EP3686985A1 - Rechargeable battery with internal current limiter and interrupter - Google Patents

Rechargeable battery with internal current limiter and interrupter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3686985A1
EP3686985A1 EP20163980.4A EP20163980A EP3686985A1 EP 3686985 A1 EP3686985 A1 EP 3686985A1 EP 20163980 A EP20163980 A EP 20163980A EP 3686985 A1 EP3686985 A1 EP 3686985A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode
current
current collector
battery
layer
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EP20163980.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3686985B1 (en
Inventor
Jiang Fan
Dengguo Wu
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American Lithium Energy Corp
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American Lithium Energy Corp
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Priority claimed from US14/714,160 external-priority patent/US10396341B2/en
Application filed by American Lithium Energy Corp filed Critical American Lithium Energy Corp
Priority to EP24181108.2A priority Critical patent/EP4421974A2/en
Publication of EP3686985A1 publication Critical patent/EP3686985A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
    • H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
    • H01M50/578—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to pressure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/665—Composites
    • H01M4/667—Composites in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
    • H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
    • H01M50/574—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current
    • H01M50/581—Devices or arrangements for the interruption of current in response to temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M2010/4271—Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
    • H01M2200/10—Temperature sensitive devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2200/00—Safety devices for primary or secondary batteries
    • H01M2200/20—Pressure-sensitive devices
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to an internal current limiter or current interrupter used to protect a battery in the event of an internal short circuit or overcharge leads to thermal runaway.
  • a high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) battery with improved safety.
  • HEDR high energy density rechargeable
  • a lithium-ion battery is a rechargeable battery wherein lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
  • Lithium-ion batteries can be dangerous under some conditions and can pose a safety hazard.
  • the fire energy content (electrical + chemical) of lithium cobalt- oxide cells is about 100 to 150 kJ per A-h, most of it chemical. If overcharged or overheated, Li-ion batteries may suffer thermal runaway and cell rupture. In extreme cases this can lead to combustion. Also, short-circuiting the battery, either externally or internally, will cause the battery to overheat and possibly to catch fire.
  • the positive electrode half-reaction for the lithium cobalt battery is represented as follows: LiCoO 2 ⁇ Li 1- ⁇ CoO 2 + ⁇ Li + + ⁇ e -
  • the negative electrode half reaction is represented as follows: ⁇ Li + + ⁇ e - + ⁇ C 6 ⁇ ⁇ LiC 6
  • the cobalt electrode reaction is reversible limited to x ⁇ 0.5, limiting the depth of discharge allowable because of cycle life considerations and the stability of LiCoO 2 .
  • Overcharge leads to the synthesis of cobalt (IV) oxide, as follows: LiCoO 2 ⁇ Li + + CoO 2 + O 2 + e - LiCoO 2 will decompose into CoO 2 and release a large amount of heat and oxygen.
  • Thermal runaway is a positive feedback loop wherein an increase in temperature changes the system so as to cause further increases in temperature.
  • the excess heat can result from battery mismanagement, battery defect, accident, or other causes.
  • the excess heat generation often results from increased joule heating due to excessive internal current or from exothermic reactions between the positive and negative electrodes.
  • Excessive internal current can result from a variety of causes, but a lowering of the internal resistance due to separator short circuit caused by the factors such as conductive particles spearing through the separator is one possible cause. Heat resulting from a separator short circuit can cause a further breach within the separator, leading to a mixing of the reagents of the negative and positive electrodes and the generation of further heat due to the resultant exothermic reaction.
  • Lithium ion batteries employ a separator between the negative and positive electrodes to electrically separate the two electrodes from one another while allowing lithium ions to pass through.
  • the permeability of the separator to lithium ions enables the battery to close the circuit. Short circuiting the separator by providing a conductive path across it allows the battery to discharge rapidly. A short circuit across the separator can result from improper charging and discharging or cell manufacturing defects such as metal impurities and metal shard formation during electrode production.
  • improper charging can lead to the deposition of metallic lithium dendrites on the surface of the negative electrode and these dendrites grow to penetrate the separator through the nanopores so as to provide a conductive path for electrons from one electrode to the other.
  • improper discharge at or below 1.5V will cause copper dissolution which can ultimately lead to the formation of metallic copper dendrites on the surface of the negative electrode which can also grow to penetrate the separator through the nanopore.
  • the lower resistance of these conductive paths allows for rapid discharge and the generation of significant joule heat. Overheating and thermal runaway can result.
  • an improved high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) battery of a type including two electrodes of opposite polarity, each electrode characterized by its resistivity, by its safe operating temperature range, and its safe charging voltage; and a separator for separating the two electrodes and preventing internal discharge therebetween.
  • the HEDR battery includes at least one electrode employing a current collector for transferring electrons, with the separator being subject to a risk of forming a short circuit, the short circuit potentially allowing a rapid internal discharge between the two electrodes, the rapid internal discharge between the two electrodes potentially allowing a rapid production of joule heat therefrom, the rapid production of joule heat potentially allowing a thermal runaway.
  • the two electrodes can be subject to a risk of overcharge above the safe charging voltage and the formation of the short circuit therefrom and the two electrodes can be subject to a risk of thermal runaway above the safe operating temperature range.
  • the HEDR battery can include an improvement for slowing the rate of internal discharge resulting from the short circuit, for slowing the production of joule heat therefrom, and for reducing the risk of thermal runaway, the improvement includes: a current limiter forming an electrical coupling between one of the electrodes and its corresponding current collector, the current limiter having a resistivity for resistively impeding current therethrough and, in the event the separator forms the short circuit, for diverting current from the electrode current collector to which it is coupled, and for reducing the rate of the internal discharge between the two electrodes; and a current interrupter having an engaged configuration, an disengaged configuration, and a gas generating component for transitioning the current interrupter from the engaged to the unengaged configuration.
  • the gas generating component can have a trigger for generating a gas, the trigger being selected from the group consisting of temperature triggers and voltage triggers, and the temperature triggers can be activatable above the safe operating temperature range.
  • the voltage triggers can be activatable above the safe charging voltage in the engaged configuration, the current interrupter electrically coupling one of the electrodes and its corresponding current collector with a laminated connection, and in the disengaged configuration, the laminated connection becoming delaminated and the current interrupter forming a nonconductive gap for interrupting the electrical coupling between the electrode and its corresponding current collector.
  • the current interrupter transitions from the engaged to the disengaged configuration by triggering the gas generating component responsive to the trigger, the generated gas delaminating the laminated connection for interrupting the electrical coupling between the electrode and its corresponding current collector.
  • the current limiter and the current interrupter in combination, diminish the risk of thermal runaway resulting from separator short circuit, electrode overcharge, and electrode overheating.
  • the following features can be present in the improved high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) battery in any suitable combination.
  • the current limiter and the current interrupter can be simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the same electrode and current collector.
  • the HEDR battery can include two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, and the first electrode including a first portion and a second portion, the second portion of the first electrode interposed between the first portion of the first electrode and the first current collector, the improvement further characterized in which: the current limiter being layered between the first portion of the first electrode and the second portion of the first electrode; and the current interrupter being layered between the second portion of the first electrode and the first current collector.
  • the current limiter can be layered between the second portion of the first electrode and the first current collector, and the current interrupter can be layered between the first portion of the first electrode and the second portion of the first electrode.
  • the HEDR battery can have two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector and the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, and the current limiter can be layered between the first electrode and the first current collector; and the current interrupter can be layered between the second electrode and the second current collector.
  • each electrode can have a temperature range for safe operation and an internal resistivity therein, and the current limiter can have a resistivity greater than the internal resistivity of the electrode with which the current limiter is layered within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the current limiter can lack a resistivity transition switch at temperatures within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the HEDR battery can be such that each electrode has a temperature range for standard operation and the current limiter can have a resistivity transition with a resistivity less than the internal resistivity of the electrode within the temperature range for standard operation and a resistivity greater than the internal resistivity of the electrode above the temperature range for standard operation.
  • the HEDR battery can be such that each electrode has a temperature range for standard operation and the current interrupter can be activated by temperature above the temperature range for standard operation.
  • the HEDR battery can be of a type in which each electrode has a temperature range for standard operation and a temperature range for safe operation, an in which the current interrupter can be activated by temperature above the temperature range for standard operation and within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the HEDR battery can be such that each electrode has an internal resistivity within the temperature range for safe operation, in which the current limiter can have a resistivity greater than the internal resistivity of the electrode with which the current limiter is layered within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the current limiter and the current interrupter can be simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the same electrode and current collector.
  • the HEDR battery can be of a type in which each electrode has a voltage range for standard operation, and in which the current interrupter is activated by voltage above the voltage range for standard operation.
  • the HEDR battery can be of a type in which each electrode has a voltage range for standard operation and a voltage range for safe operation, and in which the current interrupter is activated by voltage above the voltage range for standard operation and within the voltage range for safe operation.
  • the current limiter and the current interrupter can be simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the same electrode and current collector.
  • an improved high energy density rechargeable battery of a type including two electrodes of opposite polarity, a separator separating the two electrodes, and at least one current collector electrically coupled to one of the electrodes, the separator preventing internal discharge between the two electrodes, failure of the separator potentially causing an internal discharge between the two electrodes, the internal discharge causing a generation of joule heat of potential danger, that includes a thermally activatable current interrupter and a voltage activatable current interrupter.
  • the thermally activatable current interrupter can be layered by lamination between one of the current collectors and one of the electrodes, the thermally activatable current interrupter, when unactivated, electrically coupling the current collector to the electrode with which it is layered, the current interrupter, when activated, delaminating from the current collector for forming a nonconductive gap for electrically decoupling the current collector from the electrode with which it had been layered, the electrical decoupling slowing the rate of internal discharge between the two electrodes in the event of separator failure.
  • the voltage activatable current interrupter can be layered by lamination between one of the current collectors and one of the electrodes, the voltage activatable current interrupter, when unactivated, electrically coupling the current collector to the electrode with which it is layered, the current interrupter, when activated, delaminating from the current collector for forming a nonconductive gap for electrically decoupling the current collector from the electrode with which it had been layered, the electrical decoupling slowing the rate of internal discharge between the two electrodes in the event of separator failure.
  • the activation of either the thermally activated current interrupter or voltage activated current interrupter in the event of separator failure can slow the generation joule heat for diminishing the potential danger.
  • a process for avoiding thermal runaway within a high energy density rechargeable battery undergoing internal discharge due to separator failure that includes delaminating an electrode within the battery from its current collector by generating a gas from a heat sensitive gas generating material within an interrupt layer interposed between the electrode and current collector, the delaminating electrically decoupling the electrode from its current collector for slowing the rate of internal discharge.
