ES2201051T3 - Electrodo para ablacion que comprende detectores de temperatura aislados. - Google Patents
Electrodo para ablacion que comprende detectores de temperatura aislados.Info
- Publication number
- ES2201051T3 ES2201051T3 ES92924320T ES92924320T ES2201051T3 ES 2201051 T3 ES2201051 T3 ES 2201051T3 ES 92924320 T ES92924320 T ES 92924320T ES 92924320 T ES92924320 T ES 92924320T ES 2201051 T3 ES2201051 T3 ES 2201051T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- temperature
- electrode
- tissue
- ablation
- power
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Abstract
UN ELECTRODO DE ABLACION (16) PORTA ELEMENTOS SENSIBLES A LA TEMPERATURA (94) PARA MEDIR LA TEMPERATURA DEL TEJIDO QUE VA A SER ELIMINADO.UN ELEMENTO AISLANTE TERMICO (88)ASOCIADO A LOS BLOQUES DE ELEMENTOS SENSIBLES TRANSFIERE LA ENERGIA CALORIFICA ENTRE EL ELEMENTO (94) Y EL ELECTRODO. EL ELEMENTO (94) MIDE LA TEMPERATURA SIN SER AFECTADO POR LA MASA TERMICA DE ELECTRODOS QUE LE RODEA.
Description
Electrodo para ablación que comprende detectores
de temperatura aislados.
La invención se refiere a electrodos de ablación
para catéteres de ablación que, una vez guiados y maniobrados
dentro de regiones interiores del cuerpo, transmiten energía para
producir lesiones con fines terapéuticos.
Los médicos hacen uso de catéteres hoy en día en
procedimientos médicos para obtener acceso dentro de regiones
interiores del cuerpo para hacer la ablación de zonas de tejidos
deseadas. Es importante que el médico controle con cuidado y
precisión la emisión de energía dentro del cuerpo utilizada para la
ablación del tejido.
La necesidad de un control cuidadoso y preciso
del catéter es especialmente crítica durante procedimientos que
hacen la ablación del tejido dentro del corazón. Estos
procedimientos, llamados terapia electrofisiológica, se están
extendiendo cada vez más para tratar trastornos del ritmo
cardíaco.
Durante estos procedimientos, un médico guía un
catéter a través de una vena o arteria principal (que es típicamente
la arteria femoral) dentro de la región interior del corazón que
debe ser tratada. Después, el médico maniobra además un mecanismo de
guía para colocar el electrodo de ablación que lleva la punta distal
del catéter en contacto directo con el tejido que debe sufrir la
ablación, y dirige energía de radiofrecuencia desde la punta del
electrodo de ablación a través del tejido hasta un electrodo
indiferente para hacer la ablación del tejido y producir una
lesión.
La ablación cardíaca exige en especial la
capacidad de supervisar y controlar con precisión la emisión de
energía por el electrodo de ablación.
La DE-A-3838840
describe un dispositivo de coagulación para su inserción en un
tejido y que tiene sensores de temperatura metidos en arena de
cuarzo encerrada en una envoltura de acero inoxidable calentada por
energía de alta frecuencia, estando separados los sensores del
tejido por la envoltura y la arena y aislados térmicamente del
tejido por la arena. La US-A-4960109
describe un sensor de temperatura cubierto por un material con un
coeficiente de absorción de ultrasonidos conocido.
La presente invención proporciona un electrodo de
ablación para transmitir energía con el fin de hacer la ablación de
tejido dentro del corazón, incluyendo el electrodo (a) un cuerpo
emisor de energía para ponerse en contacto con el tejido y para la
conexión a una fuente de energía con el fin de transmitir energía
desde esa fuente para hacer la ablación del tejido, y (b) un medio
de captación de la temperatura; caracterizado por
estar dispuesto dicho medio de captación de la
temperatura en dicho cuerpo y para hacer contacto con el tejido que
está sufriendo la ablación con el fin de captar la temperatura de
dicho tejido, y
un medio de aislamiento térmico entre dicho medio
de captación y dicho cuerpo y efectivo para bloquear
sustancialmente la transferencia de energía térmica entre dicho
medio de captación y dicho cuerpo durante la ablación del tejido del
corazón por dicho electrodo.
El medio de captación de la temperatura y el
medio de aislamiento térmico pueden estar en un pozo en el
electrodo.
La invención proporciona electrodos de ablación y
aparatos asociados que han mejorado las posibilidades de captación
de la temperatura del tejido. Las mejores posibilidades de
captación de la temperatura pueden ser utilizadas para mejorar las
funciones de control de los aparatos basadas en la temperatura del
tejido.
En una realización, el electrodo de ablación
lleva varios medios de captación de la temperatura y por lo menos
un medio de captación de la temperatura, y preferentemente cada uno
de ellos, está aislado térmicamente.
El medio de captación de la temperatura aislado
térmicamente capta la temperatura real del tejido, sin verse
afectado por la masa térmica circundante del electrodo.
El electrodo de ablación de acuerdo con la
invención puede ser utilizado en aparatos de ablación que incluyen
un generador de radiofrecuencia conectado al electrodo para
suministrar energía de radiofrecuencia al cuerpo, y un medio de
supervisión de la temperatura para controlar el generador en
respuesta a la temperatura del tejido captada y a cambios en la
temperatura del tejido captada. Preferentemente el medio de
supervisión de la temperatura, en respuesta a cambios en la
temperatura del tejido captada, genera señales que aumentan o
disminuyen la salida de potencia del generador para mantener la
temperatura del tejido captada dentro de una gama prefijada y/o
genera una señal para interrumpir la salida de potencia del
generador cuando la temperatura del tejido captada se sale de una
gama prefijada. El medio de supervisión de la temperatura puede
incluir un medio para indicar los valores de la temperatura del
tejido.
