KR20020082214A - Method of reducing the vapour pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels for spark ignition combustion engines - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of lowering the vapor pressure of a C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon based motor fuel mixture containing 0.1-20% by volume of ethanol for a conventional spark ignition internal combustion engine, wherein the motor fuel mixture comprises ethanol components (b) and C ₃ Alcohols other than ethanol in addition to the C ₁₂ hydrocarbon component (a). Using at least one oxygen-containing additive (c) selected from compounds of the type such as ketones, ethers, esters, hydroxyketones, ketone esters and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds in the motor fuel mixture in an amount of at least 0.05% by volume relative to the total fuel A method is disclosed. Also disclosed are mixtures of fuel grade ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c) usable in the process of the invention.

Description

METHOD OF REDUCING THE VAPOUR PRESSURE OF ETHANOL-CONTAINING MOTOR FUELS FOR SPARK IGNITION COMBUSTION ENGINES}

Gasoline is the main fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines. Intensive use of gasoline causes pollution of the environment. The combustion of gasoline derived from crude oil or mineral gas disturbs the carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere and causes the greenhouse effect. Crude oil reserves are declining gradually, and some countries are already facing crude shortages.

Increasing attention to the protection of the environment, stricter requirements to regulate the content of harmful components in exhaust emissions, and crude oil shortages compel the industry to develop alternative fuels that burn cleaner.

The entire inventory of automobiles and machinery operated with existing spark ignition internal combustion engines does not currently allow the complete exclusion of the use of gasoline as motor fuel.

The task of developing alternative fuels for internal combustion engines has long been carried out and various attempts have been made to use renewable resources to obtain motor fuel components.

US Patent No. 2,365,009 of 1944 discloses the use of a combination of C _1-5 alcohols and C _3-5 hydrocarbons as fuel. U.S. Patent 4,818,250, patented in 1989, proposes to use limonene obtained from citrus fruits and other plants as a motor fuel or as a component in combination with gasoline. U.S. Patent 5,607,486, patented in 1997, discloses a novel engine fuel additive comprising terpenes, aliphatic hydrocarbons and lower alcohols.

T-butyl ether is now widely used as a component of gasoline. Motor fuels comprising t-butyl ether are disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,468,233, patented in 1984. Most of these ethers are obtained from petroleum refining, but they can be produced equally from renewable resources.

Ethanol is the most promising product to be used as a motor fuel component mixed with gasoline. Ethanol is obtained by the processing of renewable raw materials, generally known as biological resources, i.e. derived from carbon dioxide under the influence of solar energy.

The combustion of ethanol generates substantially less harmful substances than the combustion of gasoline. However, the use of motor fuels mainly containing ethanol requires a specially designed engine. At the same time, the spark ignition internal combustion engine normally operated by gasoline can be operated with a motor fuel comprising a mixture of gasoline and up to 10% by volume of ethanol. Such a mixture of gasoline and ethanol is currently sold as "gasohol" in the United States. European regulations on gasoline allow the addition of up to 5% by volume ethanol to gasoline.

The main disadvantage of the mixture of ethanol and gasoline is that for ethanol mixtures up to 15% by volume, the dry vapor pressure equivalent is increased compared to the source gasoline.

FIG. 1 shows the behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of ethanol and gasoline mixture A92 summer, and A95 summer and winter ethanol content at 37.8 ° C. FIG. Gasoline, known as A92 and A95, is a standard gasoline sold at gas stations in the United States and Sweden. Gasoline A92 is made in the United States and gasoline A95 is made in Sweden. The ethanol used was fuel grade ethanol produced by Williams Co., USA. The DVPE of the mixture was determined according to the standard ASTM D 5191 method in the SGS laboratory of Stockholm, Sweden.

In case the concentration range of ethanol is 5-10% by volume, which is of particular interest for use as a motor fuel for a standard spark ignition engine, the data in FIG. 1 shows that the gasoline from which the DVPE of the mixture of gasoline and ethanol originates It can be increased by more than 10% over DVPE. It is not possible to add ethanol to such gasoline, since oil companies typically supply gasoline to the market with DVPE values of the maximum allowable value already strictly limited by current regulations.

It is known that DVPE of gasoline and ethanol mixtures can be controlled. US Patent patent on May 14, 1991. The 5,015,356 discloses a C ₄ - gasoline through to obtain a C ₁₀ intermediate gasoline - removing both the volatile and non-volatile components from C _l2 gasoline and C ₆ - C ₉ or C ₆ Recombination was suggested. These fuels have been claimed to make alcohol addition easier than current gasoline because of their lower dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE). The disadvantage of this method of controlling DVPE of gasoline and ethanol mixtures is that it is necessary to produce specially mixed gasoline in order to obtain such a mixture, which adversely affects the supply system, resulting in a rise in motor fuel prices. Is that. In addition, such gasoline and mixtures thereof with ethanol have high flash points, impairing their performance characteristics.

It is known that some compounds lower DVPE when added to gasoline or mixtures thereof with ethanol. For example, US Pat. No. 5,433,756, patented on July 18, 1995, discloses a clean combustion promoter compound that, in addition to gasoline, also contains other alcohols other than ketones, nitroparaffins, and ethanol. It is noted that the clean combustion promoter catalyst composition disclosed in this patent lowers the DVPE of gasoline fuel. The patent mentions no effect on the DVPE of the gasoline and ethanol mixture of the clean combustion promoter composition.

U.S. Patent 5,688,295, filed November 18, 1997, provided an additive to gasoline or a compound as fuel for a standard gasoline engine. According to the invention a fuel additive based on alcohol has been proposed. The fuel additive comprises 20-70% alcohol, 2.5-20% ketones and ethers, 0.03-20% aliphatic and silicone compounds, 5-20% toluene, and 4-45% mineral spirits. The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. In this patent, it is noted that the additive improves the quality of gasoline and in particular lowers the DVPE. Disadvantages of this method of controlling motor fuel DVPE are that a large amount of additive, i.e., at least 15% by volume, is required for the mixture, and that silicon oxide is produced when burned due to the use of silicone compounds, which increases engine wear. Will cause.

International Publication No. WO9743356 describes a method for lowering the vapor pressure of a hydrocarbon-alcohol blend by adding co-solvents for hydrocarbons and alcohols to the blend. It is also a hydrocarbon component that is a C ₅ -C ₈ straight or branched alkan, which is essentially free of olefins, aromatics, benzene and sulfur, and has a minimum anti-knock index 65, ASTM according to ASTM D2669 and D2700. Having a maximum DVPE 15 psi according to D5191; Fuel grade alcohols; And a spark ignition motor fuel composition comprising a hydrocarbon component and an auxiliary solvent for alcohol, wherein the components of the fuel composition are disclosed in an amount selected to provide a minimum anti knock index 87 and a maximum DVPE 15 psi to the motor fuel. have. Co-solvents used are 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) derived from biomass, and other heterocyclic ethers such as pyran and oxane, with MTHF being preferred.

The disadvantages of this method for controlling the dry vapor pressure of a hydrocarbon liquid and ethanol mixture are as follows.

(1) free from (i) unsaturated compounds, ie olefins, benzene and other aromatics, (ii) free from sulfur according to the specification of the invention, and (iii) the hydrocarbon component is a coal gas condensate or a natural gas condensate, That only C ₆ -C ₇ hydrocarbon components, straight or branched alkanes, should be used,

(2) only one particular type of compound containing oxygen as a co-solvent for the hydrocarbon component and ethanol, ie, ethers comprising short chains and heterocyclic ethers, should be used

(3) the use of ethanol in large quantities, at least 25%,

(4) the use of a large amount of auxiliary solvent, ie, at least 20% 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and

(5) When operating with a fuel composition as proposed in the above invention, it is necessary to modify the spark ignition internal combustion engine, and in particular to change the software of the on-board computer or the on-board computer itself.

The present invention relates to a motor fuel for a spark ignition internal combustion engine. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of lowering the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of a fuel composition comprising a hydrocarbon liquid and ethanol using a carbon containing additive. The ethanol and DVPE control components, used to obtain the fuel composition, are preferably derived from renewable raw materials. By the process of the invention, motor fuels containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol can be obtained which meet the standard requirements for spark ignition internal combustion engines operated with gasoline.

1 shows the behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of ethanol content in a mixture according to the prior art of ethanol and gasoline.

Figure 2 shows the behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalents (DVPE) as a function of their ethanol content, for each fuel according to the present invention.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method in which the problems of the prior art as described above can be overcome. The primary object of the present invention is to provide the vapor pressure of a fuel mixture based on C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol for conventional gasoline engines, below the vapor pressure of C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons themselves, Or at least to a level that satisfies the standard requirements for gasoline fuel.

Summary of the Invention

It is an object of the present invention as described above that one or more oxygen-containing additives selected from alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, hydroxyketones, ketone esters and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds other than ethanol are added in relation to the volume of the total fuel mixture. It is achieved by the method of the preamble of claim 1, characterized in that it is used in an amount of at least%.

The inventors have found that certain types of compounds containing oxygen surprisingly lower the vapor pressure of the gasoline-ethanol mixture.

This effect can be further enhanced unexpectedly by certain C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon compounds.

It has also been found that the octane number of the fuel mixture based on the hydrocarbons obtained may be surprisingly maintained or improved by using the oxygen component of the present invention.

According to the process of the invention, up to 20% by volume of fuel grade ethanol (b) can be used for the total fuel composition. The oxygen-containing additive (c) used can be obtained from renewable raw materials, and the hydrocarbon component (a) used can be, for example, any of standard gasoline (no remixing is required), optionally aromatic fragments and sulfur May be contained, and even hydrocarbons obtained from renewable raw materials may be contained.

By the method of the present invention, fuel for a standard spark ignition internal combustion engine can be produced, which allows the engine to have the same performance as when operated with standard gasoline on the market. In addition, reduced levels of toxic emission in the exhaust and reduced fuel consumption can be achieved by using the method of the present invention.

According to one aspect of the present invention, in addition to the dry vapor pressure equivalent amount DVPE, the anti-knock index (octane number) can also be preferably adjusted.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an additive mixture of fuel grade ethanol (b) and an oxygen-containing additive (c), and optionally an additional component (d), which is an individual C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon or mixtures thereof. The additive mixture may subsequently be used in the process of the invention, ie added to the hydrocarbon component (a). The mixtures of (b) and (c), and optionally (d), can also be used as fuel for engines, per se, not as modified engines, ie gasoline engines of standard type. The additive mixture may also be used to control the octane number and / or to lower the vapor pressure of the high vapor pressure hydrocarbon component.

Further objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, examples and dependent claims.

Detailed description of the invention

The method makes it possible to use C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon fragments as hydrocarbon component (a), including narrow regions within a wide range, without being limited by the presence of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds and sulfur. do. In particular, the hydrocarbon component may be standard gasoline which is currently commercially available, as well as other hydrocarbon mixtures obtained from purification of petroleum, waste gas from chemical recovery coal carbonation, natural gas and synthesis gas. Hydrocarbons obtained from renewable raw materials may also be included. The C ₃ -C ₁₂ fragments are usually prepared by fractional distillation or by combining various hydrocarbons.

