethanol-containing gasoline that meets the standard requirements for summer gasoline, including a vapor pressure of not more than 70 kPa.

Fig. 2 illustrates the behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of ethanol content when blending A95 summer gasoline with additive mixture 3 containing 35% by volume ethanol, 5% by volume isoamyl alcohol and 60% by volume mixture of hydrocarbons boiling at temperatures between 100 and 170 C.

Fig. 2 shows that the variable ethanol content of gasoline ranging from 0 to 20% does not induce a vapor pressure increase for these compositions higher than the requirements of the summer gasoline equivalent pressure (DVPE) equivalent of 70 kPa.

A similar dry vapor pressure equivalent behavior (DVPE) is observed for the A92 and A98 summer petrol blended with an additive blend containing 35% ethanol by volume, 5% isoamyl alcohol and 60% by volume hydrocarbon boiling at 100-170 ° C.

The ratio between ethanol and an oxygen-containing compound other than ethanol in the additive mixture used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline is of considerable importance. The ratio between the components of the additives determined by the present invention makes it possible to adjust the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasoline over a wide range.

The compositions mentioned later show the possibility of using additive mixtures with both high and low ethanol content. The additive mixture containing 92% by volume ethanol, 6% by volume isoamyl alcohol and 2% by volume isobutanol is mixed with summer gasoline. The compositions obtained have the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 18.4: 1.2: 0.4% v / v

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 82: 16,56: 1,08: 0,36% v / v

DVPE = 69.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 78: 20,24: 1,32: 0,44%

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.5

The additive mixture containing 25% by volume of ethanol, 60% by volume of isoamyl alcohol and 15% by volume of isobutanol is mixed with summer gasoline. The compositions obtained have the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 5: 12: 3 v / v

DVPE = 66.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 84: 4: 9.6: 2.4% v / v

DVPE = 65.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 86: 3,5: 8,4: 2,1% by volume

DVPE = 65.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

Similar results are obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds (c) as well as the C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) of the present invention are used in the proportions determined by the present invention to prepare an additive blend which is then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasolines. These gasoline fully meet the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark ignition internal combustion engines.

In addition, an additive composition comprising ethanol and an oxygen-containing compound of the invention, other than ethanol, with a ratio of the present invention, can be used as a separate motor fuel for engines adapted for ethanol operation.

Example 3

Example 3 illustrates the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol-containing motor fuel for cases where gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent according to ASTM D 5191 of 48 kPa (about 7 pounds per square inch) is used as the hydrocarbon base.

A92, A95, and A98 lead-free summer gasoline that meets US standards and purchased in the US under the trademarks Phillips J Base Fuel, Union Clear Base, and Indolene are used to prepare compositions of this composition.

The original naphtha contains aliphatic and alicyclic C ₅ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, including both saturated and unsaturated.

Fig. 1 depicts the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel based on summer US gasoline A92. Ethanol-containing motor fuels based on summer US petrol A95 and A98, respectively, show similar behavior.

Summer US petrol A92 has the following specifications:

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.7.

Fuel 3-1 contains summer US petrol A92 and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 55.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 55.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

Fuel 3-2 contains US A92 summer gasoline, ethanol and oxygen containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 8.5: 8.5% v / v

DVPE = 47.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

A92: ethanol: isoamyl propionate = 82: 8: 10% v / v

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

A92: ethanol: 2-ethylhexanol = 82: 8: 10% v / v

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.2

A92: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 82: 7: 10% v / v

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 82: 7: 10% v / v

DVPE = 47.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.1

A92: ethanol: methoxybenzene = 80: 8.5: 11.5% (v / v)

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: ethanol: methoxytoluene = 82: 8: 10% v / v

DVPE = 46.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: methyl benzoate = 82: 8: 10% v / v

DVPE = 46.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of the DVPE of the gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer US gasoline is 7 pounds per square inch, which corresponds to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 9: 8% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

A92: ethanol: methoxytoluene = 84: 8: 8% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: methyl benzoate = 85: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

3-3 fuel comprises gasoline A92 summer US (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and _{C6-C] 2} hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 15,4% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 15,4% v / v

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 15,4% v / v

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel induced by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of the DVPE of the gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer US gasoline is 7 pounds per square inch, which corresponds to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 76: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 14,4% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isooctane = 76: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 10,4: 4% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: m-isopropyltoluene = 77: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 10,4: 3% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

The following fuels show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel based on the rim of US gasoline A98.