En los dibujos adjuntos, se muestran electrodos
de ablación de tejido de acuerdo con la invención en las Figuras 6
a 8, mientras que las Figuras 1 a 5 muestran características de
aparatos de ablación de tejido en los que pueden utilizarse
electrodos de ablación de tejido de acuerdo con la invención.
La Figura 1 es una vista en perspectiva de un
aparato de ablación de tejido que incorpora un electrodo de
ablación de acuerdo con la invención;
la Figura 2 es una vista esquemática de los
circuitos del generador y de supervisión y control asociados para
el aparato;
la Figura 3 es una vista esquemática del circuito
de supervisión y control de la potencia para el aparato;
la Figura 4 es una vista esquemática del circuito
de supervisión y control de la impedancia del tejido para el
aparato;
las Figuras 5A y 5B muestran esquemáticamente el
circuito de supervisión y control de la temperatura del tejido para
el aparato;
las Figuras 6A a 6C son vistas de un electrodo de
ablación de acuerdo con la invención que puede ser utilizado en el
aparato de las Figuras 1 a 5;
las Figuras 7A a 7C son vistas de otro electrodo
de ablación de acuerdo con la invención, con varios medios de
captación de la temperatura aislados térmicamente, que puede ser
utilizado en el aparato de las Figuras 1 a 5; y
las Figuras 8A a 8C son vistas de un electrodo de
ablación más de acuerdo con la invención, en una forma especial
para su uso en regiones de las válvulas del corazón y que tiene
varios medios de captación de la temperatura aislados térmicamente,
que puede ser utilizado en el aparato de las Figuras 1 a 5.
En la Figura 1 el aparato 10 para realizar una
ablación en tejido humano incluye un generador de radiofrecuencia
12 que suministra energía de radiofrecuencia. El aparato 10 incluye
también un catéter guiable 14 que lleva un electrodo de ablación
emisor de radiofrecuencia 16 de acuerdo con la invención.
En la realización ilustrada, el aparato 10
trabaja en un modo monopolar. En esta disposición incluye un
electrodo de parche para la piel que sirve como segundo electrodo
indiferente 18. Durante el uso, el electrodo indiferente 18 se fija
a la espalda del paciente u otra zona exterior de la piel.
Alternativamente, puede hacerse funcionar el
aparato 10 en un modo bipolar. En este modo el catéter 14 lleva
ambos electrodos.
En la realización ilustrada el electrodo de
ablación 16 y el electrodo indiferente 18 están hechos de
platino.
Al utilizar el aparato 10 para proporcionar
terapia de ablación cardíaca, un médico guía el catéter 14 a través
de una vena o arteria principal (típicamente la arteria femoral)
adentro de la región interior del corazón que debe ser tratada.
Después, el médico maniobra además el catéter 14 para colocar el
electrodo de ablación 16 en contacto con el tejido dentro del
corazón que se desea que sufra la ablación, y dirige la energía de
radiofrecuencia del generador 12 al electrodo de ablación 16 para
producir una lesión en el tejido de contacto.
En la realización que se muestra en la Figura 1,
el catéter 14 incluye un mango 20, un tubo de guía 22 y una punta 24
que lleva el electrodo de ablación 16. El mango encierra un
mecanismo de guía 26 para la punta del catéter 24. Un cable 28 que
se extiende desde la parte posterior del mango 20 tiene unos
conectores (que no se muestran). Los conectores conectan el catéter
14 al generador 12 para llevar energía de radiofrecuencia al
electrodo de ablación 16. La radiofrecuencia calienta el tejido
para producir la lesión.
Unos hilos de guía izquierdo y derecho (que no se
muestran) se extienden a través del tubo de guía 22 para
interconectar el mecanismo de guía 26 con los lados izquierdo y
derecho de la punta 24. El giro del mecanismo de guía 26 a la
izquierda tira del hilo de guía izquierdo, haciendo que la punta 24
se doble a la izquierda. Igualmente, el giro del mecanismo de guía
26 a la derecha tira del hilo de guía derecho, haciendo que la
punta 24 se doble a la derecha. De esta manera, el médico guía el
electrodo de ablación 16 para ponerlo en contacto con el tejido que
debe sufrir la ablación.
El generador 12 incluye una fuente de energía de
radiofrecuencia 30 conectada a través de un transformador de
aislamiento principal 32 a una primera y una segunda líneas
conductoras 34 y 36.
En el entorno ilustrado la fuente de energía 30
suministra hasta 50 vatios de potencia a una frecuencia de 500 kHz.
La primera línea conductora 34 lleva al electrodo de ablación 16.
La segunda línea conductora 36 lleva al electrodo de parche
indiferente 18.
En el electrodo de ablación de acuerdo con la
invención mostrado en las Figuras 6A a 6C, el medio de captación de
la temperatura 84 está incluido en el electrodo de ablación 16; y,
como muestra la Figura 5, el aparato 10 incluye un medio de
supervisión de la temperatura 82 con un medio de control 86 para el
generador 12 que es sensible a la temperatura del tejido captada
para realizar funciones de control del generador.
El medio de aislamiento térmico 88 aísla
térmicamente el medio de captación de la temperatura 84 de la masa
térmica del electrodo de ablación 16. Así, el medio de captación de
la temperatura 84 no aumenta ni sirve como una parte de la masa
térmica del electrodo de ablación 16. Sirve para mostrar la
temperatura real del tejido con el que está en contacto sin
aumentar la masa térmica del electrodo de ablación 16 y sin ser
influido por la temperatura de la masa térmica circundante del
electrodo de ablación 16.