Importantly, said component (a) as described above may contain aromatic compounds and sulfur, produced together or naturally found in hydrocarbon components.

According to the method of the invention, DVPE can be reduced in the case of fuel mixtures having a ethanol content of 20% by volume, calculated on the basis of pure ethanol. According to one of the preferred embodiments, the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon based ethanol containing fuel mixture reduces the ethanol induced vapor pressure rise by 50%, more preferably by 80%, even more preferably the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon based ethanol containing fuel mixture Is reduced to the vapor pressure corresponding to the value of the hydrocarbon component only and / or to the vapor pressure according to any of the standard requirements for gasoline commonly sold.

As will be clear from the examples, the DVPE can be lowered to a level lower than the value of the hydrocarbon component itself used, if necessary.

According to the most preferred embodiment, other properties of the fuel, such as the octane number, are maintained within the necessary limiting standards.

This is accomplished by adding at least one oxygen containing organic compound (c) other than ethanol to the motor fuel composition. The oxygen-containing organic compound enables (i) control of dry vapor pressure equivalents, (ii) anti-knock index and other performance parameters of the motor fuel composition, and (iii) reduction of fuel consumption and toxic substances in engine exhaust. To be. The oxygen-containing compound (c) has oxygen bonded to any one or more of the following functional groups.

Such functional groups are, for example, alcohols. Ketones, ethers. As present in the class of organic compounds such as esters, hydroxy-ketones, ketone esters and heterocyclic compounds having an oxygen containing ring, they can be used in the present invention.

The fuel additive may be derived from fossil based resources or preferably from renewable resources such as biological resources.

The oxygen containing fuel additive (c) may typically be an alcohol other than ethanol. Generally, aliphatic or alicyclic alcohols, preferably alkanols are used, including those saturated and unsaturated. More preferably, for example, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, t-butanol, n-pentanol, isopentanol, t-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, diethylcarbye Nol, diisopropylcarbinol, 2-ethoxyhexanol, 2,4,4-trimethylpentanol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol, linalol, 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol, Alkanols of the general formula R-OH, wherein R is alkyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, most preferably 3 to 8 carbon atoms, such as phenol, phenylmethanol, methylphenol, methylcyclohexanol or similar alcohols , Or mixtures thereof may be used.

The component (c) is also a saturation of the general formula RR'C = 0, wherein R and R 'are C ₁ -C ₆ hydrocarbons which are the same or different from one another and may be rings, preferably C ₁ -C ₄ hydrocarbons And aliphatic or cycloaliphatic ketones, including unsaturated ones. Preferred ketones are those having a total (R + R ') of 4 to 9 carbon atoms, methylethyl ketone, methylpropyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methylisobutyl ketone, 3-heptanone, 2-octanone, diiso Butyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetophenone, trimethylcyclohexanone or similar ketones and mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic ether, including saturated and unsaturated ethers of the general formula RO-R ', wherein R and R' are the same or different C ₁ -C ₁₀ hydrocarbons. Lower (C ₁ -C ₆ ) dialkyl ethers are generally preferred. The total number of carbon atoms in the ether is preferably 6 to 10. Typical ethers are methyltetrayl ether, methylisoamyl ether, ethylisobutyl ether, ethyltertbutyl ether, dibutyl ether, diisobutyl ether, diisoamyl ether, anisole, methylanisole, phentol or similar Ethers and mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may further be an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic ester, including saturated and unsaturated esters of the general formula RC (O) —O—R ′, wherein R and R ′ are the same or different from one another. R and R 'are preferably hydrocarbon groups, more preferably alkyl groups, most preferably alkyl and phenyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Especially preferred are esters wherein R is C ₁ -C ₄ and R 'is C ₄ -C ₆ . Typical esters are n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, t-butyl acetate, isobutyl propionate, isobutyl isobutyrate, n-amyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, isoamyl propionate, methylbenzoate, phenylacetate, Esters of alkanoic acid, including cyclohexyl acetate or similar esters and mixtures thereof.

The additive (c) may simultaneously contain two oxygen containing groups bonded to different carbon atoms in the same molecule.

The additive (c) may be hydroxyketone. Preferred hydroxyketones have the general formula:

Wherein R is hydrocarbyl and R 1 is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, preferably lower alkyl, ie (C ₁ -C ₄ ). In general, preference is given to using ketols having 4 to 6 carbon atoms. Typical hydroxyketones include 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, or similar ketols and mixtures thereof. .

In another embodiment, the fuel additive (c) has a ketone ester, preferably with the following general formula:

Wherein R is hydrocarbyl, preferably lower alkyl, ie (C ₁ -C ₄ ).

Typical ketone esters include methylacetoacetate, ethylacetoacetate and t-butylacetoacetate. Preferably, the ketone ester has 6 to 8 carbon atoms.

The additive (c) may also be a heterocyclic compound containing ring oxygen, wherein the oxygen containing heterocycle has a C ₄ -C ₅ ring. More preferably the heterocyclic additive has a total of 5 to 8 carbon atoms. The additive preferably has the following formula (1) or (2):

Wherein R is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, preferably -CH ₃ , and R ₁ is -CH ₃ , -OH, -CH ₂ OH or CH ₃ CO ₂ CH _2- .

Typical heterocyclic additives (c) include tetrahydroperfuryl alcohol, tetrahydroperfuryl acetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, tetramethyltetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydropyran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran or similar hetero Ring additives or mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be a mixture of any of the compounds given in one or more different classes of compounds, such as those mentioned above.

Suitable fuel grade ethanol (b) for use in the present invention can be readily identified by those skilled in the art. Suitable examples of ethanol components are ethanol containing 99.5% of the main substance. Impurities contained in ethanol in an amount of at least 0.5% by volume and falling within the definition of component (c) mentioned above should be considered when determining the amount of use of component (c). That is, such impurities must be included in the ethanol at least 0.5% in order to be considered as part of component (c). If water is present in ethanol, the water should preferably be in an amount up to about 0.25% by volume of the total fuel mixture to meet the current standard requirements for fuel for gasoline engines.

Thus, denatured ethanol mixtures such as those supplied on the market, containing about 92% ethanol, hydrocarbons and by-products can also be used as ethanol components of the fuel compositions according to the invention.

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts are volume percent with respect to the total volume of the motor fuel composition.

In general, ethanol (b) is used in an amount of 0.1% to 20%, usually about 1 to 20% by volume, preferably 3 to 15% by volume, more preferably about 5 to 10% by volume. Oxygen-containing additive (c) is generally from 0.05 to about 15 volume%, more generally from 0.1 to about 15 volume%, preferably from about 3 to 10 volume%, most preferably from about 5 to 10 volume% Used as

In general, the total volume of ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c) used is from 0.15 to 25% by volume, more preferably from 3 to 15% by volume and most preferably from 5 to 15% by volume.

Therefore, the ratio of ethanol (b) to oxygen-containing additive (c) in the motor fuel composition is generally 1: 150 to 400: 1, more preferably 1:10 to 10: 1.

In the motor fuel composition, the total oxygen content based on ethanol and oxygen additives, expressed as weight percent of oxygen relative to the total weight of the motor fuel composition, is preferably about 7 percent by weight or less, more preferably 5 percent by weight or less. .

Obtaining a Motor Fuel Suitable for Operation of a Standard Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine n According to one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the hydrocarbon component, ethanol and additional oxygen-containing components are mixed to obtain a motor fuel composition having the following characteristics: do.

A density at 15 ° C. and atmospheric pressure of at least 690 kg / m 3,

An oxygen content, based on the amount of oxygen-containing component, of not more than 7% by weight relative to the weight of the motor fuel composition,

An anti-knock index of at least the anti-knock index (octane number) of the underlying hydrocarbon component, preferably 0.5 (RON + MON) is 80 or more,

Dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) is essentially the same as the hydrocarbon component from which the DVPE originates, preferably from 20 kPa to 120 kPa,

Acid content is 0.1% or less by weight of HAc,

PH from 5 to 9,

-40 vol% or less of aromatic hydrocarbon containing benzene, 1 vol% or less for benzene only,

Evaporation limit of the liquid in% of the source volume of the motor fuel composition at atmospheric pressure:

Initial boiling point, minimum 20 ℃,

25% of the volume of liquid (70 ° C, minimum) evaporation volume,

Volume of liquid (100 ° C., minimum) 50% of evaporation volume,

75% of the volume of liquid (150 ° C, minimum) evaporation volume,

95% of the volume of liquid (190 ° C, minimum) evaporation volume,

Distillation residual, max. 2% by volume,

Final boiling point, up to 205 ° C,

Sulfur content less than 50mg / kg,

Resin content 2 mg / 100 ml or less.

According to one of the preferred embodiments of the present invention for obtaining a motor fuel suitable for operating a standard spark ignition internal combustion engine, the hydrocarbon component and ethanol are mixed together, and then additional oxygen containing compounds or compounds are added to the mixture. shall. Thereafter, the obtained motor fuel composition should be kept at room temperature, preferably at least -35 ° C, for about 1 hour or more. It is a feature of the present invention that the components in the motor fuel composition can simply be added together to obtain the desired composition. Generally, no shaking or other significant mixing is required to produce the composition.

According to one of the preferred embodiments of the present invention for obtaining a motor fuel suitable for operating a standard spark ignition internal combustion engine and having minimal harmful effects on the environment, it is preferred to use an oxygen-containing component derived from renewable raw materials. Do.

Optionally, component (d) can be used to further lower the vapor pressure of the fuel mixture of components (a), (b) and (c). Each hydrocarbon selected from C ₆ -C ₁₂ fragments of aliphatic or cycloaliphatic saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons can be used as component (d). Preferably, said hydrocarbon component (d) is selected from C ₈ -C ₁₁ fragments. Suitable examples of (d) are benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, isopropyltoluene, diethylbenzene, isopropylxylene, t-butylbenzene, t-butyltoluene, t-butylxylene, cyclooctadiene , Cyclooctatetraene, limonene, isooctane, isononane, isodecane, isooctene, myrcene, allocene, t-butylcyclohexane or similar hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof.

The hydrocarbon component (d) may also be a fragment boiling at 100-200 ° C., obtained from an oil, bitumen coal resin, or a synthesis gas process product.

As already mentioned, the present invention further relates to an additive mixture consisting of components (b) and (c), and optional component (d), wherein the additive mixture can consequently be added to the hydrocarbon component (a) It may also be used as fuel for modified spark ignition combustion engines.

