ES2201051T3 - Electrodo para ablacion que comprende detectores de temperatura aislados. - Google Patents

Electrodo para ablacion que comprende detectores de temperatura aislados.

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Publication number
ES2201051T3
ES2201051T3 ES92924320T ES92924320T ES2201051T3 ES 2201051 T3 ES2201051 T3 ES 2201051T3 ES 92924320 T ES92924320 T ES 92924320T ES 92924320 T ES92924320 T ES 92924320T ES 2201051 T3 ES2201051 T3 ES 2201051T3
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temperature
electrode
tissue
ablation
power
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Stuart D. Edwards
Roger A. Stern
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Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados
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Boston Scientific Ltd Barbados
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Abstract

UN ELECTRODO DE ABLACION (16) PORTA ELEMENTOS SENSIBLES A LA TEMPERATURA (94) PARA MEDIR LA TEMPERATURA DEL TEJIDO QUE VA A SER ELIMINADO.UN ELEMENTO AISLANTE TERMICO (88)ASOCIADO A LOS BLOQUES DE ELEMENTOS SENSIBLES TRANSFIERE LA ENERGIA CALORIFICA ENTRE EL ELEMENTO (94) Y EL ELECTRODO. EL ELEMENTO (94) MIDE LA TEMPERATURA SIN SER AFECTADO POR LA MASA TERMICA DE ELECTRODOS QUE LE RODEA.

Description

Electrodo para ablación que comprende detectores de temperatura aislados.
La invención se refiere a electrodos de ablación para catéteres de ablación que, una vez guiados y maniobrados dentro de regiones interiores del cuerpo, transmiten energía para producir lesiones con fines terapéuticos.
Los médicos hacen uso de catéteres hoy en día en procedimientos médicos para obtener acceso dentro de regiones interiores del cuerpo para hacer la ablación de zonas de tejidos deseadas. Es importante que el médico controle con cuidado y precisión la emisión de energía dentro del cuerpo utilizada para la ablación del tejido.
La necesidad de un control cuidadoso y preciso del catéter es especialmente crítica durante procedimientos que hacen la ablación del tejido dentro del corazón. Estos procedimientos, llamados terapia electrofisiológica, se están extendiendo cada vez más para tratar trastornos del ritmo cardíaco.
Durante estos procedimientos, un médico guía un catéter a través de una vena o arteria principal (que es típicamente la arteria femoral) dentro de la región interior del corazón que debe ser tratada. Después, el médico maniobra además un mecanismo de guía para colocar el electrodo de ablación que lleva la punta distal del catéter en contacto directo con el tejido que debe sufrir la ablación, y dirige energía de radiofrecuencia desde la punta del electrodo de ablación a través del tejido hasta un electrodo indiferente para hacer la ablación del tejido y producir una lesión.
La ablación cardíaca exige en especial la capacidad de supervisar y controlar con precisión la emisión de energía por el electrodo de ablación.
La DE-A-3838840 describe un dispositivo de coagulación para su inserción en un tejido y que tiene sensores de temperatura metidos en arena de cuarzo encerrada en una envoltura de acero inoxidable calentada por energía de alta frecuencia, estando separados los sensores del tejido por la envoltura y la arena y aislados térmicamente del tejido por la arena. La US-A-4960109 describe un sensor de temperatura cubierto por un material con un coeficiente de absorción de ultrasonidos conocido.
La presente invención proporciona un electrodo de ablación para transmitir energía con el fin de hacer la ablación de tejido dentro del corazón, incluyendo el electrodo (a) un cuerpo emisor de energía para ponerse en contacto con el tejido y para la conexión a una fuente de energía con el fin de transmitir energía desde esa fuente para hacer la ablación del tejido, y (b) un medio de captación de la temperatura; caracterizado por
estar dispuesto dicho medio de captación de la temperatura en dicho cuerpo y para hacer contacto con el tejido que está sufriendo la ablación con el fin de captar la temperatura de dicho tejido, y
un medio de aislamiento térmico entre dicho medio de captación y dicho cuerpo y efectivo para bloquear sustancialmente la transferencia de energía térmica entre dicho medio de captación y dicho cuerpo durante la ablación del tejido del corazón por dicho electrodo.
El medio de captación de la temperatura y el medio de aislamiento térmico pueden estar en un pozo en el electrodo.
La invención proporciona electrodos de ablación y aparatos asociados que han mejorado las posibilidades de captación de la temperatura del tejido. Las mejores posibilidades de captación de la temperatura pueden ser utilizadas para mejorar las funciones de control de los aparatos basadas en la temperatura del tejido.
En una realización, el electrodo de ablación lleva varios medios de captación de la temperatura y por lo menos un medio de captación de la temperatura, y preferentemente cada uno de ellos, está aislado térmicamente.
El medio de captación de la temperatura aislado térmicamente capta la temperatura real del tejido, sin verse afectado por la masa térmica circundante del electrodo.
El electrodo de ablación de acuerdo con la invención puede ser utilizado en aparatos de ablación que incluyen un generador de radiofrecuencia conectado al electrodo para suministrar energía de radiofrecuencia al cuerpo, y un medio de supervisión de la temperatura para controlar el generador en respuesta a la temperatura del tejido captada y a cambios en la temperatura del tejido captada. Preferentemente el medio de supervisión de la temperatura, en respuesta a cambios en la temperatura del tejido captada, genera señales que aumentan o disminuyen la salida de potencia del generador para mantener la temperatura del tejido captada dentro de una gama prefijada y/o genera una señal para interrumpir la salida de potencia del generador cuando la temperatura del tejido captada se sale de una gama prefijada. El medio de supervisión de la temperatura puede incluir un medio para indicar los valores de la temperatura del tejido.