En la realización ilustrada en las Figuras 6A a
C, el electrodo de ablación 16 incluye un pozo interior 90 en su
extremo de la punta 92. El medio de captación de la temperatura 84
ocupa este pozo.
En esta disposición, el medio de aislamiento
térmico 88 aísla el medio de captación de la temperatura 84 de la
superficie interior del pozo 90 y del resto de la masa térmica del
electrodo de ablación 16.
En las Figuras 6A a C el medio de captación de la
temperatura 84 incluye un pequeño termistor de perla 94 con dos
hilos conductores asociados 96 y 98. La punta de captación de la
temperatura del termistor 94 está descubierta en el extremo de la
punta 92 del electrodo de ablación 16 para el contacto con el
tejido.
El medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82
incluye un medio para calibrar el termistor 94 con el fin de tener
en cuenta las desviaciones de la resistencia nominal entre
diferentes termistores 94. Durante la fabricación del catéter 10, se
mide la resistencia del termistor 94 a una temperatura conocida,
por ejemplo 75 grados C. En el mango 20 del catéter se incorpora
una resistencia de calibración igual al valor medido. Los
conductores de la resistencia de calibración se conectan al medio de
supervisión de la temperatura 82.
El termistor 94 del tipo mostrado puede obtenerse
comercialmente de la Fanwal Co. (Massachusetts) con la designación
comercial 111-202CAK-BD1. Los hilos
conductores 96 y 98 comprenden hilo de señalización de calibre 36
AWG de Cu+acero chapado (aislamiento fuerte).
Un compuesto embebedor 100 encapsula el termistor
94 y los hilos conductores 96 y 98 dentro del pozo del electrodo.
Las fundas aislantes 102 protegen también los hilos conductores
encapsulados 96 y 98. Juntos, el compuesto 100 y las fundas 102
aíslan eléctricamente el termistor 94 del electrodo de ablación
circundante 16.
El compuesto embebedor 100 y las fundas de
aislamiento 102 pueden hacerse de diversos materiales. En la
realización ilustrada, se utiliza pegamento loctite como compuesto
embebedor 100, aunque podrían utilizarse pegamento de cianocrilato o
pegamento RTV y similares. Las fundas 102 están hechas de material
poliimídico, aunque pueden usarse también otros materiales aislantes
de la electricidad tradicionales.
En la realización ilustrada, el medio de
aislamiento térmico 88 comprende un tubo 104 que encierra el
termistor encapsulado 94 y los hilos conductores 96 y 98. El propio
tubo de aislamiento térmico 104 es pegamento adherido a la pared
interior del pozo 90.
El material aislante térmico del tubo 104 puede
variar. En la realización ilustrada es un material polimídico con
un espesor de pared de aproximadamente 0,076 mm (0,003 pulgadas).
Podrían utilizarse otros materiales aislantes térmicos como mylar o
kapton.
Los hilos conductores 96 y 98 para el termistor
94 se extienden desde el pozo del electrodo 90 a través del tubo de
guía 22 y al interior del mango del catéter 20. Allí, los hilos
conductores 96 y 98 se acoplan eléctricamente al cable 28 que se
extiende desde el mango 20. Un conector del cable (que no se
muestra) lo conecta al generador 12 y transmite la señal de
temperatura desde el termistor 94 al medio de supervisión de la
temperatura 82.
Las Figuras 7A a C muestran una realización
alternativa de un electrodo de ablación 16 que tiene un conjunto de
medios de captación de la temperatura 84. Por lo menos un medio de
captación de la temperatura 84, y preferentemente todos ellos,
están aislados térmicamente del electrodo de ablación 16 de la
manera que se muestra en las Figuras 6A a C.
Como muestran las Figuras 7A a C, el electrodo de
ablación 16 en la versión de conjunto múltiple incluye un pozo
principal interior 106. Cinco pozos derivados 108A a E se extienden
desde el pozo principal 106. Los pozos derivados 108A a E se abren
en la superficie del electrodo de ablación 16. Un pozo derivado 108A
se abre en la punta del electrodo de ablación 16, como el medio de
captación de la temperatura único 84 que se muestra en las Figuras
6A a C. Los otros cuatro pozos derivados 108B a E se extienden en
un ángulo desde el pozo principal 106 a intervalos arqueados de 45
grados. Los cuatro pozos derivados 108B a E se abren en el lateral
del electrodo de ablación 16 y rodean el pozo derivado de la punta
100A.
Un medio de captación de la temperatura 84 ocupa
cada pozo derivado 108A a E. En la realización ilustrada y preferida
un medio aislante térmico 88 aísla cada medio de captación de la
temperatura 84 de la superficie interior del pozo derivado 108A a E
asociado y de la masa térmica restante del electrodo de ablación
16.
Como en la realización mostrada en las Figuras 6A
a C, cada medio de captación de la temperatura 84 incluye un pequeño
termistor de perla 94 con dos hilos conductores 96 y 98 asociados.
Las puntas de captación de la temperatura de los termistores 94
están descubiertas en la punta del electrodo de ablación 16 para
contacto múltiple con el tejido. Los hilos conductores 96 y 98
asociados forman un haz dentro del pozo principal central 106 y
pasan a través del tubo de guía 22 al mango 20.
Como en la realización mostrada en las Figuras 6A
a C, el compuesto embebedor 100 encapsula cada termistor 94 y sus
hilos conductores 96 y 98 dentro del pozo derivado asociado. Las
fundas aislantes 102 protegen también los hilos conductores
encapsulados 96 y 98. Juntos, el compuesto 100 y las fundas 102
aíslan eléctricamente a cada termistor 94 del electrodo de ablación
circundante 16.
