PL194561B1 - Method of reducing the vapour pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels for spark ignition combustion engines - Google Patents

Abstract

1. Method for reducing the vapor pressure in ethanol-containing fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines based on C 3 to C 12 hydrocarbon containing 0.1 to 20% ethanol by volume, up to 0.25% by weight water according to ASTM D 6304, up to 7% by weight of oxygen according to ASTM D 4815, characterized in that, in addition to the hydrocarbon component C 3 to C 12 (a) and the ethanol component (b), the fuel mixture is used to contain oxygen additive (c) in an amount of from 0.05 to 15% by volume of the total fuel mixture, selected from at least one of the following compounds: alcohol with 3-10 atoms carbon dioxide, dialkyl ether with 6-10 carbon atoms, ketone with 4-9 carbon atoms, carboxylic acid alkyl ester with 5-8 carbon atoms, hydroxy ketone with 4-6 carbon atoms, carboxylic acid ketone ester with 5-8 carbon atoms carbon atoms, and a heterocyclic oxygen-containing compound selected from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate, dimethyltetrahydrofuran, methyl tetrahydropuran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropuran, and mixtures thereof, and component (d), selected from at least one C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbon in an amount such that the volume ratio of component (b) to the sum of components (c) and (d) is from 1:200 to 200:1. PL PL PL

Description

Description of the invention

The present invention relates to a motor fuel for spark-ignition internal combustion engines. More particularly, the invention relates to a dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) method of a fuel composition comprising a liquid hydrocarbon and ethanol by the use of an oxygen containing additive. The ethanol and DVPE regulating ingredients used to prepare the fuel composition are preferably derived from renewable raw materials. By the method according to the invention, it is possible to obtain engine fuels containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol meeting the standard requirements for internal combustion engines with spark ignition operating on gasoline.

The basis of the invention

Gasoline is the primary fuel for spark-ignition internal combustion engines. The extensive use of gasoline leads to environmental pollution. The combustion of petroleum or natural gas disrupts the carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere and causes the greenhouse effect. Oil reserves are constantly declining and some countries are already facing an oil shortage.

The growing interest in environmental protection narrows the requirements for the content of harmful components in exhaust gases and the lack of crude oil, force the industry to urgently develop alternative fuels that produce less pollutants when burned.

The existing global resources of vehicles and machines working with internal combustion engines with spark ignition do not allow the complete elimination of gasoline as an engine fuel.

The task of developing alternative fuels for internal combustion engines has been around for a long time and many attempts have been made to use renewable resources to provide motor fuel components.

U.S. Patent No. 2365009 issued in 1944, describes the combination of C ₁ - ₅ alcohols and C3-5 hydrocarbons for use as fuel. US Patent No. 4,818,250 issued in 1989 proposed the use of limonene obtained from citrus fruits and other plants as a motor fuel or as an ingredient in blends with gasoline. US Patent No. 5,607,486 issued in 1997 discloses novel motor fuel additives containing terpenes, aliphatic hydrocarbons and lower alcohols.

Today, tert-butyl ethers are widely used as ingredients in gasoline. Motor fuels containing tert-butyl ethers are described in US Patent No. 4,468,233 issued in 1984. Most of these ethers are obtained by refining crude oil, but can be produced equivalently from renewable resources.

Ethanol is the most promising product for use as a component of motor fuel blended with gasoline. Ethanol is obtained from the processing of a renewable raw material, generally known as biomass, which in turn is derived from carbon dioxide generated by solar energy.

Burning ethanol produces much less harmful substances compared to burning gasoline. However, the use of a motor fuel containing predominantly ethanol requires especially designed engines. At the same time, positive ignition internal combustion engines normally running on gasoline can run on a motor fuel containing a gasoline blend and no more than about 10% by volume ethanol. This mixture of gasoline and ethanol is sold in the United States of America as gasohol. Current European gasoline regulations allow the addition of up to 5% by volume of ethanol to gasoline.

The main disadvantage of ethanol and gasoline blends is that for blends containing up to about 20% by volume of ethanol, there is an increase in the vapor pressure compared to that of the original gasoline.

Figure 1 shows the behavior of the vapor pressure (DVPE) as a function of ethanol content in blends of ethanol and lukewarm A92 gasoline and summer and winter A95 gasoline at 37.8 ° C. The gasolines known as A92 and A95 are standard gasolines sold at gas stations in the United States of America and Sweden. A92 gasoline comes from the United States of America and A95 gasoline from Sweden. The ethanol used is fuel grade ethanol manufactured by Williams, USA. The DVPE of the blends was determined according to the ASTM D5191 standard by the method of the SGS laboratory in Stockholm, Sweden.

PL 194 561 B1

For a range of ethanol concentration by volume between 5 and 10%, which is of particular interest for use in motor fuel for standard spark ignition engines, the data from Figure 1 indicates that the DVPE of gasoline and ethanol blends may exceed the DVPE of the starting gasoline by more than 10%. . As the oil companies normally supply the market with gasoline with the maximum DVPE value, which is strictly limited by current regulations, it is not possible to add ethanol to such currently commercially available gasolines.

It is known that the DVPE of gasoline and ethanol blends is adjustable. US Patent No. 5,015,356, granted May 14, 1991 proposes a gasoline recomposition by removing both volatile and non-volatile components from C4-C12 gasoline to produce either a C6-C9 or C6-C10 gasoline intermediate. Such fuels are believed to facilitate the addition of alcohol over current gasoline due to their lower vapor pressure (DVPE). The disadvantage of this method of DVPE regulation of gasoline and ethanol mixtures is that in order to obtain such a mixture it is necessary to produce specially composed gasoline, which negatively affects the supply process and leads to an increase in the price of motor fuel. Moreover, such gasolines and their blends with ethanol have a higher flash point, which worsens their operating parameters.

Certain chemical ingredients are known to reduce DVPE when added to gasoline or to its blend with ethanol. For example, US Patent No. 5,433,756, issued July 18, 1995, discloses clean burn chemical promoters containing, in addition to gasoline, ketones, nitroparaffins, and also alcohols other than ethanol. It is found that the clean burn catalytic promoter composition disclosed in the patent reduces the DVPE value of the gasoline fuel.

Nothing in this patent is made about the composition of the effect of a clean burn promoter on the DVPE of gasoline and ethanol blends.

United States Patent No. 5,688,295, issued November 18, 1997, identifies a chemical compound as a gasoline additive or as a fuel for standard gasoline engines. According to the invention, an alcohol-based fuel additive is proposed. The fuel additive contains 20 - 70% alcohol, 2.5 - 20% ketone and ether, 0.03 - 20% aliphatic and silicon compounds, 5 - 20% toluene and 4 - 45% white spirit. The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. It is noted that according to the patent, the additive improves the gasoline quality and specifically reduces the DVPE value. The disadvantages of this DVPE control method for motor fuel are that there is a need for large amounts of additive, namely not less than 15% by volume of the mixture; and the use of silicon compounds which form silicon oxide during combustion leads to increased engine wear.

WO 9743356 describes a method of reducing the vapor pressure of a hydrocarbon-alcohol blend by adding a co-solvent for the hydrocarbon and alcohol to the blend. Also disclosed is a spark ignition engine fuel composition comprising a C ₅ -C8 straight chain or branched alkane hydrocarbon component essentially free from olefins, aromatics, benzene and sulfur, wherein the hydrocarbon component has a minimum anti-knock index of 65 according to ASTM D2699 and D2700 and 15 psi maximum DVPE value according to ASTM D5191; fuel purity alcohol; and a co-solvent for the hydrocarbon component and alcohol in which the components of the fuel composition are present in amounts selected to provide a motor fuel with a minimum anti-knock index of 87 and a maximum DVPE of 15 psi. As the co-solvent used for biomass-derived 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) and other heterocyclic ethers such as pyranes and oxepanes, MTHF is preferred.

The disadvantages of this method of controlling the vapor pressure of mixtures of liquid hydrocarbon and ethanol are as follows:

(1) It is necessary to use only hydrocarbon components that are straight-chain or branched alkanes, (i) no unsaturated compounds such as olefins, benzene and other aromatics, (ii) no sulfur and, as is apparent from the description of the invention, (iii) a hydrocarbon component there is a coal gas condensate or a natural gas condensate;

(2) It is necessary to use only one particular class of oxygen-containing chemical compounds as a co-solvent for the hydrocarbon phase and ethanol; namely ethers, including short-chain and heterocyclic ethers, (3) It is necessary to use large amounts of ethanol in the fuel, not less than 25%;

(4) It is necessary to use a large amount of cosolvent, not less than 20% 2-methyltetrahydrofuran; and

In (5) is a modification of a spark-ignition internal combustion engine to work with such a fuel composition I, specifically, the software on the computers must be milled or the computers themselves replaced.

Accordingly, the object of the present invention is a method in which the above-mentioned drawbacks according to the prior art can be eliminated. The present invention is based on a method of reducing the vapor pressure of a C ₃ to C 12 hydrocarbon fuel blend containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol, for typical gasoline engines, to no more than the vapor pressure of a C ₃ to C 12 hydrocarbon alone, or at least to meet the standard gasoline fuel requirement.

Summary of the invention

The above-mentioned object of the present invention is achieved by a method according to the preamble to claim 1, characterized in that an oxygen-containing additive selected from at least one of the following types of compounds is used in the fuel blend: alcohol other than ethanol, ketone, ether, ester, hydroxyketone, ketone ester, and heterocyclic oxygen containing compound in an amount of at least 0.05% by volume of the total fuel blend.

The inventors have surprisingly found that compounds of specific types with an oxygen-containing group reduce the vapor pressure of a gasoline-ethanol blend.

The effect can also be unexpectedly increased by using specific C6-C12 hydrocarbon compounds.

It has also been found that the octane number of the resulting hydrocarbon fuel blend can surprisingly be maintained or even increased by using the oxygen component of the present invention.

According to the present method, up to about 20% by volume of fuel grade ethanol (b) may be used in the fuel compositions. The oxygen-containing additives (c) used can be obtained from renewable raw materials, the hydrocarbon component (a) used can be e.g. any standard gasoline (which does not need to be reformulated) and can optionally contain aromatic fractions I sulfur as well as hydrocarbons obtained from renewable raw materials.

By the process of the present invention, fuels for standard spark ignition internal combustion engines can be produced which allow the same maximum performance of such engines as when running on standard gasoline currently available on the market. By using the method according to the invention, it is also possible to reduce the level of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas and to reduce fuel consumption.

According to one aspect of the invention, in addition to the vapor pressure (DVPE), the anti-knock index (octane number) can also be controlled as desired.

Yet another object of the invention is an additional fuel-grade ethanol blend (b) and an oxygen-containing additive (c), and optionally a further component (d) being a fraction of individual C6-C12 hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof, which additional blend can then be used by the method of of the invention, i.e. added to the hydrocarbon component (a). Mixture (b) I (c) and optionally (d) can also be used per se as a fuel for modified engines, i.e. non-standard gasoline engines. The additional blend can also be used to regulate the octane number and / or to lower the vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon component with high vapor pressure.

Further features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, examples and related claims.

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1 shows the dependence of the vapor pressure (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content for the existing ethanol and gasoline blends.

Fig. 2 shows the relationship of the vapor pressure (DVPE) for various fuels according to the present invention as a function of their ethanol content.