The additive mixture preferably has a volume ratio of ethanol (b) to additive (c) from 1: 150 to 200: 1. According to one preferred embodiment of the additive mixture, the mixture is 0.5 to 99.5% by volume of oxygen containing component (c), 0.5 to 99.5% by volume of ethanol (b), and 0 to 99% by volume, preferably with respect to the additive mixture. Preferably from 0 to 90%, more preferably 0 to 79.5%, most preferably 5 to 77%, a component comprising at least one C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon, more preferably C ₈ -C ₁₁ hydrocarbon ( d). The additive mixture preferably has a volume ratio of the sum of ethanol (b) from 1: 200 to 200: 1 to other additive components (c) + (d), more preferably from 1:10 to 10: 1 ethanol (b ) Plus the volume ratio of the sum of the other additive components (c) + (d).

The octane number of the additive mixture can be established, the mixture being prepared by adjusting the octane number of component (a) to the desired level by mixing the component (a) with the corresponding portions of mixtures (b), (c), (d). Used to adjust.

As examples to demonstrate the efficacy of the present invention, the following motor fuel compositions are provided, but this is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention but merely to exemplify some of the preferred embodiments of the present invention.

All fuel compositions of the following examples, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains, as well as additive mixtures of components (b) and (c), and optionally (d), are first prepared and then The mixture may be added to component (a) or vice versa. In this case, it may be necessary to mix certain amounts.

In order to produce blended motor fuels, the following were used as components (b), (c) and (d).

-Sekab in Sweden and ADM Corp. in the United States. And fuel grade ethanol purchased from Williams,

Oxygen-containing compounds, individual unsaturated hydrocarbons and mixtures purchased from Merck in Germany and Lukoil in Russia,

Naphtha, an oil straight run gasoline containing aliphatic and cycloaliphatic saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkylates in which isobutene is a hydrocarbon fragment consisting almost of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons, obtained by alkylation with butanol. Alkylbenzene, which is a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons obtained by benzene alkylation. Industrial grade alkylbenzenes mostly include ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, butylbenzene and others.

All tests for the underlying gasoline and ethanol-containing motor fuels, including those comprising the components of the present invention, were performed by applying standard ASTM methods in the laboratories of SGS, Sweden, and Auto Research Laboratories, USA.

The drivability test was performed on a 1987 Volvo 240 DL according to the standard test method EU2000 NEDC EC 98/69.

The European 2000 New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) standard test specification is identical to the standard EU / ECE Test Description and Driving Cycle (91/441 EEC resp. ECE-R 83/01 and 93/116 EEC). Standardized EU tests include city driving cycles and extra urban driving cycles and require that certain emission regulations be met. Emission analysis is carried out in a constant volume sampling procedure, using a flame ionisation detector for hydrocarbon quantification. Exhaust Emission Directive 91/441 EEC (Phase 1) provides specific CO, (HC + NO) and (PM) standards, while EU Fuel Consumption Directive 93/116 EEC 91996 implements consumption standards.

The test was performed with a 1987 Volvo 240 DL with a B230F, four cylinder, 2.32 liter engine (No. LG4F20-87) generating torque of 83 kW at 90 revolutions / sec and 185 Nm at 46 revolutions / sec.

Example 1

Example 1 demonstrates that when using gasoline having a dry vapor pressure equivalent amount according to ASTM D-5191 at the level of 90 kPa (about 13 psi) as the hydrocarbon substrate, the dry vapor pressure equivalent of the ethanol-containing motor fuel can be lowered. .

To prepare mixtures of this composition, winter gasoline A92, A95 and A98, which are currently commercially available and purchased from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem, Sweden, were used.

1 shows the DVPE behavior of a winter A95 gasoline based ethanol containing motor fuel.

The underlying gasoline included aliphatic and cycloaliphatic C ₄ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, including both saturated and unsaturated.

The winter A92 used has the following specifications.

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.7

Fuel 1-1 (but not according to the present invention) contains A92 winter gasoline and ethanol, each having the following properties when the ethanol content is different.

A92: Ethanol = 95: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 94.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.1

A92: Ethanol = 90: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 94.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

Different embodiments, such as fuels 1-2 and 1-3, demonstrate that the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of the winter A92 gasoline based ethanol-containing motor fuel can be adjusted.

Fuel 1-2 of the present invention contained A92 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c) and had the following properties for various compositions.

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88.5: 4.5: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

A92: Ethanol: Isoamyl Acetate = 88.5: 5: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 88.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: ethanol: diacetone alcohol = 88.5: 4.5: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.65

A92: ethanol: ethyl acetoacetate = 90.5: 2.5: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.8

A92: ethanol: isoamylpropionate = 87.5: 5.5: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 88.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. DVPE for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: Ethanol: 3-heptanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

A92: ethanol: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol = 85: 8.5: 6.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.25

Fuel 1-3 of the present invention contained A92 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additive (c) and hydrocarbons C ₆ -C ₁₂ and had the following properties for various compositions.

A 92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 79: 9: 2: 10 (% by volume)

Boiling point of alkylates is 100-130 ℃

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.25

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: naphtha = 80: 5: 5:10 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 88.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.6

A92: ethanol: t-butanol: naphtha = 81: 5: 5: 9 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. DVPE for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: benzene: ethylbenzene: diethyl benzene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 0.5: 3: 4 (vol%)

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: toluene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-xylene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

The following compositions 1-5 to 1-6 demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of motor fuels containing winter A98 gasoline based ethanol.

Winter A98 gasoline has the following specifications:

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.35

Comparative fuels 1-4 contain A98 winter gasoline and ethanol, each with the following characteristics:

A98: Ethanol = 95.5: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 95.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: Ethanol = 90: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 94.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

Fuels 1-5 contained A98 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and had the following properties for the various compositions.

A98: Ethanol: Isobutanol = 84: 9: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: t-butyl acetate = 84: 9: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: Ethanol: Benzyl Alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.05

A98: Ethanol: Cyclohexanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 88.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

A98: ethanol: diethyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

A98: Ethanol: Methylpropyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.65

A98: Ethanol: 3-heptanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. DVPE for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A98: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 85: 8: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.7

A98: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 85: 8.5: 6.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: Ethanol: Methylphenol = 85: 8: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.05

Fuels 1-6 contained A98 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons and had the following properties for various compositions.

A98: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isooctane = 80: 5: 5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 82.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-isopropyl toluene = 78.2: 6.1: 6.1: 9.6 (% by volume)

DVPE = 81.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A98: Ethanol: Isobutanol: Naphtha = 80: 5: 5: 10 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 82.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.35

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: m-isopropyl toluene = 80: 5: 5: 5: 5 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 82.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.25

A98: ethanol: t-butyl acetate: naphtha = 83: 5: 5: 7 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 82.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. DVPE for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A98: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isooctane = 85: 5: 5: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: Ethanol: Isobutanol: Naphtha = 85: 5: 5: 5 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl xylene = 85: 9.5: 0.5: 5 (vol%)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

The motor fuel compositions below show that it may be necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol below the DVPE level of the underlying gasoline. Typically, this is necessary if the DVPE level of the underlying gasoline is higher than the limits of the regulations in force for that gasoline. In this way, for example, winter grade gasoline can be converted to summer grade gasoline. The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: Ethanol: Isobutanol: Isooctane: Naphtha = 60: 9.5: 0.5: 15: 15 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 70 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: alkylate: naphtha = 60: 9.5: 0.5: 15: 15 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

Boiling point of alkylates is 100-130 ℃

DVPE = 70 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: ethanol: t-butyl acetate: naphtha = 60: 9: 3: 28 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 70 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

The fuels 1-8, 1-9 and 1-10 below demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of the winter A95 gasoline based ethanol-containing motor fuel.

Winter A95 gasoline has the following specifications:

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

Tests according to the standard test method EU2000 NEDC EC 98/69 as described above give the following results:

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.13g / km,

HC (hydrocarbon) 0.280g / km,

NO _x (nitrogen oxide) 0.265 g / km,

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) 227.0g / km,

NMHC * 0.276g / km,

Fuel Consumption, Fc 1 / 100km9.84

* Hydrocarbons other than methane

Comparative fuels 1-7 contained A95 winter gasoline and ethanol and had the following characteristics for various compositions.

A95: Ethanol = 95: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 94.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: Ethanol = 90: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 94.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

Testing of the reference fuel mixture (RFM1) showed the following results compared to winter A95 gasoline.

CO-15.0%,

HC-7.3%,

NO _x + 15.5%,

CO ₂ + 2.4%,

NMHC * -0.5%,

Fuel Consumption, Fc 1 / 100km + 4.7%

"-" Indicates a decrease in the amount of release and "+" indicates an increase in the amount of release.

Fuel 1-8 of the present invention contained A95 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additive (c), and had various properties for various compositions.

A95: Ethanol: Diisoamyl Ether = 86: 8: 6 (% by volume)

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A95: Ethanol: Isobutyl Acetate = 88: 5: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.85

A95: ethanol: isoamylpropionate = 88: 5: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.35

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Acetate = 88: 5: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.25

A95: Ethanol: 2-octane = 88: 5: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A95: Ethanol: Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol = 88: 5: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. DVPE for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A95: Ethanol: Diisoamyl Ether = 87: 9: 4 (% by volume)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: ethanol: isoamyl acetate = 88: 7: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

A95: Ethanol: Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol = 88: 7: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

Fuel 1-9 contained A95 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additive (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon (d) and had the following properties for various compositions.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 83.7: 5: 2: 9.3 (vol%)

Boiling point of alkylates is 100-130 ℃

DVPE = 88.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.65

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Naphtha = 83.7: 5: 2: 9.3 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: alkylate = 81: 5: 5: 9 (% by volume)

Boiling point of alkylates is 100-130 ℃

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: naphtha = 81: 5: 5: 9 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. DVPE for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 80: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 10 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 80: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 5: 5 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

Boiling point of alkylates is 100-130 ℃

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

The motor fuel compositions below show that it may be necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol below the DVPE level of the underlying gasoline. Typically, this is necessary if the DVPE level of the underlying gasoline is higher than the limits of the regulations in force for that gasoline. In this way, for example, winter grade gasoline can be converted to summer grade gasoline. The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isooctane = 60: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 15: 15 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: t-butyl acetate: naphtha = 60: 9: 1: 30 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

Fuels 1-10 contain 75% by volume of A95 winter gasoline, 9.6% by volume of ethanol, and 0.4% by volume of naphtha having a boiling point of 100-200 ° C. This fuel blend demonstrates that, compared to the reference mixture of gasoline and ethanol (RFM 1), a reduction in DVPE, an improvement in octane number, a reduction in the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust and a reduction in fuel consumption are possible. The motor fuel composition has the following characteristics.

Density according to ASTM D 4052 at 15 ° C.749.2 kg / m3,

Initial boiling point 29 ° C. according to ASTM D 86

Volatile fractions-70 ° C 47.6% by volume,

Volatile fraction-100 ° C. 55.6% by volume,

Volatile fractions-150 ° C. 84.2% by volume,

Volatile fractions-180 ° C.97.5% by volume,

Final boiling point194.9 ℃,

Evaporation residue 1.3% by volume,

Loss by evaporation 1.6% by volume,

Oxygen content 3.7% (weight / weight) according to ASTM D 4815,

Acidity according to ASTM D 1613, HAc weight% 0.004,

PH6.6 according to ASTM D 1287,

Sulfur content 18 mg / kg according to ASTM D 5453,

Rubber content according to ASTM D 381 1 mg / 100ml,

Water content 0.03% (weight / weight) according to ASTM D 6304,

Aromatic compounds comprising benzene, according to SS 155120

30.2% by volume,

0.7% by volume of benzene only according to EN 238,

DVPE89.0 kPa according to ASTM D 5191,

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) 92.6

Motor fuel formulations 1-10 were tested according to the standard test method EU 2000 EC 98/69 and the results compared to the values for winter A95 gasoline are as follows.