  • a high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) battery that includes an anode energy layer, a cathode energy layer, a separator between the anode energy layer and the cathode energy layer for preventing internal discharge thereof, at least one current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer, the anode and cathode energy layers each having an internal resistivity, the HEDR battery having a preferred temperature range for discharging electric current and an upper temperature safety limit; and a resistive layer interposed between the separator and one of the current collectors, the resistive layer configured to limit the rate of internal discharge through the separator in the event of separator failure and the generation of joule heat resulting therefrom, the resistive layer having a fixed resistivity at temperatures between the preferred temperature range and the upper temperature safety limit, the fixed resistivity of the resistive layer being greater than the internal resistivity of either energy layer, the resistive layer for avoiding temperatures in excess of the upper temperature safety limit in the event of
  • HEDR high energy density recharge
  • the resistive layer of the HEDR battery can be porous and include a ceramic powder defining an interstitial space, a binder for partially filling the interstitial space for binding the ceramic powder; and a conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting resistivity to the resistive layer, the interstitial space remaining partially unfilled for imparting porosity and permeability to the resistive layer.
  • the resistive layer can be compressed to reduce the unfilled interstitial space and increase the binding of the ceramic powder by the binder.
  • the resistive layer can include greater than 30 % ceramic powder by weight.
  • the resistive layer can include greater than 50 % ceramic powder by weight.
  • the resistive layer can include greater than 70 % ceramic powder by weight.
  • the resistive layer can include greater than 75 % ceramic powder by weight.
  • the resistive layer can include greater than 80 % ceramic powder by weight.
  • the resistive layer of the HEDR battery can be permeable to transport of ionic charge carriers.
  • the resistive layer can be non-porous and have a composition that includes a non-conductive filler, a binder for binding the non-conductive filler, and a conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting resistivity to the resistive layer.
  • the resistive layer can be impermeable to transport of ionic charge carriers.
  • the fixed resistivity of the resistive layer of the HEDR battery can be at least twice as great as the internal resistivity of either energy layer.
  • the fixed resistivity of the resistive layer can be at least five times as great as the internal resistivity of either energy layer.
  • the fixed resistivity of the resistive layer can be at least ten times as great as the internal resistivity of either energy layer.
  • the resistive layer can lack a transformation from solid phase to non-solid phase for transforming the resistivity of the resistive layer from low resistivity to high resistivity at temperatures between the maximum operating temperature and the upper temperature safety limit.
  • the resistive layer can be non-sacrificial at temperatures below the upper temperature safety limit.
  • the resistive layer can be sacrificial at temperatures above the upper temperature safety limit.
  • the resistive layer can include a ceramic powder that chemically decomposes above the upper temperature safety limit for evolving a fire retardant gas.
  • the resistive layer can include a ceramic powder that chemically decomposes above the upper temperature safety limit for evolving a gas for delaminating the current collector from the resistive layer.
  • the current collector can include an anode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the anode energy layer, wherein the resistive layer is interposed between the separator and the anode current collector.
  • the resistive layer can be interposed between the anode current collector and the anode energy layer.
  • the resistive layer can be interposed between the anode energy layer and the separator.
  • the anode energy layer of the HEDR battery can include a first anode energy layer, and a second anode energy layer interposed between the first anode energy and the separator, wherein the resistive layer is interposed between the first anode energy layer and the second anode energy layer.
  • the current collector can include a cathode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the cathode energy layer, wherein the resistive layer is interposed between the separator and the cathode current collector.
  • the resistive layer can be interposed between the cathode current collector and the cathode energy layer.
  • the resistive layer can be interposed between the cathode energy layer and the separator.
  • the cathode energy layer can include a first cathode energy layer, and a second cathode energy layer interposed between the first cathode energy and the separator, wherein the resistive layer is interposed between the first cathode energy layer and the second cathode energy layer.
  • the HEDR battery can include two current collectors that include an anode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the anode energy layer, and a cathode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the cathode energy layer in which the resistive layer comprises an anode resistive layer and a cathode resistive layer, the anode resistive layer interposed between the separator and the anode current collector, the cathode resistive layer interposed between the separator and the cathode current collector.
  • a method for limiting the rate of an internal discharge of energy layers resulting from a separator failure within a high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) battery the method that includes resisting the internal discharge with a resistive layer, the resistive layer being interposed between a separator and a current collector within the HEDR battery, the resistive layer having a fixed resistivity at temperatures between a preferred temperature range for discharging the energy layers and an upper temperature safety limit, the fixed resistivity of the resistive layer being greater than the internal resistivity of the energy layers.
  • HEDR high energy density rechargeable
  • a high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) metal-ion battery that includes an anode energy layer, a cathode energy layer, a separator for separating the anode energy layer from the cathode energy layer, at least one current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer, the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery having an upper temperature safety limit for avoiding thermal runaway, and an interrupt layer activatable for interrupting current within high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit, the interrupt layer interposed between the separator and one of the current collectors, the interrupt layer, when unactivated, being laminated between the separator and one of the current collectors for conducting current therethrough, the interrupt layer, when activated, being delaminated for interrupting current through the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery, the interrupt layer including a temperature sensitive decomposable component for decomposing upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit,
  • the interrupt layer can be porous.
  • the temperature sensitive decomposable component can include a ceramic powder.
  • the interrupt layer can have a composition comprising the ceramic powder, a binder, and a conductive component.
  • the ceramic powder can define an interstitial space.
  • the binder can partially fill the interstitial space for binding the ceramic powder.
  • the conductive component can be dispersed within the binder for imparting conductivity to the interrupt layer.
  • the interstitial space can remain partially unfilled for imparting porosity and permeability to the interrupt layer.
  • the interrupt layer can include greater than 30% ceramic powder by weight.
  • the interrupt layer can include greater than 50% ceramic powder by weight.
  • the interrupt layer can include greater than 70% ceramic powder by weight.
  • the interrupt layer can include greater than 75% ceramic powder by weight.
  • the interrupt layer can include greater than 80% ceramic powder by weight.
  • the interrupt layer can be permeable to transport of ionic charge carriers.
  • the interrupt layer can be non-porous and have a composition that includes a non-conductive filler, a binder for binding the non-conductive filler, and a conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting conductivity to the interrupt layer.
  • the interrupt layer can be impermeable to transport of ionic charge carriers.
  • the interrupt layer can be sacrificial at temperatures above the upper temperature safety limit.
  • the interrupt layer can include a ceramic powder that chemically decomposes above the upper temperature safety limit for evolving a fire retardant gas.
  • the current collector can include an anode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the anode energy layer, wherein the interrupt layer being interposed between the separator and the anode current collector.
  • the interrupt layer can be interposed between the anode current collector and the anode energy layer.
  • the interrupt layer can be interposed between the anode energy layer and the separator.
  • the anode energy layer of the HEDR battery can include a first anode energy layer; and a second anode energy layer interposed between the first anode energy and the separator, wherein the interrupt layer being interposed between the first anode energy layer and the second anode energy layer.
  • the current collector can include a cathode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the cathode energy layer, wherein the interrupt layer is interposed between the separator and the cathode current collector.
  • the interrupt layer can be interposed between the cathode current collector and the cathode energy layer.
  • the interrupt layer can be interposed between the cathode energy layer and the separator.
  • the cathode energy layer can include a first cathode energy layer and a second cathode energy layer interposed between the first cathode energy and the separator, wherein the interrupt layer is interposed between the first cathode energy layer and the second cathode energy layer.
  • the HEDR battery can further include two current collectors that include an anode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the anode energy layer and a cathode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the cathode energy layer, in which the interrupt layer includes an anode interrupt layer and a cathode interrupt layer, the anode interrupt layer interposed between the separator and the anode current collector, the cathode interrupt layer interposed between the separator and the cathode current collector.
  • a method for interrupting current within a high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery upon exposure to temperature at or above an upper temperature safety limit for avoiding thermal runaway that includes: raising the temperature of the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery above the upper temperature safety limit, and activating the interrupt layer for interrupting current through the high energy density metal-ion battery.
  • the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery can include: an anode energy layer; a cathode energy layer; a separator separating the anode energy layer from the cathode energy layer; a current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer; and an interrupt layer, the interrupt layer interposed between the separator and one of the current collectors, the interrupt layer, when unactivated, being laminated between the separator and one of the current collectors for conducting current therethrough, the interrupt layer, when activated, being delaminated for interrupting current through the lithium ion battery, the interrupt layer comprising a temperature sensitive decomposable component for decomposing upon exposure to temperature at or above the upper temperature safety limit, the temperature sensitive decomposable component for evolving a gas upon decomposition, the evolved gas for delaminating the interrupt layer for interrupting current through the high energy density metal-ion battery; whereby thermal runaway by the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery is avoided by interruption of current therethrough.
  • a high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) metal-ion battery that includes an anode energy layer, a cathode energy layer, a separator for separating the anode energy layer from the cathode energy layer, an anode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the anode energy layer, the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery being rechargeable and characterized by a maximum safe voltage for avoiding overcharge; and an interrupt layer activatable for interrupting current within the high energy density rechargeable battery upon exposure to voltage in excess of the maximum safe voltage, the interrupt layer sandwiched between the cathode energy layer and the cathode current collector, the interrupt layer, when unactivated, being laminated to the anode current collector for conducting current therethrough, the interrupt layer, when activated, being delaminated from the anode current collector for interrupting current therethrough, the interrupt layer including a voltage sensitive decomposable component for decomposing upon exposure to voltage in excess of the maximum safe voltage, the voltage sensitive decompos
  • the interrupt layer of the HEDR battery can be porous and have a composition that includes a ceramic powder defining an interstitial space; a binder for partially filling the interstitial space for binding the ceramic powder; and a conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting conductivity to the interrupt layer, the interstitial space remaining partially unfilled for imparting porosity and permeability to the interrupt layer.
  • the interrupt layer can be compacted for reducing the unfilled interstitial space and increasing the binding of the ceramic powder by the binder.
  • the interrupt layer can include greater than 30% ceramic powder by weight.
  • the interrupt layer can include greater than 50% ceramic powder by weight.
  • the interrupt layer can include greater than 70% ceramic powder by weight.
  • the interrupt layer can include greater than 75% ceramic powder by weight.
  • the interrupt layer can include greater than 80% ceramic powder by weight.
  • the interrupt layer can be permeable for transporting ionic charge carriers.