Detailed description of the present invention

The present process allows the use of the C 3 -C 12 hydrocarbon fraction as the hydrocarbon component (a), encompassing narrower ranges within this wider range, without limiting the presence of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, aromatics, and sulfur. In particular, the hydrocarbon component can be standard gasoline currently on the market as well as other blends of hydrocarbons obtained during the refining of crude oil, from the off-gas of chemical recovery from coal degassing, natural gas and synthesis gas. There may also be hydrocarbons obtained from renewable raw materials. Fractions

PL 194 561 B1

C3-C ₁ 2 are usually prepared by fractional distillation or by blending various hydrocarbons.

Importantly, and as previously mentioned, component (a) may contain aromatics and sulfur, which are either co-produced or naturally present in the hydrocarbon component.

According to the process of the present invention, DVPE can be reduced for fuel blends containing up to 20% by volume of ethanol, based on pure ethanol. According to a preferred embodiment, the vapor pressure of the ethanol-containing hydrocarbon-based fuel blends is reduced by a 50% increase in the vapor pressure of ethanol, more preferably by 80%, and even more preferably, the vapor pressure of the ethanol-containing hydrocarbon-based fuel blend is reduced to the vapor pressure of the component alone. hydrocarbon and / or vapor pressure according to any standard requirements for commercially sold gasoline.

As will be seen from the examples, the DVPE value can be reduced, if desired, to a level even lower than that of the hydrocarbon component used.

According to the most preferred embodiment, other fuel properties, such as, for example, the octane number are kept within the required standard limits.

This is achieved by adding at least one oxygen-containing organic compound (c) other than ethanol to the motor fuel composition. The oxygen-containing organic compound enables the control of (i) the vapor pressure, (ii) the anti-knock index and other performance parameters of the motor fuel composition, as well as (iii) reducing fuel consumption and reducing the emission of toxic substances in the exhaust of the engine. The oxygen-containing compound (c) has oxygen bound to at least one of the following functional groups:

and

-C-O-Η I

Such functional groups are found, for example, in organic compounds of the following classes and can be used in the present invention: alcohols, ketones, ethers, esters, hydroxy ketones, ketoesters and oxygen-containing heterocycles.

The fuel additive may be derived from fossil raw materials or preferably from renewable resources such as biomass.

The oxygen-containing fuel additive (c) may typically be an alcohol other than ethanol. In general, aliphatic or alicyclic alcohols, both saturated and unsaturated, are used as the preferred alkanols. More preferably, alkanols of the general formula R-OH are used in which R is an alkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, most preferably 3 to 8 carbon atoms, such as propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, n-pentanol, isopentanol, tert-pentanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, diethyl carbinol, diisopropyl carbinol, 2-ethylhexanol, 2,4,4-trimethylpentanol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol, 3,7-dimethoxyoctadiene-1,6- ol-3,3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol, phenol, phenyl methanol, methylphenol, methylcyclohexanol or similar alcohols, as well as mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be an aliphatic or alicyclic ketone, both saturated and non-saturated

RCR saturated, having the general formula> wherein R and R 'are the same or different and each is a C _r C ₅ hydrocarbon which may also be cyclic, and are preferably a C1-C4 hydrocarbon group. Preferred ketones have a total of (R + R ') 4 to 9 carbon atoms and include methyl 6

Ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 3-heptanone, 2-octane, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetophenone, trimethylcyclohexanone or similar ketones and mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be an aliphatic or alicyclic ether and includes both saturated and unsaturated ethers of the general formula R-O-R 'where R and R' are the same or different and each is a C1-C10 hydrocarbon group. Lower (Ο-ι-Οβ) dialkyl ethers are generally preferred. The total number of carbon atoms in the ether is preferably from 6 to 10. Typical ethers include methyl tert-amyl ether, methyl isoamyl ether, ethyl isobutyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether, dibutyl ether, diisobutyl ether, diisoamyl ether, anisole , methylanisole, phenetols or similar ethers, and mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may further be aliphatic or alicyclic ester, including saturated and nienao ii _ saturated with esters of the general formula ^R-c_o_r _'wherein R and R' are the same or different: R and R 'are preferably hydrocarbon groups , more preferably hydrocarbyl groups, more preferably alkyl groups, and most preferably alkyl and phenyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. An ester in which R is C1-C4 and R 'is C4-C6 is especially preferred. Typical esters are alkyl esters of alkanoic acids, including n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, isobutyl propionate, isobutyl isobutyrate, n-amyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, isoamyl propionate, methyl benzoate, phenyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate or similar esters and mixtures thereof. In general, it is preferable to use an ester having 5 to 8 carbon atoms.

Additive (c) may simultaneously have two oxygen-containing groups linked in the same molecule to different atoms.

Additive (c) may be a hydroxy ketone. A preferred hydroxyketone has the general formula:

Ri | H. 1 R-C- J. ο- C-R R-C AND ι H. II H-0 H. 0. , ABOUT

or wherein R is hydrocarbyl and R1 is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, preferably lower alkyl, ie (C1-C4). In general, it is preferable to use a ketol with 4 to 6 carbon atoms. Typical hydroxy ketones include 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone or similar ketols or mixtures thereof.

In yet another embodiment, the fuel additive (c) is a ketoester, preferably having the general formula:

H.

AND

R-C-C-C-O-R II I II OHO wherein R is hydrocarbyl, preferably lower alkyl, i.e. (C1-C4).

Typical ketoesters include methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate and tert-butyl acetoacetate. Preferably, such ketoesters have 6 to 8 carbon atoms.

Additive (c) may also be a ring oxygenated heterocycle and, preferably, the oxygen containing heterocycle has a C4-C5 ring. More preferably, the heterocyclic additive has a total of 5 to 8 carbon atoms. The additive may advantageously be of the following formula (1) or (2):

GB 194 561 B1 wherein R is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, preferably -CH 3, and R ₁ is -CH 3, or -OH, or -CH2OH, or CH3CO2CH2-.

A typical heterocyclic additive (c) is tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate, dimethyl tetrahydrofuran, tetramethyl tetrahydrofuran, methyl tetrahydropyran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran or similar heterocyclic additives or mixtures thereof.

Component (c) may also be a mixture of any of the compounds set out above from one or more of the above-mentioned different classes of compounds.

Those skilled in the art can readily determine a suitable fuel grade ethanol (b) for use in the present invention. An example of a suitable ethanol component is ethanol containing 99.5% of the main substance. Any impurities in ethanol present in an amount of at least 0.5% by volume and covered by the definition of component (c) above should be taken into account in determining the amount of component (c) to be used. That is, such impurities must be present in an amount of at least 0.5% in ethanol to be considered as part of component (c). Any water, if present in ethanol, should preferably not exceed more than about 0.25% by volume of the total fuel mixture to meet current gasoline engine fuel standards.

Thus, a denatured ethanol blend supplied to the market, containing about 92% ethanol, hydrocarbons and by-products, can also be used as the ethanol component in the fuel composition of the present invention.

Unless otherwise indicated, all amounts are% by volume based on the total volume of the motor fuel composition.

Generally, ethanol (b) is used in amounts of from 0.1% to 20%, typically from about 1% to 20% by volume, preferably 3% to 15% by volume, and more preferably from about 5 to 10% by volume. The oxygen-containing additive (c) is generally used in amounts of from 0.05% to about 15% by volume, more generally from 0.1 to about 15% by volume, preferably from about 3-10% by volume, and most preferably from about 5 to 10% by volume. by volume.

In general, the combined volume of ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additive (c) is from 0.15 to 25% by volume, normally from about 0.5 to 25% by volume, preferably from about 1 to 20% by volume, more preferably from 3 to 25% by volume. 15% by volume, and most preferably from 5 to 15% by volume.

Thus, the ratio of ethanol (b) to oxygen-containing additive (c) in the motor fuel composition is generally from 1: 150 to 400: 1, and more preferably from 1:10 to 10: 1.

The sum of the oxygen content of the ethanol-based motor fuel additive composition, expressed as% oxygen by weight based on the total weight of the motor fuel composition, is preferably not more than about 7 wt%, more preferably not more than about 5 wt%.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, in order to produce a motor fuel suitable for the operation of a standard spark ignition internal combustion engine, the aforementioned hydrocarbon component, ethanol, and the additional oxygen-containing component are mixed to obtain a motor fuel composition having the following properties:

- density at 15 ° C and normal atmospheric pressure - not below 690 kg / m ³ ;

- an oxygen content, based on the amount of oxygen-containing components, not more than 7% by weight of the motor fuel composition;

- an anti-knock index (octane number) not lower than the anti-knock index (octane number) of the starting hydrocarbon component and preferably by 0.5 (RON + MON) not lower than 80;

- a vapor pressure (DVPE) essentially the same as that of the starting hydrocarbon component and preferably from 20 kPa to 120 kPa;

- acid content not more than 0.1% by weight of HAc;

- pH from 5 to 9;

- aromatic hydrocarbons content not more than 40% by volume, including benzene, and for benzene alone, not more than 1% by volume;

- limits of liquid evaporation at normal atmospheric pressure in% of the original volume of the motor fuel composition:

initial boiling point, minimum) 20 ° C;

volume (at 70 ° C, minimum) of the liquid evaporated;

volume (at 100 ° C, minimum)

25 vol.%

Vaporized liquid volume (at 150 ° C, minimum) of evaporated liquid volume (at 190 ° C, minimum) of evaporated liquid Distillation residue, maximum final boiling point, maximum

50 vol.%

75% vol.

95% vol. 2 vol.% 205 ° C;

- sulfur content

- resin content not more than 50 mg / kg; not more than 2 mg / 100 ml.

According to a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the hydrocarbon component and ethanol should be added together, and then the additional oxygen-containing compound or compounds should be added to the mixture. Thereafter, the resulting motor fuel composition should preferably be kept at a temperature of not less than -35 ° C for at least about one hour. It is a feature of the invention that the components of the motor fuel composition can only be added to each other to obtain the desired composition. Blending or any other significant mixing is generally not required to obtain the composition.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, in order to produce a motor fuel composition suitable for standard spark ignition internal combustion engines and with a minimal harmful effect on the environment, it is preferable to use oxygen-containing component (s) derived from renewable (raw material).

Optionally, component (d) may be used to lower the vapor pressure of the fuel blend of components (a), (b) and (c) further. As component (d), a particular hydrocarbon selected from C6-C12 aliphatic or alicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon fractions can be used. Preferably, the hydrocarbon component (d) is selected from the C ₈ -Cn fraction. Suitable examples of component (d) are benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, isopropyltoluene, diethylbenzene, isopropyl xylene, tert-butylbenzene, tert-butyltoluene, tert-butyloxylene, cyclooctadiene, cyclooctotetraane, isthane-octane, isecene octane, limonene myrcene, allocymene, tert-butylcyclohexane or similar hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof.

The hydrocarbon component (d) may also be a fraction with a boiling point of 100-200 ° C obtained from the distillation of oil, bituminous coal or the products of synthesis gas processing.

As already mentioned, the invention further relates to an additional blend comprising components (b) and (c) and, optionally also component (d), which can later be added to the hydrocarbon component (a) and is also possible to use it as a fuel for a modified internal combustion engine with spark ignition.