CO-21%,

HC-9%,

NO _x + 12.8%,

CO ₂ + 2.38%,

NMHC * -6.4%,

Fuel Consumption, Fc 1 / 100km + 3.2%

Fuel formulations 1-1 to 1-10 showed reduced DVPE compared to summer grade gasoline based ethanol containing motor fuels tested. Similar results are obtained when replacing with the oxygen-containing compound of the present invention instead of the additives of Examples 1-1 to 1-10.

In order to prepare such fuel blends 1-1 to 1-10 with this motor fuel composition, gasoline was first mixed with ethanol and the oxygen-containing additive was added to the fuel mixture. The motor fuel composition obtained was then left for 1 to 24 hours at room temperature above -35 ° C before testing. All of the above formulations were prepared without using a specific mixing device.

The ethanol-containing motor fuel for standard internal combustion spark ignition engines is a mixture of oxygen-containing additives (c) and ethanol (b) other than ethanol to meet the standard requirements for gasoline in terms of both vapor pressure and anti-knock stability. The possibility of application by way of compounding has been established.

The fuel composition below demonstrates such a possibility.

Mixtures containing 50% ethanol and 50% isoamyl alcohol are mixed in various proportions with winter grade gasoline and their dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) does not exceed 90 kPa. All resulting mixtures are no higher than the value required by the regulation for winter gasoline, ie 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 87: 6.5: 6.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.15

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol = 86: 7.0: 7.0 (% by volume)

DVPE = 89.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A98: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 86.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

FIG. 2 shows the behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of ethanol content when an additive mixture 2 comprising 33.3% ethanol and 66.7% t-pentanol is mixed with A95 winter gasoline. FIG. 2 shows that when the ethanol content in gasoline varies from 0 to 11%, the vapor pressure of these compositions does not rise to a standard requirement for DVPE of winter grade gasoline, ie higher than 90 kPa.

Similar DVPE behavior is also observed when A92 and A98 winter gasoline are mixed with an additive mixture comprising 33.3% by volume ethanol and 66.7% by volume t-pentanol. Even when some of the oxygen-containing additives were replaced by C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (component (d)), the effect of reducing the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasoline was observed while the ethanol content in the resulting composition increased from 0 to 11% by volume. . The following compositions demonstrate the effect achieved by the present invention.

An additive mixture comprising 40 volume percent ethanol, 10 volume percent isobutanol and 50 volume percent isopropyltoluene was mixed with winter gasoline with DVPE not higher than 90 kPa. The various compositions obtained have the following properties.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 85: 6: 1.5: 7.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 84.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 80: 8: 2: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 84.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.1

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 86: 5.6: 1.4: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 85.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

Similar results are obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons of the invention are used in proportions according to the invention for the preparation of said additive mixtures, which are used for the production of ethanol-containing gasoline. This gasoline fully meets the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark ignition engines.

Example 2

Example 2 demonstrates that when gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent amount of 70 kPa (about 10 psi) according to ASTM-5191 is used as the hydrocarbon substrate, it is possible to lower the dry vapor pressure equivalent amount of the ethanol-containing motor fuel. .

To prepare a mixture of this composition, summer gasoline A92, A95 and A98, which are currently available from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem, Sweden, were used.

The underlying gasoline included aliphatic and cycloaliphatic C ₄ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, including those saturated and unsaturated.

1 shows the DVPE behavior of a summer A95 gasoline based ethanol containing motor fuel. Winter A92 and A98 gasoline based ethanol containing motor fuels showed similar behavior, respectively.

Fuels 2-2 and 2-3 below demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the crude vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of a summer A92 gasoline based ethanol-containing motor fuel.

Summer A92 gasoline has the following characteristics:

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.5

Comparative Fuel 2-1 contained A92 summer gasoline and ethanol and had the following characteristics for various compositions.

A92: Ethanol = 95: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 77.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: Ethanol = 90: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

Fuel 2-2 contained A92 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c) and had the following properties for the various compositions.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 6.5: 6.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 69.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: Ethanol: Isobutanol = 80: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: diethylcarbinol = 85: 6.5: 6.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 69.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85.5: 7.5: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ether = 85: 8: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 68.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A92: ethanol: di-n-butyl ester = 85: 8: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.5

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.5

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A92: Ethanol: Isobutanol = 87.5: 10: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: ethanol: di-n-butyl ether = 85: 9: 6 (vol%)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.2

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85: 8: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

Fuel 2-3 contained A92 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions.

A92: ethanol: methyl ethyl ketone: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isononane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 68,8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: Ethanol: Isobutanol: Isodecane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: Ethanol: Isobutanol: Isooctene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

A92: Ethanol: Isobutanol: Naphtha = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: toluene: 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropyltoluene: 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A92: Ethanol: Isobutanol: Isodecane = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.85

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: t-butylbenzene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.5

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: t-butyltoluene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 5: 2.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

The following fuels 2-5 and 2-6 demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of the summer A98 gasoline based ethanol-containing motor fuel.

Summer A98 gasoline has the following specifications:

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Comparative fuels 2-4 contained A98 summer gasoline and ethanol and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: Ethanol = 95: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: Ethanol = 90: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

Fuel 2-5 contained A98 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c) and had the following properties for the various compositions.

A98: Ethanol: Isobutanol = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

A98: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 83: 9.5: 7.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A98: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.4

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: Ethanol: Isobutanol = 85: 8: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: Ethanol: t-pentanol = 90: 5: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

Fuel 2-6 contained A98 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: Ethanol: Isobutanol: Alkylbenzene = 80: 5: 5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: Ethanol: Isobutanol: Isooctane = 81.5: 9.5: 0.5: 8.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

A98: ethanol: t-butanol: limonene = 86: 7: 4: 4 (% by volume)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The following fuels 2-8 to 2-10 demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent amount (DVPE) of the summer A95 gasoline based ethanol containing motor fuel.

Summer A95 gasoline has the following specifications:

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

Tests conducted according to the same method described earlier for Summer A95 showed the following results:

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.198g / km,

HC (hydrocarbon) 0.245g / km,

NO _x (nitrogen oxide) 0.252 g / km,

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) 230.0 g / km,

NMHC * 0.238g / km,

Fuel Consumption, Fc 1 / 100km9.95

* Non-methane hydrocarbons.

Comparative fuels 2-7 contained A95 summer gasoline and ethanol and had the following characteristics for various compositions.

A95: Ethanol = 95: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 75.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A95: Ethanol = 90: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 75.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.25

Tests of the reference fuel mixture (RFM 2) compared to summer A95 gasoline showed the following results.

CO-9.1%,

HC-4.5%,

NO _x + 7.3%,

CO ₂ + 4.0%,

NMHC *-4.4%,

Fuel Consumption, F, 1 / 100km + 3.6%

"-" Indicates a decrease in the amount of release and "+" indicates an increase in the amount of release.

Fuels 2-8 contained A95 summer gasoline and oxygen-containing additives and had the following properties for various compositions:

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: Ethanol: Diisoamyl Ether = 86: 8: 6 (% by volume)

DVPE = 66.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 67.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: Ethanol: t-butanol = 88: 5: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A95: Ethanol: t-pentanol = 90: 5: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: Ethanol: Isopropanol = 80: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.8

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-2-pentanol = 85: 8: 7 (vol%)

DVPE = 66.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: Ethanol: Diethyl Ketone = 85: 8: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: Ethanol: Trimethylcyclohexanone = 85: 8: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 67.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: Ethanol: Methyltetrayl ether = 80: 8: 12 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A95: ethanol: n-butyl acetate = 87: 6.5: 6.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A95: ethanol: isobutyl isobutyrate = 90: 5: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A95: Ethanol: Methylacetoacetate = 85: 7: 8 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: Ethanol: 4-Methyl-2-pentanol = 85: 10: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol: isobutyl isobutyrate = 90: 6: 4 (% by volume)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

Fuel 2-9 contained A95 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions.

A95: Ethanol: t-pentanol: Alkylbenzene = 80: 7: 4: 9 (% by volume)

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A95: ethanol: t-butanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 7: 4: 9 (vol%)

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A95: Ethanol: Propanol: Xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

A95: Ethanol: Daethylketone: Xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropyltoluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5 (vol%)

Naphtha's boiling point is 100-170 ℃

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: alkylate = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5 (vol%)

Naphtha's boiling point is 100-170 ℃

Boiling point of alkylates is 100-130 ℃

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. The DVPE for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: cyclooctadiene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

Fuel formulations 2-10 contained 81.5 vol% A95 summer gasoline, 8.5 vol% m-isopropyltoluene, 9.2 vol% ethanol and 0.8 vol% isoamyl alcohol. Formulations 2-10 show how the compositions of the present invention are rooted in dry vapor pressure equivalents, while improving octane number, reducing levels of toxic emissions in the exhaust, and reducing fuel consumption compared to RFM 2, a mixture of gasoline and ethanol. Tests were made to verify that the level of gasoline was maintained. Formulations 2-10 had the following properties.

Density according to ASTM D 4052 at 15 ° C 754.1 kg / m3,

Initial boiling point 26.6 ° C. according to ASTM D 86

Volatile part-70 ℃ 45.2% by volume,

Volatile fraction-100 ° C. 56.4% by volume,

Volatile fractions-150 ° C. 88.8% by volume,

Volatile fractions-180 ° C 97.6% by volume,

Final boiling point of 186.3 ° C,

Evaporation residue 1.6% by volume,

Loss by evaporation0.1% by volume,

Oxygen content 3.56% (weight / weight) according to ASTM D 4815,

Acidity according to ASTM D 1613, HAc weight% 0.007,

PH8.9 according to ASTM D 1287,

Sulfur content 16 mg / kg according to ASTM D 5453,

Rubber content according to ASTM D 381 <1 mg / 100ml,

Moisture content according to ASTM D 6304 0.12% (weight / weight),

Aromatic compounds comprising benzene, according to SS 155120

30.3% by volume,

0.8% by volume of benzene only according to EN 238,

DVPE68.5 kPa according to ASTM D 5191,

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) 92.7

Motor fuels 2-10 were tested in accordance with the standard test method EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 as described above, and compared to the positive or negative values for the resultant A95 summer gasoline. The same result was shown.