  • the interrupt layer of the HEDR battery can be non-porous and have a composition that includes a non-conductive filler; a binder for binding the non-conductive filler; and a conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting conductivity to the interrupt layer.
  • the interrupt layer can be impermeable to transport of ionic charge carriers.
  • the interrupt layer can be sacrificial at voltages above the maximum safe voltage for recharging.
  • the interrupt layer can include a ceramic powder that chemically decomposes above maximum safe voltage for evolving the gas.
  • the gas can be fire retardant.
  • a method for interrupting a recharging process for a high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery upon exposure to voltage at or above a maximum safe voltage for avoiding overcharge comprising an anode energy layer, a cathode energy layer, a separator between the anode energy layer and the cathode energy layer, and an anode current collector for transferring electrons to and from the anode energy layer.
  • the method includes overcharging the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery for increasing the voltage above the maximum safe voltage for recharging; and interrupting the overcharging by evolving a gas by decomposition of a voltage sensitive decomposable component within a interrupt layer laminated to the anode current collector, the evolved gas delaminating the interrupt layer from the anode current collector, whereby the overcharging of the high energy density rechargeable metal-ion battery is interrupted by evolution of gas within the interrupt layer for delaminating the interrupt layer from the anode current collector.
  • a first aspect of the disclosure is directed to an improved high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) battery of a type including two electrodes of opposite polarity (12 and 14). Each electrode is characterized by its resistivity, by its safe operating temperature range, and its safe charging voltage.
  • the HEDR is further of a type having a separator 2 for separating the two electrodes (12 and 14) and preventing internal discharge there between and at least one electrode (12 or 14) employing a current collector 4 for transferring electrons.
  • the separator 2 is subject to a risk of forming a short circuit.
  • the short circuit can potentially allow a rapid internal discharge between the two electrodes (12 and 14), potentially allowing a rapid production of joule heat therefrom, the rapid production of joule heat potentially allowing a thermal runaway.
  • the two electrodes (12 and 14) are subject to a risk of overcharge above the safe charging voltage and the formation of the short circuit therefrom.
  • the two electrodes (12 and 14) are subject to a risk of thermal runaway above the safe operating temperature range.
  • the improvement for this first aspect of the disclosure is employable for slowing the rate of internal discharge resulting from the short circuit, for slowing the production of joule heat therefrom, and for reducing the risk of thermal runaway.
  • the improvement comprises the addition to the HEDR battery of a current limiter 6 combined with a current interrupter 8.
  • the current limiter 6 forms an electrical coupling between one of the electrodes (12 or 14) and its corresponding current collector 4.
  • the current limiter 6 has a resistivity for resistively impeding current therethrough and, in the event the separator 2 forms the short circuit, for diverting current from the electrode current collector 4 to which it is coupled, and for reducing the rate of the internal discharge between the two electrodes (12 and 14).
  • the current interrupter 8 has an engaged configuration, a disengaged configuration, and a gas generating component for transitioning the current interrupter 8 from the engaged to the unengaged configuration.
  • the gas generating component also has a trigger for generating a gas.
  • the trigger is selected from the group consisting of temperature triggers and voltage triggers.
  • the temperature triggers are activatable above the safe operating temperature range.
  • the voltage triggers are activatable above the safe charging voltage.
  • the current interrupter 8 electrically couples one of the electrodes (12 or 14) and its corresponding current collector 4 with a laminated connection.
  • the laminated connection becomes delaminated and the current interrupter 8 forms a nonconductive gap for interrupting the electrical coupling between the electrode (12 or 14) and its corresponding current collector 4.
  • the current interrupter 8 transitions from its engaged configuration to its disengaged configuration by triggering the gas generating component responsive to the trigger.
  • the resulting generated gas delaminates the laminated connection for interrupting the electrical coupling between the electrode (12 or 14) and its corresponding current collector 4.
  • the current limiter 6 and the current interrupter 8 in combination, diminishes the risk of thermal runaway resulting from separator short circuit, electrode overcharge, and electrode overheating.
  • the current limiter 6 and the current interrupter 8 are simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the same electrode (12 or 14) and current collector 4.
  • the battery is of a type having two current collectors 4, including a first current collector 4 and a second current collector 4.
  • the two electrodes (12 and 14) include a first electrode and a second electrode.
  • the first electrode includes a first portion and a second portion.
  • the second portion of the first electrode is interposed between the first portion of the first electrode and the first current collector 4.
  • the improvement of this embodiment of the disclosure is further characterized by the current limiter 6 being layered between the first portion of the first electrode and the second portion of the first electrode; and the current interrupter 8 being layered between the second portion of the first electrode and the first current collector 4.
  • the current limiter 6 is layered between the second portion of the first electrode and the first current collector 4, and the current interrupter 8 is layered between the first portion of the first electrode and the second portion of the first electrode.
  • the battery is of a type having two current collectors 4, including a first current collector 4 and a second current collector 4 and the two electrodes (12 and 14) including a first electrode and a second electrode, the improvement further characterized wherein.
  • the current limiter 6 is layered between the first electrode and the first current collector 4; and the current interrupter 8 being layered between the second electrode and the second current collector 4.
  • the battery is of a type wherein each electrode (12 or 14) has a temperature range for safe operation and an internal resistivity therein.
  • the current limiter 6 has a resistivity greater than the internal resistivity of the electrode (12 or 14) with which the current limiter 6 is layered within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the improvement is further characterized by the current limiter 6 lacking a resistivity transition switch at temperatures within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the battery is of a type wherein each electrode (12 and 14) has a temperature range for standard operation.
  • the current limiter 6 has a resistivity transition with a resistivity less than the internal resistivity of the electrode (12 and/or 14) within the temperature range for standard operation and a resistivity greater than the internal resistivity of the electrode (12 and/or 14) above the temperature range for standard operation.
  • the battery is of a type wherein each electrode (12 and 14) has a temperature range for standard operation.
  • the current interrupter 8 is activated by temperature above the temperature range for standard operation.
  • the battery is of a type wherein each electrode (12 and 14) has a temperature range for standard operation and a temperature range for safe operation.
  • the current interrupter 8 is activated by temperature above the temperature range for standard operation and within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the battery is of a type wherein each electrode (12 and 14) has an internal resistivity within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the current limiter 6 has a resistivity greater than the internal resistivity of the electrode (12 or 14) with which the current limiter 6 is layered within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the current limiter 6 and the current interrupter 8 are simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the same electrode (12 or 14) and current collector 4.
  • the battery is of a type wherein each electrode (12 and 14) has a voltage range for standard operation.
  • the current interrupter 8 is activated by voltage above the voltage range for standard operation.
  • the battery is of a type wherein each electrode (12 and 14) has a voltage range for standard operation and a voltage range for safe operation.
  • the current interrupter 8 is activated by voltage above the temperature range for standard operation and within the voltage range for safe operation.
  • the current limiter 6 and current interrupter 8 are simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the same electrode (12 or 14) and current collector 4.
  • a second aspect of the disclosure is directed to another improved high energy density rechargeable battery of a type including two electrodes (12 and 14) of opposite polarity, a separator 2 separating the two electrodes (12 and 14), and at least one current collector 4 electrically coupled to one of the electrodes (12 or 14).
  • the separator 2 prevents internal discharge between the two electrodes (12 and 14). Failure of the separator 2 potentially causes an internal discharge between the two electrodes (12 and 14). The internal discharge causes the generation of joule heat of potential danger.
  • the improvement for this second aspect of the disclosure comprises a thermally activatable current interrupter 8 and a voltage activatable current interrupter 8.
  • the thermally activatable current interrupter 8 is layered by lamination between one of the current collectors 4 and one of the electrodes (12 or 14).
  • the thermally activatable current interrupter 8 when unactivated, electrically couples the current collector 4 to the electrode (12 or 14) with which it is layered, the current interrupter 8.
  • the thermally activatable current interrupter 8 When activated, delaminates from the current collector 4 for forming a nonconductive gap for electrically decoupling the current collector 4 from the electrode (12 or 14) with which it had been layered.
  • the electrical decoupling serves to slow the rate of internal discharge between the two electrodes (12 and 14) in the event of separator failure.
  • the voltage activatable current interrupter 8 is layered by lamination between one of the current collectors 4 and one of the electrodes (12 or 14).
  • the voltage activatable current interrupter 8 when unactivated, electrically couples the current collector 4 to the electrode (12 or 14) with which it is layered.
  • the resultant electrical decoupling serves to slow the rate of internal discharge between the two electrodes (12 and 14) in the event of separator failure.
  • activation of either the thermally activated current interrupter 8 or the voltage activated current interrupter 8 in the event of separator failure slows the generation joule heat for diminishing the potential danger.
  • a second aspect of the disclosure is directed to a process for avoiding thermal runaway within a high energy density rechargeable battery undergoing internal discharge due to separator failure.
  • the process comprises the step of delaminating an electrode (12 or 14) within the battery from its current collector 4 by generating a gas from a heat sensitive gas generating material within an interrupt layer interposed between the electrode (12 or 14) and current collector 4.
  • the delamination electrically decouples the electrode (12 or 14) from its current collector 4 for slowing the rate of internal discharge.
  • a third aspect of the disclosure is directed to a process for avoiding thermal runaway within a high energy density rechargeable battery at risk of suffering from separator failure due to voltage overcharge.
  • the process comprises the step of delaminating an electrode (12 or 14) within the battery from its current collector 4 by generating a gas from a voltage sensitive gas generating material within an interrupt layer interposed between the electrode (12 or 14) and current collector 4.
  • the delamination electrically decouples the electrode (12 or 14) from its current collector 4 for interrupting the voltage overcharge.
  • a fourth aspect of the disclosure is directed to a process for avoiding thermal runaway within a high energy density rechargeable battery at risk of suffering from separator failure due to voltage overcharge.
  • the process comprises the step of delaminating an electrode (12 or 14) within the battery from its current collector 4 by generating a gas from a voltage or temperature sensitive material that will form the gas indirectly through its decomposition compound (at the high voltage) that will react with the battery components such as electrolyte and electrodes (12 and 14).
  • This voltage or temperature sensitive material will be still called as gas generator, and can be within an interrupt layer interposed between the electrode (12 or 14) and current collector 4.
  • the delamination electrically decouples the electrode (12 or 14) from its current collector 4 for interrupting the voltage overcharge.
  • Safe, long-term operation of high energy density rechargeable batteries, including lithium ion batteries, is a goal of battery manufacturers.