Como en la realización mostrada en las Figuras 6A
a C, un tubo de aislamiento térmico 104 encierra cada termistor
encapsulado eléctricamente 94 y sus hilos conductores 96 y 98. Y,
como en la realización de las Figuras 6A a C, un pegamento une cada
tubo de aislamiento térmico 104 a la pared interior de cada pozo
derivado 108A a E.
Las Figuras 8A a C muestran otra realización
alternativa de un electrodo de ablación 16 que tiene varios medios
de captación de la temperatura 84.
En la disposición mostrada en las Figuras 8A a C,
el electrodo de ablación 16 incluye una región de electrodo
delantera 110 y una región de electrodo trasera 112. La región de
electrodo delantera 110 y la región de electrodo trasera 112 tienen
generalmente forma esférica.
Un manguito de aislamiento eléctrico y térmico
114 separa la región de electrodo delantera 110 y la región de
electrodo trasera 112. El manguito 114 tiene generalmente forma
cilíndrica. La forma de "cacahuete" resultante está bien
adaptada a su uso dentro de las regiones de las válvulas del
corazón.
En la realización ilustrada, la región de
electrodo delantera 110 y la región de electrodo trasera 112 están
hechas de platino. El manguito 114 está hecho de un material
polisulfónico.
Varios medios de captación de la temperatura 84
ocupan la superficie de cada región de electrodo delantera y trasera
110 y 112. Por lo menos un medio de captación de la temperatura 84,
y preferentemente todos, están aislados térmicamente del resto del
cuerpo circundante de la región de electrodo asociada 110 y 112.
Cada región de electrodo 110 y 112 incluye un
pozo principal interior 116 y pozos derivados 118 que se abren en la
superficie de la región de electrodo asociada 110 y 112. Un medio
de captación de la temperatura 84 ocupa cada derivación del pozo.
En la realización ilustrada y preferida, un medio de aislamiento
térmico 88 aísla también cada medio de captación de la temperatura
84 de la superficie interior del pozo derivado asociado 116 y 118 y
del resto de la masa térmica de la región de electrodo 110 y
112.
Como en la realización mostrada en las Figuras 6A
a C, cada medio de captación de la temperatura 84 incluye un pequeño
termistor de perla 94 con dos hilos conductores asociados 96 y 98.
Las puntas de captación de la temperatura de los termistores 94
están descubiertas en la superficie de las regiones de electrodo
asociadas 110 y 112 para hacer contacto múltiple con el tejido. Los
hilos conductores asociados 96 y 98 forman un haz en el pozo
principal central 116, pasando a través del tubo de guía 22 al mango
20.
Como en las realizaciones anteriores, un
compuesto embebedor 100 encapsula cada termistor 94 y sus hilos
conductores 96 y 98 dentro del pozo derivado asociado 116 y 118.
Las fundas aislantes 102 protegen también los hilos conductores
encapsulados 96 y 98. Además, como en las realizaciones anteriores,
un tubo de aislamiento térmico 104 encierra cada termistor
encapsulado eléctricamente 94 y sus hilos conductores 96 y 98. Un
pegamento une el tubo de aislamiento térmico 104 a la pared interior
de cada pozo derivado 116 y 118.
El número y la disposición de posibles conjuntos
de múltiples medios de captación de la temperatura 84 pueden variar,
naturalmente, respecto a las configuraciones específicas mostradas
en las Figuras 6, 7 y 8. Por ejemplo, uno o más medios de captación
de la temperatura 84 pueden ocupar la región lateral del electrodo
de ablación 16, debajo de su punta. Los pozos derivados que
contienen los medios de captación de la temperatura 84 también
pueden extenderse desde el pozo central en diversos ángulos,
agudos, obtusos o perpendiculares. No todos los medios de captación
de la temperatura 84 necesitan estar térmicamente aislados del
electrodo 16, pero preferiblemente lo están.
Como muestra la Figura 5, el medio de supervisión
de la temperatura 82 puede realizar diferentes funciones de
visualización y control en respuesta a las condiciones de
temperatura captadas de acuerdo con diferentes criterios
prescritos.
El medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 no
sólo responde a la temperatura del tejido captada en términos
absolutos sino que sirve también para registrar cambios en la
temperatura del tejido a lo largo del tiempo y responder a esos
cambios también. El medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82
incluye una salida de control para cada medio de captación de la
temperatura 84 que lleva el electrodo de ablación asociado 16.
Los hilos conductores 96 y 98 para cada termistor
94 proporcionan la entrada para las salidas de control 120.
Alternativamente, cuando el electrodo de ablación 16 lleva varios
termistores 94, el número de hilos conductores 96 y 98 que
atraviesan el tubo de guía 92 puede minimizarse disponiendo un
circuito integrado dentro del medio de supervisión de la
temperatura 82 para multiplexar las señales de entrada de los
termistores 94. El medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 incluye
un convertidor para obtener una temperatura media para cada
conjunto de termistores 94 agrupados durante un período prescrito
por el usuario (que en la realización ilustrada es aproximadamente
una vez cada 0,01 segundos).
La realización mostrada en las Figuras 6A a C
incluye un termistor 94, de manera que la señal de entrada y la
media serán la misma.
La realización mostrada en las Figuras 7A a C
incluye un solo conjunto agrupado de cinco termistores 94 reunidos
en la punta del electrodo de ablación 16. Para este conjunto, el
convertidor suma las señales de entrada individuales y divide por
cinco.
La realización mostrada en las Figuras 8A a C
incluye dos conjuntos agrupados, uno que tiene cinco termistores 94
en la región de electrodo delantera 110, y otro que tiene cuatro
termistores 94 en la región de electrodo trasera 112. El
convertidor suma las señales de entrada para cada conjunto agrupado
y divide por el número asociado de termistores 94 de cada conjunto
agrupado para obtener una media para la región de electrodo
delantera 110 y una media separada para la región de electrodo
trasera 112.
El medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82
incluye un convertidor analógico-digital que
digitaliza la(s) media(s) de las temperaturas captadas
para el aparato 10. También digitaliza el valor de la resistencia
de calibración. El valor de la resistencia del termistor se divide
por el valor de la resistencia de calibración para obtener una
resistencia normalizada para el termistor 94. Este valor es la
entrada a una memoria de sólo lectura (ROM) 136 (ver la Figura 5B)
que contiene datos de la temperatura de los termistores
almacenados. La salida de la ROM 136 es la temperatura del tejido
medida real (en grados C), teniendo en cuenta las desviaciones de la
resistencia nominal del termistor 94.
Aunque no se muestra en los dibujos, las
realizaciones que tienen varios termistores 94 incluirían un número
igual de resistencias de calibración, una para cada termistor
94.
La salida o salidas digitales del convertidor
pueden utilizarse para visualizar los resultados de las mediciones.
En la realización ilustrada, el aparato 10 incluye una pantalla
digital 128 en el generador 12 que muestra al usuario la temperatura
captada media.
Si se utiliza el electrodo del tipo de
"cacahuete" mostrado en las Figuras 8A a C, el aparato 10
incluye una pantalla separada para cada una de las regiones de
electrodo delantera y trasera 110 y 112.
La salida o salidas digitales del convertidor
pueden utilizarse también para controlar el funcionamiento del
generador 12. Preferentemente, las señales de control de la
temperatura del medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 se
utilizan también para aumentar más la función de los medios de
supervisión de la potencia y de la impedancia 38 y 36 que se
describen más adelante.
En la realización ilustrada, el aparato 10
utiliza las salidas de temperatura digitalizadas en un bucle de
realimentación que mantiene la tensión de salida de radiofrecuencia
dentro de una gama deseada o en un valor constante para controlar
la potencia de radiofrecuencia en el electrodo de ablación 16.
Controlando la potencia suministrada por el generador 12 basándose
en la temperatura, el médico es capaz de controlar el tamaño de la
lesión generada.
Con este fin, el aparato 10 incluye una entrada
130 para que el usuario introduzca un valor de operación deseado
para la temperatura del tejido.
Si la temperatura del tejido se mantiene dentro
de una gama prefijada, pero se desvía una cantidad prescrita dentro
de la gama, el medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 genera una
señal de control que aumenta o reduce, pero no interrumpe, la
salida de potencia. Si sube la temperatura del tejido, la señal de
control reduce la salida de potencia. Si baja la temperatura del
tejido, la señal de control aumenta la salida de potencia. Si la
temperatura del tejido medida se sale de la gama prefijada, el
medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 genera una señal de mando
para cortar la energía al electrodo de ablación 16. Una gama fijada
representativa para la temperatura del tejido para ablación
cardíaca se cree que está entre aproximadamente 40 grados y 100
grados C.
Cuando la temperatura empieza en la gama fijada
y, a lo largo del tiempo, se sale de ella, la causa más probable es
la coagulación de la sangre en el electrodo de ablación 16, lo que
exige retirar y limpiar el electrodo de ablación 16. Un cambio
repentino en la temperatura del tejido fuera de la gama fijada
sugiere un desplazamiento en la posición del electrodo de ablación
16, lo que exige volver a posicionar el electrodo de ablación
16.
El aparato 10 incluye preferentemente lámparas
parpadeantes y una alarma audible (que no se muestran) para
transmitir un aviso al usuario cuando se dan estas situaciones
basadas en la temperatura.
Como muestran las Figuras 2 y 3, el aparato 10
incluye un medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 para medir la
corriente de radiofrecuencia y la tensión de radiofrecuencia
suministradas por el generador 12 al paciente. El medio de
supervisión de la potencia 38 deriva también señales de control
indicativas de la tensión eficaz (en voltios), la corriente eficaz
(en amperios) y la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase
(en vatios) para soportar otras funciones de control del generador
12.
El medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 puede
configurarse y construirse de diversas maneras. En la realización
ilustrada, incluye un medio de supervisión de la corriente 40 para
medir la corriente de radiofrecuencia que pasa desde la primera
línea 34 a través del tejido a la segunda línea 36 (es decir, desde
el electrodo de ablación 16 al electrodo de parche indiferente
18).
El medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 incluye
también un medio de supervisión de la tensión 42. El medio de
supervisión de la tensión 42 mide la tensión de radiofrecuencia
generada entre la primera y la segunda líneas conductoras 34 y 36
(es decir, entre el electrodo de ablación 16 y el electrodo de
parche indiferente 18).
El medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 incluye
tres salidas de control 44, 46 y 48.
La primera salida de control 44 lleva una señal
representativa de la corriente eficaz conducida por el electrodo de
ablación 16.
La segunda salida de control 46 lleva una señal
representativa de la tensión eficaz entre el electrodo de ablación
16 y el electrodo de parche indiferente 18.
La tercera salida de control 48 lleva una señal
representativa de la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de
fase transmitida por el electrodo de ablación 16.
En la realización ilustrada (como muestran las
Figuras 2 y 3), el medio de supervisión de la corriente 40 incluye
un transformador de detección de la corriente aislado 50 conectado
en la segunda línea conductora 36. En esta disposición, el
transformador de detección de la corriente 50 mide directamente la
corriente de radiofrecuencia que pasa por el electrodo de ablación
16 al electrodo de parche indiferente 18.
El valor medido es una señal de radiofrecuencia
que varía a la frecuencia seleccionada, que en la realización
ilustrada es 500 kHz.