CO-0.18%,

HC-8.5%,

NO _x + 5.3%,

CO ₂ + 2.8%,

NMHC * ~ 9%,

Fuel Consumption, Fc, 1 / 100km + 3.1%

The fuel formulations 2-1 to 2-10 showed reduced DVPE over the summer grade gasoline based ethanol containing motor fuel tested. Similar results were obtained when the additives of Examples 2-1 to 2-10 were replaced with other oxygen-containing additives of the present invention.

In order to prepare such fuel blends 2-1 to 2-10 with this motor fuel composition, gasoline was first mixed with ethanol and the oxygen-containing additive was added to the fuel mixture. The motor fuel composition obtained was then left for 1 to 24 hours at room temperature above -35 ° C before testing. All of the above formulations were prepared without using a specific mixing device.

The use of additive mixtures comprising ethanol and oxygen containing compounds other than ethanol for the production of ethanol containing gasoline is achieved with summer grade gasoline. The fuel composition below demonstrates the possibility of obtaining ethanol containing gasoline that meets the standard requirements for summer grade gasoline, including vapor pressures not higher than 70 kPa.

FIG. 2 shows the ethanol content of an additive mixture 3 comprising 35% by volume ethanol, 5% by volume isoamyl alcohol, and 60% by volume boiling naphtha at a temperature of 100-170 ° C. with an A95 gasoline for summers. The behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function is shown. FIG. 2 shows that when the ethanol content in gasoline varies within the range of 0-20%, the vapor pressure of these compositions does not rise to a standard requirement for DVPE of summer grade gasoline, ie higher than 70 kPa.

Similar DVPE behavior is also observed when A92 and A98 summer gasoline are mixed with an additive mixture comprising 35% ethanol, 5% isoamyl alcohol, and 60% by volume boiling naphtha at a temperature of 100-170 ° C.

In the above additive mixtures used for the production of ethanol-containing gasoline, the ratio between ethanol and oxygen-containing compounds other than ethanol is of great importance. The ratio between the additive components determined by the present invention makes it possible to adjust the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasoline over a wide range.

The compositions below show that the additive mixture can be applied to both high and low ethanol contents. An additive mixture comprising 92 volume percent ethanol, 6 volume percent isoamyl alcohol, and 2 volume percent isobutanol was mixed with summer grade gasoline. The obtained compositions had the following properties.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 18.4: 1.2: 0.4 (vol%)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutanol = 82: 16.56: 1.08: 0.36 (% by volume)

DVPE = 69.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 78: 20.24: 1.32: 0.44 (vol%)

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.5

An additive composition comprising 25 volume percent ethanol, 60 volume percent isoamyl alcohol, and 15 volume percent isobutanol was mixed with summer grade gasoline. The obtained compositions had the following properties.

A92: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutanol = 80: 5: 12: 3 (% by volume)

DVPE = 66.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 84: 4: 9.6: 2.4 (vol%)

DVPE = 65.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

A98: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutanol = 86: 3.5: 8.4: 2.1 (% by volume)

DVPE = 65.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

Similar results were obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons according to the invention were used according to the proportions determined by the invention to prepare the additive mixture, which was then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline. Obtained. All of these gasolines meet the requirements for fuel used in standard spark ignition engines.

Furthermore, additive mixtures comprising ethanol and the oxygen-containing compounds of the invention other than ethanol in the proportions of the invention may also be used as independent motor fuels for engines adapted to operate with ethanol.

Example 3

Example 3 demonstrates that when gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent level of 48 kPa (about 7 psi) according to ASTM-5191 is used as the hydrocarbon substrate, it is possible to lower the dry vapor pressure equivalent of the ethanol-containing motor fuel. .

To prepare a mixture of this composition, lead-free summer gasoline A92, A95 and A98 purchased in the United States under the trade names Phillips J Base Fuel, Union Clear Base and Indolene, which meet US standards.

Source gasoline included aliphatic and cycloaliphatic C ₅ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, including both saturated and unsaturated.

1 shows the behavior of DVPE of US summer grade A92 gasoline based ethanol containing motor fuel. US summer A95 and A98 gasoline based ethanol-based motor fuels showed similar behavior, respectively.

The US summer grade A92 gasoline has the following specifications:

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.7

Fuel 3-1 contained US A92 summer gasoline and ethanol and had the following characteristics for various compositions.

A92: Ethanol = 95: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 55.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: Ethanol = 90: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 55.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

Fuel 3-2 contained US A92 summer gasoline, ethanol and oxygen containing additives and had the following properties for the various compositions.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 8.5: 8.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 47.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

A92: Ethanol: Isoamyl Propionate = 82: 8: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

A92: ethanol: 2-ethylhexanol = 82: 8:10 (vol%)

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.2

A92: ethanol: tetrahydroperpurine alcohol = 82: 7:10 (vol%)

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: Ethanol: Cyclohexanone = 82: 7: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 47.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.1

A92: Ethanol: Methoxybenzene = 80: 8.5: 11.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: Ethanol: Methoxytoluene = 82: 8: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 46.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: Ethanol: Methylbenzoate = 82: 8: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 46.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. The DVPE level for summer grade gasoline in the United States is 7 psi, equivalent to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 9: 8 (% by volume)

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

A92: Ethanol: Methoxytoluene = 84: 8: 8 (% by volume)

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

A92: Ethanol: Methylbenzoate = 85: 8: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

Fuel 3-3 contained US A92 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions.

A92: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutyl Alcohol: Naphtha = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4 (vol%)

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4 (% by volume)

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. The DVPE level for summer grade gasoline in the United States is 7 psi, equivalent to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha = 76: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 14.4 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha: isooctane = 76: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 4 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha: m-isopropyltoluene = 77: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 3 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

The following fuels demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of the US A98 summer gasoline-based ethanol-containing motor fuel.

The US A98 gasoline has the following specifications:

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

Comparative Fuel 3-4 contained US A98 summer gasoline and ethanol and had the following characteristics in various compositions.

A98: Ethanol = 95: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 56.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: Ethanol = 90: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 55.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

Fuel 3-5 contained US A98 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and had the following properties for the various compositions.

A98: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol = 82.5: 9: 8.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutyl Alcohol = 82.5: 9: 7: 1.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.4

A98: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 80: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 48.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

Fuel 3-6 contained US A98 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b) oxygen-containing additives (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions.

A98: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutyl Alcohol: Naphtha = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4 (% by volume)

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 75.5: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 14.9 (vol%)

DVPE = 47.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.4

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 8.4: 7 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha: m-isopropyltoluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 5 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 48.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7.9: 7.5 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

Boiling point of alkylates is 100-130 ℃

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The following fuels demonstrate the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of US summer A95 gasoline based ethanol-containing motor fuels.

The US A95 gasoline has the following specifications:

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

The US Summer A95 gasoline is powered by a 1987 Volvo 240 DL with a B230F, four-cylinder, 2.32 liter engine (No.LG4F20-87) generating torque of 83 kW at 90 revs / sec and 185 Nm at 46 revs / sec. It was used as reference fuel to carry out the test according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test cycle.

Tests performed as described previously showed the following results for US summer A95 gasoline.

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.406g / km,

HC (hydrocarbon) 0.356g / km,

NO _x (nitrogen oxide) 0.278 g / km,

CO ₂ (carbon dioxide) 232.6g / km,

NMHC * 0.258g / km,

Fuel Consumption, Fc 1 / 100km9.93

* Non-methane hydrocarbons.

Comparative Fuel 3-7 contained US A95 summer gasoline and ethanol and had the following characteristics in various compositions.

A95: Ethanol = 95: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 55.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.5

A95: Ethanol = 90: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 54.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

1987 Volvo with B230F, 4-cylinder, 2.32 liter engine (No. LG4F20-87) for a reference gasoline-alcohol mixture (RFM3) containing 90% by volume US A95 summer grade gasoline and 10% by volume ethanol The test was carried out according to the standard test method EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 at 240 DL, and the results were as follows when compared to summer US A95 gasoline.

CO-12.5%,

HC-4.8%,

NO _x + 2.3%,

CO ₂ + 3.7%,

NMHC * ~ 4.0%,

Fuel Consumption, Fc, 1 / 100km + 3.1%

"-" Indicates a decrease in the amount of release and "+" indicates an increase in the amount of release.

Fuel 3-8 contained US A95 summer gasoline, ethanol and oxygen containing additives and had the following characteristics for the various compositions:

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol = 83: 8.5: 8.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: n-amyl acetate = 80:10: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: Ethanol: Cyclohexyl Acetate = 80: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 46.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: Ethanol: Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran = 80: 12: 8 (% by volume)

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A95: Ethanol: Methyltetrahydropyran = 80: 15: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. The DVPE level for summer grade gasoline in the United States is 7 psi, equivalent to 48.28 kPa.

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol = 84: 8.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: Ethanol: Phenyl Acetate = 82.5: 10: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.3

A95: Ethanol: Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran = 81: 10: 9 (% by volume)

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

Fuel 3-9 contained US A95 summer gasoline (a), ethanol (b) oxygen-containing additive (c) and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon (d) and had the following properties for various compositions.

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutyl Alcohol: Naphtha = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4 (% by volume)

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4 (vol%)

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A95: ethanol: tetrahydroperfuryl alcohol: cyclooctatetraene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 46.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran: allocene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 46.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

The motor fuel compositions below show that it is not necessary to lower the excess DVPE of the motor fuel caused by the presence of ethanol to the DVPE level of the gasoline that is always sourced. In some cases, it is sufficient to ensure that the regulatory requirements in force for the gasoline are met. The DVPE level for summer grade gasoline in the United States is 7 psi, equivalent to 48.28 kPa.

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutyl Alcohol: Naphtha = 76.5: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7: 6.9 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutyl Alcohol: Naphtha: Isooctane = 76.5: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7: 6.9 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyltoluene = 77: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 13.4 (vol%)

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

Fuel formulations 3-10 contained 76% by volume US A95 summer gasoline, 9.2% by volume ethanol, 0.25% by volume naphtha at 100-200 ° C. and 3% by volume isopropyltoluene. Formulations 3-10 were tested to demonstrate how the present invention enables the production of ethanol containing gasoline that fully meets the standard requirements enforced for DVPE levels and other variables. At the same time, this gasoline ensures lower fuel consumption and reduced toxic emissions in the exhaust compared to the source USM A95 summer gasoline and 10% ethanol mixture. Formulation 3-10 had the following properties.