  • One aspect of safe battery operation is controlling the heat generated by rechargeable batteries. As described above, many factors may cause the heat generated by a rechargeable battery to exceed its heat dissipation capacity, such as a battery defect, accident, or excessive internal current. When the heat generated by a battery exceeds its ability to dissipate heat, a rechargeable battery becomes susceptible to thermal runaway, overheating, and possibly even fire or violent explosion. Described below are apparatus and methods associated with a thermally activated internal current interrupter that can interrupt the internal circuit of a rechargeable battery, preventing thermal runaway.
  • Another aspect of safe battery operation is controlling the reactions at the electrodes of these rechargeable batteries during both battery charging and discharge.
  • electrical current flows outside the battery, through an external circuit during use, while ions move from one electrode to another within the battery. In some cases, overcharge occurs and can lead to thermal runaway within the battery.
  • Described below are apparatus and methods associated with an internal current limiter that limits the rate of internal discharge in a rechargeable battery when there is an internal short circuit.
  • a further aspect of safe battery operation is controlling the discharge of these rechargeable batteries.
  • a separator or barrier layer, is used to separate the negative and positive electrodes in rechargeable batteries in which ions can move through the battery, but electrical current is forced to flow outside the battery, through an external circuit.
  • Many factors may cause the separator to be breached, and may cause a short-circuit to occur within a rechargeable battery.
  • a short-circuit leads to rapid discharge and possibly overheating and thermal runaway. Described below are apparatus and methods associated with an internal current limiter that limits the rate of internal discharge in a rechargeable battery when there is an internal short circuit.
  • first the terms “first,” “second,” etc. may be used herein to describe various members, elements, regions, layers and/or parts, these members, elements, regions, layers and/or parts should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be used merely to distinguish one member, element, region, layer and/or part from another member, element, region, layer and/or part. Thus, for example, a first member, element, region, layer and/or part discussed below could be termed a second member, element, region, layer and/or part without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.
  • FIGs. 1A-1G illustrate schematic representations of exemplary configurations of film-type lithium ion batteries having one or more resistive layers serving as current limiters (6 in FIGs. 4A-4D ), for protecting the battery against overheating in the event of an internal short circuit, combined with current interrupters 8 that are thermally activatable by an increase in temperature, for irreversibly interrupting the self-discharge process in the event that the battery should overheat or achieve an or unsafe temperature.
  • FIGs. 1A and 1C show configurations for batteries with a cathode current collector 101, a cathode energy layer 102, a separator 103, an anode energy layer 104, a resistive limiter and thermal interrupt layer 105, and an anode current collector 106.
  • FIG. 1B has a cathode current collector 101, a cathode energy layer 102, a separator 103, a first anode energy layer 107, a resistive limiter and thermal interrupt layer 105, a second anode energy layer 108, and an anode current collector 106.
  • FIG. 1D shows a configuration a cathode current collector 101, a first cathode energy layer 109, a separator 103, a second cathode energy layer 110, a resistive limiter and thermal interrupt layer 105, an anode energy layer 104, and an anode current collector 106.
  • 1E-1G show configurations for batteries with a cathode current collector 101, a cathode energy layer 102, a separator 103, an anode energy layer 104, a first resistive limiter and thermal interrupt layer 111, a second resistive limiter and thermal interrupt layer 112, an anode energy layer 104, and an anode current collector 106.
  • FIGs. 2A and 2B illustrate schematic representations of exemplary configurations of film-type lithium ion batteries having one or more layers serving as combined current limiters 6 and current interrupters 8, for protecting the battery against overheating in the event of an internal short circuit, combined with current interrupters 8 that are voltaicly activable by an increase in voltage, for irreversibly interrupting the self-discharge process in the event that the battery should become overcharged.
  • FIG. 2A shows a configuration for a battery with an anode current collector 201, an anode energy layer 202, a separator 203, a cathode energy layer 204, a resistive limiter and thermal interrupt layer 205, and a cathode current collector 206.
  • anode current collector 201 has an anode current collector 201, an anode energy layer 202, a separator 203, a first cathode energy layer 207, a resistive limiter and thermal interrupt layer 205, a second cathode energy layer 208, and a cathode current collector 206.
  • FIGs. 3A and 3B illustrate schematic representations of exemplary configurations of film-type lithium ion batteries having one or more resistive layers serving a current limiters 6 for protecting the battery against overheating in the event of an internal short circuit, combined with current interrupters 8 that are thermally activable by an increase in temperature, for irreversibly interrupting the self-discharge process in the event that the battery should overheat or achieve an or unsafe temperature, and further combined with current interrupters 8 that can be activated by an increase in voltage, for irreversibly interrupting the self-discharge process in the event that the battery should become overcharged.
  • FIG. 1 illustrate schematic representations of exemplary configurations of film-type lithium ion batteries having one or more resistive layers serving a current limiters 6 for protecting the battery against overheating in the event of an internal short circuit, combined with current interrupters 8 that are thermally activable by an increase in temperature, for irreversibly interrupting the self-discharge process in the event that the battery should overheat or achieve an or unsafe temperature, and further combined
  • FIG. 3A shows a configuration for a battery with an anode current collector 301, an anode energy layer 302, a separator 303, a cathode energy layer 304, a resistive limiter, thermal interrupt, and voltaic interrupt layer 305, and a cathode current collector 306.
  • the configuration shown in FIG. 3B has an anode current collector 301, an anode energy layer 302, a separator 303, a first cathode energy layer 307, a resistive limiter, thermal interrupt, and voltaic interrupt layer 305, a second cathode energy layer 308, and a cathode current collector 306.
  • FIGs. 4C and D illustrate the film-type lithium ion batteries of FIGs. 1A , 2A, or 3A . More particularly, FIGs. 4A-4D illustrates the current flow through film-type lithium ion batteries undergoing discharge for powering a load (L).
  • FIGs. 4A and C illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having an intact fully operational separator 2 (unshorted).
  • FIGs. 4B and D illustrate the current flow of film- type lithium ion batteries having resistive layer serving as a current limiter 6, wherein the separator 2 has been short circuited by a conductive dendrite 10 penetrating therethrough.
  • FIGs. 4C and D illustrate the film-type lithium ion batteries of FIGs. 1A , 2A, or 3A . More particularly, FIGs. 4A-4D illustrates the current flow through film-type lithium ion batteries undergoing discharge for powering a load (L).
  • FIGs. 4A and C illustrate the current flow of film
  • FIGs. 5C and D illustrate the film-type lithium ion batteries of FIGs. 1A , 2A, or 3A . More particularly, FIGs. 5A-5D illustrate the current flow through film-type lithium ion batteries while it's being charged by a smart power supply (PS) that will stop the charging when it detects the any abnormal charge voltage.
  • FIGs. 5A and C illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having an intact fully operational separator 2 (unshorted).
  • FIGs. 5B and D illustrate the current flow of film- type lithium ion batteries having a separator 2 shorted by a conductive dendrite 10. Note that devices with unshorted separators 2 ( FIGs.
  • FIGs. 6C and D illustrate the film-type lithium ion batteries of FIGs. 1A , 2A, or 3A , after the interrupter 8 has been triggered by excessive temperature or voltage. More particularly, FIGs. 6A-6D illustrate the current flow through film-type lithium ion batteries undergoing discharge for powering a load (L). FIGs. 6A and C illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having an intact fully operational separator 2 (unshorted). FIGs. 6B and D illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having a short circuit caused by a conductive dendrite 10 penetrating the separator 2. Note that devices with unshorted separators 2 ( FIGs.
  • FIGs. 7C and D illustrate the film-type lithium ion batteries of FIGs. 1A , 2A, or 3A , after the interrupter 8 has been triggered by excessive temperature or voltage. More particularly, FIG. 7 illustrates the current flow through film-type lithium ion batteries while it's being charged by a smart power supply (PS) which will stop the charging when it detects any abnormal charging voltage.
  • FIGs. 7A and C illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having an intact fully operational separator 2 (unshorted).
  • FIGs. 7B and D illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having a having a short circuit caused by a separator 2 shorted by a dendrite 10.
  • FIGs. 8C and D illustrate the film-type lithium ion batteries of FIGs. 1A , 2A, or 3A . More particularly, FIGs. 8A-8D illustrate the current flow through film-type lithium ion batteries undergoing discharge for powering a load (L).
  • FIGs. 8A and C illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having an intact fully operational separator 2 (unshorted).
  • FIGs. 8B and D illustrate the current flow of film- type lithium ion batteries having resistive layer serving as a current limiter 6, wherein the separator 2 has been short circuited by a disruption 16. In FIGs. 8B and D , the cells are undergoing internal discharge due to a breach 16 penetrating the separator 2.
  • FIG. 8D In the exemplary device of the present disclosure having a shorted separator 2 and resistive layer 6 ( FIG. 8D ), current flow is diverted from the current collector 4 and is much reduced. In FIG. 8D , the interrupter 8 has not been triggered.
  • FIGs. 9C and D illustrate the film-type lithium ion batteries of FIGs. 1A , 2A, or 3A . More particularly, FIGs. 9A-9D illustrate the current flow through film-type lithium ion batteries while it's being charged by a smart power supply (PS) that will stop the charging when it detects any abnormal charge voltage.
  • FIGs. 9A and C illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having an intact fully operational separator 2 (unshorted).
  • FIGs. 9B and D illustrate the current flow of film- type lithium ion batteries having a having a separator 2 shorted by a by a disruption 16. Note that devices with unshorted separators 2 ( FIGs.
  • FIGs. 10C and D illustrate the film-type lithium ion batteries of FIGs. 1A , 2A, or 3A , after the interrupter 8 has been triggered by excessive temperature or voltage. More particularly, FIGs. 10A-10D illustrate the current flow through film-type lithium ion batteries undergoing discharge for powering a load (L). FIGs. 10A and C illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having an intact fully operational separator 2 (unshorted). FIGs. 10B and D illustrate the current flow of film- type lithium ion batteries having a short circuit caused by a disruption 16. Note that devices with unshorted separators 2 ( FIGs. 10A and C ) and the prior art device with the shorted separator 2 ( FIG.
  • FIGs. 11C and D illustrate the film-type lithium ion batteries of FIGs. 1A , 2A, or 3A , after the interrupter 8 has been triggered by excessive temperature or voltage. More particularly, FIGs. 11A-11D illustrate the current flow through film-type lithium ion batteries while it's being charged by a smart power supply (PS) that will stop the charging when it detects any abnormal charge voltage.