The additive blend preferably has a ratio of ethanol (b) to additive (c) of 1: 150 to 200: 1 by volume. According to a preferred embodiment, the additional blend comprises oxygen containing component (c) in an amount from 0.5 up to 99.5% by volume, and ethanol (b) in an amount from 0.5 up to 99.5% by volume, and component (d) ) containing at least one C _{6 1 C 12} hydrocarbon, more preferably a C 8 -C n hydrocarbon in an amount from 0 up to 99% by volume, preferably from 0% up to 90%, more preferably from 0 up to 79.5%, and most preferably 5 up to 77% additional mixture. The additional blend preferably has a ratio of ethanol (b) to the sum of the other additional components (c) + (d) from 1: 200 to 200: 1 by volume, more preferably a ratio of ethanol (b) to the sum of components (c) + (d) from 1: 10 to 10: 1 by volume.

The octane number of the additional blend can be set, and the blend can be used to adjust the octane number of component (a) to a desired level by mixing an appropriate portion of the blend (b), (c), (d) with component (a).

The following motor fuel compositions are provided as examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present invention, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, but merely illustrate some presently preferred embodiments of the invention.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, all the fuel compositions of the following examples may of course also be obtained by first preparing an additional blend of components (b) and (c), and optionally (d), which blend may then be added to component (a). , or vice versa. Some mixing is necessary in this case.

PL 194 561 B1

Examples

The following products were used to prepare the composite motor fuel as components (b), (c), and (d):

- fuel-grade ethanol marketed in Sweden by Sekab and in the USA by ADM Corp. and Williams;

- oxygen-containing compounds, individual unsubstituted hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof sold in Germany by Merck and in Russia by Lukoil.

naphtha, being petroleum first distillation gasoline, containing allphatic and alicyclic, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkylate which is a hydrocarbon fraction consisting almost entirely of isoparaffinic hydrocarbons obtained by alkylation of isobutene with butanol. Alkylbenzene is a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons obtained by alkylation of benzene. Mostly, technical alkylbenzene includes ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, butylbenzene, and others.

All tested starting gasoline and ethanol-containing motor fuels, including those containing the ingredients of the invention, were tested using standard ASTM methods at SGS laboratories in Sweden and at Auto Rsearch Laboratories, Inc., USA.

The driveability test was carried out on a 1987 VOLVO 240 DL according to the EU2000 NEDC EC 98/69 standard test.

The descriptions of the standard European 2000 (EU 2000) New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test are identical to those of the standard EU / ECE and Driving Cycle test (91/441 EEC resp. ECE-R 83/01 and 93/116 EEC). These standard European tests cover urban traction cycles and heavy urban traction cycles and require specific emission regulations to be met. Exhaust emissions analysis is performed according to the constant volume sampling procedure and uses a flame ionization detector for the determination of the hydrocarbon. The Exhaust Emission Directive 91/441 EEC (Phase I) sets specific standards 30 for CO, (HC + NO) and (PM), while the European Fuel Consumption Directive 93/116 EEC (1996) introduces wear standards.

Tests were conducted on a 1987 Volvo 240 DL with a 2.32 liter 4 cylinder B230F engine (No. LG4F20-87) developing 83 kW at 90 rpm and a torque of 185 Nm at 46 rpm.

P r z k ł a d 1

Example 1 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the vapor pressure of an ethanol-containing motor fuel for cases where gasolines with a vapor pressure of ASTM D-5191 of 90 kPa (about 13 psi) are used as the hydrocarbon base.

Winter gasolines A92, A95, and A98, which are currently marketed and purchased in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q80K and Preem, were used to prepare blends of this composition.

Figure 1 demonstrates the DVPE trace of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on A95 winter gasoline. The ethanol-containing motor fuels based on the A92 and A98 winter gasoline used in this example also exhibit similar properties.

The starting gasoline consists of aliphatic and alicyclic C4-C12 hydrocarbons, both saturated and unsaturated.

The winter A92 gasoline used had the following properties:

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.7

Fuel 1-1 (not included in the invention) contained winter A92 gasoline and ethanol and had the following properties for different ethanol contents:

A92: Ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 94.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.1

A92: Ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 94.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

The following other fuel embodiments 1-2 and 1-3 demonstrate the ability to control the vapor pressure (DVPE) of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on A92 winter gasoline.

The fuel of Invention 1-2 contained A92 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c) and had the following properties for the various compositions:

PL 194 561 B1

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88.5: 4.5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

A92: ethanol: isoamyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 88.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: ethanol: diacetone alcohol = 88.5: 4.5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.65

A92: ethanol: ethyl acetoacetate = 90.5: 2.5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.8

A92: ethanol: isoamyl propionate = 87.5: 5.5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 88.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: 3-heptanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

A92: ethanol: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol = 85: 8.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.25

The inventive fuel 1-3 comprised A92 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d), and had the following properties for various compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 79: 9: 2: 10% by volume

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.25

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: naphtha = 80: 5: 5: 10% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 88.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.6

A92: ethanol: tert-butanol: naphtha = 81: 5: 5: 9% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE of winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: benzene: ethylbenzene: diethylbenzene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 0.5: 3:: 4% by volume

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: TOLUENE = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-xylene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

PL 194 561 B1

The following compositions 1-5 to 1-6 demonstrate the ability to control the vapor pressure (DVPE) of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on A98 winter gasoline.

Winter A98 gasoline had the following characteristics:

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.35

Comparative fuel 1-4 contained winter A98 gasoline and ethanol, and had the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 95.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 94.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

Fuel 1-5 contained winter A98 gasoline (a), ethanol (b), and oxygen-containing additives (c), and had the following properties for various compositions:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 84: 9: 7% by volume

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate = 84: 9: 7% by volume

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: benzyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.05

A98: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 88.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

A98: ethanol: diethyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol: methyl propyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.65

A98: ethanol: 3-heptanone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE of winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A98: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.7

A98: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 85: 8.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: methylphenol = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.05

Fuel 1-6 contained A98 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isooctane = 80: 5: 5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 82.0 kPa

PL 194 561 B1

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: m-isopropyl toluene = 78.2: 6.1: 6.1: 9.6% by volume

DVPE = 81.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha = 80: 5: 5: 10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 82.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.35

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: m-isopropyl toluene = 80: 5: 5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 82.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.25

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: naphtha = 83: 5: 5: 7% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 82.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE of winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isooctane = 85: 5: 5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha = 85: 5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl xylene = 85: 9.5: 0.5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 90 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it may be necessary to reduce the excessive motor fuel DVPE due to the presence of ethanol below the DVPE of the starting gasoline. Normally, the DVPE of the gasoline output is required to be greater than the imposed limits for the corresponding gasoline. In this way, it is possible, for example, to transform winter gasoline into lukewarm gasoline. The DVPE value for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane: naphtha = 60: 9.5: 0.5: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.85

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: alkylate: naphtha = 60: 9.5: 0.5: 15: 15% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 70 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: naphtha = 60: 9: 3: 28% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

The following fuels 1-8, 1-9 and 1-10 have the ability to control the vapor pressure (DVPE) of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on A95 winter gasoline.

Winter A95 gasoline had the following characteristics:

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

Testing according to the standard EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test described above gave the following results:

PL 194 561 B1

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.13 g / km;

HC (hydrocarbons) 2.280 g / km;

ΝΟχ (nitrogen oxides) 2.265 g / km;

CO2 (carbon dioxide) 222.0 g / km;

NMHC * 2.276 g / km:

Fuel consumption, F _c l / 188 / k 2.84 * Hydrocarbons other than ketan.

Comparative fuel 1-7 contained A95 gasoline and ethane gas and had the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 982 9 / Pa

5 (RON + MON) = 9 ^ 7

A95: ethanol - 98: 18% by volume (refers to the pocket / s below RFM1)

DVPE = 982 5 / Pa 825 (RON + MON) = 9228

The fuel pocket comparison test (RFM1) gave the following results compared to A95 gasoline:

CO -15.0%;

HC -7.3%;

NOx + 15.5%;

CO2 + 2.4%;

NMHC * -0.5%;

Fuel consumption2 Fc l / 188 / k + 4.7% "- means greater emissions2, while" + means greater emissions.

The fuel according to the invention 1-8 contained A95 g of gasoline (a) ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing added (c) and had the following properties for different positions:

A95: ethanol: diisoacyl ether = 87: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 8725 / Pa

825 (RON + MON) = 9826

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 8725 / Pa

825 (RON + MON) = 91285

A95: ethanol: isoacyl propionate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 8728 / Pa

825 (RON + MON) = 91235

A95: ethanol: isoacyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 8725 / Pa

825 (RON + MON) = 91225

A95: ethanol: 2-o / tannon = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 8728 / Pa

825 (RON + MON) = 9825

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 8725 / Pa

825 (RON + MON) = 9826

The following motor fuel positions show that it is not always necessary to reduce the motor fuel overhead DVPE due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is enough to adjust to the laxity for the appropriate gasoline. The DVPE value of gasoline is 98 / Pa.

A95: ethanol: diisoacyl ether = 87: 9: 8% by volume

DVPE = 9828 / Pa

825 (RON + MON) = 9128

A95: ethanol: isoacyl acetate = 88: 7: 5% by volume

PL 194 561 B1

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 88: 7: 5% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

Fuel 1-9 contained A95 winter gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: alkylate = 83.7: 5: 2: 9.3% by volume

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 88.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.65

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 83.7: 5: 2: 9.3% by volume.

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON] = 90.8

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: alkylate = 81: 5: 5: 9% by volume

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 87.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate: naphtha = 81: 5: 5: 9% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 87.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE of winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 80: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 10% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 80: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point of the alkylate is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it may be necessary to reduce the excessive motor fuel DVPE due to the presence of ethanol below the DVPE of the starting gasoline. Normally, this is required when the DVPE of the gasoline output is higher than the imposed limits for the corresponding gasoline. In this way, it is possible, for example, to transform winter gasoline into lukewarm gasoline. The DVPE value for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isooctane = 60: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 15:: 15% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: tert-butyl acetate: naphtha = 60: 9: 1: 30% by volume

The boiling point of naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

PL 194 561 B1

Fuel 1-10 contains 75% by volume of A95 winter gasoline, 9.6% by volume of ethanol, 0.4% by volume of isobutyl alcohol, 4.5% by volume of m-isopropyl toluene and 10.5% by volume of naphtha at a boiling point of 100-200 ° C. This fuel blend has the potential to reduce DVPE by increasing the octane rating, reducing toxic exhaust emissions and reducing fuel consumption compared to a comparative gasoline ethanol blend (RFM 1). The composition of motor fuel has the following properties:

density at 15 ° C as per ASTM D 4052 initial boiling point as per ASTM D 86 vaporized portion - 70 ° C vaporized portion - 100 ° C vaporized portion - 150 ° C vaporized portion - 180 ° C final boiling point vapor residue loss on evaporation oxygen content according to ASTM D4815 acidity according to ASTM D1613 wt. HAc pH, as per ASTM D1287, sulfur content, as per ASTM D 5453, rubber content, as per ASTM D381, water content, as per ASTM D6304 aromatics, including benzene as per SS 155120, only benzene, as per EN 238

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86

749.2 kg / m ^3;

29 ° C;

47.6% vol .;

55.6% vol .;

84.2 vol%;

97.5% vol .;

194.9 ° C;

1.3% by volume;

1.6% by volume; 3.7% by weight;

0.004;

6.6;

mg / kg;

mg / 100 ml;

0.03% by weight; 30.2% by volume

0.7% by volume; 89.0 kPa;

92.6

Motor fuel mixture 1-10 was tested in accordance with the standard EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test and the following results were obtained, compared to A95 winter gasoline:

CO -21%;

HC -9%:

NOx + 12.8%;

CO2 + 2.38%;

NMHC-6.4%;

Fuel consumption, F _c L / 100 km + 3.2%

Fuel blends 1-1 to 1-10 showed a reduction in DVPE in relation to the tested ethanol-containing motor fuels based on lukewarm gasoline. Similar results will be obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds of the invention are used in place of the additives according to Examples 1-1 to 1-10.