Summer US petrol A98 has the following specification:

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

Comparative fuel 3-4 contains summer US petrol A98 and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume DVPE = 56.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 55.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

Fuel 3-5 contains summer US petrol A98 (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 82.5: 9: 8.5% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol = 82,5: 9: 7: 1,5% vol.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.4

A98: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 80: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 48.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

Fuel 3-6 contains summer US gasoline A98 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 15,4% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 15,4% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 75,5: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 14,9% by volume

DVPE = 47.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.4

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isooctane = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 8,4: 7% v / v

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: m-isopropyltoluene = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 10,4: 5% by volume

The boiling point of the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 7,9: 7,5% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The following fuels show options for adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel based on summer US gasoline A95.

Summer US petrol A95 has the following specification:

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

US A95 summer petrol is used as a comparative test fuel, carried out according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test cycle on a Volvo 240DL 1987 car with a 4-cylinder B230F engine of 2.32 liters (No. LG4F20) -87), which generates 83 kW at 90 rpm and has a torque of 185 Nm at 46 rpm.

The test is carried out as above with the following results for summer US A95 petrol:

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.406 g / km

HC (hydrocarbons) 0.356 g / km

NO _X (nitrogen oxides) 0.278 g / km

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) 232.6 g / km

NMHC * 0.258 g / km

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km 9.93 non-methane hydrocarbons

Comparative fuel 3-7 contains US A95 summer petrol and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% v / v

DVPE = 55.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.5

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 54.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

The gasoline-alcohol (RFM 3) comparative test, which contains 90% by volume of US A95 summer petrol and 10% by volume of ethanol, shall be carried out on a 1987 Volvo 240DL 4-cylinder B230F engine containing 2,32 liters ( No. LG4F20-87) according to the standard EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Test Methodology and shows the following results compared to US A95 summer gasoline:

CO -12,5%

HC - 4.8%

NO _X + 2.3%

CO ₂ + 3.7%

NMHC * - 4.0%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 3.1% represents a reduction in emissions, while “+” represents an increase in emissions.

Fuel 3-8 contains summer US petrol A95, ethanol and oxygen containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 8.5: 8.5% v / v

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: n-amyl acetate = 80: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: cyclohexyl acetate = 80: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 46.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: tetramethyltetrahydrofuran = 80: 12: 8% v / v

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A95: ethanol: methyltetrahydropyran = 80: 15: 5% v / v

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The motor fuel blends mentioned later show that the excess dry vapor pressure (DVPE) of motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol does not always have to be reduced to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer US gasoline is 7 pounds per square inch, which corresponds to 48.28 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 84: 8.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: phenylacetate = 82.5: 10: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.3

A95: ethanol: tetramethyltetrahydrofuran = 81: 10: 9% v / v

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

Fuel 3-9 contains summer US gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 15,4% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 15,4% v / v

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 75: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 15,4% v / v

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: cyclooctatetraene = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 46.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran: alocymene = 80: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 46.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that it is not always necessary to reduce the excess equivalent of dry fuel vapor pressure (DVPE) caused by the presence of ethanol to the level of DVPE of the original gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to bring it into line with the requirements of the applicable gasoline regulations. The DVPE level for summer US gasoline is 7 pounds per square inch, which corresponds to 48.28 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 76,5: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 7: 6,9% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isooctane = 76,5: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1: 7: 6,9% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 77: 9,2: 0,3: 0,1 13,4% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

Fuel formulation 3-10 contains 76% (v / v) of US A95 summer gasoline, 9.2% (v / v) ethanol, 0.25% (v / v) isoamyl alcohol, 0.05% (v / v) isobutyl alcohol, 11.5% (v / v) C and 3% by volume of isopropyltoluene. Formulation 3-10 is tested to demonstrate how the invention allows the production of ethanol-containing gasoline that fully meets the requirements of the applicable standards, first with respect to the DVPE level as well as other parameters. At the same time, this gasoline ensures that the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas is reduced and fuel consumption is reduced compared to the RFM 3 blend of the original US A95 summer gasoline with 10% ethanol. Formulation 3-10 has the following specific characteristics:

density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052 initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 evaporable fraction - 70 ° C evaporable fraction - 100 ° C evaporable fraction - 150 ° C evaporable fraction - 190 ° C final boiling point evaporation loss evaporation loss oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 acidity, according to ASTM D 1613,% acetic acid (HAc) pH, according to ASTM D 1287 sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 gum content, according to ASTM D 381 water content, according to ASTM D 6304 aromatics , according to ASTM SS 155120, including benzene benzene alone, according to EN 238

DVPE according to ASTM D 5191 anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86