El transformador de detección de la corriente 50
está conectado a la primera salida de control 44 que obtiene la
corriente eficaz. La primera salida de control 44 incluye un
convertidor de valor eficaz en circuito integrado 52 para hacer esta
función. El convertidor de corriente eficaz eleva al cuadrado
primero la señal de entrada de corriente de radiofrecuencia
procedente del transformador de detección de la corriente 50, y
luego toma la media de la señal elevada al cuadrado a lo largo de un
período prescrito por el usuario (que en la realización ilustrada
es de aproximadamente una vez cada 0,01 segundos). El convertidor
de corriente eficaz 52 toma entonces la raíz cuadrada del valor
cuadrado medio. La salida resultante representa al corriente
eficaz.
La señal de corriente eficaz toma la forma de una
señal que varía con relativa lentitud en comparación con la señal de
entrada de corriente de radiofrecuencia que varía rápidamente.
Como muestran las Figuras 2 y 3, el medio de
supervisión de la tensión 42 incluye un transformador de detección
de la tensión aislado 54 que está conectado entre la primera y la
segunda líneas conductoras. En esta disposición, el transformador
de detección de la tensión 54 mide directamente la tensión de
radiofrecuencia en el tejido corporal entre el electrodo de
ablación 16 y el electrodo de parche indiferente 18.
Como el valor medido por el transformador de
detección de la corriente 50, el valor de la tensión medida es una
señal de radiofrecuencia que varía a la frecuencia seleccionada de
500 kHz.
El transformador de detección de la tensión 54
está conectado a la segunda salida de control 46, que obtiene la
tensión eficaz. La segunda salida de control 46 incluye un
convertidor de valor eficaz en circuito integrado 56 para hacer esta
función. El convertidor de tensión eficaz 56 eleva al cuadrado la
señal de entrada de tensión de radiofrecuencia y después toma la
media a lo largo del mismo período prescrito por el usuario
utilizado por el convertidor de corriente 52. El convertidor de
tensión eficaz 56 toma entonces la raíz cuadrada del valor de
tensión cuadrado medio.
La señal de tensión eficaz resultante (como la
señal de corriente eficaz) toma la forma de una señal que varía con
relativa lentitud.
El transformador de detección de la tensión 54
está conectado también a la tercera salida de tensión 48, que
obtiene la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase. La
tercera salida de control 48 incluye un circuito integrado
multiplicador analógico 58 para hacer esta función. El circuito
multiplicador 58 recibe como una entrada la señal de corriente de
entrada de radiofrecuencia directamente del transformador de
detección de la corriente 50. El circuito multiplicador 58 recibe
también como segunda entrada la señal de tensión de entrada de
radiofrecuencia directamente del transformador de detección de la
tensión 54.
La salida del circuito multiplicador 58 es el
producto de estas dos entradas, que representa la potencia de
radiofrecuencia real transmitida por el electrodo de ablación
16.
El valor de la potencia es (como sus entradas
componentes de corriente y de tensión) una señal de radiofrecuencia
que varía a una frecuencia de radio relativamente alta.
La tercera salida de control 48 incluye también
un filtro de paso bajo 60. En la realización ilustrada, que trabaja
con una radiofrecuencia de 500 kHz, la frecuencia de corte del
filtro 60 seleccionada es de aproximadamente 100 Hz. El valor de la
potencia de entrada medido que varía rápidamente es filtrado con
paso bajo por el filtro 60 para obtener una señal que varía con
relativa lentitud.
Esta señal representa la señal de potencia real
sensible a las variaciones de fase de la energía de radiofrecuencia
que el electrodo de ablación 16 suministra al tejido deseado.
Cada una de la primera, la segunda y la tercera
salidas de control 44, 46 y 48 incluye circuitos escaladores en
línea apropiados 62. Los circuitos escaladores 62 escalan la señal
de corriente eficaz, la señal de tensión eficaz y la señal de
potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase a una gama de
tensiones especificada que puede ser utilizable por el resto de los
circuitos del generador 12. En la realización ilustrada, la gama
escalada es de 0,0 a 5,0 voltios.
El medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 incluye
también un convertidor analógico-digital 64. El
convertidor 64 digitaliza una o más señales analógicas seleccionadas
entre la señal de salida de corriente eficaz, la señal de salida de
tensión eficaz y la señal de potencia real sensible a las
variaciones de fase.
La salida o salidas digitales del convertidor 64
pueden utilizarse para visualizar los resultados de las mediciones.
En la realización ilustrada, el aparato 10 incluye una primera
pantalla digital 66 en el generador 12 para mostrar al usuario la
señal de potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase.
La salida o salidas digitales del convertidor 64
pueden utilizase también para controlar el funcionamiento del
generador 12. La realización ilustrada utiliza las salidas
digitalizadas en un bucle de realimentación que mantiene la tensión
de salida de radiofrecuencia dentro de una gama deseada o en un
valor constante para controlar la potencia de radiofrecuencia en el
electrodo de ablación 16. Controlando la potencia suministrada por
el generador 12, el médico puede producir lesiones con la
profundidad deseada de manera reproducible durante un procedimiento
de ablación.
En esta disposición, el aparato 10 incluye una
entrada 68 para que el usuario introduzca un valor de operación
deseado para la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase
para el generador 12. Incluye un medio de control de la potencia 70
que incluye un comparador 71 para comparar la potencia deseada con
la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de potencia. La salida
del comparador varía la tensión de salida de la fuente de energía
de radiofrecuencia 30 para mantener mínimo el error entre la
potencia real medida y la potencia de consigna fijada.