Density according to ASTM D 4052 at 15 ° C.774.9 kg / m3,

Initial boiling point 36.1 ° C. according to ASTM D 86,

Volatile part-70 ℃ 33.6% by volume,

Volatile fraction-100 ° C 50.8% by volume,

Volatile fractions-150 ° C.86.1% by volume,

Volatile fractions-190 ° C.97.0% by volume,

Final boiling point 204.8 ℃,

Evaporation residue 1.5% by volume,

Loss by evaporation 1.5% by volume,

Oxygen content 3.37% (weight / weight) according to ASTM D 4815,

Acidity according to ASTM D 1613, HAc weight% 0.007,

PH7.58 according to ASTM D 1287,

Sulfur content 47 mg / kg according to ASTM D 5453,

Rubber content 2.8mg / 100ml according to ASTM D 381,

Moisture content 0.02% (weight / weight) according to ASTM D 6304,

Aromatic compounds comprising benzene, according to SS 155120

31.2% by volume,

0.7% by volume of benzene only according to EN 238,

DVPE 48.0 kPa according to ASTM D 5191,

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) 92.2

The motor fuel formulations 3-10 were tested in accordance with the same standard test method EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 as above in a 1987 Volvo 240 DL with B230F, 4-cylinder, 2.32 liter engine (No. LG4F20-87). The results showed that when compared to the underlying US A95 summer gasoline:

CO-15.1%,

HC-5.6%,

NO _x + 0.5%,

No change in CO ₂ ,

NMHC * ~ 4.5%,

No change in fuel consumption, Fc, 1/100 km.

Similar results were obtained when the previously tested oxygen-containing compound was replaced with another oxygen-containing compound.

In order to prepare all fuel blends as described above, US summer gasoline was first mixed with ethanol and the oxygen-containing additive was added to this mixture. The motor fuel composition obtained was then left for 1 to 24 hours at room temperature above -35 ° C before testing. All of the above formulations were prepared without using a specific mixing device.

The possibility of applying additive mixtures containing ethanol and oxygen-containing compounds other than ethanol to control the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels used in summer grade gasoline-based standard internal combustion spark ignition engines meeting US standards has been established. The addition of C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons to the composition of the additive mixture increased the effect of lowering the vapor pressure of the additive on the excess vapor pressure caused by the presence of ethanol in gasoline.

An additive mixture comprising 60% by volume ethanol, 32% by volume isoamyl alcohol and 8% by volume isobutyl alcohol, in different proportions, is equivalent to a dry vapor pressure not higher than 7 psi (DVPE), corresponding to 48.28 kPa. Mixed with US summer grade gasoline.

The obtained compositions had the following properties.

A92: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutanol = 87.5: 7.5: 4: 1 (% by volume)

DVPE = 51.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.7

A95: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutanol = 85: 9: 4.8: 1.2 (% by volume)

DVPE = 51.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A98: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutanol = 80: 12: 6.4: 1.6 (% by volume)

DVPE = 52.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

This example demonstrates that it is possible, in part, to lower the excess vapor pressure of gasoline caused by the presence of ethanol in the mixture to about 50%.

US summer grade gasoline with a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of no greater than 7 psi, corresponding to 48.28 kPa, each in a different proportion, with an additive mixture comprising 50% by volume ethanol and 50% by volume methylisobutyl ketone And mixed. The obtained composition had the following characteristics.

A92: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 49.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A95: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 84: 8: 8 (vol%)

DVPE = 48.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A98: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 82: 9: 9 (vol%)

DVPE = 49.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

This example demonstrates that it is possible, in part, to lower the excess vapor pressure of gasoline caused by the presence of ethanol in the mixture to about 80%.

FIG. 2 shows US summer A92 gasoline and 35 volume percent ethanol, 1 volume percent isoamyl alcohol, 0.2 volume percent isobutanol, 43.8 volume percent boiling naphtha at a temperature of 100-170 ° C. and 20 volume percent isopropyl toluene Shows the behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of ethanol content in the mixture of additive mixture 4 comprising: Figure 2 shows that when this additive mixture is applied to an ethanol containing gasoline blend, it can reduce more than 100% of the excess vapor pressure caused by the presence of ethanol.

US summer grade A95 and A98 gasoline was charged with 35% by volume ethanol, 1% by volume isoamyl alcohol, 0.2% by volume isobutanol, 43.8% by volume naphtha and 20% by volume isopropyltoluene Similar results were obtained for DVPE when mixed with an additive mixture consisting of:

Similar results were obtained when other oxygen containing compounds according to the invention and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons were used in the proportions established by the present invention to formulate the additive mixture and use them in the production of ethanol containing gasoline. These gasolines fully meet the requirements for motor fuels used in standard internal combustion spark ignition engines.

Furthermore, additive mixtures comprising ethanol, oxygen-containing compounds other than ethanol and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons in proportions and compositions according to the invention can be used as independent motor fuels for engines adapted to be operated with ethanol.

Example 4

Example 4 shows a dry vapor pressure equivalent of an ethanol-containing motor fuel when the hydrocarbon substrate of the fuel is a non-standard gasoline having a dry vapor pressure equivalent (VDPE) in accordance with ASTM D-5191 at 110 kPa (about 16 psi). Prove that it is possible to lower.

To prepare mixtures of this composition, lead-free winter gasoline A92, A95 and A98 from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem in Sweden and gas condensate (GK) from Gazprom in Russia were used.

The hydrocarbon component (HCC) for the motor fuel composition was prepared by mixing about 85 volume% winter A92, A95 or A98 gasoline with about 15 volume% gas condensate hydrocarbon liquid (GC).

To prepare hydrocarbon components (HCC) for fuel formulations 4-1 to 4-10 according to this motor fuel composition, about 85% by volume of winter A92, A95 or A98 gasoline is first mixed with gas condensate hydrocarbon liquid (GC). I was. Then, the obtained hydrocarbon component (HCC) was left for 24 hours. The gasoline obtained contained aliphatic and cycloaliphatic C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons including saturated and unsaturated.

1 shows the behavior of DVPE of ethanol containing motor fuel based on winter grade A98 gasoline and gas condensate. The winter A92 and A98 gasoline and gas condensate (GC) based ethanol-containing motor fuels showed similar behavior.

Gasoline containing 85 vol% winter A92 and 15 vol% gas condensate (GC) had the following characteristics:

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.9

Comparative Fuel 4-1 contained A92 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol and had the following characteristics for various compositions.

A92: GC: Ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 115.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.4

A92: GC: Ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 115.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

Fuel 4-2 of the present invention contained A92 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol and oxygen-containing additives, and had various properties for various compositions.

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.35

A92: GC: ethanol: 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran = 68: 12: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.75

A92: GC: ethanol: propanol = 68: 12: 12: 8 (% by volume)

DVPE = 109.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A92: GC: ethanol: diisopropylcarbinol = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 109.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: GC: Ethanol: Acetophenone = 72: 13: 9: 6 (% by volume)

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutyl propionate = 75: 13: 5: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 109.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

Fuel 4-3 contained winter A92 gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol, oxygen-containing additives and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons and had the following properties for various compositions.

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropylbenzene = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5 (vol%)

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A92: GC: ethanol: t-butylethyl ether: naphtha = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamylmethyl ether: toluene = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 107.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

The fuel composition below shows that the present invention can lower the excess DVPE of non-standard gasoline to a level equivalent to that of standard gasoline. The DVPE for a standard A92 winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 12.5: 12.5 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

Boiling point of alkylates is 100-130 ℃

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: ethylbenzene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 15: 10 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isopropyltoluene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 20: 5 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

The following composition demonstrates the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent amount (DVPE) of about 85% by volume winter A98 and 15% by volume gas condensate based ethanol containing fuel mixture.

Gasoline containing 85 volume% winter A98 and 15 volume% gas condensate (GC) had the following specifications.

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

Comparative fuel 4-4 contained A98 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol and had the following characteristics for various compositions.

A98: GC: Ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 115.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

A98: GC: Ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 114.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

Fuel 4-5 of the present invention contained A98 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and oxygen-containing additives and had the following properties for various compositions.

A98: GC: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 109.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: GC: ethanol: ethoxybenzene = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

A98: GC: ethanol: 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

Fuel 4-6 contained A98 winter gasoline, gas condensate, ethanol, oxygen containing additives and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions.

A98: GC: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Isobutyl Alcohol: Naphtha = 68: 12: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 10 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 107.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A98: GC: ethanol: ethyl isobutyl ether: mirzen = 72: 13: 9.5: 0.5: 5 (vol%)

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A98: GC: ethanol: ethyl isobutanol: isooctane = 68: 12: 5: 5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 102.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

The fuel composition below shows that the present invention can lower the excess DVPE of non-standard gasoline to the DVPE level corresponding to standard gasoline. The DVPE for a standard A98 winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 12.5: 12.5 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

Boiling point of alkylates is 100-130 ℃

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isopropylbenzene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 15: 10 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 89.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.2

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isopropyltoluene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.1

The following composition demonstrates the possibility of adjusting the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of about 85% by volume winter A95 and about 15% by volume gas condensate based ethanol containing fuel mixture.

Gasoline containing 85% by volume winter A95 and 15% by volume gas condensate (GC) has the following specifications.

DVPE = 109.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 85 vol% winter A95 and 15 vol% gas condensate (GC) was used as a reference fuel for the test as described above, and the following results were obtained.

CO 2.033g / km,

HC 0.279g / km,

NO _x 0.279 g / km,

CO ₂ 229.5g / km,

NMHC * 0.255g / km,

Fuel Consumption, Fc 1 / 100km

Fuel 4-7 contained A95 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol and had the following properties for various compositions.

A95: GC: Ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 115.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: GC: Ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 114.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A reference fuel mixture (RFM4) containing 80.75% winter A95 gasoline, 14.25% gas condensate (GC) and 5% ethanol was tested in the same manner as previously described, with 85 volume% winter A95 gasoline and 15 volumes The results for gasoline containing% gas condensate (GC) compared to (+) or (-)% are as follows.

CO-6.98%,

HC-7.3%,

NO _x + 12.1%,

CO ₂ + 1.1%,

NMHC * -5.3%,

Fuel Consumption, Fc, 1 / 100km + 2.62%.

Fuel 4-8 of the present invention contained A95 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol and oxygen-containing additives and had the following characteristics in various compositions.

A95: GC: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 109.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: GC: Ethanol: Phenol = 72: 13: 8: 7 (% by volume)

DVPE = 107.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A95: GC: Ethanol: Phenyl Acetate = 68: 12: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 106.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.8

A95: GC: Ethanol: 3-hydroxy-2-butanone = 68: 12: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 108.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: GC: Ethanol: t-butyl acetoacetate = 68: 12: 10: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 108.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: GC: ethanol: 3,3,3-trimethylcyclohexanone = 71: 12: 9: 8 (% by volume)

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

Fuel 4-9 of the present invention contained A95 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol, oxygen-containing additive and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon (d), and had the following characteristics in various compositions.

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha = 68: 12: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 10 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 107.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: cyclooctatetraene = 72: 13: 9.5: 0.5: 5 (vol%)

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

The fuel composition below shows that the present invention can lower the excess DVPE of non-standard gasoline to levels equivalent to standard gasoline. The DVPE for a standard A958 winter gasoline is 90.0 kPa.