774.9 kg / m ³

36.1 ° C

33,6% vol

50.8% vol

86.1% vol. 97.0% vol

204.8 ° C

1.5% by volume 1.5% by volume 3.37% w / w

0,007

7.58 mg / kg

2.8 mg / 100 ml

0.02% w / w

31.2% v / v 0,7% v / v 48,0 kPa

92.2

The 3-10 engine fuel formulation is tested on a VOLVO 240DL with a 4-cylinder B230F engine of 2.32 liters (LG4F20-87) according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Test Methodology as described and provides the following results (+) or (-)% compared to the original US A95 summer petrol:

CO -15,1%

HC - 5,6%

NO _X + 0.5%

CO ₂ unchanged

NHMC - 4.5%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km unchanged

Similar results are obtained when the oxygen-containing compounds to be tested are replaced with other oxygen-containing compounds.

To prepare all of the above fuel formulations, summer US gasoline is initially mixed with ethanol, and the corresponding oxygen-containing additive is then added to the mixture. The obtained motor fuel composition is then allowed to stand between 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35 ° C prior to the test. All formulations are prepared without the use of any mixing devices.

The possibility of using ethanol and oxygen-containing additive mixtures other than ethanol has also been confirmed to also be used to adjust the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels used in standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines based on US standards. Addition of C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons to the additive composition increases the vapor pressure efficiency of reducing the effect of the additive on excessive vapor pressure caused by the presence of ethanol in gasoline.

The additive blend containing 60 vol% ethanol, 32 vol% isoamyl alcohol and 8 vol% isobutyl alcohol is mixed in various proportions with summer US gasoline having a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of no more than 7 pounds per square inch, corresponding to 48.28 kPa.

The compositions obtained have the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 87.5: 7.5: 4: 1 v / v

DVPE = 51.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.7

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 85: 9: 4.8: 1.2% by volume

DVPE = 51.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 12: 6.4: 1.6% v / v

DVPE = 52.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

The foregoing examples show the possibility of reducing excess vapor pressure in portions by about 50% of the excess vapor pressure of gasoline induced by the presence of ethanol in the mixture.

The additive mixture containing 50% by volume ethanol and 50% by volume methyl (isobutyl) ketone is mixed in various proportions with summer US gasoline having a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of no more than 7 pounds per square inch, corresponding to 48.28 kPa . The mixtures obtained have the following properties:

A92: ethanol: methyl (isobutyl) ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 49.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A95: ethanol: methyl (isobutyl) ketone = 84: 8: 8% v / v

DVPE = 48.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A98: ethanol: methyl (isobutyl) ketone = 82: 9: 9 by volume

DVPE = 49.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

The foregoing examples show the possibility of reducing excess vapor pressure in portions by about 80% of the excess vapor pressure of gasoline induced by the presence of ethanol in the mixture.

Fig. 2 illustrates the behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content of blends of US A92 summer gasoline and additive blend 4 containing 35% ethanol by volume, 1% isoamyl alcohol by volume, 0.2% isobutanol by volume, 43.8% by volume mixture hydrocarbons boiling at temperatures between 100 and 170 ° C and 20% by volume of isopropyltoluene.

Fig. 2 shows that the use of this additive composition in producing ethanol containing gasoline allows the reduction of more than 100% of the excess vapor pressure induced by the presence of ethanol.

Similar results for dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) are obtained for summer US gasoline A95 and A98 mixed with an additive mixture consisting of 35% by volume ethanol, 1% by volume isoamyl alcohol, 0.2% by volume isobutanol, 43.8% by volume hydrocarbon mixture , boiling at 100 to 170 ° C, and 20% by volume of isopropyltoluene.

Similar results are obtained when the other oxygen-containing compounds and Q-Cn hydrocarbons of the present invention are used in the proportions determined by the present invention to form an additive blend which is then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline. These gasoline fully meet the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark ignition internal combustion engines.

In addition, the additive composition comprising ethanol, an oxygen-containing compound other than ethanol, and C ₍ -C 1 -C 6 _{) is added} . ₂ hydrocarbons in proportions and compositions according to the present invention, can be used as a separate motor fuel for engines adapted for ethanol operation.

Example 4

Example 4 shows the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol-containing motor fuel for cases where the hydrocarbon fuel base is a non-standard gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent of ASTM D 5191 of 110 kPa (about 16 pounds per square inch).

A92, A95 and A98 unleaded winter gasoline purchased in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem and gas condensate (GC) purchased in Russia from Gazprom are used to prepare mixtures of this composition.

The hydrocarbon component (HCC) for motor fuel compositions is prepared by mixing about 85% by volume of gasoline A92, A95 and A98 with about 15% by volume of liquid hydrocarbon from gas condensate (GC).