En la realización ilustrada, el medio de control
de la potencia 70 supervisa también las diferencias de fase entre la
tensión y la corriente de radiofrecuencia. El medio de control de
la potencia 70 hace esta función calculando la potencia aparente
comparando la potencia aparente calculada con la potencia real
sensible a las variaciones de fase. Si las señales de tensión y
corriente de radiofrecuencia están exactamente en fase, la potencia
aparente y la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase
serán la misma. Sin embargo, si hay una diferencia de fase, la
potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase diferirá de la
potencia aparente en un factor que representa el coseno del ángulo
de la fase.
En la realización ilustrada, el medio de control
de la potencia 70 incluye un circuito multiplicador 72 que obtiene
el producto de la corriente eficaz por la tensión eficaz. La salida
resultante del circuito multiplicador 72 constituye la potencia
aparente (es decir, no sensible a las variaciones de fase) del
sistema 10. El medio de control de la potencia 70 incluye un
comparador 74 para comparar la potencia aparente obtenida con la
potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase. La magnitud de la
salida del comparador 74 cuantifica la cantidad del desfasaje.
Si la salida del comparador de desfasaje 74
supera una cantidad preseleccionada, el medio de control de la
potencia 70 genera una señal de aviso para indicar que se ha
producido un desfasaje entre la tensión y la corriente de
radiofrecuencia. El aparato 10 puede incluir una lámpara
parpadeante y una alarma audible (que no se muestran) para avisar
al usuario.
El medio de control de la potencia 70 funciona
para mantener una potencia fijada constante cuando la salida del
comparador de desfasaje 74 se mantiene dentro de una gama
permisible por encima del valor de umbral. El medio de control de
potencia 70 funciona para reducir la tensión de salida de la fuente
30 cuando la salida del comparador de desfasaje 74 aumenta más allá
de esta gama. Si la salida del comparador de desfasaje 74 indica un
desfasaje más allá del valor umbral máximo, el medio de control de
potencia 70 genera una señal para cortar toda la energía al
electrodo de ablación 16.
Como muestra la Figura 4, el aparato 10 incluye
además un medio de supervisión de la impedancia 76 para obtener la
impedancia del tejido que sufre la ablación. El medio de
supervisión de la impedancia 76 obtiene la impedancia del tejido no
sólo en términos absolutos sino que también sirve para registrar
cambios en la impedancia del tejido a lo largo del tiempo.
El medio de supervisión de la impedancia 76
genera señales de control apropiadas basadas en los valores
absolutos observados de la impedancia del tejido así como en los
cambios captados de acuerdo con criterios preprogramados.
El medio de supervisión de la impedancia 76 puede
configurarse y construirse de diversas maneras. En la realización
ilustrada incluye un microprocesador 78. El microprocesador 78
muestrea las salidas digitalizadas del convertidor
analógico-digital 64 a intervalos prescritos (por
ejemplo, cada 20 milisegundos, lo que representa una frecuencia de
muestreo de 50 Hz).
El microprocesador 78 divide también la señal de
tensión eficaz digitalizada muestreada por la señal de corriente
eficaz digitalizada muestreada. El resultado digital es la
impedancia del tejido (en ohmios) para la muestra. Preferentemente,
el aparato 10 incluye una pantalla 80 en el generador 12 que indica
al usuario la impedancia del tejido muestreada.
El microprocesador 78 mantiene también un
registro de impedancias del tejido muestreadas a lo largo del
tiempo. A partir de este registro, el microprocesador 78 calcula
los cambios de impedancia del tejido durante un intervalo
seleccionado y genera señales de control apropiadas basándose en
criterios predeterminados.
Los criterios predeterminados con los que el
microprocesador 78 genera las señales de control basadas en la
impedancia del tejido pueden variar. Preferentemente, las señales
de control de la impedancia del tejido se utilizan para aumentar las
funciones de supervisión y control del medio de control de la
potencia 70 que se acaba de describir.
En la realización ilustrada, si la impedancia del
tejido medida se sale de una gama fija predeterminada, el
microprocesador 78 genera una señal de mando para cortar la energía
al electrodo de ablación 16, cualquiera que sea el nivel detectado
de la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase. La gama
fijada para la impedancia del tejido para un procedimiento de
ablación cardíaca se cree que está entre aproximadamente 50 y 300
ohmios.
Cuando la impedancia del tejido empieza en la
gama fijada y, a lo largo del tiempo, aumenta por encima de ella, la
causa más probable es la coagulación de la sangre en el electrodo
de ablación 16. Un aumento repentino de la impedancia del tejido en
la gama fijada sugiere el inicio repentino de la coagulación o un
desplazamiento repentino de la posición del electrodo de ablación
16. Fluctuaciones rápidas de la impedancia del tejido podrían
también sugerir un mal contacto entre el electrodo de ablación 16 y
el tejido deseado. Todo ello exige una pronta respuesta; por
ejemplo, la retirada y limpieza del electrodo de ablación 16 o el
cambio de posición del electrodo de ablación 16.
El aparato 10 incluye preferentemente lámparas
parpadeantes y una alarma audible (que no se muestran) para
transmitir un aviso al usuario cuando se producen estas
situaciones.
Un valor de la impedancia del tejido muy alto
podría sugerir un mal contacto de la piel con el electrodo
indiferente 18 o un problema eléctrico. También, esto exige una
pronta acción correctora.
Si la impedancia del tejido se mantiene dentro de
la gama fijada, pero aumenta más allá de un valor prescrito dentro
de la gama, el segundo medio de supervisión 76 genera una señal de
control que reduce, pero no interrumpe, la salida de potencia. En
esta disposición, puede establecerse una gama relativamente estrecha
de impedancias del tejido (por ejemplo, ¿50^{1}? a 150 ohmios)
para mantener la potencia constante relativamente dentro de esta
gama.