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 12.5: 12.5 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

Boiling point of alkylates is 100-130 ℃

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: t-butyl xylene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 20: 5 (vol%)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A95: GC: Ethanol: Isobutanol: Naphtha: Isopropylbenzene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ℃

DVPE = 89.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

Motor fuels 4-10 are 55% by volume of A95 winter gasoline, 10% by volume of gas condensate (GC), 5% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of t-butanol, and 20% by volume of naphtha at 100-200 ° C. And 5% by volume of isopropyltoluene. Even if the underlying hydrocarbon component (HCC) has a DVPE value that is significantly higher than the standard requirement, the standard requirements first apply to the dry vapor pressure equivalent limit and also to other parameters of the fuel, even if the blend of ethanol-containing gasoline is first. Formulations 4-10 were tested to demonstrate how to make it possible to fully satisfy. At the same time, such ethanol-containing gasoline reduces the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust and fuel consumption compared to the mixture RFM 4 described above. Formulations 4-10 had the following properties.

Density according to ASTM D 4052 at 15 ° C. 698.6 kg / m3,

Initial boiling point 20.5 ° C. according to ASTM D 86

Volatile part-70 ℃ 47.0% by volume,

Volatile fraction-100 ° C.65.2% by volume,

Volatile fractions-150 ° C.92.4% by volume,

Volatile fractions-190 ° C. 99.3% by volume,

Final boiling point: 189.9 ° C,

Evaporation residue 0.5% by volume,

Loss by evaporation 1.1% by volume,

Oxygen content 3.2% (weight / weight) according to ASTM D 4815,

Acidity according to ASTM D 1613, HAc weight% 0.001,

PH7.0 according to ASTM D 1287,

Sulfur content 18 mg / kg according to ASTM D 5453,

Rubber content according to ASTM D 381 2 mg / 100ml,

Water content 0.01% (weight / weight) according to ASTM D 6304,

Aromatic compounds comprising benzene, according to SS 155120

30.9% by volume,

0.7% by volume of benzene only according to EN 238,

DVPE 90.0 kPa according to ASTM D 5191,

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) 93.3

Motor fuel formulations 4-10 were tested as described above, with results for motor fuels containing 85% by volume winter A95 gasoline and 15% by volume gas condensate (GC) plus (+) or (-)%. The comparison results are as follows.

CO-14.0%,

HC-8.6%,

NO _x no change,

CO ₂ + 1.0%,

NMHC * ~ 6.7%,

Fuel Consumption, Fc, 1 / 100km + 2.0%.

Similar results were obtained when the oxygen-containing compounds of Examples 4-1 to 4-10 were replaced with other oxygen-containing compounds of the present invention.

In order to prepare all the fuel blends 4-1 to 4-10 according to this motor fuel composition, the hydrocarbon component (HCC), which is a mixture of winter gasoline and gas condensate (GC), is first mixed with ethanol and then added to this mixture. Corresponding oxygen containing additives and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons were added. The motor fuel composition obtained was then left for 1 to 24 hours at a temperature of -35 ° C or higher before testing. All of the above formulations were prepared without using a specific mixing device.

The fuel blend of the present invention has shown the possibility of regulating the vapor pressure of ethanol containing motor fuels for non-standard gasoline based standard internal combustion spark ignition engines with high vapor pressure.

FIG. 2 shows ethanol in a mixture of a hydrocarbon component (HCC) comprising 85 vol% winter A98 gasoline and 15 vol% gas condensate, and additive mixture 1 comprising 40 vol% ethanol and 60 vol% methylbenzoate The behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) as a function of content is shown. FIG. 2 demonstrates that the application of such an additive mixture comprising ethanol and an oxygen-containing CA component other than ethanol allows to obtain an ethanol-containing gasoline having a vapor pressure that does not exceed the vapor pressure of the underlying hydrocarbon component (HCC). do.

DVPE also contains additive mixtures comprising 40 volume percent ethanol and 60 volume percent methylbenzoate, and fuel mixtures containing 15 volume percent gas condensate (GC) and hydrocarbon components comprising 85 volume percent A92 or A95 winter gasoline. Similar results were obtained.

Similar results were obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds and C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons according to the invention were used in proportions according to the invention for the blending of additive mixtures, which were used for the production of ethanol-containing gasoline.

This gasoline mixture according to the invention has a vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) which does not exceed the DVPE of the underlying hydrocarbon component (HCC). At the same time, it is possible to add the oxygen-containing additive only in an amount sufficient to obtain ethanol-containing gasoline that fully meets the requirements for the motor fuel used in the standard internal combustion spark ignition engine.

Example 5

Example 5 is a dry vapor pressure equivalent of an ethanol-containing motor fuel when the hydrocarbon substrate of the fuel is a mixed gasoline having a dry vapor pressure equivalent (VDPE) according to ASTM D-5191 at a level of 27.5 kPa (about 4 psi). Prove that it is possible to lower.

To prepare mixtures of this composition, lead-free mixed gasoline purchased from Preem in Sweden and Lukoil in Russia and Petroleum benzine from Merck in Germany were used.

The hydrocarbon component (HCC) for the motor fuel composition was prepared by mixing about 85 volume% winter A92, A95 or A98 gasoline with about 15 volume% gas condensate hydrocarbon liquid (GC).

The underlying gasoline included aliphatic and cycloaliphatic C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, including those saturated and unsaturated.

FIG. 1 shows the behavior of DVPE of a mixed gasoline A92 and petroleum benzine based ethanol containing motor fuel. Similar behavior was observed for ethanol-containing motor fuels based on the recombination A95 and A98 gasoline and petroleum benzine.

It should be noted that the addition of ethanol to the mixed gasoline causes a higher vapor pressure rise compared to the addition of ethanol to the standard gasoline.

Gasoline comprising 80% by volume of mixed gasoline A92 and 20% by volume of petroleum benzine (PB) had the following characteristics.

DVPE = 27.5 kPa,

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 85.5

Comparative fuel 5-1 contained A92 mixed gasoline, petroleum benzine (PB) and ethanol and had the following characteristics in various compositions.

A92: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 36.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: PB: Ethanol = 72: 18: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 36.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.7

Fuel 5-2 of the present invention contained A92 mixed gasoline, petroleum benzine (PB), ethanol and oxygen-containing additives and had the following properties in various compositions.

A92: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: PB: ethanol: isobutyl ether = 64: 16: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: PB: ethanol: n-butanol = 64: 16: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A92: PB: ethanol: 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol = 64: 16: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 25.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

Fuel 5-3 contained Recombinant A92 gasoline, petroleum benzine (PB), ethanol, oxygen containing additives and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons and had the following properties in various compositions.

A92: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 140-200 ℃

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: PB: ethanol: n-butanol: naphtha: xylene = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 7.5: 7.5 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 140-200 ℃

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A92: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: isopropylbenzene = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15 (% by volume)

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

The fuel composition below demonstrates the possibility of controlling the dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of the A98 recombined gasoline and petroleum containing petroleum based petroleum benzine (PB).

A motor fuel containing 80% by volume of mixed gasoline A98 and 20% by volume of petroleum benzine (PB) had the following characteristics.

DVPE = 27.3 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.0

Comparative Fuel 5-4 contained A98 Recombinant Gasoline, Petroleum Benzine (PB) and Ethanol, and had the following characteristics for various compositions.

A98: PB: Ethanol = 76: 19: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 36.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A98: PB: Ethanol = 72: 18: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 35.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Fuel 5-5 of the present invention contained A98 mixed gasoline, petroleum benzine (PB), ethanol and oxygen-containing additives, and had various properties for various compositions.

A98: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 26.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A98: PB: ethanol: n-amyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 26.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A98: PB: ethanol: linalol = 68: 17: 9: 6 (% by volume)

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: PB: ethanol: 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol = 68: 17: 9: 6 (% by volume)

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Fuel 5-6 contained A98 mixed gasoline, petroleum benzine (PB), ethanol, oxygen containing additives and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions.

A98: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 140-200 ℃

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A98: PB: ethanol: linalol: allocene = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15 (% by volume)

DVPE = 26.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: PB: ethanol: methylcyclohexanol: linalol = 60: 15: 9.5: 1: 14.5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 25.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

The motor fuel composition below demonstrates the possibility of lowering the dry vapor pressure equivalent of about 80% by volume of mixed A95 gasoline and about 20% by volume of petroleum benzine (PB) based ethanol containing fuel mixture. Gasoline containing 80% by volume of mixed A95 gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum benzine (PB) had the following characteristics.

DVPE = 27.6 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 86.3

Hydrocarbon component (HCC) comprising 80% by volume Recombinant A95 gasoline and 20% by volume petroleum benzine (PB), 1987 Volvo with B230F, 4-cylinder, 2.32 liter engine (No. LG4F20-87) For testing according to the test method EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 at 240 DL, it was used as a reference fuel and the following results were obtained.

CO 2.631 g / km,

HC 0.348g / km,

NO _x 0.313g / km,

CO ₂ 235.1g / km,

NMHC * 0.308g / km,

Fuel Consumption, Fc 1 / 100km

Fuel 5-7 contained Recombinant A95 gasoline, petroleum benzine (PB) and ethanol and had the following properties in various compositions.

A95: PB: Ethanol = 76: 19: 5 (% by volume)

DVPE = 36.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A95: PB: Ethanol = 72: 18: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 36.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A reference fuel mixture (RFM5) comprising 72% by volume of recombination A95 gasoline, 18% by volume of petroleum benzine (PB) and 10% by volume of ethanol, a B230F, 4-cylinder, 2.32 liter engine (No. Volvo 240 DL in 1987, tested in accordance with the same test method EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 as described above, and contained gasoline containing 80% by volume A95 gasoline and 20% by volume petroleum benzine (PB). The result of comparing with (+) or (-)% is as follows.

CO-4.8%,

HC-1.3%,

NO _x + 26.3%,

CO ₂ + 4.4%,

NMHC * ~ 0.6%,

Fuel consumption, Fc, 1 / 100km + 5.7%.

Fuel 5-8 contained A95 mixed gasoline, petroleum benzine (PB), ethanol and oxygen containing additives and had the following characteristics in various compositions.

A95: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: PB: ethanol: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol = 64: 16: 10: 10 (% by volume)

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: PB: ethanol: tetrahydroperleuryl acetate = 60: 15: 15: 10 (vol%)

DVPE = 25.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

Fuel 5-9 contained A95 mixed gasoline, petroleum benzine (PB), ethanol, oxygen containing additives and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons and had the following properties in various compositions.

A95: PB: Ethanol: Isoamyl Alcohol: Naphtha = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15 (% by volume)

The boiling point of naphtha is 140-200 ℃

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

A95: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: t-butylcyclohexane = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15 (vol%)

DVPE = 26.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.7

A95: PB: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-hydroxytetrahydropyran: isopropyltoluene = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15 (vol%)

DVPE = 26.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

Fuel 5-10 is 60% by volume A95 mixed gasoline, 15% by volume petroleum benzine (PB), 10% by volume ethanol, 5% by volume 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran and 10% by volume isopropyl Toluene was contained. Formulations to demonstrate how the present invention enables ethanol-containing gasoline blends with low vapor pressure that do not cause an increase in dry vapor pressure as compared to the hydrocarbon component (HCC) from which the ethanol is present in the motor fuel composition. 5-10 was tested. Furthermore, toxic emissions and fuel consumption in the exhaust of this gasoline source are also reduced compared to the preceding mixture RFM 5. Formulations 5-10 had the following properties.