  • FIGs. 11A and C illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having an intact fully operational separator 2 (unshorted).
  • FIGs. 11B and D illustrate the current flow of film-type lithium ion batteries having a having a short circuit caused by a separator 2 shorted by a disruption 16.
  • FIG. 11D Note that devices with unshorted separators 2 ( FIGs. 11A and C ) and the prior art device with the shorted separator 2 ( FIG. 11B ), current flows from one current collector 4 to the other. However, in the exemplary device of the present disclosure having a shorted separator 2 and resistive layer 6 (current limiter 6) ( FIG. 11D ), current flow is diverted from the current collector 4 and is much reduced. In FIG. 11D , the interrupter 8 has been triggered.
  • FIG. 12A illustrates resistive layer 6 having a high proportion of ceramic particles coated with binder. Interstitial voids between the coated ceramic particles render the resistive layer 6 porous.
  • FIG. 12B illustrates resistive layer 6 having a high proportion of ceramic particles bound together by particles of binder. Interstitial voids between the coated ceramic particles render the resistive layer 6 porous.
  • FIG. 12C illustrates resistive layer 6 having an intermediate proportion of ceramic particles (less than 80%) held together with binder. The resistive layer 6 lacks interstitial voids between the coated ceramic particles and is non-porous.
  • a first aspect of the disclosure is directed to an improved HEDR battery of a type including an anode energy layer 12, a cathode energy layer 14, a separator 2 between the anode energy layer 12 and the cathode energy layer 14 for preventing internal discharge thereof, and at least one current collector 4 for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer.
  • the anode and cathode energy layers each have an internal resistivity.
  • the HEDR battery has a preferred temperature range for discharging electric current and an upper temperature safety limit.
  • the improvement is employable, in the event of separator failure, for limiting the rate of internal discharge through the failed separator and the generation of joule heat resulting therefrom.
  • the improvement comprises a resistive layer 6 interposed between the separator and one of the current collectors 4 for limiting the rate of internal discharge through the failed separator in the event of separator failure.
  • the resistive layer 6 has a fixed resistivity at temperatures between the preferred temperature range and the upper temperature safety limit.
  • the fixed resistivity of the resistive layer 6 is greater than the internal resistivity of either energy layer.
  • the resistive layer 6 helps the battery avoid temperatures in excess of the upper temperature safety limit in the event of separator failure.
  • the current interrupter is triggered by temperature.
  • the current interrupter includes a layer containing a single gas generating component triggered by temperature.
  • the current interrupter is triggered by voltage.
  • the current interrupter includes a layer containing a single gas generating component triggered by voltage.
  • the current interrupter is triggered by temperature and voltage.
  • the current interrupter includes a layer containing a single gas generating component triggered by temperature and voltage.
  • the current interrupter includes a layer containing two gas generating components, one triggered by temperature and the other triggered by voltage.
  • the current interrupter may include a layer containing one or more inorganic gas generating compounds that generate gas at a specific temperature or voltage.
  • the inorganic gas generating compounds are selected from the group consisting of CaCO 3 , La 2 (CO 3 ) 3 , Na 2 SO 3 , ZnCO 3 Zn(OH) 2 , CuCO 3 Cu(OH) 2 , and Cu(NO 3 ) 2 as disclosed in FIG. 32 .
  • the current interrupter may include a layer containing one or more organic gas generating compounds that generate gas at a specific temperature or voltage.
  • the organic gas generating compounds are selected from the group consisting of Carbopol, Torlon® AI-50, CMC, and PVDF as disclosed in FIG. 34 .
  • the current interrupter may include a layer containing a combination of inorganic and organic gas generating compounds that generate gas at a specific temperature or voltage.
  • the current limiter and the current interrupter are simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the same electrode and current collector, as disclosed in FIGs. 1A, 1C , and 2A .
  • the current limiter and the current interrupter triggered by both temperature and voltage are simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the same electrode and current collector, as disclosed in FIG. 3A .
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, the improvement further characterized wherein:
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, the improvement further characterized wherein:
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, the improvement further characterized wherein:
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, and the first electrode including a first portion and a second portion, the second portion of the first electrode interposed between the first portion of the first electrode and the first current collector, the improvement further characterized wherein:
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, and the first electrode including a first portion and a second portion, the second portion of the first electrode interposed between the first portion of the first electrode and the first current collector, the improvement further characterized, wherein the current limiter and the current interrupter are simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the first portion and the second portion of the first electrode, as disclosed in FIGs. 1B and 2B .
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, and the first electrode including a first portion and a second portion, the second portion of the first electrode interposed between the first portion of the first electrode and the first current collector, the improvement further characterized, wherein the current limiter and the current interrupter triggered by both temperature and voltage are simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the first portion and the second portion of the first electrode, as disclosed in FIG. 3B .
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, and the second electrode including a first portion and a second portion, the first portion of the second electrode interposed between the second portion of the second electrode and the second current collector, the improvement further characterized wherein:
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, and the second electrode including a first portion and a second portion, the first portion of the second electrode interposed between the second portion of the second electrode and the second current collector, the improvement further characterized wherein:
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, and the first electrode including a first portion and a second portion, the first portion of the second electrode interposed between the second portion of the second electrode and the second current collector, the improvement further characterized, wherein the current limiter and the current interrupter are simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the first portion and the second portion of the second electrode, as disclosed in FIG. 1D .
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector, the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, and the first electrode including a first portion and a second portion, the second portion of the first electrode interposed between the first portion of the first electrode and the first current collector, the improvement further characterized wherein:
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type having two current collectors, including a first current collector and a second current collector and the two electrodes including a first electrode and a second electrode, the improvement further characterized, wherein:
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type, wherein each electrode has a temperature range for safe operation and an internal resistivity therein, the improvement further characterized wherein the current limiter having a resistivity greater than the internal resistivity of the electrode with which the current limiter is layered within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the improvement further characterized, wherein the current limiter lacking a resistivity transition switch at temperatures within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type, wherein each electrode has a temperature range for standard operation, the improvement further characterized, wherein the current limiter having a resistivity transition with a resistivity less than the internal resistivity of the electrode within the temperature range for standard operation and a resistivity greater than the internal resistivity of the electrode above the temperature range for standard operation.
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type, wherein each electrode has a temperature range for standard operation, the improvement further characterized, wherein the current interrupter is activated by temperature above the temperature range for standard operation.
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type, wherein each electrode has a temperature range for standard operation and a temperature range for safe operation, the improvement further characterized, wherein the current interrupter is activated by temperature above the temperature range for standard operation and within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type, wherein each electrode has an internal resistivity within the temperature range for safe operation, the improvement further characterized, wherein the current limiter having a resistivity greater than the internal resistivity of the electrode with which the current limiter is layered within the temperature range for safe operation.
  • the improvement further characterized, wherein the current limiter and the current interrupter are simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the same electrode and current collector.
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type, wherein each electrode has a voltage range for standard operation, the improvement further characterized, wherein the current interrupter is activated by voltage above the voltage range for standard operation.
  • the improved high energy density rechargeable battery is of a type, wherein each electrode has a voltage range for standard operation and a voltage range for safe operation, the improvement further characterized, wherein the current interrupter is activated by voltage above the temperature range for standard operation and within the voltage range for safe operation.
  • the improvement further characterized, wherein the current limiter and the current interrupter are simultaneously incorporated into a protective layer interposed by lamination between the same electrode and current collector.
  • inventions of the present disclosure include an improved high energy density rechargeable battery of a type including two electrodes of opposite polarity, a separator separating the two electrodes, and at least one current collector electrically coupled to one of the electrodes, the separator preventing internal discharge between the two electrodes, failure of the separator potentially causing an internal discharge between the two electrodes (as illustrated in FIGs. 6A-B and FIGs. 7A-B ), the internal discharge causing a generation of joule heat of potential danger, the improvement comprising:
  • Some embodiments of the present disclosure include a process for avoiding thermal runaway within a high energy density rechargeable battery undergoing internal discharge due to separator failure, the process comprising delaminating an electrode within the battery from its current collector by generating a gas from a heat sensitive gas generating material within an interrupt layer interposed between the electrode and current collector, the delaminating electrically decoupling the electrode from its current collector for slowing the rate of internal discharge.
  • Some embodiments of the present disclosure include a process for avoiding thermal runaway within a high energy density rechargeable battery at risk of suffering from separator failure due to voltage overcharge (as illustrated in FIGs. 7A-B ), the process comprising delaminating an electrode within the battery from its current collector by generating a gas from a voltage sensitive gas generating material within an interrupt layer interposed between the electrode and current collector, the delaminating electrically decoupling the electrode from its current collector for interrupting the voltage overcharge (as illustrated in FIGs. 7C-D ).
  • high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) battery means a battery capable of storing relatively large amounts of electrical energy per unit weight on the order of about 50 W-hr/kg or greater and is designed for reuse, and is capable of being recharged after repeated uses.
  • HEDR batteries include metal-ion batteries and metallic batteries.
  • metal-ion batteries means any rechargeable battery types in which metal ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
  • Non-limiting examples of metal-ion batteries include lithium-ion, aluminum-ion, potassium-ion, sodium-ion, magnesium-ion, and others.
  • metallic batteries means any rechargeable battery types in which the anode is a metal or metal alloy.
  • the anode can be solid or liquid.
  • Metal ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
  • lithium-ion battery means any rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
  • Lithium-ion batteries can also come with a variety of anodes including silicon-carbon nanocomposite anodes and others.
  • Lithium-ion batteries can be in various shapes including small cylindrical (solid body without terminals), large cylindrical (solid body with large threaded terminals), prismatic (semi-hard plastic case with large threaded terminals), and pouch (soft, flat body).
  • Lithium polymer batteries can be in a soft package or pouch.
  • the electrolytes in these batteries can be a liquid electrolyte (such as carbonate based or ionic), a solid electrolyte, a polymer based electrolyte or a mixture of these electrolytes.
  • aluminum-ion battery means any rechargeable battery types in which aluminum ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
  • potassium-ion battery means any rechargeable battery types in which potassium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
  • sodium-ion battery means any rechargeable battery types in which sodium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
  • magnesium-ion battery means any rechargeable battery types in which magnesium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
  • silicon-ion battery means any rechargeable battery types in which silicon ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.
  • binder means any material that provides mechanical adhesion and ductility with inexhaustible tolerance of large volume change.
  • Non-limiting examples of binders include styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)-based binders, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based binders, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based binders, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-based binders, polyvinyl acids (PVA)-based binders, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)-based binders, and others.