En los dibujos adjuntos, se muestran electrodos de ablación de tejido de acuerdo con la invención en las Figuras 6 a 8, mientras que las Figuras 1 a 5 muestran características de aparatos de ablación de tejido en los que pueden utilizarse electrodos de ablación de tejido de acuerdo con la invención.
Breve descripción de los dibujos
La Figura 1 es una vista en perspectiva de un aparato de ablación de tejido que incorpora un electrodo de ablación de acuerdo con la invención;
la Figura 2 es una vista esquemática de los circuitos del generador y de supervisión y control asociados para el aparato;
la Figura 3 es una vista esquemática del circuito de supervisión y control de la potencia para el aparato;
la Figura 4 es una vista esquemática del circuito de supervisión y control de la impedancia del tejido para el aparato;
las Figuras 5A y 5B muestran esquemáticamente el circuito de supervisión y control de la temperatura del tejido para el aparato;
las Figuras 6A a 6C son vistas de un electrodo de ablación de acuerdo con la invención que puede ser utilizado en el aparato de las Figuras 1 a 5;
las Figuras 7A a 7C son vistas de otro electrodo de ablación de acuerdo con la invención, con varios medios de captación de la temperatura aislados térmicamente, que puede ser utilizado en el aparato de las Figuras 1 a 5; y
las Figuras 8A a 8C son vistas de un electrodo de ablación más de acuerdo con la invención, en una forma especial para su uso en regiones de las válvulas del corazón y que tiene varios medios de captación de la temperatura aislados térmicamente, que puede ser utilizado en el aparato de las Figuras 1 a 5.
Descripción de las realizaciones preferidas
En la Figura 1 el aparato 10 para realizar una ablación en tejido humano incluye un generador de radiofrecuencia 12 que suministra energía de radiofrecuencia. El aparato 10 incluye también un catéter guiable 14 que lleva un electrodo de ablación emisor de radiofrecuencia 16 de acuerdo con la invención.
En la realización ilustrada, el aparato 10 trabaja en un modo monopolar. En esta disposición incluye un electrodo de parche para la piel que sirve como segundo electrodo indiferente 18. Durante el uso, el electrodo indiferente 18 se fija a la espalda del paciente u otra zona exterior de la piel.
Alternativamente, puede hacerse funcionar el aparato 10 en un modo bipolar. En este modo el catéter 14 lleva ambos electrodos.
En la realización ilustrada el electrodo de ablación 16 y el electrodo indiferente 18 están hechos de platino.
Al utilizar el aparato 10 para proporcionar terapia de ablación cardíaca, un médico guía el catéter 14 a través de una vena o arteria principal (típicamente la arteria femoral) adentro de la región interior del corazón que debe ser tratada. Después, el médico maniobra además el catéter 14 para colocar el electrodo de ablación 16 en contacto con el tejido dentro del corazón que se desea que sufra la ablación, y dirige la energía de radiofrecuencia del generador 12 al electrodo de ablación 16 para producir una lesión en el tejido de contacto.
En la realización que se muestra en la Figura 1, el catéter 14 incluye un mango 20, un tubo de guía 22 y una punta 24 que lleva el electrodo de ablación 16. El mango encierra un mecanismo de guía 26 para la punta del catéter 24. Un cable 28 que se extiende desde la parte posterior del mango 20 tiene unos conectores (que no se muestran). Los conectores conectan el catéter 14 al generador 12 para llevar energía de radiofrecuencia al electrodo de ablación 16. La radiofrecuencia calienta el tejido para producir la lesión.
Unos hilos de guía izquierdo y derecho (que no se muestran) se extienden a través del tubo de guía 22 para interconectar el mecanismo de guía 26 con los lados izquierdo y derecho de la punta 24. El giro del mecanismo de guía 26 a la izquierda tira del hilo de guía izquierdo, haciendo que la punta 24 se doble a la izquierda. Igualmente, el giro del mecanismo de guía 26 a la derecha tira del hilo de guía derecho, haciendo que la punta 24 se doble a la derecha. De esta manera, el médico guía el electrodo de ablación 16 para ponerlo en contacto con el tejido que debe sufrir la ablación.
El generador 12 incluye una fuente de energía de radiofrecuencia 30 conectada a través de un transformador de aislamiento principal 32 a una primera y una segunda líneas conductoras 34 y 36.
En el entorno ilustrado la fuente de energía 30 suministra hasta 50 vatios de potencia a una frecuencia de 500 kHz. La primera línea conductora 34 lleva al electrodo de ablación 16. La segunda línea conductora 36 lleva al electrodo de parche indiferente 18.
En el electrodo de ablación de acuerdo con la invención mostrado en las Figuras 6A a 6C, el medio de captación de la temperatura 84 está incluido en el electrodo de ablación 16; y, como muestra la Figura 5, el aparato 10 incluye un medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 con un medio de control 86 para el generador 12 que es sensible a la temperatura del tejido captada para realizar funciones de control del generador.