El aparato 10 descrito puede proporcionar un
control preciso del procedimiento de ablación. La supervisión y el
control de la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase
aseguran la distribución efectiva de radiofrecuencia al electrodo de
ablación 16. La supervisión y el control de la impedancia del
tejido y de la temperatura del tejido, bien por separado o bien en
combinación, fijan unos límites fisiológicos seguros en términos
del tamaño de la lesión y de la detección de la coagulación. La
supervisión y el control de la impedancia del tejido y/o de la
temperatura del tejido proporcionan también información relativa a
la orientación del electrodo de ablación 16.
Claims (10)
1. Un electrodo de ablación (16) para transmitir
energía para hacer la ablación de un tejido dentro del corazón,
incluyendo el electrodo (a) un cuerpo emisor de energía para ponerse
en contacto con el tejido y para la conexión a una fuente de
energía (12) para transmitir energía desde esa fuente (12) con el
fin de hacer la ablación del tejido, y (b) un medio de captación de
la temperatura; caracterizado por
estar dispuesto dicho medio de captación de la
temperatura (84) en dicho cuerpo y para hacer contacto con el
tejido que se está sometiendo a ablación para captar la temperatura
de dicho tejido, y
un medio de aislamiento térmico (88) entre dicho
medio de captación y dicho cuerpo y efectivo para bloquear
sustancialmente la transferencia de energía térmica entre dicho
medio de captación y dicho cuerpo durante la ablación del tejido del
corazón por dicho electrodo.
2. Un electrodo (16) según la reivindicación 1,
en el que dicho medio de captación de la temperatura (84) y dicho
medio de aislamiento térmico (88) están en un pozo (90) en dicho
cuerpo.
3. Un electrodo (16) según la reivindicación 1 ó
2, en el que dicho medio de aislamiento térmico (88) comprende un
tubo (104) formado con material aislante.
4. Un electrodo (16) según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, que incluye un aislador eléctrico
(100) entre dicho medio de captación de la temperatura (84) y dicho
medio de aislamiento térmico (88).
5. Un electrodo (16) según la reivindicación 4,
en el que dicho aislador eléctrico (100) comprende un compuesto
embebedor.
6. Un electrodo (16) según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que dicho medio de captación de
la temperatura (84) comprende un termistor (94).
7. Un electrodo (16) según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, que tiene varios de dichos medios de
captación de la temperatura (84) con dichos medios de aislamiento
térmico (88) entre dicho cuerpo y cada uno, o por lo menos uno, de
dichos medios de captación.
8. Un electrodo (16) según cualquiera de las
reivindicaciones anteriores, que tiene un generador de
radiofrecuencia (12) conectado a él para suministrar energía de
radiofrecuencia a dicho cuerpo, y un medio de supervisión de la
temperatura (82) para controlar el generador en respuesta a la
temperatura del tejido captada y a cambios en la temperatura del
tejido captada, incluyendo opcionalmente dicho medio de supervisión
(82) una entrada (130) para introducir la temperatura del tejido de
operación deseada.
9. Un electrodo (16) según la reivindicación 8,
en el que dicho medio de supervisión de la temperatura (82), en
respuesta a cambios en la temperatura del tejido captada, genera
señales que aumentan o disminuyen la salida de potencia del
generador para mantener la temperatura del tejido captada dentro de
una gama prefijada y/o genera una señal para interrumpir la salida
de potencia del generador cuando la temperatura del tejido captada
se sale de una gama prefijada.
10. Un electrodo (16) según la reivindicación 8 ó
9, en el que dicho medio de supervisión de la temperatura (82)
incluye un medio (128) para indicar los valores de la temperatura
del tejido.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US79057891A | 1991-11-08 | 1991-11-08 | |
US790578 | 1991-11-08 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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ES2201051T3 true ES2201051T3 (es) | 2004-03-16 |
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ID=25151131
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
ES92924320T Expired - Lifetime ES2201051T3 (es) | 1991-11-08 | 1992-11-05 | Electrodo para ablacion que comprende detectores de temperatura aislados. |
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US (3) | US5456682A (es) |
EP (1) | EP0566725B1 (es) |
JP (1) | JP3530528B2 (es) |
AT (1) | ATE241938T1 (es) |
AU (1) | AU3067292A (es) |
CA (1) | CA2106410C (es) |
DE (1) | DE69233091T2 (es) |
ES (1) | ES2201051T3 (es) |
WO (1) | WO1993008755A1 (es) |
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- 1992-11-05 EP EP92924320A patent/EP0566725B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-11-05 DE DE69233091T patent/DE69233091T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-11-05 AU AU30672/92A patent/AU3067292A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-11-05 CA CA002106410A patent/CA2106410C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-11-05 AT AT92924320T patent/ATE241938T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-11-05 WO PCT/US1992/009555 patent/WO1993008755A1/en active IP Right Grant
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US5897552A (en) | 1999-04-27 |
CA2106410C (en) | 2004-07-06 |
DE69233091T2 (de) | 2004-05-06 |
CA2106410A1 (en) | 1993-05-09 |
ATE241938T1 (de) | 2003-06-15 |
EP0566725A4 (en) | 1995-02-22 |
US5688266A (en) | 1997-11-18 |
WO1993008755A1 (en) | 1993-05-13 |
AU3067292A (en) | 1993-06-07 |
EP0566725A1 (en) | 1993-10-27 |
DE69233091D1 (de) | 2003-07-10 |
JP3530528B2 (ja) | 2004-05-24 |
EP0566725B1 (en) | 2003-06-04 |
US5456682A (en) | 1995-10-10 |
JPH08503381A (ja) | 1996-04-16 |
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