To prepare the above fuel mixtures 1-1 to 1-10 of this motor fuel composition, starting gasoline was mixed with ethanol and an appropriate oxygen-containing additive was added to the fuel mixture. The resulting motor fuel composition was then allowed to stand before testing for 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35 ° C. All of the above blends were prepared without the use of any mixing equipment.

The possibility of using an additional blend containing an oxygen additive, other than ethanol (c) and ethanol (b), was established in order to formulate an ethanol-containing motor fuel for standard internal combustion spark ignition engines that meet the normative requirements for gasoline, taking into account both vapor pressure and stable anti-knock properties. .

The following fuel compositions demonstrate this possibility.

PL 194 561 B1

The mixture containing 50% ethanol and 50% isoamyl alcohol was mixed in various proportions with winter gasoline of various grades, and the vapor pressure (DVPE) for them does not exceed kPa. All the mixtures obtained had a DVPE not exceeding that required by winter gasoline regulations, namely 90 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 87: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE = 89.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.15

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 86: 7.0: 7.0% by volume

DVPE = 89.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 86.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

Figure 2 shows the retention of the vapor pressure (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content when mixing additional blend 2 containing 33.3% ethanol and 66.7% tert-pentanol with winter A95 gasoline. Fig. 2 demonstrates that changing the ethanol content of the gasoline from 0 to 11% did not increase the vapor pressure for these compositions beyond the standard DVPE requirements for different grades of winter gasolines, which are 90 kPa.

Similar DVPE behavior was observed for A92 and A98 winter gasolines mixed with an additional blend of 33.3% by volume ethanol and 66.7% by volume tert-pentanol.

The effect of reducing the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasolines was also observed when increasing the ethanol content of the resulting composition from 0 to 11% by volume when a portion of the oxygen-containing additive was replaced with C6-C12 hydrocarbons (component (d)). The compositions below show the effect achieved by the methods of the invention.

An additional blend of 40% by volume of ethanol, 10% by volume of iso-butanol and 50% by volume of isopropyl toluene was mixed with winter gasoline at a DVPE of not more than 90 kPa. The various compositions had the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 85: 6: 1.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 84.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 80: 8: 2: 10% by volume

DVPE = 84.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.1

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropyl toluene = 86: 5.6: 1.4: 7% by volume

DVPE = 85.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) - 93.8

Similar results were obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds and also C6-C12 hydrocarbons of the present invention were used in the inventive ratio to prepare an additional blend which was then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline. These gasolines fully meet the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark ignition engines.

P r z k ł a d 2

Example 2 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the vapor pressure of an ethanol-containing motor fuel in cases where gasolines with a vapor pressure according to ASTM D-5191 of 70 kPa (about 10 psi) are used as the hydrocarbon base.

To prepare a blend of this composition, A92, A95 and A98 summer gasoline was used, currently sold on the market and purchased in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem.

The starting gasoline contained aliphatic and alicyclic C4-C12 hydrocarbons, both saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 shows the behavior of the DVPE ethanol-containing motor fuel based on summer A95 gasoline. The ethanol-containing motor fuels based on A92 and A98 winter gasoline, respectively, show similar properties.

The following fuels 2-2 and 2-3 have the ability to control the vapor pressure (DVPE) of ethanol-containing motor fuel based on A92 summer gasoline.

A92 summer gasoline had the following characteristics:

PL 194 561 B1

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.5

Comparative 2-1 fuel contained A92 lukewarm gasoline and ethanol, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 77.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

The 2-2 fuel contained A92 lukewarm gasoline (a), ethanol (b), and oxygen-containing additives (c), and had the following properties for various compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE = 69.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: ethanol: isobutanol = 80: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: diethyl carbinol = 85: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE = 69.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85.5: 7.5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ether = 85: 0: 7% by volume

DVPE = 68.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A92: ethanol: di-n-butyl ester = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.5

A92: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.5

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol = 87.5: 10: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: ethanol: di-n-butyl ether = 85: 9: 6% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.2

A92: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

The fuel 2-3 contained lukewarm A92 gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d), and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: ethanol: methyl ethyl ketone: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isononane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.8 kPa

PL 194 561 B1

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isodecane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.4

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropyl toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isodecane = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.85

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: tert-butylbenzene = 82.5: 9.5: 0.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.5

A92: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: tert-butyl toluene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2:: 0.6: 5: 2.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.1

The following fuels 2-5 and 2-6 are capable of controlling the vapor pressure (DVPE) of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on summer A98 gasoline.

A98 summer gasoline had the following properties:

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Comparative fuel 2-4 contained A98 lukewarm gasoline and ethanol, and had the following properties for different compositions:

A98: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 76.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol. = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 76.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

The fuel 2-5 contained lukewarm A98 gasoline (a), ethanol (b) and oxygen-containing additives (c), and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

A98: ethanol: diisobutyl ketone = 83: 9.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

PL 194 561 B1

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A98: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 69.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.4

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: tert-pentanol = 90: 5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

Fuel 2-6 contained lukewarm A98 gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d), and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 69.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: isopropanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 5: 5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A98: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 81.5: 9.5: 0.5: 8.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

A98: ethanol: tert-butanol: limonene = 86: 7: 4: 4% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The following fuels 2-8 to 2-10 are capable of controlling the vapor pressure (DVPE) of ethanol-containing motor fuel based on A95 summer gasoline.

A95 summer gasoline had the following characteristics:

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

The test carried out as indicated above for summer A95 gasoline gave the following results:

CO (carbon monoxide)

HC (hydrocarbons)

NOx (nitrogen oxides)

CO2 (carbon dioxide) NMHC *

Fuel consumption, F _c L / 100 km

2.198 g / km; 0.245 g / km; 0.252 g / km; 230.0 g / km; 0.238 g / km; 9.95 * Hydrocarbons other than methane.

Comparative fuel 2-7 contained A95 lukewarm gasoline and ethanol, and had the following properties for different compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95%: 5% by volume DVPE = 75.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9 A95: ethanol = 90%: 10% by volume (also referred to below as RFM2) DVPE = 75.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.25

PL 194 561 B1

The comparative fuel mixture (RFM 2) test gave the following results compared to summer A95 gasoline:

CO -9.1%;

HC -4.5%;

NOx + 7.3%;

CO2 + 4.0%;

NMHC * -4.4%;

Fuel consumption, F, L / 100km + 3.6% "- means a reduction in emissions, while" + means an increase in emissions

Fuel 2-8 contained A95 lukewarm gasoline and oxygen-containing additives and had the following properties for various compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: diisoamyl ether = 86: 8: 6% by volume

DVPE = 66.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A95: ethanol: isobutyl acetate = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 67.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: tert-butanol = 88: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 68.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A95: ethanol: tert-pentanol = 90: 5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isopropanol = 80: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.8

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-2-pentanol = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 66.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A95: ethanol: diethyl ketone = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: trimethylcyclohexanone = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 67.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: methyl tert-amyl ether = 80: 8: 12% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A95: ethanol: n-butyl acetate = 87: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A95: ethanol: isobutyl isobutyrate = 90: 5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A95: ethanol: methyl acetoacetate = 85: 7: 8% by volume

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

PL 194 561 B1

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-2-pentanol = 85: 10: 5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol: isobutyl isobutyrate = 90: 6: 4% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

Fuel 2-9 contained lukewarm A95 gasoline (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d), and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: ethanol: tert-pentanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 7: 4: 9% by volume

DVPE = 67.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A95: ethanol: tert-butanol: alkylbenzene = 80: 7: 4: 9% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A95: ethanol: propanol: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

A95: ethanol: diethyl ketone: xylene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropyl toluene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-170 ° C

DVPE = 68.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: alkylate = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 5: 5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-170 ° C

The boiling point for akylat is 100-130 ° C

DVPE = 68.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for summer gasoline is 70 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: xylene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A95: ethanol: isobutanol: isoamyl alcohol: cyclooctadiene = 82.5: 9.2: 0.2: 0.6: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

The fuel composition 2-10 was 81.5% by volume lukewarm A95 gasoline, 8.5% by volume m-isopropyl toluene, 9.2% by volume ethanol, and 0.8% by volume isoamyl alcohol. Blends 2-10 were tested to show how the inventive composition maintains the vapor pressure at the same level as the starting gasoline as the octane rating is increased, the toxic exhaust emissions are reduced, and the fuel consumption is reduced compared to the gasoline and ethanol RFM 2 blend. The mix 2-10 had the following specific properties:

density at 15 ° C, 754.1 kg / m ³ according to ASTM D4052 initial boiling point, 26.6 ° C; according to ASTM D 86 evaporated part - 70 ° C 45.2 vol%; evaporated part - 100 ° C 56.4% vol .; evaporated part - 150 ° C 88.8% vol .; evaporated part - 180 ° C 97.6% vol .; final boiling point 186.3 ° C;

% Evaporation residue loss on evaporation oxygen content according to ASTM D4815 acidity according to ASTM D1613, wt.% HAc pH, as per ASTM D1287 sulfur content as per ASTM D 5453 rubber content as per ASTM D381 water content as per ASTM D6304 aromatics, as per SS 155120, including benzene alone benzene, as per EN 238

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) according to

ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86

1.6% by volume; 0.1% by volume; 3.56% by weight; 0.007;

8.9;

mg / kg;

<1 mg / 100 ml; 0.12% by weight; 30.3% by volume;

0.8% by volume; 68.5 kPa;

92.7

The 2-10 motor fuel blends were tested according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test as above and the following results were reported as% (+) or (-) compared to the A95 summer gasoline base:

CO -0.18%

HC -8.5%;

NOx + 5.3%;

CO2 + 2.8%:

NMHC -9%:

Fuel consumption, F _c , L / 100 km + 31%

Fuel blends 2-1 to 2-10 showed a reduction in DVPE in relation to the tested ethanol-containing motor fuels based on lukewarm gasoline. Similar results will be obtained when other oxygen-containing additives according to the invention are used in place of the additives according to examples 2-1 to 2-10.

To prepare all of the above fuel mixtures 2-1 to 2-10 of this motor fuel composition, the starting gasoline was mixed with ethanol, to which mixture was then added the appropriate oxygen-containing additive. The resulting motor fuel composition was then allowed to stand before testing for 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35 ° C. All of the above blends were prepared without the use of any mixing equipment.

The use of an additional mixture containing ethanol and oxygen-containing compounds other than ethanol for the preparation of ethanol-containing gasolines was carried out with lukewarm gasolines. The following fuel compositions demonstrate the possibility of producing ethanol-containing gasolines that meet the standard requirements for summer gasoline, including a vapor pressure not higher than 70 kPa.