El medio de aislamiento térmico 88 aísla térmicamente el medio de captación de la temperatura 84 de la masa térmica del electrodo de ablación 16. Así, el medio de captación de la temperatura 84 no aumenta ni sirve como una parte de la masa térmica del electrodo de ablación 16. Sirve para mostrar la temperatura real del tejido con el que está en contacto sin aumentar la masa térmica del electrodo de ablación 16 y sin ser influido por la temperatura de la masa térmica circundante del electrodo de ablación 16.
En la realización ilustrada en las Figuras 6A a C, el electrodo de ablación 16 incluye un pozo interior 90 en su extremo de la punta 92. El medio de captación de la temperatura 84 ocupa este pozo.
En esta disposición, el medio de aislamiento térmico 88 aísla el medio de captación de la temperatura 84 de la superficie interior del pozo 90 y del resto de la masa térmica del electrodo de ablación 16.
En las Figuras 6A a C el medio de captación de la temperatura 84 incluye un pequeño termistor de perla 94 con dos hilos conductores asociados 96 y 98. La punta de captación de la temperatura del termistor 94 está descubierta en el extremo de la punta 92 del electrodo de ablación 16 para el contacto con el tejido.
El medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 incluye un medio para calibrar el termistor 94 con el fin de tener en cuenta las desviaciones de la resistencia nominal entre diferentes termistores 94. Durante la fabricación del catéter 10, se mide la resistencia del termistor 94 a una temperatura conocida, por ejemplo 75 grados C. En el mango 20 del catéter se incorpora una resistencia de calibración igual al valor medido. Los conductores de la resistencia de calibración se conectan al medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82.
El termistor 94 del tipo mostrado puede obtenerse comercialmente de la Fanwal Co. (Massachusetts) con la designación comercial 111-202CAK-BD1. Los hilos conductores 96 y 98 comprenden hilo de señalización de calibre 36 AWG de Cu+acero chapado (aislamiento fuerte).
Un compuesto embebedor 100 encapsula el termistor 94 y los hilos conductores 96 y 98 dentro del pozo del electrodo. Las fundas aislantes 102 protegen también los hilos conductores encapsulados 96 y 98. Juntos, el compuesto 100 y las fundas 102 aíslan eléctricamente el termistor 94 del electrodo de ablación circundante 16.
El compuesto embebedor 100 y las fundas de aislamiento 102 pueden hacerse de diversos materiales. En la realización ilustrada, se utiliza pegamento loctite como compuesto embebedor 100, aunque podrían utilizarse pegamento de cianocrilato o pegamento RTV y similares. Las fundas 102 están hechas de material poliimídico, aunque pueden usarse también otros materiales aislantes de la electricidad tradicionales.
En la realización ilustrada, el medio de aislamiento térmico 88 comprende un tubo 104 que encierra el termistor encapsulado 94 y los hilos conductores 96 y 98. El propio tubo de aislamiento térmico 104 es pegamento adherido a la pared interior del pozo 90.
El material aislante térmico del tubo 104 puede variar. En la realización ilustrada es un material polimídico con un espesor de pared de aproximadamente 0,076 mm (0,003 pulgadas). Podrían utilizarse otros materiales aislantes térmicos como mylar o kapton.
Los hilos conductores 96 y 98 para el termistor 94 se extienden desde el pozo del electrodo 90 a través del tubo de guía 22 y al interior del mango del catéter 20. Allí, los hilos conductores 96 y 98 se acoplan eléctricamente al cable 28 que se extiende desde el mango 20. Un conector del cable (que no se muestra) lo conecta al generador 12 y transmite la señal de temperatura desde el termistor 94 al medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82.
Las Figuras 7A a C muestran una realización alternativa de un electrodo de ablación 16 que tiene un conjunto de medios de captación de la temperatura 84. Por lo menos un medio de captación de la temperatura 84, y preferentemente todos ellos, están aislados térmicamente del electrodo de ablación 16 de la manera que se muestra en las Figuras 6A a C.
Como muestran las Figuras 7A a C, el electrodo de ablación 16 en la versión de conjunto múltiple incluye un pozo principal interior 106. Cinco pozos derivados 108A a E se extienden desde el pozo principal 106. Los pozos derivados 108A a E se abren en la superficie del electrodo de ablación 16. Un pozo derivado 108A se abre en la punta del electrodo de ablación 16, como el medio de captación de la temperatura único 84 que se muestra en las Figuras 6A a C. Los otros cuatro pozos derivados 108B a E se extienden en un ángulo desde el pozo principal 106 a intervalos arqueados de 45 grados. Los cuatro pozos derivados 108B a E se abren en el lateral del electrodo de ablación 16 y rodean el pozo derivado de la punta 100A.
Un medio de captación de la temperatura 84 ocupa cada pozo derivado 108A a E. En la realización ilustrada y preferida un medio aislante térmico 88 aísla cada medio de captación de la temperatura 84 de la superficie interior del pozo derivado 108A a E asociado y de la masa térmica restante del electrodo de ablación 16.
Como en la realización mostrada en las Figuras 6A a C, cada medio de captación de la temperatura 84 incluye un pequeño termistor de perla 94 con dos hilos conductores 96 y 98 asociados. Las puntas de captación de la temperatura de los termistores 94 están descubiertas en la punta del electrodo de ablación 16 para contacto múltiple con el tejido. Los hilos conductores 96 y 98 asociados forman un haz dentro del pozo principal central 106 y pasan a través del tubo de guía 22 al mango 20.