Density according to ASTM D 4052 at 15 ° C 764.6 kg / m3,

Initial boiling point 48.9 ° C. according to ASTM D 86

Volatile fractions-70 ° C. 25.3% by volume,

Volatile fraction-100 ° C 50.8% by volume,

Volatile part-150 ℃ 76.5% by volume,

Volatile fractions-190 ° C 95.6% by volume,

Final boiling point 204.5 ℃,

Evaporation residue 1.4% by volume,

Loss by evaporation 0.5% by volume,

Oxygen content 4.6% (weight / weight) according to ASTM D 4815,

Acidity according to ASTM D 1613, HAc weight% 0.08,

PH7.5 according to ASTM D 1287,

Sulfur content 39 mg / kg according to ASTM D 5453,

Rubber content according to ASTM D 381 1.5 mg / 100ml,

Moisture content 0.1% (weight / weight) according to ASTM D 6304,

Aromatic compounds comprising benzene, according to SS 155120

38% by volume,

0.4% by volume of benzene only according to EN 238,

DVPE27.2 kPa according to ASTM D 5191,

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) 91.8

Motor fuel formulations 5-10 were tested in the same manner as described above, with results for motor fuels containing 80% by volume A95 gasoline and 20% by volume petroleum benzine and (+) or (-)% The comparison results are as follows.

CO-12.3%,

HC-6.2%,

NO _x no change,

CO ₂ + 2.6%,

NMHC * ~ 6.4%,

Fuel Consumption, Fc, 1 / 100km + 3.7%.

Similar results were obtained when the oxygen-containing compounds of Examples 5-1 to 5-10 were replaced with other oxygen-containing compounds of the present invention.

In order to prepare all of the fuel blends 5-1 to 5-10 according to this motor fuel composition, a hydrocarbon component (HCC), which is a mixture of recombination A95 gasoline and petroleum benzine, is first mixed with ethanol and then added to this mixture. Corresponding oxygen-containing additives and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons were added. The motor fuel composition obtained was then left for 1 to 24 hours at a temperature of -35 ° C or higher before testing. All of the above formulations were prepared without using a specific mixing device.

The present invention has shown the possibility of regulating the vapor pressure of ethanol containing motor fuels for non-standard gasoline based standard internal combustion spark ignition engines with low vapor pressure.

2 shows a hydrocarbon component (HCC) comprising 80% by volume of Recombinant A92 gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum benzine, 40% by volume of ethanol, 20% by volume of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone, The behavior of dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) when mixed with an oxygen-containing additive mixture 5 comprising naphtha and 20 volume percent t-butyltoluene with 20 volume percent boiling point 130-170 ° C. is shown. This graph demonstrates that the use of the additive of the present invention makes it possible to obtain ethanol-containing gasoline having a vapor pressure that does not exceed the vapor pressure of the underlying hydrocarbon component (HCC).

Similar DVPE behavior was also observed when the oxygen containing additive was mixed with 20 vol% petroleum benzine and a hydrocarbon component (HCC) comprising 80 vol% A95 or A98 mixed gasoline.

Similar results were obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds and C ₈ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons according to the invention were used in proportions according to the invention for the blending of additive mixtures, which were used for the production of ethanol-containing gasoline.

These gasolines have a vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) that does not exceed the DVPE of the underlying hydrocarbon component (HCC). At the same time, the anti-knock index of all ethanol-containing gasoline produced according to the present invention was higher than the value of the underlying hydrocarbon component (HCC).

Embodiments according to the above detailed description and preferred embodiments of the invention should be taken as illustrative rather than restricting the invention as defined by the claims. As can be readily appreciated, various modifications and combinations of the above described features can be used without departing from the invention described in the claims. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

Claims (20)

Alcohols other than ethanol in addition to the ethanol component (b) and the C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon component (a). Ketones, ethers. At least one oxygen-containing additive (c) selected from compounds of the type such as esters, hydroxyketones, ketone esters and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds is used in the fuel mixture in an amount of at least 0.05% by volume relative to the total fuel mixture. A method of lowering the vapor pressure of a C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon based motor fuel mixture containing 0.1 to 20% by volume ethanol for a conventional spark ignition internal combustion engine. The process according to claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive (c) is added to the ethanol component (b), and then a mixture of (c) and (b) is added to the hydrocarbon component (a). The method according to claim 1, wherein the ethanol component (b) is added to the hydrocarbon component (a) and the oxygen-containing additive (c) is added to the mixture of (b) and (a). The process of claim 1, wherein the oxygen-containing additive is an alkanol having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, a ketone having 4 to 9 carbon atoms, a dialkyl ether having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkanoic acid Alkyl esters of said, said additives having 5 to 8 carbon atoms, hydroxyketones having 4 to 6 carbon atoms, ketone esters of alkanoic acid, said additives having 5 to 8 carbon atoms and 5 to 8 carbon atoms And an oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound having a compound. The vapor pressure of any of the preceding claims, wherein the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon based ethanol containing fuel mixture corresponds to a value containing up to 50%, more preferably up to 80%, even more preferably only a hydrocarbon component. Reduction to vapor pressure and / or vapor pressure according to standard requirements for commercially available gasoline. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the octane number of the fuel obtained from (a), (b) and (c) is at least equal to the value of (a) and / or is required for the commercially available octane number of gasoline. Characterized by satisfying standard restrictions. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon mixture is obtained from standard type gasoline, hydrocarbon liquid obtained from petroleum refining, hydrocarbon liquid obtained from natural gas, waste gas obtained from chemical recovery carbonation. A hydrocarbon liquid, a hydrocarbon liquid obtained from a synthesis gas process, or a mixture thereof, wherein the preferred type is gasoline of an unrecombinated type. The modified ethanol supplied on the market according to any one of the preceding claims, containing 92% by volume of ethanol and the remainder filling up to 100% by volume, is hydrocarbons and by-products to be used in the fuel composition or the fuel additive composition. How it can be. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ethanol component (b) used is at least about 99.5% by volume ethanol. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein no mixing means is used and it is left for at least one hour before using the motor fuel composition. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said additive is used in an amount of up to 15% by volume relative to the total fuel composition. Process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the resulting fuel composition exhibits the following characteristics: (i) a density according to ASTM D 4059 at 15 ° C. of at least 690 kg / m 3, (ii) an oxygen content of less than 7% (weight / weight) according to ASTM D 4815, (iii) the DVPE according to ASTM D 5191 is 20 kPa to 120 kPa, (iv) an acid content of less than 0.1 weight percent HAc according to ASTM D 1613, (v) a pH of 5 to 9 according to ASTM D 1287, (vi) the content of aromatic compounds according to SS 155120 is 48% by volume or less, of which benzene is 1% by volume or less in accordance with EN 238, (vii) a sulfur content of 50 mg / kg or less according to ASTM D 5453, (viii) the rubber content according to ASTM D 381 is 2 mg / 100 ml or less, (ix) a moisture content of 0.25% (weight / weight) or less according to ASTM D 6304, (x) the initial boiling point is at least 20 ° C., at least 25% by volume of the volatile portion at 70 ° C, at least 50% by volume of the volatile portion at 100 ° C, at least 75% by volume of the volatile portion at 150 ° C, 95% by volume or more of the volatile portion, final boiling point of 205 DEG C, 2% or less by volume of evaporation residue, (xi) The anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 is 80 or more. (a) a hydrocarbon component consisting of C ₃ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon fragments, (b) the motor fuel composition is present in an amount of 0.1% to 20% by volume, suitably 1 to 20% by volume, preferably 3 to 15% by volume, and more preferably 5 to 10% by volume relative to the total volume. Fuel grade ethanol present, (c) alkanols having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, ketones having 4 to 9 carbon atoms, dialkyl ethers having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, alkyl esters of alkanoic acid, having 5 to 8 carbon atoms At least one of the additive, a hydroxyketone having 4 to 6 carbon atoms, a ketone ester of alkanoic acid, the additive having 5 to 8 carbon atoms, and an oxygen containing heterocyclic compound having 5 to 8 carbon atoms Contains an oxygen-containing additive, 0.05 to 15% by volume, suitably 0.1 to 15% by volume, preferably 3 to the total volume of the motor fuel composition obtainable by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 12. A motor fuel composition for a conventional spark ignition internal combustion engine, present in an amount of from 10 to 10 volume percent, and most preferably from 5 to 10 volume percent. alkanols having a volume ratio of (b) to (c) of 1: 150 to 400: 1, more preferably 1:10 to 10: 1 and the oxygen-containing additive having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, 4 to 9 Ketones with carbon atoms, dialkyl ethers with 6 to 10 carbon atoms, alkyl esters of alkanoic acid, the above additives with 5 to 8 carbon atoms, hydroxyketones with 4 to 6 carbon atoms, of alkanoic acid Fuel grade ethanol which can be used in the process according to claim 1, characterized in that it is selected from ketone esters, said additives having 5 to 8 carbon atoms, and oxygen containing heterocyclic compounds having 5 to 8 carbon atoms ( b) and a mixture of oxygen-containing additive (c). 15. The ethanol component (b) according to claim 14, in an amount of 0.5-99.5% by volume, preferably 9.5-99% by volume, more preferably 20-95% by volume, and most preferably 25-92% by volume. At least one C in an amount of from 0.5 to 99.5% by volume, preferably from 0.5 to 90% by volume, more preferably from 0.5 to 80% by volume, and most preferably from 3 to 70% by volume. Component (d) comprising ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbons, preferably C ₈ -C ₁₁ hydrocarbons, from 0 to 99% by volume, preferably from 0 to 90% by volume, more preferably from 0 to 79.5% by volume, and most Preferably in an amount of 5 to 77% by volume, and the ratio (b): ((c) + (d)) between the components in the mixture is preferably 1: 200 to 200: 1, more preferably 1 A mixture characterized in that it is maintained in the range of: 10 to 10: 1. The distillation of a product according to claim 15 wherein component (d) is used for distillation of individual aliphatic saturated and unsaturated or cycloaliphatic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons, or mixtures thereof, and / or oils, bitumen coal resins, or products obtained from syngas processes. Mixtures characterized in that the hydrocarbon fragments boil at 100-200 ° C. 17. The modified ethanol as claimed in claims 14 to 16, wherein component (b) contains about 92% ethanol and component (b) filling up to 100% by volume is hydrocarbon and byproducts. Mixture. 17. The mixture of claims 14-16 wherein the fuel grade ethanol contains 99.5% by volume ethanol. Use of the mixture according to claim 14 as a fuel for a modified gasoline engine. The gasoline component (by mixing the corresponding amount of the mixture with conventional gasoline fuel (a) of the mixture according to claims 14 to 16 for obtaining the ethanol-containing gasoline fuel and of the resulting fuel composition) a) for adjusting the octane number of the fuel to a desired level while maintaining or decreasing the level of vapor pressure alone.