  • SBR styrene butadiene rubber
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
  • PAA poly(acrylic acid)
  • PVA polyvinyl acids
  • PVP poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
  • conductive additive means any substance that increases the conductivity of the material.
  • Non-limiting examples of conductive additives include carbon black additives, graphite nonaqueous ultrafine carbon (UFC) suspensions, carbon nanotube composite (CNT) additives (single and multi-wall), carbon nano-onion (CNO) additives, graphene-based additives, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), conductive acetylene black (AB), conductive poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMT), filamentary nickel powder additives, aluminum powder, electrochemically active oxides such as lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide and others.
  • metal foil means any metal foil that under high voltage is stable.
  • metal foils include aluminum foil, copper foil, titanium foil, steel foil, nano-carbon paper, graphene paper, carbon fiber sheet, and others.
  • ceramic powder means any electrical insulator or electrical conductor that hasn't been fired.
  • Non-limiting examples of ceramic powder materials include barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), zirconium barium titanate, strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), calcium titanate (CaTiO 3 ), magnesium titanate (MgTiO 3 ), calcium magnesium titanate, zinc titanate (ZnTiO 3 ), lanthanum titanate (LaTiO 3 ), and neodymium titanate (Nd 2 Ti 2 O 7 ), barium zirconate (BaZrO 3 ), calcium zirconate (CaZrO 3 ), lead magnesium niobate, lead zinc niobate, lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ), barium stannate (BaSnO 3 ), calcium stannate (CaSnO 3 ), magnesium aluminum silicate, sodium silicate (NaSiO 3
  • gas generator material means any material which will decompose at the high temperature or high voltage to produce a gas either directing from the gas generator material or indirectly from reaction of the decomposition products produced from the gas generator material with other materials contained within the battery (e.g. the electrolyte and electrodes).
  • Non-limiting examples of gas generator materials include inorganic carbonates such as M n (CO 3 ) m , M n (SO 3 ) m , M n (NO 3 ) m , 1 M n 2 M n (CO 3 ) m , NaSiO 3 ⁇ H 2 O, CuCO 3 CU(OH) 2 , and others and organic carbonates such as polymethacrylic [-CH 2 -C(CH 3 )(COOM)-] p and polyacrylate salts [-CH 2 -CH(COOM)-] p , and others wherein M, 1 M, 2 M are independently selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn; n is 1-3 and m is 1-4.
  • inorganic carbonates such as M n (CO 3 ) m , M n (SO 3 ) m , M n (NO
  • M is independently selected from the group consisting of an ammonium ion, pyridinium ion and a quaternary ammonium ion.
  • the gas generator material may decompose to produce a liquid (e.g. water).
  • the liquid may react with other materials contained within the battery to form a gas and this gas will delaminate the electrode (e.g. water reacting with the electrolyte [LiFP 6 ] to form gaseous HF and lithium in the negative to form hydrogen gas (H 2 )). If the temperature of the cell exceeds the vaporization temperature of the liquid, the liquid may also undergo a phase transition to form a gas and this gas will also delaminate the electrode.
  • Layers were coated onto metal foils by an automatic coating machine (compact coater, model number 3R250W-2D) produced by Thank-Metal Co., Ltd. Layers are then compressed to the desired thickness using a calender machine (model number X15-300-1-DZ) produced by Beijing Sevenstar Huachuang Electronics Co., Ltd.
  • a calender machine model number X15-300-1-DZ
  • PVDF (21.6 g) was dissolved into NMP (250 g); ii) Carbon black (18 g) was added and mixed for 15 minutes at 6500 rpm; iii) LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC) (560.4 g) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) Some NMP was added for the viscosity adjustment; v) This slurry was coated onto 15 pm aluminum foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 80°C and the second heat zone to about 130°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 15.55 mg/cm 2 . The positive layer was then compressed to a thickness of about 117 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode made here was considered as zero voltage against a standard graphite electrode and was used for the impedance measurement at 0 V in relation to the temperature, and the dry for the cell assembly.
  • the cell from Step v was filled with the LiPF 6 containing organic carbonate based electrolyte; vii) The bag from Step vi was sealed; ix) Rest for 16 hours; ix) The cell was charged to 4.2V at C/20 rate for 5 hours and then to 4.2V at 0.5C rate for 2 hours, then rest for 20 minutes, then discharged to 2.8V at 0.5C rate. Under vacuum, the cell was punctured to release any gases and then resealed.
  • the cell made here was used for grading and other tests such as discharging capability test at 50°C, impact test, cycle life test and so on.
  • FIG. 15 presents the resistance in relation to the temperature increase for the positive electrode collected from autopsying a cell with 3.6 V. The resistance decreases about ten times.
  • FIG. 18 shows the discharge capacity at the discharging currents 1, 3, 6, 10A.
  • FIG. 20 lists the cell impedance at 1kHz and the capacity at 1A, 3A, 6A and 10A currents and the ratio of the capacity at 3, 6, 10A over that at 1A.
  • FIG. 22 shows the cell temperature profile during the impact test.
  • FIG. 23 summarizes the cell maximum temperature in the impact test. The cell caught the fire during the impact test.
  • FIG. 25 shows the voltage and temperature profiles of the cells during the 12V/2A over charge test. The cell caught the fire during the over charge test ( FIG. 28 ).
  • Torlon®4000TF (0.8 g) was dissolved into NMP (10 g); ii) PVDF (4.8 g) was dissolved into NMP ( ⁇ 70 g); iii) The solutions prepared in Step i and ii were mixed, and then carbon black (0.32 g) was added and mixed for 10 minutes at 6500 rpm; iv) Nano CaCO 3 powder (34.08 g) was added to the solution from Step iii and mixed for 20 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; v) This slurry was coated onto 15 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 135°C and the second heat zone to about 165°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 1 mg/cm 2 .
  • PVDF (21.6 g) was dissolved into NMP (250 g); ii) Carbon black (18 g) was added and mixed for 15 minutes at 6500 rpm; iii) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NMC) (560.4 g) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) Some NMP was added for the viscosity adjustment; v) This slurry was coated onto POS3B (Example 2A) using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 85°C and the second heat zone to about 135°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 19.4 mg/cm 2 . The positive layer was then compressed to a thickness of about 153 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode made here was considered as zero voltage against a standard graphite electrode and was used for the impedance measurement at 0 V in relation to the temperature.
  • CMC 13 g was dissolved into deionized water ( ⁇ 1000 g); ii) Carbon black (20 g) was added and mixed for 15 minutes at the rate of about 6500 rpm; iii) Negative active graphite (JFE Chemical Corporation; Graphitized Mesophase Carbon Micro Bead (MCMB) and Synthetic Graphite (TIMCAL) (945.92 g in total) were added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) SBR (solid content 50% suspended in water) (42 g) was added to the slurry formed in Step iii and mixed at 6500 rpm for 5 min; v) The viscosity was adjusted for a smooth coating; vi) This slurry was coated onto 9 ⁇ m thick copper foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 100°C and the second heat zone to about 130°C to evaporate off the water. The final dried solid loading was about
  • FIG. 16 presents the resistance in relation to the temperature increase for the positive electrode collected from autopsying cells with 0, 3.6, and 4.09 V.
  • the resistance increases with the increase in the temperature, especially for the positive electrodes obtained from the cell having the voltages 3.66 and 4V.
  • FIG. 19 shows the discharge capacity at 1, 3, and 6A current and at 50°C. The cell capacity decreases significantly with the increase of the current, indicating the strong effect from the resistive layer.
  • FIG. 20 lists the cell impedance at 1kHz and the capacity at 1A, 3A, 6A and 10A currents and the ratio of the capacity at 3, 6, 10A over that at 1A.
  • FIG. 26 presents the over charge profiles during the over charge test.
  • FIG. 28 summarize the cell maximum temperature during the over charge test and residual current in the end of over charge test.
  • FIG. 29 shows the discharge capacity vs. the cycle number. The cell lost about 1% capacity that is about 100% better than that (2.5%) of the baseline cell.
  • FIG. 22 shows the cell temperature profiles during the impact test.
  • FIG. 23 summarizes the cell maximum temperature in the impact test.
  • Torlon®4000TF (0.8 g) was dissolved into NMP (10 g); ii) PVDF (4.8 g) was dissolved into NMP ( ⁇ 70 g); iii) The solutions prepared in Step i and ii were mixed, and then carbon black (0.32 g) was added and mixed for 10 minutes at 6500 rpm; iv) Nano CaCO 3 powder (17.04 g) and Al 2 O 3 powder (17.04g) were added to the solution from Step iii and mixed for 20 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; v) This slurry was coated onto 15 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 135°C and the second heat zone to about 165°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 1 mg/cm 2 .
  • PVDF (21.6 g) was dissolved into NMP (250 g); ii) Carbon black (18 g) was added and mixed for 15 minutes at the rate of about 6500 rpm; iii) LiNi 1/3 CO 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NMC) (560.4 g) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) Some NMP was added for the viscosity adjustment; v) This slurry was coated onto POS4B (Example 3A) using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 85°C and the second heat zone to about 135°C to evaporate off the NMP.
  • the final dried solid loading was about 19.4 mg/cm 2 .
  • the positive layer was then compressed to a thickness of about 153 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode made here was considered as zero voltage against a standard graphite electrode and was used for the impedance measurement at 0 V in relation to the temperature.
  • CMC 13 g was dissolved into deionized water ( ⁇ 1000 g); ii) Carbon black (20 g) was added and mixed for 15 minutes at 6500 rpm; iii) Negative active graphite (JFE Chemical Corporation; Graphitized Mesophase Carbon Micro Bead (MCMB) and Synthetic Graphite (TIMCAL) (945.92 g in total) were added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) SBR (solid content 50% suspended in water) (42 g) was added to the slurry formed in Step iii and mixed at about 6500 rpm for 5 min; v) The viscosity was adjusted for a smooth coating; vi) This slurry was coated onto 9 ⁇ m thick copper foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 100°C and the second heat zone to about 130°C to evaporate off the water. The final dried solid loading was about 11.8 mg
  • FIG. 20 lists the cell impedance at 1 kHz and the capacity at 1A, 3A, 6A and 10A currents and the ratio of the capacity at 3A, 6A, and 10A over that at 1A.
  • FIG. 22 shows the cell temperature profiles during the impact test.
  • FIG. 23 summarizes the cell maximum temperature in the impact test.
  • FIG. 26 shows the voltage profiles of the cell voltage and temperature during the 12V/2A over charge test.