Como en la realización mostrada en las Figuras 6A a C, el compuesto embebedor 100 encapsula cada termistor 94 y sus hilos conductores 96 y 98 dentro del pozo derivado asociado. Las fundas aislantes 102 protegen también los hilos conductores encapsulados 96 y 98. Juntos, el compuesto 100 y las fundas 102 aíslan eléctricamente a cada termistor 94 del electrodo de ablación circundante 16.
Como en la realización mostrada en las Figuras 6A a C, un tubo de aislamiento térmico 104 encierra cada termistor encapsulado eléctricamente 94 y sus hilos conductores 96 y 98. Y, como en la realización de las Figuras 6A a C, un pegamento une cada tubo de aislamiento térmico 104 a la pared interior de cada pozo derivado 108A a E.
Las Figuras 8A a C muestran otra realización alternativa de un electrodo de ablación 16 que tiene varios medios de captación de la temperatura 84.
En la disposición mostrada en las Figuras 8A a C, el electrodo de ablación 16 incluye una región de electrodo delantera 110 y una región de electrodo trasera 112. La región de electrodo delantera 110 y la región de electrodo trasera 112 tienen generalmente forma esférica.
Un manguito de aislamiento eléctrico y térmico 114 separa la región de electrodo delantera 110 y la región de electrodo trasera 112. El manguito 114 tiene generalmente forma cilíndrica. La forma de "cacahuete" resultante está bien adaptada a su uso dentro de las regiones de las válvulas del corazón.
En la realización ilustrada, la región de electrodo delantera 110 y la región de electrodo trasera 112 están hechas de platino. El manguito 114 está hecho de un material polisulfónico.
Varios medios de captación de la temperatura 84 ocupan la superficie de cada región de electrodo delantera y trasera 110 y 112. Por lo menos un medio de captación de la temperatura 84, y preferentemente todos, están aislados térmicamente del resto del cuerpo circundante de la región de electrodo asociada 110 y 112.
Cada región de electrodo 110 y 112 incluye un pozo principal interior 116 y pozos derivados 118 que se abren en la superficie de la región de electrodo asociada 110 y 112. Un medio de captación de la temperatura 84 ocupa cada derivación del pozo. En la realización ilustrada y preferida, un medio de aislamiento térmico 88 aísla también cada medio de captación de la temperatura 84 de la superficie interior del pozo derivado asociado 116 y 118 y del resto de la masa térmica de la región de electrodo 110 y 112.
Como en la realización mostrada en las Figuras 6A a C, cada medio de captación de la temperatura 84 incluye un pequeño termistor de perla 94 con dos hilos conductores asociados 96 y 98. Las puntas de captación de la temperatura de los termistores 94 están descubiertas en la superficie de las regiones de electrodo asociadas 110 y 112 para hacer contacto múltiple con el tejido. Los hilos conductores asociados 96 y 98 forman un haz en el pozo principal central 116, pasando a través del tubo de guía 22 al mango 20.
Como en las realizaciones anteriores, un compuesto embebedor 100 encapsula cada termistor 94 y sus hilos conductores 96 y 98 dentro del pozo derivado asociado 116 y 118. Las fundas aislantes 102 protegen también los hilos conductores encapsulados 96 y 98. Además, como en las realizaciones anteriores, un tubo de aislamiento térmico 104 encierra cada termistor encapsulado eléctricamente 94 y sus hilos conductores 96 y 98. Un pegamento une el tubo de aislamiento térmico 104 a la pared interior de cada pozo derivado 116 y 118.
El número y la disposición de posibles conjuntos de múltiples medios de captación de la temperatura 84 pueden variar, naturalmente, respecto a las configuraciones específicas mostradas en las Figuras 6, 7 y 8. Por ejemplo, uno o más medios de captación de la temperatura 84 pueden ocupar la región lateral del electrodo de ablación 16, debajo de su punta. Los pozos derivados que contienen los medios de captación de la temperatura 84 también pueden extenderse desde el pozo central en diversos ángulos, agudos, obtusos o perpendiculares. No todos los medios de captación de la temperatura 84 necesitan estar térmicamente aislados del electrodo 16, pero preferiblemente lo están.
Como muestra la Figura 5, el medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 puede realizar diferentes funciones de visualización y control en respuesta a las condiciones de temperatura captadas de acuerdo con diferentes criterios prescritos.
El medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 no sólo responde a la temperatura del tejido captada en términos absolutos sino que sirve también para registrar cambios en la temperatura del tejido a lo largo del tiempo y responder a esos cambios también. El medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 incluye una salida de control para cada medio de captación de la temperatura 84 que lleva el electrodo de ablación asociado 16.
Los hilos conductores 96 y 98 para cada termistor 94 proporcionan la entrada para las salidas de control 120. Alternativamente, cuando el electrodo de ablación 16 lleva varios termistores 94, el número de hilos conductores 96 y 98 que atraviesan el tubo de guía 92 puede minimizarse disponiendo un circuito integrado dentro del medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 para multiplexar las señales de entrada de los termistores 94. El medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 incluye un convertidor para obtener una temperatura media para cada conjunto de termistores 94 agrupados durante un período prescrito por el usuario (que en la realización ilustrada es aproximadamente una vez cada 0,01 segundos).