To prepare the hydrocarbon component (HCC) for fuel formulations 4-1 to 4-10 of this motor fuel composition, about 85% by volume of A92, A95 or A98 winter gasoline is first mixed with liquid hydrocarbon from gas condensate (GC). The obtained hydrocarbon component (HCC) is then allowed to stand for 24 hours. The resulting gasoline contains aliphatic and alicyclic C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated.

Fig. 1 shows the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol fuel, based on winter gasoline A98 and gas condensate. Ethanol containing motor fuel, based on A92 and A98 winter gasoline and gas condensate (GC), shows similar behavior.

Gasoline containing 85% by volume of A92 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) has the following characteristics:

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.9.

Comparative fuel 4-1 contains A92 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% v / v

DVPE = 115.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.4

A92: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% v / v

DVPE = 115.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

The inventive fuel 4-2 contains A92 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol and oxygen-containing additive and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.35

A92: GC: ethanol: 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran = 68: 12: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.75

A92: GC: ethanol: propanol = 68: 12: 12: 8% v / v

DVPE = 109.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A92: GC: ethanol: diisopropylcarbinol = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 109.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: GC: ethanol: acetophenone = 72: 13: 9: 6% v / v

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutyl propionate = 75: 13: 5: 7% v / v

DVPE = 109.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

Fuel 4-3 contains A92 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol, oxygen-containing additive and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropylbenzene = 68: 12: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A92: GC: ethanol: tert-butyl (ethyl) ether: hydrocarbon mixture = 68: 12: 9,5: 0,5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl (methyl) ether: toluene = 68: 12: 9,5: 0,5: 10% v / v

DVPE = 107.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

The fuel compositions shown later show that the present invention allows the reduction of excess dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of substandard gasoline to a level corresponding to standard gasoline. The DVPE for A92 standard winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 55: 10: 9,5: 0,5: 12,5: 12,5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: ethylbenzene = 55: 10: 9,5: 0,5: 15: 10% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropyltoluene = 55: 10: 9,5: 0,5: 20: 5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

The following compositions show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing fuel mixtures based on about 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and about 15% by volume of gas condensate.

Petrol containing 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) shall have the following specification:

DVPE = 109.8 kPa anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

Comparative fuel 4-4 contains winter gasoline A98, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% (v / v)

DVPE = 115.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

A98: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% v / v

DVPE = 114.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

The inventive fuel 4-5 contains winter gasoline A98, gas condensate (GC) and oxygen-containing additive and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 109.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: GC: ethanol: ethoxybenzene = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

A98; GC: ethanol: 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5% v / v

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

Fuel 4-6 contains A98 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), oxygen-containing additive and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 68:12: 9,2: 0,6: 0,2: 10% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 107.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A98: GC: ethanol: ethyl (isobutyl) ether: myrcene = 72: 13: 9,5: 0,5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A98: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 68: 12: 5: 5: 10% v / v

DVPE = 102.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the present invention allows the reduction of excess dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of non-standard gasoline to the level of DVPE corresponding to standard gasoline. The DVPE for A98 standard winter gasoline is 90.0 kPa.

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 55: 10: 9,5: 0,5: 12,5: 12,5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropylbenzene = 55: 10: 9,5: 0,5: 15: 10% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.2

A98: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropyltoluene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5% v / v The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.1

The following compositions show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of ethanol-containing fuel mixtures based on about 85% by volume of A95 winter gasoline and about 15% by volume of gas condensate.

Petrol containing 85% by volume of A95 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) has the following specification:

DVPE = 109.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

The hydrocarbon component (HCC), containing 85% by volume of winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC), is used as a reference fuel for the above-described tests and provides the following results:

CO 2.033 g / km

HC 0.279 g / km

NO _X co ₂

NMHC *

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km

0.279 g / km 229.5 g / km 0.255 g / km 9.89

Fuel 4-7 contains A95 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% (v / v)

DVPE = 115.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% v / v

DVPE = 114.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The reference fuel mixture (RFM 4) containing 80,75% vol. Of A95 winter gasoline, 14,25% gas condensate (GC) and 5% ethanol is tested as described and gives the following results (+) or (-)% Compared with the results for petrol containing 85% vol. of A95 winter gasoline and 15% vol. of gas condensate (GC):

CO - 6.98%

HC - 7.3%

NO _X +12.1%

CO ₂ + 1.1%

NMHC - 5.3%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 2.62%

The inventive fuel 4-8 contains A95 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol and oxygen-containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% v / v