  • FIG. 28 summarizes the cell maximum cell temperatures in the over charge test.
  • Torlon®4000TF (0.8 g) was dissolved into NMP ( ⁇ 10 g); ii) PVDF (4.8 g) was dissolved into NMP (60 g); iii) The solutions prepared in Step i and ii were mixed, and then carbon black (0.32 g) was added and mixed for 10 minutes at 6500 rpm; iv) Nano Al 2 O 3 powder (17.04 g) and NaSiO 3 (17.04g) were added to the solution from Step iii and mixed for 20 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; v) This slurry was coated onto 15 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 135°C and the second heat zone to about 165°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 0.7 mg/cm 2 .
  • PVDF (21.6 g) was dissolved into NMP (270 g); ii) Carbon black (18 g) was added and mixed for 15 minutes at the rate of about 6500 rpm; iii) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NMC) (560.4 g) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 minutes at the rate of about 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) Some NMP was added for the viscosity adjustment; v) This slurry was coated onto POS5B (Example 4A) using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 85°C and the second heat zone to about 135°C to evaporate off the NMP.
  • the final dried solid loading was about 19.4 mg/cm 2 .
  • the positive layer was then compressed to a thickness of about 153 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode made here was considered as zero voltage against a standard graphite electrode and was used for the impedance measurement at 0 V in relation to the temperature.
  • CMC 13 g was dissolved into deionized water ( ⁇ 1000 g); ii) Carbon black (20 g) was added and mixed for 15 minutes at the rate of about 6500 rpm; iii) Negative active graphite (JFE Chemical Corporation; Graphitized Mesophase Carbon Micro Bead (MCMB) and Synthetic Graphite (TIMCAL) (945.92 g in total) were added to the slurry from Step ii and mix for 30 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) SBR (solid content 50% suspended in water) (42 g) was added to the slurry formed in Step iii and mixed at 6500 rpm for 5 min; v) The viscosity was adjusted for a smooth coating; vi) This slurry was coated onto 9 ⁇ m thick copper foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 100°C and the second heat zone to about 130°C to evaporate off the water. The final dried solid loading was about
  • the cell from Step v was filled with the LiPF 6 containing organic carbonate based electrolyte; vii) The bag from Step vi was sealed; viii) Rest for 16 hours; ix) The cell was charged to 4.2V at C/50 rate for 8 hours and then to 4.2V at 0.5C rate for 2 hours, then rest for 20 minutes, then discharged to 2.8V at 0.5C rate. x) Under vacuum, the cell was punctured to release any gases and then resealed. The cell made here was used for grading and other tests such as discharging capability test at 50°C, impact test, cycle life test and so on.
  • FIG. 18 lists the cell impedance at 1 kHz and the capacity at 1A, 3A, 6A and 10A currents and the ratio of the capacity at 3, 6, and 10A over that at 1A.
  • FIG. 22 shows the cell temperature profiles during the impact test
  • FIG. 23 summarizes the cell maximum temperature in the impact test.
  • FIG. 28 summarizes the cell maximum temperature in the 12V/2A overcharge test.
  • PVDF (23.25 g) was dissolved into NMP ( ⁇ 250 g); ii) The solution prepared in Step I was mixed, and then carbon black (1.85 g) was added and mixed for 10 minutes at the rate of about 6500 rpm; iv) Nano CaCO 3 powder (24.9 g) was added to the solution from Step iii and mixed for 20 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; v) This slurry was coated onto 15 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 135°C and the second heat zone to about 165°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 1 mg/cm 2 .
  • PVDF (24 g) was dissolved into NMP (300 g); ii) Carbon black (12 g) was added and mixed for 15 minutes at 6500 rpm; iii) LiNi 0.4 Co 0.3 Mn 0.4 Co 0.3 O 2 (NMC) (558 g) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) Some NMP was added for the viscosity adjustment; v) This slurry was coated onto POS6B (Example 5A) using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 85°C and the second heat zone to about 135°C to evaporate off the NMP.
  • the final dried solid loading was about 22 mg/cm 2 .
  • the positive layer was then compressed to a thickness of about 167 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode made here was considered as zero voltage against a standard graphite electrode and was used for the impedance measurement at 0 V in relation to the temperature.
  • CMC 9 g was dissolved into deionized water ( ⁇ 530 g); ii) Carbon black (12 g) was added and mixed for 15 minutes at 6500 rpm; iii) Negative active graphite (JFE Chemical Corporation; Graphitized Mesophase Carbon Micro Bead (MCMB) (564 g) were added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 minutes at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) SBR (solid content 50% suspended in water) (30 g) was added to the slurry formed in Step iii and mixed at about 6500 rpm for 5 min; v) Some water was added to adjust the viscosity for a smooth coating; vi) This slurry was coated onto 9 ⁇ m thick copper foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 95°C and the second heat zone to about 125°C to evaporate off the water. The final dried solid loading was about 12 mg/cm 2 .
  • the negative electrode layer was then compressed
  • FIG. 20 lists the cell impedance at 1kHz and the capacity at 1A, 3A, 6A and 10A currents and the ratio of the capacity at 3, 6, 10A over that at 1A.
  • FIG. 22 shows the cell temperature profiles during the impact test.
  • FIG. 23 summarizes the cell maximum temperature in the impact test.
  • FIG. 28 summarizes the cell maximum cell temperatures in the over charge test.
  • POS7B was prepared as follows: (i) Deionized water ⁇ 300 g) was mixed into Carbopol®-934 (19.64 g); (ii) Super-P® (160 mg) and LiOH (200 mg) were added into the slurry made in Step (i) and mixed for 30 minutes at 5000 rpm; (iii) An appropriate amount of deionized water was added to adjust the slurry to form a coatable slurry. (iv) The slurry was coated onto a 15 ⁇ m aluminum foil with the automatic coating machine with the drying temperatures set to 135°C for zone 1 and 165°C for zone 2. The final dried solid loading was about 0.7 mg/cm 2 .
  • POS8B was prepared as follows: (i) Deionized water (-100 g) was mixed into AI-50 (19.85 g); (ii) Super-P® (160 mg) was added into the slurry made in Step (i) and mixed for 30 minutes at 5000 rpm; (iii) An appropriate amount of deionized water was added to adjust the slurry to form a coatable slurry. (iv) The slurry was coated onto 15 ⁇ m aluminum foil with automatic coating machine with the drying temperatures set to 135 for zone 1 and 165°C for zone 2. The final dried solid loading was about 0.7 mg/cm 2 .
  • POS9B was prepared as follows: (i) Deionized water ( ⁇ 322 g) was mixed into 19.85g CMC-DN-800H; (ii) Super-P® (160 mg) was added into the slurry made in Step (i) and mixed for 30 minutes at 5000 rpm; (iii) An appropriate amount of deionized water was added to adjust the slurry to form a coatable slurry. (iv) The slurry was coated onto 15 ⁇ m aluminum foil with automatic coating machine with the drying temperatures set to 135 for zone 1 and 165°C for zone 2. The final dried solid loading was about 0.7 mg/cm 2 .
  • POS13B was prepared as follows: (i) Torlon®4000TF (400 mg) was dissolved into NMP (4 g). (ii) PVDF-A (2.4 g) was dissolved into NMP (30 g). (iii) The two solutions were mixed and Super-P® (160 mg) was added, then mixed for 30 minutes at 5000 rpm. (iv) La 2 (CO 3 ) 3 (17.04 g) or the salts listed in FIG. 8 were added into above slurry and mixed together at 5000 rpm for 30 min. (v) The slurry was coated onto 15 ⁇ m aluminum foil with automatic coating machine at first heat zone set to 13°C and second heat zone to 16°C for evaporate off the NMP. Final dried solid loading was about 0.7 mg/cm 2 .
  • Electrochemical test for the positives electrodes coated with gas generator layers is described below.
  • the decomposition voltages of all resistive layers were measured with a three electrode configuration (resistive layer as the working electrode, and lithium metal as both reference electrode and count electrode) by Linear Sweep Voltammetry technology using a VMP2 multichannel potentiostat instrument at room temperature.
  • a 0.3 cm X 2.0 cm piece of the resistive layer was the working electrode, and 0.3 cm X 2.0 cm piece of lithium metal was both reference electrode and counter electrode.
  • These electrodes were put into a glass containing LiPF 6 ethylene carbonate based electrolyte (5 g). The scan rate is 5mV/second in the voltage range from 0 to 6V.
  • FIG. 31 and 33 shows the decomposition voltage profiles of these compounds.
  • FIG. 32 and 34 summarizes the peak current and peak voltage for each of the compounds tested.
  • This gas generator layer could become a resitive layer if the conductive additive content is in the certain range such that the resistivity of the gas-generater layer is more resistive (50% more at least) than that of the energy layer or the layer that provide the majority (>50%) of the battery discharge energy.
  • the gas generator content can be 2% to 99%.
  • Torlon®4000TF (0.9 g) was dissolved into NMP (10 g); ii) PVDF (5.25 g) was dissolved into NMP ( ⁇ 68 g); iii) The solutions prepared in Step i and ii were mixed, and then carbon black (1.8 g) was added and mixed for 10 min at the rate of about 6500 rpm; iv) Nano CaCO 3 powder (7.11 g) and 134.94g LiNi 0.33 Al 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 were added to the solution from Step iii and mixed for 20 min at the rate of about 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; v) This slurry was coated onto 15 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 90°C and the second heat zone to about 140°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 4mg/cm 2 .
  • PVDF (25.2 g) was dissolved into NMP (327 g); ii) Carbon black (21 g) was added and mixed for 15 min at the rate of about 6500 rpm; iii) LiNi 0.82 Al 0.03 Co 0.15 O 2 (NCA) (649 g) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 min at the rate of about 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) Some NMP was added for the viscosity adjustment; v) This slurry was coated onto POS071A using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 85°C and the second heat zone to about 135°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading is about 20.4 mg/cm 2 . The positive layer was then compressed to a thickness of about 155 ⁇ m.
  • the cell from Step v was filled with the carbonate based electrolyte; vii) The bag from Step vi was sealed; viii) Rest for 16 hours; ix) The cell was charged to 4.2V at C/50 rate for 8 hours and then to 4.2V at 0.5C rate for 2 hours, then rest for 20 minutes, then discharged to 2.8V at 0.5C rate.
  • the cell made here was used for grading and other tests such as over chrage test.
  • FIG. 35 presents the overcharge voltage, cell temperature and oven chamber temperature during the overcharge test (2A and 12V).