La realización mostrada en las Figuras 6A a C incluye un termistor 94, de manera que la señal de entrada y la media serán la misma.
La realización mostrada en las Figuras 7A a C incluye un solo conjunto agrupado de cinco termistores 94 reunidos en la punta del electrodo de ablación 16. Para este conjunto, el convertidor suma las señales de entrada individuales y divide por cinco.
La realización mostrada en las Figuras 8A a C incluye dos conjuntos agrupados, uno que tiene cinco termistores 94 en la región de electrodo delantera 110, y otro que tiene cuatro termistores 94 en la región de electrodo trasera 112. El convertidor suma las señales de entrada para cada conjunto agrupado y divide por el número asociado de termistores 94 de cada conjunto agrupado para obtener una media para la región de electrodo delantera 110 y una media separada para la región de electrodo trasera 112.
El medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 incluye un convertidor analógico-digital que digitaliza la(s) media(s) de las temperaturas captadas para el aparato 10. También digitaliza el valor de la resistencia de calibración. El valor de la resistencia del termistor se divide por el valor de la resistencia de calibración para obtener una resistencia normalizada para el termistor 94. Este valor es la entrada a una memoria de sólo lectura (ROM) 136 (ver la Figura 5B) que contiene datos de la temperatura de los termistores almacenados. La salida de la ROM 136 es la temperatura del tejido medida real (en grados C), teniendo en cuenta las desviaciones de la resistencia nominal del termistor 94.
Aunque no se muestra en los dibujos, las realizaciones que tienen varios termistores 94 incluirían un número igual de resistencias de calibración, una para cada termistor 94.
La salida o salidas digitales del convertidor pueden utilizarse para visualizar los resultados de las mediciones. En la realización ilustrada, el aparato 10 incluye una pantalla digital 128 en el generador 12 que muestra al usuario la temperatura captada media.
Si se utiliza el electrodo del tipo de "cacahuete" mostrado en las Figuras 8A a C, el aparato 10 incluye una pantalla separada para cada una de las regiones de electrodo delantera y trasera 110 y 112.
La salida o salidas digitales del convertidor pueden utilizarse también para controlar el funcionamiento del generador 12. Preferentemente, las señales de control de la temperatura del medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 se utilizan también para aumentar más la función de los medios de supervisión de la potencia y de la impedancia 38 y 36 que se describen más adelante.
En la realización ilustrada, el aparato 10 utiliza las salidas de temperatura digitalizadas en un bucle de realimentación que mantiene la tensión de salida de radiofrecuencia dentro de una gama deseada o en un valor constante para controlar la potencia de radiofrecuencia en el electrodo de ablación 16. Controlando la potencia suministrada por el generador 12 basándose en la temperatura, el médico es capaz de controlar el tamaño de la lesión generada.
Con este fin, el aparato 10 incluye una entrada 130 para que el usuario introduzca un valor de operación deseado para la temperatura del tejido.
Si la temperatura del tejido se mantiene dentro de una gama prefijada, pero se desvía una cantidad prescrita dentro de la gama, el medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 genera una señal de control que aumenta o reduce, pero no interrumpe, la salida de potencia. Si sube la temperatura del tejido, la señal de control reduce la salida de potencia. Si baja la temperatura del tejido, la señal de control aumenta la salida de potencia. Si la temperatura del tejido medida se sale de la gama prefijada, el medio de supervisión de la temperatura 82 genera una señal de mando para cortar la energía al electrodo de ablación 16. Una gama fijada representativa para la temperatura del tejido para ablación cardíaca se cree que está entre aproximadamente 40 grados y 100 grados C.
Cuando la temperatura empieza en la gama fijada y, a lo largo del tiempo, se sale de ella, la causa más probable es la coagulación de la sangre en el electrodo de ablación 16, lo que exige retirar y limpiar el electrodo de ablación 16. Un cambio repentino en la temperatura del tejido fuera de la gama fijada sugiere un desplazamiento en la posición del electrodo de ablación 16, lo que exige volver a posicionar el electrodo de ablación 16.
El aparato 10 incluye preferentemente lámparas parpadeantes y una alarma audible (que no se muestran) para transmitir un aviso al usuario cuando se dan estas situaciones basadas en la temperatura.
Como muestran las Figuras 2 y 3, el aparato 10 incluye un medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 para medir la corriente de radiofrecuencia y la tensión de radiofrecuencia suministradas por el generador 12 al paciente. El medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 deriva también señales de control indicativas de la tensión eficaz (en voltios), la corriente eficaz (en amperios) y la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase (en vatios) para soportar otras funciones de control del generador 12.
El medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 puede configurarse y construirse de diversas maneras. En la realización ilustrada, incluye un medio de supervisión de la corriente 40 para medir la corriente de radiofrecuencia que pasa desde la primera línea 34 a través del tejido a la segunda línea 36 (es decir, desde el electrodo de ablación 16 al electrodo de parche indiferente 18).
El medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 incluye también un medio de supervisión de la tensión 42. El medio de supervisión de la tensión 42 mide la tensión de radiofrecuencia generada entre la primera y la segunda líneas conductoras 34 y 36 (es decir, entre el electrodo de ablación 16 y el electrodo de parche indiferente 18).
El medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 incluye tres salidas de control 44, 46 y 48.
La primera salida de control 44 lleva una señal representativa de la corriente eficaz conducida por el electrodo de ablación 16.