Figure 2 shows the behavior of the vapor pressure (DVPE) as a function of ethanol content when blending lukewarm A95 gasoline with an additional blend 3 containing 35% by volume ethanol, 5% by volume isoamyl alcohol and 60% by volume naphtha with a boiling point between 100-170 ° C.

Figure 2 demonstrates that changing the ethanol content of gasoline from 0 to 20% does not increase the vapor pressure of these compositions more than the standard DVPE summer gasoline requirement of 70 kPa.

Similar DVPE behavior was observed for A92 and lukewarm A98 gasoline mixed with an additional blend of 35% v / v ethanol, 5% v / v isoamyl alcohol and 60% v / v naphtha with a boiling point of 100-170 ° C.

The ratio of ethanol to oxygen-containing non-ethanol compound in the additive blend used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline is important. The determination of the ratio between the components of the additive according to the present invention makes it possible to control the vapor pressure of the ethanol-containing gasolines over a wide range.

The following compositions show the possibility of using the additive blend with both high and low levels of ethanol. An additional blend of 92% by volume of ethanol, 6% by volume of isoamyl alcohol, and 2% by volume of iso-butanol was mixed with lukewarm gasoline. The resulting compositions had the following properties:

PL 194 561 B1

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 18.4: 1.2: 0.4% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 82: 16.56: 1.08: 0.36% by volume

DVPE = 69.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 78: 20.24: 1.32: 0.44% by volume

DVPE = 70.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.5

An additional blend of 25% by volume of ethanol, 60% by volume of isoamyl alcohol, and 15% by volume of isobutanol was mixed with lukewarm gasoline. The resulting compositions had the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 5: 12: 3% by volume

DVPE = 66.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 84: 4: 9.6: 2.4% by volume

DVPE = 65.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 86: 3.5: 8.4: 2.1% by volume

DVPE = 65.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

Similar results were obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds (c) and also C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d) according to the invention were used in the ratio established according to the invention to prepare an additional blend, which was then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasolines. These gasolines fully meet the requirements for motor fuels used in standard spark ignition engines.

In addition, an additional blend comprising ethanol and an oxygen containing compound of the invention other than ethanol in relation to the present invention can be used as a standalone motor fuel for ethanol-adapted engines.

P r z k ł a d 3

Example 3 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the vapor pressure of an ethanol-containing motor fuel when gasolines with a vapor pressure according to ASTM D-5191 of 48 kPa (about 7 psi) are used as the hydrocarbon base.

Unleaded summer gasoline A92, A95, and A98 meeting US standards and purchased from the US under the trade names Phillips J Base Fuel, Union Clear Base, and Indoln were used to prepare a blend of this composition.

The starting gasolines contained C ₅ -C ₁ 2 aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, including both saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 shows the behavior of the DVPE ethanol-containing motor fuel based on US summer gasoline - A92. The ethanol-containing motor fuels based on A95 and A98 summer gasoline, respectively, show similar properties. USA summer gasoline - A92 had the following characteristics:

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.7

The 3-1 fuel contained US lukewarm A92 gasoline and ethanol, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 55.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 55.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

The 3-2 fuel contained US lukewarm A92 gasoline, ethanol, and oxygen-containing additives, and had the following properties for various compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 8.5: 8.5% by volume

DVPE = 47.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

PL 194 561 B1

A92: ethanol: isoamyl propionate = 82: 8: 10% by volume

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

A92: ethanol: 2-ethylhexanol = 82: 8: 10% by volume

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.2

A92: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 82: 7: 10% by volume

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: ethanol: cyclohexanone = 82: 7: 10% by volume

DVPE = 47.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.1

A92: ethanol: methoxybenzene = 80: 8.5: 11.5% by volume

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: ethanol: methoxytoluene = 82: 8: 10% by volume

DVPE = 46.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: ethanol: methyl benzoate = 82: 8: 10% by volume

DVPE = 46.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for US summer gasoline is 7 psi, corresponding to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 9: 8% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

A92: ethanol: methoxytoluene = 84: 8: 8% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: methyl benzoate = 85: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

The 3-3 fuel contained US lukewarm gasoline A92 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d), and had the following properties for various compositions:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyl toluene =: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume DVPE = 47.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for US summer gasoline is 7 psi, corresponding to 48.28 kPa.

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha = 76: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1:

PL 194 561 B1

14.4% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ^o C

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.6

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha: isooctane = 76: 9.2: 0.3:: 0.1: 10.4: 4% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.8

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha: m-isopropyl toluene = 77:: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 3% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.9

The following fuels are capable of controlling the vapor pressure (DVPE) of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on US summer gasoline - A98.

USA Gasoline - A98 had the following characteristics:

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

Comparative fuel 3-4 contained US lukewarm gasoline - A98 and ethanol and had the following properties for different compositions: A98: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 56.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 55.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The 3-5 fuel contained US lukewarm gasoline - A98 (a), ethanol (b), and oxygen-containing additives (c), and had the following properties for various compositions.

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 82.5: 9: 8.5% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol = 82.5: 9: 7: 1.5% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.4

A98: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol = 80: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 48.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

The 3-6 fuel contained US lukewarm gasoline - A98 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d), and had the following properties for various compositions:

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyl toluene = 75.5: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1:

14.9% by volume

DVPE = 47.5 kPa 0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.4

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3:: 0.1: 8.4: 7% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C

PL 194 561 B1

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol:

naphtha: m-isopropyl toluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 10.4: 5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C

DVPE = 48.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.7

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol:

naphtha: alkylate = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7.9: 7.5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for akylat is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

The following fuels have demonstrated the ability to control the vapor pressure (DVPE) of an ethanol-containing motor fuel based on US lukewarm A95 gasoline.

USA summer gasoline - A95 had the following characteristics:

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

US summer gasoline - A95 used as reference fuel was tested according to the EU2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test cycle on a Volvo 240 DL engine with 4 cylinders B230F, 2.32 liters, 1987 (No. LG4F20-87) developing 83 kW at 90 rpm / second and a torque of 185 Nm at 46 rpm.

The test was conducted as above and gave the following results for US lukewarm gasoline - A95:

CO (carbon monoxide) 2.406 g / km;

HC (hydrocarbons) 0.556 οΖση;

NO * (nitrogen oxides) C), 278 οΖση;

CO2 (carbon dioxide) 232.6

NMHC * C), 258 [mu] L ^ ί;

Fuel consumption, F _c L / 100 km ,, 33 m * Hydrocarbons other than methane.

Comparative fuel 3-7 contained US lukewarm A95 gasoline and ethanol and had the following properties for various compositions:

A95: ethanol = 95: 5% by volume

DVPE = 55.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.5

A95: ethanol = 90: 10% by volume

DVPE = 54.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

Comparative gasoline - alcohol (RFM3) mixture containing 90% by volume US lukewarm gasoline - A95 and 10% by volume ethanol was tested on a 1987 Volvo 240 DL engine, 4 cylinders B230F, 2.32 liters (No. LG4F20-87) according to standard EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test, gave the following results in comparison with US summer gasoline - A95:

CO -12.5%;

HC 4.8%;

NOx + 2.3%;

CO2 + 3.7%;

NMHC * -4.0%;

Fuel consumption, F, L / 100km + 3.1% "- means reduced emissions, while" + means increased emissions.

The 3-8 fuel contained US lukewarm A95 gasoline, ethanol and oxygen-containing additives, and had the following properties for various compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 83: 8.5: 8.5% by volume

PL 194 561 B1

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: n-amyl acetate = 80: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A95: ethanol: cyclohexyl acetate = 80: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 46.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: ethanol: tetramethyltetrahydrofuran = 80: 12: 8% by volume

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A95: ethanol: methyl tetrahydropyran = 80: 15: 5% by volume

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for US summer gasoline is 7 psi, corresponding to 48.28 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 84: 8.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: phenyl acetate = 82.5: 10: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON] = 92.3

A95: ethanol: tetramethyltetrahydrofuran = 81: 10: 9% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON. + MON) = 92.2

The fuel 3-9 contained US lukewarm gasoline A95 (a), ethanol (b), oxygen-containing additives (c), and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions:

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1:: 15.4% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: isooctane = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 15.4% by volume

DVPE = 47.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyl toluene = 75: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1:: 15.4% by volume

DVPE = 46.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A95: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: cyclooctatetraene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 46.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

A95: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropyran: allocimene = 80: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 46.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that it is not always necessary to reduce the excessive DVPE of the motor fuel due to the presence of ethanol to the DVPE of the starting gasoline. In some cases, it is sufficient to adapt to the requirements of the corresponding gasoline. The DVPE value for US summer gasoline is 7 pSi, corresponding to 48.28 kPa.

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha = 76.5: 9.2: 0.3: 0.1: 7: 6.9% by volume The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

PL 194 561 B1

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha: isooctane = 76.5: 9.2:

: 0.3: 0.1: 7: 6.9% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: m-isopropyl toluene = 77: 9.2: 0.3: 0, 1:: 13.4% by volume

DVPE = 48.2 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.9

The fuel compositions 3-10 were 76% by volume US lukewarm gasoline - A95, 9.2% by volume ethanol, 0.25% by volume isoamyl alcohol, 0.05% by volume isobutyl alcohol, 11.5% by volume naphtha with a boiling point of 100- 200 ° C, and 3% by volume isopropyl toluene. Blends 3-10 were tested to show how the invention enables the production of ethanol-containing gasoline that fully meets the requirements of imposed standards, primarily with regard to the DVPE level as well as other parameters. At the same time, this gasoline ensures reduction of toxic emissions in the exhaust gas and lower fuel consumption compared to the RFM 3 blend of US summer gasoline - A95 containing 10% ethanol. Mixes 3-10 had the following specific properties:

^Ge hundred ^th em in a ^{t t p} era Urze in ^length with ^ASTM D ^{4052 g} 4.9 ^{g 74} g / m ^{3 of} initial boiling point, 6 ,, °° Ο;

according to ASTM D 86 part evaporation - 70 ° C 3.6% bbj;

evaporated part - 100 ° C 00.8% fight;

evaporated part - 150 ° C 6 (5.1% bbj .:

evaporated part - 190 ° C 7 ,, %% bbj .:

final boiling point 24 ° C, 8 ° C;

evaporation residue 1. %% bbj .:

evaporation loss,. %% bbj .:

oxygen content, according to ASTM D4815, 7 wt.%, acidity, according to ASTM D1613, wt.% HAc D, 077;

pH, according to ASTM D1287, 87;

sulfur content, according to ASTM D 5453 49 mg / k;

gum content, according to ASTM D381, 9 mg / 109 ml;

water content according to ASTM D6304 wgoow, aromatics according to SS 155120, 31.8% including volumetric benzene;

benzene alone, according to EN 238 4.8% by volume7;

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 8 (5.9kP ;;

anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to ASTM 2, 2

D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86

Motor fuel mixtures 3-10 were tested on a 1987 Volvo 240 DL engine, 4 cylinders B230F, 2.32 liters (# LG4F20-87) according to EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test as above and the following results were obtained, expressed as ( +) or (-)% in relation to the results for the starting US summer gasoline - A95:

WHAT

HC

NOx

CO2

-15.1%

-5.6% j + 0.5% j

NMHC

Fuel consumption, F _c , L / 100 km unchanged; -4.5% j no change.