DVPE = 109.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: GC: ethanol: phenol = 72: 13: 8: 7% v / v

DVPE = 107.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A95: GC: ethanol: phenyl acetate = 68: 12: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 106.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.8

A95: GC: ethanol: 3-hydroxy-2-butanone = 68: 12: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: GC: ethanol: tert-butyl acetoacetate = 68: 12: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 108.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: GC: ethanol: 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone = 71: 12: 9: 8% v / v

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

4-9 comprises a fuel winter A95 gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol, the oxygen-containing additives, and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 68: 12: 9,2: 0,6: 0,2: 10% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 107.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: cyclooctatetraene = 72: 13: 9,5: 0,5: 5% v / v

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

The motor fuel compositions shown later show that the present invention allows the reduction of excess vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of non-standard gasoline to a level corresponding to standard gasoline. The DVPE of standard A95 winter gasoline is 90.0 kPa.

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: alkylate = 55: 10: 9,2: 0,6: 0,2: 12,5: 12,5% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture: tert-butylxylene = 55: 10: 9,5: 0,5: 20: 5% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: hydrocarbon mixture: isopropylbenzene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5% v / v The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

Motor fuel 4-10 contains 55% by volume of A95 winter gasoline, 10% by volume of gas condensate (GC), 5% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of tert-butanol, 20% by volume of a hydrocarbon mixture boiling in the range of 100 to 200 ° C; 5% by volume of isopropyltoluene. Formulation 4-10 is tested to demonstrate how the present invention allows the production of ethanol-containing gasoline that fully complies with applicable standards, first with respect to the dry vapor pressure equivalent limit and also to other fuel parameters, even if the original hydrocarbon component (HCC) has DVPE considerably higher than standard requirements. At the same time, this ethanol-containing gasoline reduces the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas and reduces fuel consumption compared to the described RFM 4. Formulation 4-10 has the following specific characteristics:

density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052 initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 evaporable fraction - 70 ° C evaporable fraction - 100 ° C evaporable fraction - 150 ° C evaporable fraction - 190 ° C final boiling point evaporation loss evaporation loss oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 acidity, according to ASTM D 1613,% acetic acid (HAc) pH, according to ASTM D 1287 sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 gum content, according to ASTM D 381 water content, according to ASTM D 6304 aromatics , according to ASTM SS 155120, including benzene benzene alone, according to EN 238

DVPE according to ASTM D 5191 anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to

698.6 kg / m ³

20.5 ° C

47,0% vol

65.2% vol. 92,4% vol

97.3% vol

189.9 ° C

0,5% vol

1.1% vol

3.2% w / w

0,001

7.0

18mg / kg mg / 100ml

0.01% w / w

30.9% v / v 0,7% v / v 90,0 kPa

ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 92.3

The 4-10 engine fuel formulation is tested as described and provides the following (+) or (-)% results compared to those for motor fuel containing 85% by volume of A95 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate:

CO - 14.0%

HC - 8.6%

NO _X unchanged

CO ₂ + 1.0%

NMHC - 6.7%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 2.0%

Similar results are obtained when the oxygen-containing additives of Examples 4-1 to 4-10 are replaced with other oxygen-containing additives of the invention.

To prepare all of the above fuel formulations 4-1 to 4-10 of this motor fuel composition, the hydrocarbon component (HCC), which is a mixture of winter gasoline and gas condensate (GC), is initially mixed with ethanol, and then the corresponding oxygen containing additive and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons. The obtained motor fuel composition is then allowed to stand for a period of between 1 and 24 hours at a temperature of not less than -35 ° C prior to the test. All formulations are prepared without the use of any mixing devices.

The invented fuel formulations show the possibility of adjusting the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels for standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines based on non-standard gasoline having high vapor pressure.

Fig. 2 shows the dry vapor pressure equivalent behavior as a function of the ethanol content of a hydrocarbon component (HCC) mixture containing 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate, and additive mixture 1 containing 40% by volume of ethanol and 60% by volume of methyl benzoate.

Fig. 2 shows that the use of this ethanol-containing additive composition and an oxygen-containing additive other than ethanol makes it possible to obtain ethanol-containing gasoline whose vapor pressure does not exceed the vapor pressure of the original hydrocarbon component (HCC).

Similar results for dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) are obtained for fuel mixtures from an additive mixture containing 40% by volume ethanol and 60% by volume methyl benzoate and a hydrocarbon component containing 15% by volume gas condensate (GC) and 85% by volume winter gasoline A92 or A95.

Similar results are obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds and the C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons of the present invention are used in proportions of the present invention to form an additive blend which is then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline.