La segunda salida de control 46 lleva una señal representativa de la tensión eficaz entre el electrodo de ablación 16 y el electrodo de parche indiferente 18.
La tercera salida de control 48 lleva una señal representativa de la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase transmitida por el electrodo de ablación 16.
En la realización ilustrada (como muestran las Figuras 2 y 3), el medio de supervisión de la corriente 40 incluye un transformador de detección de la corriente aislado 50 conectado en la segunda línea conductora 36. En esta disposición, el transformador de detección de la corriente 50 mide directamente la corriente de radiofrecuencia que pasa por el electrodo de ablación 16 al electrodo de parche indiferente 18.
El valor medido es una señal de radiofrecuencia que varía a la frecuencia seleccionada, que en la realización ilustrada es 500 kHz.
El transformador de detección de la corriente 50 está conectado a la primera salida de control 44 que obtiene la corriente eficaz. La primera salida de control 44 incluye un convertidor de valor eficaz en circuito integrado 52 para hacer esta función. El convertidor de corriente eficaz eleva al cuadrado primero la señal de entrada de corriente de radiofrecuencia procedente del transformador de detección de la corriente 50, y luego toma la media de la señal elevada al cuadrado a lo largo de un período prescrito por el usuario (que en la realización ilustrada es de aproximadamente una vez cada 0,01 segundos). El convertidor de corriente eficaz 52 toma entonces la raíz cuadrada del valor cuadrado medio. La salida resultante representa al corriente eficaz.
La señal de corriente eficaz toma la forma de una señal que varía con relativa lentitud en comparación con la señal de entrada de corriente de radiofrecuencia que varía rápidamente.
Como muestran las Figuras 2 y 3, el medio de supervisión de la tensión 42 incluye un transformador de detección de la tensión aislado 54 que está conectado entre la primera y la segunda líneas conductoras. En esta disposición, el transformador de detección de la tensión 54 mide directamente la tensión de radiofrecuencia en el tejido corporal entre el electrodo de ablación 16 y el electrodo de parche indiferente 18.
Como el valor medido por el transformador de detección de la corriente 50, el valor de la tensión medida es una señal de radiofrecuencia que varía a la frecuencia seleccionada de 500 kHz.
El transformador de detección de la tensión 54 está conectado a la segunda salida de control 46, que obtiene la tensión eficaz. La segunda salida de control 46 incluye un convertidor de valor eficaz en circuito integrado 56 para hacer esta función. El convertidor de tensión eficaz 56 eleva al cuadrado la señal de entrada de tensión de radiofrecuencia y después toma la media a lo largo del mismo período prescrito por el usuario utilizado por el convertidor de corriente 52. El convertidor de tensión eficaz 56 toma entonces la raíz cuadrada del valor de tensión cuadrado medio.
La señal de tensión eficaz resultante (como la señal de corriente eficaz) toma la forma de una señal que varía con relativa lentitud.
El transformador de detección de la tensión 54 está conectado también a la tercera salida de tensión 48, que obtiene la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase. La tercera salida de control 48 incluye un circuito integrado multiplicador analógico 58 para hacer esta función. El circuito multiplicador 58 recibe como una entrada la señal de corriente de entrada de radiofrecuencia directamente del transformador de detección de la corriente 50. El circuito multiplicador 58 recibe también como segunda entrada la señal de tensión de entrada de radiofrecuencia directamente del transformador de detección de la tensión 54.
La salida del circuito multiplicador 58 es el producto de estas dos entradas, que representa la potencia de radiofrecuencia real transmitida por el electrodo de ablación 16.
El valor de la potencia es (como sus entradas componentes de corriente y de tensión) una señal de radiofrecuencia que varía a una frecuencia de radio relativamente alta.
La tercera salida de control 48 incluye también un filtro de paso bajo 60. En la realización ilustrada, que trabaja con una radiofrecuencia de 500 kHz, la frecuencia de corte del filtro 60 seleccionada es de aproximadamente 100 Hz. El valor de la potencia de entrada medido que varía rápidamente es filtrado con paso bajo por el filtro 60 para obtener una señal que varía con relativa lentitud.
Esta señal representa la señal de potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase de la energía de radiofrecuencia que el electrodo de ablación 16 suministra al tejido deseado.
Cada una de la primera, la segunda y la tercera salidas de control 44, 46 y 48 incluye circuitos escaladores en línea apropiados 62. Los circuitos escaladores 62 escalan la señal de corriente eficaz, la señal de tensión eficaz y la señal de potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase a una gama de tensiones especificada que puede ser utilizable por el resto de los circuitos del generador 12. En la realización ilustrada, la gama escalada es de 0,0 a 5,0 voltios.
El medio de supervisión de la potencia 38 incluye también un convertidor analógico-digital 64. El convertidor 64 digitaliza una o más señales analógicas seleccionadas entre la señal de salida de corriente eficaz, la señal de salida de tensión eficaz y la señal de potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase.
La salida o salidas digitales del convertidor 64 pueden utilizarse para visualizar los resultados de las mediciones. En la realización ilustrada, el aparato 10 incluye una primera pantalla digital 66 en el generador 12 para mostrar al usuario la señal de potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase.