Similar results were obtained when the test oxygen-containing compounds were replaced with other oxygen-containing compounds.

PL 194 561 B1

To prepare all of the above fuel mixtures, US lukewarm gasoline was first mixed with ethanol, to which mixture was then added the appropriate oxygen-containing additive. The resulting motor fuel composition was then allowed to stand before testing for 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35 ° C. All of the above blends were prepared without the use of any mixing equipment.

An additional blend of ethanol and oxygen-containing compounds other than ethanol has been established to also be able to control the vapor pressure of an ethanol-containing motor fuel used in standard summer gasoline based spark ignition internal combustion engines that meets US standards. The addition of C ₈ -C 12 hydrocarbons to the additive blend composition enhances the additive effectiveness in reducing excess vapor pressure caused by the presence of ethanol in the gasoline.

An additional blend of 60% v / v ethanol, 32% v / v isoamyl alcohol, and 8% v / v isobutyl alcohol was mixed in various proportions with US summer gasoline having a vapor pressure (DVPE) not greater than 7 psi, corresponding to 48.28 kPa.

The resulting compositions had the following properties:

A92: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 87.5: 7.5: 4: 1% by volume

DVPE-51.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.7

A95: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 85: 9: 4.8: 1.2% by volume

DVPE-51.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

A98: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol = 80: 12: 6.4: 1.6% by volume

DVPE = 52.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

The above examples demonstrate the possibility of a partial reduction of the excess vapor pressure of about 50% of the excess vapor pressure of gasoline due to the presence of ethanol in the blend.

An additional blend of 50% by volume ethanol and 50% by volume methyl isobutyl ketone was mixed in various proportions with US lukewarm gasoline with a vapor pressure (DVPE) not greater than 7 psi, corresponding to 48.28 kPa. The resulting compositions had the following properties:

A92: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 85: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 49.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A95: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 84: 8: 8% by volume

DVPE = 48.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A98: ethanol: methyl isobutyl ketone = 82: 9: 9% by volume

DVPE = 49.7 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.9

The above examples demonstrate the possibility of a partial reduction of the excess vapor pressure of about 80% of the excess vapor pressure of gasoline due to the presence of ethanol in the blend.

Figure 2 shows the behavior of the vapor pressure (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content of blends of US lukewarm gasoline - A92 and additional blend 4 containing 35% by volume of ethanol, 1% by volume of isoamyl alcohol, 0.2% by volume of isobutanol, 43.8% by volume of heavy gasoline with a boiling point between 100-170 ° C, and 20% isopropyltoluene. Fig. 2 demonstrates that the use of this additional blend in a gasoline ethanol composition enables a reduction of more than 100% of the excess vapor pressure due to the presence of ethanol.

Similar results for DVPE were obtained for US summer gasoline - A95 and A98 mixed with an additional blend consisting of 35% by volume ethanol, 1% by volume isoamyl alcohol, 0.2% by volume isobutanol, 43.8% by volume naphtha with a boiling point of 100 -170 ° C and 20% by volume isopropyl toluene.

Similar results were obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds and C6-C12 hydrocarbons of the invention were used in the proportions of this invention to formulate an additional blend which was then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasolines. These gasolines fully meet the requirements for the motor fuels used in standard spark ignition internal combustion engines.

PL 194 561 B1

In addition, an additional blend comprising ethanol, an oxygen containing compound other than ethanol, and Οβ-Ο ₁ 2 hydrocarbons in the proportion and composition of the present invention can be used as a standalone motor fuel for ethanol-adapted engines.

P r z k ł a d 4

Example 4 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the vapor pressure of an ethanol-containing motor fuel in cases where the hydrocarbon base of the fuel is a custom gasoline with a vapor pressure according to ASTM D-5191 of 110 kPa (about 16 psi).

In order to prepare a mixture of this composition, unleaded winter gasolines A92, A95 and A98, purchased in Sweden from Shell, Statoil, Q8OK and Preem, and gas condensate (GK) purchased in Russia from Gazprom, were used.

The hydrocarbon component (HCC) for the motor fuel composition was prepared by mixing about 85 volume percent A92, A95, or A98 winter gasoline with about 15 volume percent liquid hydrocarbon (GC) condensate.

To prepare the hydrocarbon component (HCC) for the fuel mixtures 4-1 to 4-10 of this motor fuel composition, about 85% by volume of A92, A95 or A98 winter gasoline was first mixed with a liquid hydrocarbon (GC) gas condensate. The resulting hydrocarbon component (HCC) was then allowed to stand for 24 hours. The resulting gasoline contained aliphatic and alicyclic C3-C12 hydrocarbons, both saturated and unsaturated.

Figure 1 demonstrates the behavior of the DVPE ethanol-containing motor fuel based on A98 winter gasoline and gas condensate. The ethanol-containing motor fuel based on A92 and A98 winter gasoline and gas condensate (GC) show similar properties.

Gasoline containing 85% by volume of A92 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of Gaseous Condensate (GC) had the following properties:

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 87.9

Comparative 4-1 fuel contained winter A92 gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol, and had the following properties for various compositions:

A92: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% by volume

DVPE = 115.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.4

A92: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 115.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

Inventive 4-2 fuel comprised A92 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol, and an oxygen-containing additive, and had the following properties for various compositions:

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.35

A92: GC: ethanol: 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran = 68: 12: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.75

A92: GC: ethanol: propanol = 68: 12: 12: 8% by volume

DVPE = 109.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.0

A92: GC: ethanol: diisopropyl carbinol = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 109.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.3

A92: GC: ethanol: acetophenone = 72: 13: 9: 6% by volume

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutyl propionate = 75: 13: 5: 7% by volume

DVPE = 109.2 kPa

0.5 (RON - MON) = 90.0

Fuel 4-3 contained A92 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol, oxygen-containing additive, and C6-C12 hydrocarbons, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: isopropylbenzene = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

PL 194 561 B1

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A92: GC: ethanol: tert-butyl ethyl ether: naphtha = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamylmethyl ether: toluene = 68: 12: 9.5: 0.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 107.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

The following fuel compositions demonstrate that the invention enables the DVPE excess of custom gasoline to be reduced to a level equivalent to standard gasoline. The DVPE for standard A92 winter gasoline is 90 kPa.

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for akylat is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: ethylbenzene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 15:: 10% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.9

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isopropyltoluene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 20:: 5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 90.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.6

The following compositions are capable of controlling the vapor pressure control (DVPE) of ethanol-containing fuel blends based on about 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and about 15% by volume of gas condensate.

Gasoline containing 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of Gaseous Condensate (GC) had the following properties:

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

Comparative fuel 4-4 contained winter A98 gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol, and had the following properties for different compositions:

A98: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% by volume

DVPE = 115.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.1

A98: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 114.8 kPa 0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

The inventive fuel 4-5 contained A98 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and oxygen-containing additives, and had the following properties for various compositions:

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE = 109.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

A96: GC: ethanol: ethoxybenzene = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

A98: GC: ethanol: 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone = 72: 13: 7.5: 7.5% by volume

DVPE = 109.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.3

Fuel 4-6 contained A98 winter gasoline, condensate gas, ethanol, oxygen-containing additives, and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d), and had the following properties for the various compositions:

PL 194 561 B1

A98: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha = 68: 12: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 10% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 107.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.8

A98: GC: ethanol: ethyl isobutyl ether: myrcen = 72: 13: 9.5: 0.5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 110.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.6

A98: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: isooctane = 68: 12: 5: 5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 102.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.5

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that the invention enables the DVPE excess of custom gasoline to be reduced to the DVPE level of standard gasoline. The DVPE for standard A98 winter gasoline is 90.0 kPa.

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for akylat is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.0

A92: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: isopropylbenzene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 15: 10% by volume The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.2

A92: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropyltoluene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5% by volume The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 88.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 94.1

The following compositions are capable of controlling the vapor pressure control (DVPE) of ethanol-containing fuel blends based on about 85% by volume of A95 winter gasoline and about 15% by volume of gas condensate.

Gasoline containing 85% by volume of A98 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of Gaseous Condensate (GC) had the following properties:

DVPE = 109.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 85% by volume of winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC) was used as the reference fuel for the test as described above, and the following results were obtained:

CO 2.033g / km;

HC 0.279 g / km;

NOx 0.279 g / km;

CO2 229.5 g / km;

NMHC 0.255 g / km;

Fuel consumption, F _c , L / 100 km 9.89

The fuel 4-7 contained A95 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC) and ethanol, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol = 80.75: 14.25: 5% by volume

DVPE = 115.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A95: GC: ethanol = 76.5: 13.5: 10% by volume

DVPE = 114.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

PL 194 561 B1

A comparative fuel mixture (RFM4) of 80.75% winter A95 gasoline, 14.25% gas condensate (GC) and 5% ethanol was tested as described above and the following results were obtained, expressed as (+) or (-)% of the results for gasoline containing 85% by volume of A95 winter gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate (GC):

CO 63.88%

HC -7, %%;

ΝΟχ + 12.1%;

CO2 + 1.1%;

NMHC -7, %%;

Fuel consumption, Fc, L / 100 km + 2.62%.

The fuel of the invention 4-8 contained A95 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol and oxygen-containing additives, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 74: 13: 6.5: 6.5% by volume

DVPE = 109.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: GC: ethanol: phenol = 72: 13: 8: 7% by volume

DVPE = 107.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A95: GC: ethanol: phenyl acetate = 68: 12: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 106.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.8

A95: GC: ethanol: 3-hydroxy-2-butanone = 68: 12: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

A95: GC: ethanol: tert-butyl acetoacetate = 68: 12: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 108.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

A95: GC: ethanol: 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone = 71: 12: 9: 8% by volume

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.6

Fuel 4-9 contained A95 winter gasoline, gas condensate (GC), ethanol, oxygen-containing additives, and C6-C12 hydrocarbons (d), and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutyl alcohol: naphtha = 68: 12: 9.2: 0.6: 0.2: 10% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 107.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.1

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: cyclooctatetraene = 72: 13: 9.5: 0.5: 5% by volume

DVPE = 108.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

The motor fuel compositions below demonstrate that the invention enables the custom gasoline to reduce the excess vapor pressure (DVPE) level to that of standard gasoline. The DVPE of standard A95 winter gasoline is 90.0 kPa.

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: isobutanol: naphtha: alkylate = 55: 10: 9.2: 0.6:: 0.2: 12.5: 12.5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

The boiling point for akylat is 100-130 ° C.

DVPE = 89.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: GC: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha: tert-butylxylene = 55: 10: 9.5: 0.5: 20:: 5% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.8 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

PL 194 561 B1

A95: GC: ethanol: isobutanol: naphtha: isopropylbenzene = 55: 10: 5: 5: 20: 5% by volume The boiling point for naphtha is 100-200 ° C.