These gasoline blends of the present invention have a vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) that does not exceed the DVPE source of the hydrocarbon component (HCC). At the same time, the oxygen-containing additive can only be added in an amount sufficient to provide ethanol-containing gasoline that is fully compliant with the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines.

Example 5

Example 5 shows the possibility of reducing the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ethanol-containing motor fuel for cases where the hydrocarbon fuel base is reformed gasoline with the dry vapor pressure equivalent of ASTM D 5191 at 27.5 kPa (about 4 pounds per square inch).

Unleaded reformed petrol purchased from Preem in Sweden and Lukoil in Russia and white spirit from Merck in Germany are used to prepare mixtures of this composition.

The hydrocarbon component (HCC) for motor fuel blends is prepared by mixing about 85% by volume of A92, A95 or A98 winter gasoline with about 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) liquid hydrocarbons.

The original naphtha contains aliphatic and alicyclic C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated.

Fig. 1 shows the DVPE behavior of ethanol-containing motor fuel based on reformed A92 gasoline and white spirit. Similar behavior is observed for ethanol-containing motor fuels based on reformed A95 and A98 petrol and white spirit.

It should be noted that the addition of ethanol to the reformed gasoline will produce a higher vapor pressure increase compared to the addition of ethanol to the standard gasoline.

Petrol containing 80% by volume of reformed A92 and 20% by weight of white spirit (PB) has the following characteristics:

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 85.5.

Comparative fuel 5-1 contains reformed A92 gasoline, white spirit (PB) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% v / v

DVPE = 36.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: PB: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% v / v

DVPE = 36.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.7

The inventive fuel 5-2 contains reformed A92 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol and oxygen containing additive and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: PB: ethanol: diisobutyl ether = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: PB: ethanol: n-butanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A92: PB: ethanol: 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 25.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

Fuel 5-3 contains reformed A92 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol, oxygen containing additive as well as C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons and has the following properties for different compositions:

A92: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 15: 9,2: 0,8: 15% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is from 140 to 200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: PB: ethanol: n-butanol: hydrocarbon mixture: xylene = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 7.5: 7.5% v / v The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is from 140 to 200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A92: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: isopropylbenzene = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15% v / v

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

The fuel compositions presented later show the possibility of adjusting the equivalent pressure of dry vapors of ethanol containing gasoline based on reformed A98 gasoline and white spirit (PB).

Motor fuel containing 80% by volume of reformed A98 petrol and 20% by volume of white spirit (PB) has the following characteristics:

DVPE = 27.3 kPa anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.0

Comparative fuel 5-4 contains reformed A98 gasoline, white spirit (PB) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% v / v

DVPE = 36.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A98: PB: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% v / v

DVPE = 35.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Fuel 5-5 of the present invention contains reformed A98 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol and oxygen containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 26.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A98: PB: ethanol: n-amyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 26.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A98: PB: ethanol: linalool = 68: 17: 9: 6% v / v

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: PB: ethanol: 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol = 68: 17: 9: 6% v / v

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Fuel 5-6 contains reformed A98 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol, oxygen-containing additives, and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and has the following properties for different compositions:

A98: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 15: 9,2: 0,8: 15% by volume

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 140-200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A98: PB: ethanol: linalool: alocymene = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15% v / v

DVPE = 26.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: PB: ethanol: methylcyclohexanol: limonene = 60: 15: 9,5: 1: 14,5%

DVPE = 25.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

The motor fuel compositions presented later show the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent of an ethanol-containing motor fuel mixture based on about 80% by volume of reformed A95 gasoline and about 20% by volume of white spirit (PB). Petrol containing 80% by volume of reformed A95 petrol and 20% by volume of white spirit (PB), has the following characteristics:

DVPE = 27.6 kPa

Anti-detonation index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 86.3

The hydrocarbon component (HCC), which contains 80% by volume of reformed petrol and 20% by volume of white spirit (PB), is used as reference fuel for the tests carried out on the Volvo 240 DL 1987 car with B230F 4-cylinder engine containing 2.32 liters (LG4F20-87) according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Test Methodology and provides the following results:

CO 2.631 g / km

HC 0.348 g / km

NO _X 0.313 g / km

CO ₂ 235.1 g / km

NMHC 0.308 g / km

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km 10.68

Fuel 5-7 contains reformed A95 gasoline, white spirit (PB) and ethanol and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% v / v

DVPE = 36.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A95: PB: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% v / v