La salida o salidas digitales del convertidor 64 pueden utilizase también para controlar el funcionamiento del generador 12. La realización ilustrada utiliza las salidas digitalizadas en un bucle de realimentación que mantiene la tensión de salida de radiofrecuencia dentro de una gama deseada o en un valor constante para controlar la potencia de radiofrecuencia en el electrodo de ablación 16. Controlando la potencia suministrada por el generador 12, el médico puede producir lesiones con la profundidad deseada de manera reproducible durante un procedimiento de ablación.
En esta disposición, el aparato 10 incluye una entrada 68 para que el usuario introduzca un valor de operación deseado para la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase para el generador 12. Incluye un medio de control de la potencia 70 que incluye un comparador 71 para comparar la potencia deseada con la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de potencia. La salida del comparador varía la tensión de salida de la fuente de energía de radiofrecuencia 30 para mantener mínimo el error entre la potencia real medida y la potencia de consigna fijada.
En la realización ilustrada, el medio de control de la potencia 70 supervisa también las diferencias de fase entre la tensión y la corriente de radiofrecuencia. El medio de control de la potencia 70 hace esta función calculando la potencia aparente comparando la potencia aparente calculada con la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase. Si las señales de tensión y corriente de radiofrecuencia están exactamente en fase, la potencia aparente y la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase serán la misma. Sin embargo, si hay una diferencia de fase, la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase diferirá de la potencia aparente en un factor que representa el coseno del ángulo de la fase.
En la realización ilustrada, el medio de control de la potencia 70 incluye un circuito multiplicador 72 que obtiene el producto de la corriente eficaz por la tensión eficaz. La salida resultante del circuito multiplicador 72 constituye la potencia aparente (es decir, no sensible a las variaciones de fase) del sistema 10. El medio de control de la potencia 70 incluye un comparador 74 para comparar la potencia aparente obtenida con la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase. La magnitud de la salida del comparador 74 cuantifica la cantidad del desfasaje.
Si la salida del comparador de desfasaje 74 supera una cantidad preseleccionada, el medio de control de la potencia 70 genera una señal de aviso para indicar que se ha producido un desfasaje entre la tensión y la corriente de radiofrecuencia. El aparato 10 puede incluir una lámpara parpadeante y una alarma audible (que no se muestran) para avisar al usuario.
El medio de control de la potencia 70 funciona para mantener una potencia fijada constante cuando la salida del comparador de desfasaje 74 se mantiene dentro de una gama permisible por encima del valor de umbral. El medio de control de potencia 70 funciona para reducir la tensión de salida de la fuente 30 cuando la salida del comparador de desfasaje 74 aumenta más allá de esta gama. Si la salida del comparador de desfasaje 74 indica un desfasaje más allá del valor umbral máximo, el medio de control de potencia 70 genera una señal para cortar toda la energía al electrodo de ablación 16.
Como muestra la Figura 4, el aparato 10 incluye además un medio de supervisión de la impedancia 76 para obtener la impedancia del tejido que sufre la ablación. El medio de supervisión de la impedancia 76 obtiene la impedancia del tejido no sólo en términos absolutos sino que también sirve para registrar cambios en la impedancia del tejido a lo largo del tiempo.
El medio de supervisión de la impedancia 76 genera señales de control apropiadas basadas en los valores absolutos observados de la impedancia del tejido así como en los cambios captados de acuerdo con criterios preprogramados.
El medio de supervisión de la impedancia 76 puede configurarse y construirse de diversas maneras. En la realización ilustrada incluye un microprocesador 78. El microprocesador 78 muestrea las salidas digitalizadas del convertidor analógico-digital 64 a intervalos prescritos (por ejemplo, cada 20 milisegundos, lo que representa una frecuencia de muestreo de 50 Hz).
El microprocesador 78 divide también la señal de tensión eficaz digitalizada muestreada por la señal de corriente eficaz digitalizada muestreada. El resultado digital es la impedancia del tejido (en ohmios) para la muestra. Preferentemente, el aparato 10 incluye una pantalla 80 en el generador 12 que indica al usuario la impedancia del tejido muestreada.
El microprocesador 78 mantiene también un registro de impedancias del tejido muestreadas a lo largo del tiempo. A partir de este registro, el microprocesador 78 calcula los cambios de impedancia del tejido durante un intervalo seleccionado y genera señales de control apropiadas basándose en criterios predeterminados.
Los criterios predeterminados con los que el microprocesador 78 genera las señales de control basadas en la impedancia del tejido pueden variar. Preferentemente, las señales de control de la impedancia del tejido se utilizan para aumentar las funciones de supervisión y control del medio de control de la potencia 70 que se acaba de describir.
En la realización ilustrada, si la impedancia del tejido medida se sale de una gama fija predeterminada, el microprocesador 78 genera una señal de mando para cortar la energía al electrodo de ablación 16, cualquiera que sea el nivel detectado de la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase. La gama fijada para la impedancia del tejido para un procedimiento de ablación cardíaca se cree que está entre aproximadamente 50 y 300 ohmios.
Cuando la impedancia del tejido empieza en la gama fijada y, a lo largo del tiempo, aumenta por encima de ella, la causa más probable es la coagulación de la sangre en el electrodo de ablación 16. Un aumento repentino de la impedancia del tejido en la gama fijada sugiere el inicio repentino de la coagulación o un desplazamiento repentino de la posición del electrodo de ablación 16. Fluctuaciones rápidas de la impedancia del tejido podrían también sugerir un mal contacto entre el electrodo de ablación 16 y el tejido deseado. Todo ello exige una pronta respuesta; por ejemplo, la retirada y limpieza del electrodo de ablación 16 o el cambio de posición del electrodo de ablación 16.