DVPE = 89.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.2

The 4-10 motor fuel contained 55% by volume of A95 winter gasoline, 10% by volume of gas condensate (GC), 5% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of tert-butanol, 20% by volume of heavy gasoline with a boiling point of 100-200 ° C and 5% by volume of isopropyl toluene. The blends 4-10 were tested to show how the invention enables the formulation of ethanol-containing gasoline fully meeting the requirements of the imposed standards, primarily due to the limitations of the vapor pressure and other fuel parameters, even when the starting hydrocarbon component (HCC) has a DVPE significantly higher than the standard requirements. At the same time, this ethanol-containing gasoline reduces toxic emissions in the exhaust gas and reduces fuel consumption compared to the above-described RFM mixture 4. The mixtures 4-10 had the following specific properties:

density at 15 ° C, as per ASTM D4052 initial boiling point, as per ASTM D 86 vaporized portion - 70 ° C vaporized portion - 100 ° C vaporized portion - 150 ° C vaporized portion - 180 ° C final boiling point evaporation residue loss at % by evaporation, oxygen content according to ASTM D4815 acidity according to ASTM D1613, wt.% HAc pH, as per ASTM D1287 sulfur content as per ASTM D 5453 rubber content as per ASTM D381 water content as per ASTM D6304 aromatics, as per SS 155120 including benzene only benzene, as per EN 238

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON), according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86

698.6 kg / m ^3; 20.5 ° C;

47.0% vol .; 65.2% vol .; 92.4% vol .; 97.3% vol .; 189.9 ° C;

0.5% vol .;

1.1% vol .;

3.2% by weight; 0.001;

7.0;

mg / kg;

mg / 100 ml; 0.01% by weight; 30.9% vol .;

0.7% vol .;

90.0 kPa;

92.3

The 4-10 motor fuel mixture was tested as above and the following results were obtained, expressed as (+) or (-)% with respect to the results for a motor fuel containing 85% by volume of winter A95 gasoline and 15% by volume of gas condensate:

CO -14.0%

HC -8.6%;

NOx unchanged;

CO2 + 1.0%;

NMHC -6.7%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , L / 100 km + 2.0%

Similar results will be obtained when other oxygen-containing additives according to the invention are used in place of the oxygen-containing additives according to examples 4-1 to 4-10.

To prepare all of the above 4-1 to 4-10 fuel mixtures of this motor fuel composition, the hydrocarbon component (HCC), which is a mixture of winter gasoline and gas condensate (GC), was first mixed with ethanol, to which mixture was then added the appropriate containing oxygen additive and Οβ-Ο hydrocarbons ₁ 2 · The resulting engine fuel composition was then left to stand before the test for 1 and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than

-35 ° C. All of the above blends were prepared without the use of any mixing equipment.

The fuel blends of the invention have demonstrated the ability to control the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels for standard spark ignition internal combustion engines based on non-standard high vapor pressure gasolines.

Figure 2 shows the behavior of the vapor pressure (DVPE) as a function of the ethanol content of HCC blends containing 85% v / v A98 winter gasoline and 15% v / v gas condensate, and additional blend 1 containing 40% v / v ethanol and 60% v / v benzoate methyl.

Figure 2 demonstrates that the use of this additional blend containing ethanol and an oxygen containing additive other than ethanol enables the production of an ethanol containing gasoline, the vapor pressure of which will not exceed the vapor pressure of the starting hydrocarbon component (HCC).

Similar results for DVPE were obtained for the additional blend fuel blends containing 40% v / v ethanol and 60% v / v methyl benzoate, and the hydrocarbon component containing 15% v / v gas condensate (GC) and 85% v / v or A92 or A95 winter gasoline.

Similar results were obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds and C6-C12 hydrocarbons of the invention were used in the proportions of the invention to formulate an additional blend, which was then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasolines.

These gasoline blends according to the invention have a vapor pressure (DVPE) not exceeding the DVPE of the starting hydrocarbon component (HCC). At the same time, it is only possible to add the oxygen-containing additive in an amount sufficient to obtain an ethanol-containing gasoline fully meeting the requirements of the motor fuel used in standard spark ignition internal combustion engines.

P r z k ł a d 5

Example 5 demonstrates the possibility of reducing the vapor pressure of an ethanol-containing motor fuel in cases where the base hydrocarbon fuel is a recomposed gasoline with an ASTM D-5191 vapor pressure of 27.5 kPa (about 4 psi).

To prepare blends of this composition, unleaded recomposed gasoline purchased in Sweden from Preem and in Russia from Lukoil and petroleum ether purchased from Merck in Germany were used.

The hydrocarbon component (HCC) for the motor fuel composition was prepared by mixing about 85 volume percent A92, A95, or A98 winter gasoline with about 15 volume percent liquid hydrocarbon (GC) condensate.

The starting gasolines contained aliphatic and alicyclic C6-C12 hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Figure 1 demonstrates the behavior of the DVPE ethanol-containing motor fuel based on A92 recomposed gasoline and petroleum ether. Similar properties were observed for ethanol-containing motor fuel based on A95 and A98 recomposed gasoline and petroleum ether.

It should be emphasized that adding ethanol to recomposed gasoline causes a greater increase in vapor pressure compared to adding ethanol to standard gasoline.

Gasoline containing 80% by volume of A92 gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum ether (PB) had the following properties:

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 85.5

Comparative 5-1 fuel contained A92 recomposed gasoline, petroleum ether (PB) and ethanol, and had the following properties for various compositions:

A92: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% by volume

DVPE = 36.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.0

A92: PB: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% by volume

DVPE = 36.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.7 i

The inventive fuel 5-2 comprised A92 recomposed gasoline, petroleum ether (PB), ethanol, and an oxygen-containing additive, and had the following properties for various compositions:

PL 194 561 B1

A92: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.5

A92: PB: ethanol: diisobutyly ether = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.8

A92: PB: ethanol: n-butanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.1

A92: PB: ethanol: 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 25.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.8

The 5-3 fuel contained A92 recomposed gasoline, petroleum ether (PB), ethanol, oxygen-containing additives, and also C8-C12 hydrocarbons, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A92: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume The boiling point for naphtha is 140-200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 89.3

A92: PB: ethanol: n-butanol: naphtha: xylene = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 7.5: 7.5% by volume The boiling point for naphtha is 140-200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A92: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrafurfuryl alcohol: isopropylbenzene = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15% by volume

DVPE = 27.5 kPa 0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.3

The fuel compositions below show the possibility of controlling the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing gasolines based on A98 recomposed gasoline and petroleum ether (PB).

The motor fuel containing 80% by volume of A98 gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum ether (PB) had the following properties:

DVPE = 27.3 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 88.0

The comparative fuel 5-4 contained A98 recomposed gasoline, petroleum ether (PB) and ethanol, and had the following properties for different compositions:

A98: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% by volume

DVPE = 36.3 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.0

A98: PB: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% by volume

DVPE = 35.8 kPa 0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

The fuel 5-5 of the invention contained A98 recomposed gasoline, petroleum ether (PB), ethanol and oxygen-containing additives, and had the following properties for various compositions:

A98: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 26.9 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A98: PB: ethanol: n-amyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 26.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.2

A98: PB: ethanol: 3,7-dimethoxyoctadiene-1,6-ol-3 = 68: 17: 9: 6% by volume

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.6

A98: PB: ethanol: 3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol = 68: 17: 9: 6% by volume

DVPE = 27.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.5

Fuel 5-6 contained A98 recomposed gasoline, petroleum ether (PB), ethanol, oxygen-containing additives, and C ₈ -C 4 hydrocarbons (d) and had the following properties for various compositions:

A98: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume

PL 194 561 B1

The boiling point for naphtha is 140-200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.0 kPa, 0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A98: PB: ethanol: 3,7-dimethoxyoctadiene-1,6-ol-3: allocimene = 60: 15: 9: 1: 15% by volume

DVPE = 26.0 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

A98: PB: ethanol: methylcyclohexanol: limonene = 60: 15: 9.5: 1: 14.5% by volume

DVPE = 25.4 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.2

The motor fuel compositions below are capable of controlling the vapor pressure of an ethanol-containing fuel blend based on about 80% by volume of A95 gasoline and about 20% by volume of petroleum ether (PB). Gasoline containing 80% by volume of A95 gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum ether (PB) had the following properties:

DVPE = 27.6 kPa

Anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) = 86.3

A hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 80% by volume of petrol and 20% by volume of petroleum ether (PB) used as reference fuel was tested on a 1987 Volvo 240 DL engine, 4 cylinders B230F, 2.32 liters (No. LG4F20-87) according to with EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test and the following results were obtained:

CO 2.631 g / km;

HC 0.348 g / km;

NOx 0.313 g / km;

CO2 235.1 g / km;

NMHC 0.308 g / km;

Fuel consumption, F _c , L / 100 km 10.68

The fuel 5-7 contained A95 recomposed gasoline, petroleum ether (PB) and ethanol, and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: PB: ethanol = 76: 19: 5% by volume

DVPE = 36.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.2

A95: PB: ethanol = 72: 18: 10% by volume

DVPE = 36.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.7

A comparative fuel mixture (RFM5) of 72% by volume A95 gasoline, 18% by volume petroleum ether (PB) and 10% by volume ethanol was tested on a 1987 Volvo 240 DL engine, 4 cylinders B230F, 2.32 liters (# LG4F20 -87) according to the EU 2000 NEDC EC 98/69 test as above and the following results were obtained, expressed as (+) or (-)% in relation to the results for gasoline containing 80% by volume of A95 gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum ether (GC ):

CO -4.8%

HC -1, %%;

NOx +26, %%;

CO2 +4, %%;

NMHC -0.6%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , L / 100 km +5, %%.

Fuel 5-8 contained A95 recomposed gasoline, petroleum ether (PB), ethanol and oxygen-containing additives, and had the following properties for various compositions:

A95: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

A95: PB: ethanol: 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol = 64: 16: 10: 10% by volume DVPE = 27.0 kPa

PL 194 561 B1

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.4

A95: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate = 60; 15: 15: 10% by volume

DVPE = 25.6 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 93.0

Fuel 5-9 contained A95 recomposed gasoline, petroleum ether (PB), ethanol, oxygen-containing additives, and C ₈ -C12 hydrocarbons and had the following properties for the various compositions:

A95: PB: ethanol: isoamyl alcohol: naphtha = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8: 15% by volume

The boiling point for naphtha is 140-200 ° C.

DVPE = 27.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 91.4

A95: PB: ethanol: tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: tert-butylcyclohexane = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8:: 15% by volume

DVPE = 26.5 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 90.7

A95: PB: ethanol: 4-methyl-4-hydroxytetrahydropyran: isopropyl toluene = 60: 15: 9.2: 0.8:: 15% by volume

DVPE = 26.1 kPa

0.5 (RON + MON) = 92.0

The 5-10 motor fuel contained 60% by volume of A95 gasoline, 15% by volume of petroleum ether (PB), 10% by volume of ethanol, 5% by volume of 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran and 10% by volume of isopropyl-toluene. Blends 5-10 were tested to show how the invention allows a low vapor pressure ethanol gasoline blend where the presence of ethanol in the motor fuel composition does not increase the vapor pressure compared to the starting hydrocarbon component (HCC).