DVPE = 36.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

The reference fuel mixture (RFM 5) contains 72% by volume of reformed A95 petrol, 18% by volume of white spirit (PB) and 10% by volume of ethanol and is tested on a Volvo 240 DL 4-cylinder B230F engine with a capacity of 2.32 liters (No. LG4F20-87), according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 Test Methodology above and provides the following results (+) or (-)% compared to results for petrol containing 80% A95 reformed petrol and 20% vol. white spirit (PB):

CO - 4,8%

HC - 1.3%

NO _X + 26.3%

CO ₂ + 4.4%

NMHC - 0.6%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 5.7%

Fuel 5-8 contains reformed A95 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol and oxygen containing additives and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: PB: ethanol: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% v / v

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate = 60: 15: 15: 10% v / v

DVPE = 25.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

Fuel 5-9 contains reformed A95 gasoline, white spirit (PB), ethanol, oxygen-containing additives and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons and has the following properties for different compositions:

A95: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: hydrocarbon mixture = 60: 15: 9,2: 0,8: 15% v / v

The boiling point for the hydrocarbon mixture is 140-200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

A95: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: tert-butylcyclohexane = 60: 15: 9,2: 0,8: 15% v / v

DVPE = 26.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.7

A95: PB: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-hydroxytetrahydropyran: isopropyltoluene = 60: 15: 9,2: 0,8: 15% v / v

DVPE = 26.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

Motor fuel 5-10 contains 60% by volume of reformed A95 gasoline, 15% by volume of white spirit (PB), 10% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran and 10% by volume of isopropyltoluene. Fuel 5-10 is tested to demonstrate how the present invention makes it possible to produce ethanol containing low vapor pressure gasoline in which the presence of ethanol in the fuel mixture does not cause an increase in dry vapor pressure equivalent compared to the original hydrocarbon component (HCC). In addition, this gasoline provides a reduction in toxic emissions in the exhaust gas and a reduction in fuel consumption compared to the RFM 5 blend. Fuel 5-10 has the following specific characteristics:

density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052 764.6 kg / m ³ initial boiling point, according to ASTM D 86 48.9 ° C

evaporable fraction - 70 ° C 25,3% vol evaporable fraction - 100 ° C 50,8% vol evaporable fraction - 150 ° C 76,5% vol evaporable fraction - 190 ° C 95,6% vol final boiling point 204.5 ° C evaporation residue 1,4% vol evaporation loss 0,5% vol oxygen content, according to ASTM D 4815 4.6% w / w acidity, according to ASTM D 1613,% by weight acetic acid (HAc) 0.08 pH, according to ASTM D 1287 7.5 sulfur content according to ASTM D 5453 39 mg / kg gum content, according to ASTM D 381 1.5 mg / 100 ml water content according to ASTM D 6304 0.1% w / w aromatics, according to ASTM SS 155120, including benzene 38% vol benzene alone, according to EN 238 0,4% vol DVPE according to ASTM D 5191 27,2 kPa anti - knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 91.8

The 5-10 motor fuel formulation is tested as described above and provides the following results (+) or (-)% compared to those for motor fuel containing 80% by volume of reformed A95 gasoline and 20% by volume of white spirit:

CO - 12,3%

HC - 6.2%

NO _X unchanged

CO ₂ + 2.6%

NMHC - 6.4%

Fuel consumption, F _c 1/100 km + 3.7%

Similar results are obtained when the other oxygen-containing additives of the present invention replace the oxygen-containing additives of Examples 5-1 through 5-10.

To prepare all of the above Formulations 5-1 to 5-10 of this motor fuel composition, the hydrocarbon component (HCC), which is a blend of reformed gasoline and white spirit (PB), is first mixed with ethanol, and then the corresponding oxygen-containing oxygen is added to the mixture. an additive and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons. The obtained motor fuel composition is then allowed to stand for between 1 to 24 hours at a temperature of not less than -35 ° C prior to the test. All of the above mixtures were prepared without any mixing equipment.

The present invention shows the possibility of adjusting the vapor pressure of the motor fuel to standard spark-ignition internal combustion engines comprising ethanol and based on non-standard low vapor pressure gasoline.

Fig. 2 shows the behavior of the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) when mixing a hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 80% by volume of reformed A92 gasoline and 20% by volume white spirit, with an oxygen-containing additive composition 5 containing 40% by volume ethanol, 20% by volume by volume 3,3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanone and 20% by volume of a mixture of hydrocarbons, boiling point 130-170 ° C, and 20% by volume of tert-butyltoluene. The graph shows that the use of the additive of the present invention makes it possible to obtain ethanol containing gasolines whose vapor pressure does not exceed the vapor pressure of the original hydrocarbon component (HCC).