El aparato 10 incluye preferentemente lámparas parpadeantes y una alarma audible (que no se muestran) para transmitir un aviso al usuario cuando se producen estas situaciones.
Un valor de la impedancia del tejido muy alto podría sugerir un mal contacto de la piel con el electrodo indiferente 18 o un problema eléctrico. También, esto exige una pronta acción correctora.
Si la impedancia del tejido se mantiene dentro de la gama fijada, pero aumenta más allá de un valor prescrito dentro de la gama, el segundo medio de supervisión 76 genera una señal de control que reduce, pero no interrumpe, la salida de potencia. En esta disposición, puede establecerse una gama relativamente estrecha de impedancias del tejido (por ejemplo, ¿50^{1}? a 150 ohmios) para mantener la potencia constante relativamente dentro de esta gama.
El aparato 10 descrito puede proporcionar un control preciso del procedimiento de ablación. La supervisión y el control de la potencia real sensible a las variaciones de fase aseguran la distribución efectiva de radiofrecuencia al electrodo de ablación 16. La supervisión y el control de la impedancia del tejido y de la temperatura del tejido, bien por separado o bien en combinación, fijan unos límites fisiológicos seguros en términos del tamaño de la lesión y de la detección de la coagulación. La supervisión y el control de la impedancia del tejido y/o de la temperatura del tejido proporcionan también información relativa a la orientación del electrodo de ablación 16.

Claims (10)

1. Un electrodo de ablación (16) para transmitir energía para hacer la ablación de un tejido dentro del corazón, incluyendo el electrodo (a) un cuerpo emisor de energía para ponerse en contacto con el tejido y para la conexión a una fuente de energía (12) para transmitir energía desde esa fuente (12) con el fin de hacer la ablación del tejido, y (b) un medio de captación de la temperatura; caracterizado por
estar dispuesto dicho medio de captación de la temperatura (84) en dicho cuerpo y para hacer contacto con el tejido que se está sometiendo a ablación para captar la temperatura de dicho tejido, y
un medio de aislamiento térmico (88) entre dicho medio de captación y dicho cuerpo y efectivo para bloquear sustancialmente la transferencia de energía térmica entre dicho medio de captación y dicho cuerpo durante la ablación del tejido del corazón por dicho electrodo.
2. Un electrodo (16) según la reivindicación 1, en el que dicho medio de captación de la temperatura (84) y dicho medio de aislamiento térmico (88) están en un pozo (90) en dicho cuerpo.
3. Un electrodo (16) según la reivindicación 1 ó 2, en el que dicho medio de aislamiento térmico (88) comprende un tubo (104) formado con material aislante.
4. Un electrodo (16) según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, que incluye un aislador eléctrico (100) entre dicho medio de captación de la temperatura (84) y dicho medio de aislamiento térmico (88).
5. Un electrodo (16) según la reivindicación 4, en el que dicho aislador eléctrico (100) comprende un compuesto embebedor.
6. Un electrodo (16) según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en el que dicho medio de captación de la temperatura (84) comprende un termistor (94).
7. Un electrodo (16) según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, que tiene varios de dichos medios de captación de la temperatura (84) con dichos medios de aislamiento térmico (88) entre dicho cuerpo y cada uno, o por lo menos uno, de dichos medios de captación.
8. Un electrodo (16) según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, que tiene un generador de radiofrecuencia (12) conectado a él para suministrar energía de radiofrecuencia a dicho cuerpo, y un medio de supervisión de la temperatura (82) para controlar el generador en respuesta a la temperatura del tejido captada y a cambios en la temperatura del tejido captada, incluyendo opcionalmente dicho medio de supervisión (82) una entrada (130) para introducir la temperatura del tejido de operación deseada.
9. Un electrodo (16) según la reivindicación 8, en el que dicho medio de supervisión de la temperatura (82), en respuesta a cambios en la temperatura del tejido captada, genera señales que aumentan o disminuyen la salida de potencia del generador para mantener la temperatura del tejido captada dentro de una gama prefijada y/o genera una señal para interrumpir la salida de potencia del generador cuando la temperatura del tejido captada se sale de una gama prefijada.
10. Un electrodo (16) según la reivindicación 8 ó 9, en el que dicho medio de supervisión de la temperatura (82) incluye un medio (128) para indicar los valores de la temperatura del tejido.
ES92924320T 1991-11-08 1992-11-05 Electrodo para ablacion que comprende detectores de temperatura aislados. Expired - Lifetime ES2201051T3 (es)

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DE69233091T2 (de) 2004-05-06
CA2106410A1 (en) 1993-05-09
ATE241938T1 (de) 2003-06-15
EP0566725A4 (en) 1995-02-22
US5688266A (en) 1997-11-18
WO1993008755A1 (en) 1993-05-13
AU3067292A (en) 1993-06-07
EP0566725A1 (en) 1993-10-27
DE69233091D1 (de) 2003-07-10
JP3530528B2 (ja) 2004-05-24
EP0566725B1 (en) 2003-06-04
US5456682A (en) 1995-10-10
JPH08503381A (ja) 1996-04-16

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