In addition, this gasoline provides a reduction in toxic exhaust emissions and a lower fuel consumption compared to the above RFM 5 blend. The 5-10 blends had the following specific properties:

density at 15 ° C as per ASTM D4052 initial boiling point as per ASTM D 86 vaporized portion - 70 ° C vaporized portion - 100 ° C vaporized portion - 150 ° C vaporized portion - 190 ° C final boiling point evaporation residue loss at % by evaporation, oxygen content according to ASTM D4815 acidity according to ASTM D1613, wt.% HAc pH, as per ASTM D1287 sulfur content as per ASTM D 5453 rubber content as per ASTM D38 1 water content as per ASTM D6304 aromatics, as per SS 155120, including benzene alone benzene, as per EN 238

DVPE, according to ASTM D 5191 anti-knock index 0.5 (RON + MON) according to

ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86

764.6 kg / m ^3; 48.9 ° C;

25.3% vol .; 50.8% vol .; 76.5% vol .; 95.6% vol .; 204.5 ° C;

1.4% vol .; 0.5% vol .; 4.6% by weight; 0.08;

7.5;

mg / kg;

1.5 mg / 100 ml; 0.1% by weight; 38% vol .;

0.4% vol .;

27.2 kPa;

91.8

The 5-10 motor fuel mixtures were tested as described previously and the following results were obtained, expressed as (+) or (-)% with respect to the results for the motor fuel containing 80% by volume of A95 gasoline and 20% by volume of petroleum ether:

PL 194 561 B1 every -1: ^ 3 ^%

HC -6.2%;

No _{x no} changes;

CO ₂ + 2 ^^ 2n ',

NMHC-6.4%;

Fuel consumption, F _c , L / -00 km + 3.2%

Similar results are obtained when the iaab oxygen-containing additives according to the invention are used in place of the oxygen-containing additives according to examples 5- to 5--0.

To prepare all of the above 5- to 5--0 fuel mixtures of this motor fuel composition, the hydrocarbon component (HCC) which is a mixture of the recomposed gasoline and petroleum ether (PB) was first mixed with ethanol, to which mixture was then added the appropriate oxygen-containing additive. and C ₈ -C-2 hydrocarbons. The resulting motor fuel composition was then allowed to stand before testing for a period of - and 24 hours at a temperature not lower than -35 ° C. All of the above blends were prepared without the use of any mixing equipment.

The invention has demonstrated the ability to control the vapor pressure of ethanol-containing motor fuels for standard spark ignition internal combustion engines based on non-standard low vapor gasolines.

Figure 2 shows the retention of the vapor pressure (DVPE) when the hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 80% by volume of A92 gasoline and 20% by volume petroleum ether is mixed with an oxygen containing additive blend 5 containing 40% by volume ethanol, 20% by volume 3.3 , 5-trimethylcyclohexanone and 20% by volume naphtha with a boiling point of -30 to -70 ° C and 20% by volume tert-butyltoluene. The graph demonstrates that the use of the additive according to the invention makes it possible to obtain gasoline containing ethanol, the vapor pressure of which does not exceed the vapor pressure of the starting hydrocarbon component (HCC).

Similar behavior of DVPE was demonstrated when the above oxygen-containing additive was mixed with a hydrocarbon component (HCC) containing 20% by volume of petroleum ether (GC) and 80% by volume of A95 or A98 reformulated gasoline.

Similar results were obtained when other oxygen-containing compounds and C8-C-2 hydrocarbons of the invention were used in the proportions of the invention to formulate an oxygen-containing additive which was then used to prepare ethanol-containing gasoline.

These gasolines have a vapor pressure (DVPE) not greater than that of the starting hydrocarbon component (HCC). At the same time, the anti-knock index of all ethanol-containing gasolines made in accordance with the invention was greater than that of the starting hydrocarbon component (HCC).

The foregoing description and examples of preferred embodiments of the invention should be considered as an illustration rather than as a limitation of the present invention as defined in the claims. It can be readily seen that numerous variations and combinations of the features set forth above can be used without departing from the present invention as defined in the claims. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

Claims (14)

Patent claims -. The method of ζγζι ^ βζθπιθ of vapors in pallvium containing ethanol for spark ignition gasoline based on C3 to C-2 hydrocarbon containing 0, - to 20% by volume of ethanol, up to 0.25% by volume of water according to ASTM D 6304, up to 7% by weight of oxygen according to ASTM D 48-5, characterized in that in addition to the hydrocarbon component C3 to C-2 (a) and the ethanol component (b), an oxygen-containing additive (c) is used in the fuel mixture in an amount of 0.05 to -5% by volume of the total fuel mixture selected from at least one of the following types: 3--0 carbon alcohol, 6--0 carbon dialkylether, 4-9 carbon ketone, carboxylic acid alkyl ester 5-8 carbon atoms, 4-6 carbon hydroxyketone, 5-8 carbon carboxylic acid ketone ester, and an oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound selected from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate, dimethyl tetrahydrofuran, methyl tetrahydropuran, 4-methyl-4-oxytet rahydropuran, and mixtures thereof, GB 194 561 B1, and component (d) selected from at least one C ₆ -C ₁ 2 hydrocarbon in an amount such that the volume ratio of component (b) to the sum of components (c) and (d) ranges from 1: 200 to 200: 1. 2. The method according to p. 1, in that the oxygen-containing additive (c) and component (d) are added to the ethanol component (b), and the blend of (c) and (b) and (d) is added to the hydrocarbon component (a). 3. The method according to principles. A process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the ethanol component b) is added to the hydrocarbon component (a) to which mixture (b) and (a) is added oxygen-containing additive (c) and component (d) is added. 4. A method according to 1 or 2 or 3, characterized in that component (a) j ess selected from the group consisting of non-recomposed gasoline of standard type, liquid petroleum hydrocarbon, liquid natural gas hydrocarbon, liquid hydrocarbon from chemical recovery waste gas after carbonization, liquid hydrocarbon from the treatment of synthesis gas or mixtures thereof, with non-reconstituted gasoline of a standard type being preferred. 5. Pallwax composition for typical spark-ignition internal combustion gasoline based on C3 to C12 hydrocarbon containing 0.1 to 20% by volume of ethanol, up to 0.25% by weight of water according to ASTM D 6304, up to 7% by weight of oxygen according to ASTM D Reduced vapor pressure 4815 comprising (a) a hydrocarbon component consisting of C3-C12 hydrocarbon fractions; (b) Pallvium-grade eeanol having from 0,% to 20%, suitably from 1 to 20%, preferably 3 to 15%, and more preferably 5 to 10% by volume, based on the total volume of the motor fuel composition; (c) Containing (this additive containing at least one of the following compounds (ypu: 3-10 carbon alcohol, 6-10 carbon dialkyl ether, 4-9 carbon ketone, 5- carboxylic acid alkyl ester) 8 carbon atoms, 4-6 carbon hydroxyketone, 5-8 carbon carboxylic acid ketone ester, and an oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound selected from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate, dimethyl tetrahydrofuran, methyl tetrahydropuran, 4-methyl-4-oxytetrahydropuran, mixtures, in an amount of from 0.05% to 15%, suitably 0.1 to 15%, preferably 3 to 10%, and most preferably 5 to 10% by volume based on the total volume of the motor fuel composition; and component (d), selected of at least one C6-C12 hydrocarbon, preferably a _C8 -Cn hydrocarbon in an amount such that the volume ratio of component (b) to the sum of components (c) and (d) is from 1: 200 to 200: 1. 6. A composition according to p. 5, characterized by the following properties: (i) a density at 15 ° C, according to ASTM D 4059 of at least 690 kg / m ^3; (ii) a vapor pressure according to ASTM D 5191 from 20 kPa to 120 kPa; (iii) acid content according to ASTM D 1613 not more than 0.1% by weight. HAc; (iv) a pH by ASTM D 1287 of 5 to 9; (v) aromatics content according to SS 155120 not more than 40% by volume, where benzene is present in amounts according to EN 238 not more than 1% by volume; (vi) sulfur content according to ASTM D 5453 not more than 50 mg / kg; (vii) gum content according to ASTM D 381 not more than 2 mg / 100 ml; (viii) distillation according to ASTM D86, wherein the initial boiling point is at least 20 ° C; the fraction evaporated at 70 ° C is at least 25% by volume; the fraction evaporated at 100 ° C is at least 50% by volume; the fraction evaporated at 150 ° C is at least 75% by volume; the fraction evaporated at 190 ° C is at least 95% by volume; Final boiling point not more than 205 ° C; and a residue on evaporation of not more than 2% by volume; and (ix) an anti-knock index of 0.5 (RON + MON) according to ASTM D 2699-86 and ASTM D 2700-86 of at least 80. 7. A mixture to be used in the method of reducing the vapor pressure of a pallium sulfur blend for typical internal combustion engines with spark ignition, containing as component (b) fuel-grade ethanol, as component (c) an oxygen-containing additive, and as component (d) which least (eden C ₆ -C ₁₂ hydrocarbon, characterized by the fact that it contains an etendal component (bb, ridge 0.5-99.5%, preferably from 9.5 up to 99%, more preferably from 20 to 95% by volume, and most preferably from 25 up to 92% by volume of the total volume of the mixture: oxygen containing component (c) being at least one of the following types: 3-10 carbon alcohol, 6-10 carbon dialkyl ether, 6-10 carbon ketone 4-9 carbon atoms, alkyl ester of carboxylic acid PL 194 561 B1 with 5-8 carbon atoms, hydroxyketone with 4-6 carbon atoms, carboxylic acid ketone ester with 5-8 carbon atoms, and an oxygen-containing heterocyclic compound selected from tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate, dimethyl tetrahydrofuran, methyl tetrahydropuran, 4-methyl -4-oxytetrahydropurane, and mixtures thereof, in amounts from 0.5 to 99.5%, preferably from 0.5% up to 90%, more preferably from 0.5 up to 80%, and most preferably from 3 to 70% by volume based on the total volume of the mixture; and component (d) comprising at least one C6-C12 hydrocarbon, preferably a C8-C6 hydrocarbon, in an amount such that the volume ratio of component (b) to the sum of components (c) and (d) is from 1: 200 to 200: 1. 8. A mixture according to claim 1 The method of claim 7, wherein the pallvium grade ethanol comprises at least 99.5% by volume ethanol. 9. The mixture according to claim 1 The method of claim 7, wherein component (b) is a mixture of denatured ethanol as supplied to the market containing about 92% by volume of ethanol, and the remainder of up to 100% by volume of a portion of component (b) are hydrocarbons and by-products. 10. A mixture according to claim 1 7. The method of claim 7, wherein component (d) is a single alial ^ / c ^^ saturated saturated and unsaturated or alicyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon or mixtures thereof and / or a hydrocarbon fraction with a boiling point of 100-200 ° C. , obtained from the distillation of crude oil, bituminous coal or products from the processing of synthesis gas. 11. Uses and the mixture according to claim 1 7 as pallwa in a modified gasoline spark-ignition internal combustion gasoline. 12. Application of the mixture according to the values: n. 7 for washing gasoline palluium containing components (a) and (b) and (c) and (d) for typical internal combustion engines with spark ignition and adjusting the octane number of such fuel to the desired value by mixing the appropriate amount of the mixture with a conventional gasoline fuel (a), while maintaining or reducing the vapor pressure of the thus obtained fuel composition compared to the vapor pressure of the gasoline component (a) itself. 13. Use of a composition according to claim 1 5 for reducing fuel consumption as compared to the corresponding ethanol gasoline containing a mixture of components (a) and (b). 14. Use of a composition according to claim 1 5 for reducing the pollutant content of exhaust gas compared to a corresponding ethanol gasoline containing a mixture of components (a) and (b).