Similar behavior is shown when mixing said oxygen-containing additive with a hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 20% by volume of white spirit (PB) and 80% by volume of reformed A95 or A98 gasoline.

Similar results were obtained when using other oxygen-containing compounds and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons of the present invention, the proportion of the invention to form the oxygen-containing additive, which is then used for the production of ethanol-containing gasoline.

These gasoline have a vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) not higher than that of the original hydrocarbon component (HCC). At the same time, the anti-knock index for all ethanol containing gasoline prepared according to the present invention is higher than the original hydrocarbon component (HCC) index.

The foregoing description and examples of preferred embodiments of the present invention are intended to illustrate rather than limit the present invention as defined by the claims. As will be appreciated without hesitation, many variations and combinations of the features set forth may be used without departing from the present invention as defined in the claims. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

PATENT CLAIMS

Claims (2)

1. A method for reducing the vapor pressure of a C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon-based engine fuel mixture for a conventional spark-ignition internal combustion engine containing from 0.1 to 20% by volume of ethanol, not more than 0.25% by weight of water, determined according to standard ASTM D 6304, and not more than 7% oxygen by weight, determined according to ASTM D 4815, by increasing the vapor pressure of the introduced ethanol by at least 80% and more preferably the vapor pressure of the C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon component (a) itself, characterized by that, in addition to the C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon component (a) and the ethanol component (b), an oxygen-containing component (c) is present in the fuel mixture in an amount of 0.05 to 15% by volume, based on the total volume of the fuel mixture, wherein component (c) is selected from at least one of the following types of compounds: - alkanol containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, - a dialkyl ether containing from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, - ketone containing from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, - alkyl esters of alkanoic acid containing from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, - hydroxyketone containing from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, - ketone ester of an alkanoic acid containing from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, - an oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound selected from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfurylacetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropyran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran and mixtures thereof, and wherein component (d) is selected from at least one of C12, is present in an amount such that the volume ratio of (b): ((c) + (d)) is from 1: 200 to 200: 1. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the oxygen-containing component (c) and the component (d) are added to the ethanol component (b), wherein the mixture of (c), (b) and (d) is subsequently added to the ethanol component. hydrocarbon component (a). A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the ethanol component (b) is added to the hydrocarbon component (a), and the oxygen-containing component (c) is added to the mixture of (b) to obtain the mixture (c). (a), (b) and (c) to which component (d) is added. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon component (a) is selected from the group consisting of unreformed, standard gasoline type, petroleum refinery liquid hydrocarbons, natural gas liquid hydrocarbons, liquid hydrocarbons from the chemical carbonization off-gas, synthesis gas liquid hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof, with the preference being a non-reformed standard type of gasoline. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fuel mixture obtained has the following characteristic values: (i) specific gravity at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4052, of at least 690 kg / m3; (ii) dry vapor pressure equivalent, according to ASTM D 5191, from 20 kPa to 120 kPa; (iii) an acid content, according to ASTM D 1613, of not more than 0.1% by weight of acetic acid (HAc); (iv) pH, according to ASTM D 1287, from 5 to 9; (v) an aromatic content, according to SS 155120, of not more than 40% by volume in which benzene is present, according to EN 238, in an amount not greater than 1% by volume; (vi) a sulfur content according to ASTM D 5453 of not more than 50 mg / kg; (vii) a gum content, according to ASTM D 381, of not more than 2 mg / 100 ml; (viii) distillation properties according to ASTM D 86, wherein the initial boiling point is at least 20 ° C, the evaporable fraction at 70 ° C is at least 25% by volume, the evaporable fraction at 100 ° C is at least 50% by volume, the evaporable fraction at 150 ° C is at least 75% by volume, the evaporable fraction at 190 ° C is at least 95% by volume, the final boiling point is not more than 205 ° C, and the evaporation residue is not more than 2% by volume; and (ix) an anti-knock index of 0.5 (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86, is at least 80. Process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydrocarbon component (d) is selected from benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, isopropyltoluene, diethylbenzene, isopropylxylene, tert-butylbenzene, tert-butyltoluene, tert-butylxylene. , cyclooctadiene, cyclooctotetraene, limonene, isooctane, isononane, isodecane, isooctene, myrcene, allocymene, tert-butylcyclohexane and mixtures thereof. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydrocarbon component (d) is selected from the C ₈ -C ₁₁ fraction. Process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydrocarbon component (d) is selected from a fraction boiling at 100 to 200 ° C obtained by distillation of petroleum, bituminous coal resins or synthesis gas products. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the 5 ratio (b): ((c) + (d)) is from 1:10 to 10: 1 by volume. 2 drawings