  • the cell passed the over test nicely since the cell maximum temperature is about 83°C during the overcharge test.
  • Implementations of the current subject matter can include, but are not limited to, articles of manufacture (e.g. apparatuses, systems, etc.), methods of making or use, compositions of matter, or the like consistent with the descriptions provided herein.
  • PVDF (21.6 g) was dissolved into NMP (250 g); Carbon black (18 g) was added and mixed for 15 min at 6500 rpm; LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NMC) (560.4 g) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) Some NMP was added for the viscosity adjustment; v) This slurry was coated onto POS3B using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 85°C and the second heat zone to about 135°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 19.4 mg/cm 2 . The positive layer was then compressed to a thickness of about 153 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode made here is called as zero voltage against a standard graphite electrode and was used for the impedance measurement at 0 V in relation to the temperature.
  • CMC 13 g was dissolved into deionized water ( ⁇ 1000 g); ii) Carbon black (20 g) was added and mixed for 15 min at 6500 rpm; iii) Negative active graphite (JFE Chemical Corporation; Graphitized Mesophase Carbon Micro Bead (MCMB) and Synthetic Graphite (TIMCAL) (945.92 g in total) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) SBR (solid content 50% suspended in water) (42 g) was added to the slurry formed in Step iii and mixed at 6500 rpm for 5 min; v) The viscosity was adjusted for a smooth coating; vi) This slurry was coated onto 9 gm thick copper foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 100°C and the second heat zone to about 130°C to evaporate off the water. The final dried solid loading was about 11.8 mg/
  • the cell from Step v was filled with the LiPF 6 containing organic carbonate based electrolyte; vii) The bag from Step vi was sealed; viii) Rested for 16 hours; ix) The cell was charged to 4.2V at C/50 rate for 8 hours and then to 4.2V at 0.5C rate for 2 hours, then rest for 20 minutes, then discharged to 2.8V at 0.5C rate. Under vacuum, the cell was punctured to release any gases and then resealed. The cell made here was used for grading and other tests such as discharging capability test at 50°C, impact test, cycle life test and so on.
  • FIG. 38 presents the resistance in relation to the temperature increase for the positive electrode collected from autopsying a cell with 4.09V. The resistance changes very little compared with that ( FIG. 37 ) of the baseline cell.
  • FIG. 42 shows the discharge capacity vs. the cycle number. The cell lost about 2% capacity that is similar to that (2.5%) of the baseline cell.
  • FIG. 36 lists the cell impedance at 1 kHz and the capacity at 1A, 3A, 6A and 10A currents and the ratio of the capacity at 3A, 6A, 10A over that at 1A.
  • FIG. 40 shows the cell temperature profiles during the impact test.
  • FIG. 41 summarizes the cell maximum temperature in the impact test.
  • Step i CMC (0.375 g) was dissolved into deionized water ( ⁇ 30 g); ii) The solution prepared in Step i was mixed, and then carbon black (1.75 g) was added and mixed for several minutes; iii) nano BaTiO 2 powder (25 g) was added to the solution from Step ii and mixed for 20 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; v) This slurry was coated onto 15 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 90°C and the second heat zone to about 140°C to evaporate off the water. The final dried solid loading was about 0.7 mg/cm 2 .
  • PVDF (14.4 g) was dissolved into NMP ( ⁇ 160 g); ii) Carbon black (12 g) was added and mixed for 15 min at 6500 rpm; iii) LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC) (373.6 g) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) Some NMP was added for the viscosity adjustment; v) This slurry was coated onto POS4B (Example 2A) using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 80°C and the second heat zone to about 130°C to evaporate off the NMP.
  • the final dried solid loading was about 15.2 mg/cm 2 .
  • the positive layer was then compressed to a thickness of about 113 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode made here was called as zero voltage against a standard graphite electrode and was used for the impedance measurement at 0 V in relation to the temperature.
  • CMC 7.8 g was dissolved into deionized water ( ⁇ 800 g); ii) Carbon black (12 g) was added and mixed for 15 min at 6500 rpm; iii) Negative active graphite (JFE Chemical Corporation; Graphitized Mesophase Carbon Micro Bead (MCMB) and Synthetic Graphite (TIMCAL) (568.6 g in total) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) SBR (solid content 50% suspended in water) (25.2 g) was added to the slurry formed in Step iii and mixed at 6500 rpm for 5 min; v) The viscosity was adjusted for a smooth coating; vi) This slurry was coated onto 9 ⁇ m thick copper foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 70°C and the second heat zone to about 100°C to evaporate off the water. The final dried solid loading was about 8.99 mg
  • the cell from Step v was filled with the LiPF 6 containing organic carbonate based electrolyte; vii) The bag from Step vi was sealed; viii) Rest for 16 hours; ix) The cell was charged to 4.2V at C/50 rate for 8 hours and then to 4.2V at 0.5C rate for 2 hours, then rest for 20 minutes, then discharged to 2.8V at 0.5C rate. Under vacuum, the cell was punctured to release any gases and then resealed. The cell made here was used for grading and other tests such as discharging capability test at 50°C, impact test, cycle life test and so on.
  • FIG. 39 shows the discharge capacity at 1A, 3A, 6A current and at 50°C.
  • the cell capacity decreases very rapidly with the increase of the current, indicating the strong effect from the resistive layer.
  • FIG. 36 lists the cell impedance at 1 kHz and the capacity at 1A, 3A, 6A and 10A currents and the ratio of the capacity at 3A, 6A, 10A over that at 1A.
  • FIG. 40 shows the cell temperature profiles during the impact test.
  • FIG. 41 summarizes the cell maximum temperature in the impact test.
  • PVDF (31.5 g) was dissolved into NMP ( ⁇ 340 g); ii) Carbon black (13.5 g) was added and mixed for 15 min at 6500 rpm; iii) LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 (NMC) (855 g) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mix for 30 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) Some NMP was added for the viscosity adjustment; v) This slurry was added onto 15 ⁇ m aluminum foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 80°C and the second heat zone to about 130°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 14.8 mg/cm 2 . The positive layer was then compressed to a thickness of about 113 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode made here was designated as zero voltage against a standard graphite electrode and was used for the impedance measurement at 0 V in relation to the temperature, and the dry for the cell assembly.
  • CMC (0.375 g) was dissolved into deionized water ( ⁇ 90 g); ii) Carbon black (1.75 g) was added and mixed for 15 min; BaTiO 2 (25g in total) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) SBR (solid content 50% suspended in water) (45.6 g) was added to the slurry formed in Step iii and mixed at about 6500 rpm for 5 min; v) The viscosity was adjusted for a smooth coating; vi) This slurry was coated onto 9 ⁇ m thick copper foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 90°C and the second heat zone to about 140°C to evaporate off the water.
  • CMC (3.9 g) was dissolved into deionized water ( ⁇ 350 g); ii) Carbon black (6 g) was added and mixed for 15 min at 6500 rpm; iii) Negative active graphite (JFE Chemical Corporation; Graphitized Mesophase Carbon Micro Bead (MCMB) and Synthetic Graphite (TIMCAL) (283.8g in total) were added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) SBR (solid content 50% suspended in water) (25.2 g) was added to the slurry formed in Step iii and mixed at 6500 rpm for 5 min; v) The viscosity was adjusted for a smooth coating; vi) This slurry was coated onto NEG5B (Example 4B) using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 70°C and the second heat zone to about 100°C to evaporate off the water. The final dried solid loading was about 9.8
  • the cell from Step v was filled with the LiPF 6 containing organic carbonate based electrolyte; vii) The bag from Step vi was sealed; viii) Rest for 16 hours; ix) The cell was charged to 4.2V at C/20 rate for 5 hours and then to 4.2V at 0.5C rate for 2 hours, then rest for 20 minutes, then discharged to 2.8V at 0.5C rate. Under vacuum, the cell was punctured to release any gases and then resealed. The cell made here was used for grading and other tests such as discharging capability test at 50°C, impact test, cycle life test and so on.
  • FIG. 36 lists the cell impedance at 1 kHz and the capacity at 1A, 3A, 6A and 10A currents and the ratio of the capacity at 3A, 6A, 10A over that at 1A.
  • FIG. 40 shows the cell temperature profile during the impact test.
  • FIG. 41 summarizes the cell maximum temperature in the impact test.
  • Torlon®4000TF (0.8 g) was dissolved into NMP ( ⁇ 10 g); ii) PVDF (4.8 g) was dissolved into NMP (60 g); iii) The solutions prepared in Step i and ii were mixed, and then carbon black (0.32 g) was added and mixed for 10 min at 6500 rpm; iv) nano Al 2 O 3 powder (17.04 g) and NaSiO 3 (17.04g) were added to the solution from Step iii and mixed for 20 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; v) This slurry was coated onto 15 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 135°C and the second heat zone to about 165°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 0.7mg/cm 2 .
  • PVDF (21.6 g) was dissolved into NMP (270 g); ii) Carbon black (18 g) was added and mixed for 15 min at 6500 rpm; iii) LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NMC) (560.4 g) was added to the slurry from Step ii and mixed for 30 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) Some NMP was added for the viscosity adjustment; v) This slurry was coated onto POS6B (Example 1A) using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 85°C and the second heat zone to about 135°C to evaporate off the NMP. The final dried solid loading was about 19.4 mg/cm 2 . The positive layer was then compressed to a thickness of about 153 ⁇ m.
  • the electrode made here was called as zero voltage against a standard graphite electrode and was used for the impedance measurement at 0 V in relation to the temperature.
  • CMC 13 g was dissolved into deionized water ( ⁇ 1000 g); ii) Carbon black (20 g) was added and mixed for 15 min at 6500 rpm; iii) Negative active graphite (JFE Chemical Corporation; Graphitized Mesophase Carbon Micro Bead (MCMB) and Synthetic Graphite (TIMCAL) (945.92 g in total) were added to the slurry from Step ii and mix for 30 min at 6500 rpm to form a flowable slurry; iv) SBR (solid content 50% suspended in water) (42 g) was added to the slurry formed in Step iii and mixed at 6500 rpm for 5 min; v) The viscosity was adjusted for a smooth coating; vi) This slurry was coated onto 9 ⁇ m thick copper foil using an automatic coating machine with the first heat zone set to about 100°C and the second heat zone to about 130°C to evaporate off the water. The final dried solid loading was about 11.8 mg/
  • the cell from Step v was filled with the LiPF 6 containing organic carbonate based electrolyte; vii) The bag from Step vi was sealed; viii) Rest for 16 hours; ix) The cell was charged to 4.2V at C/50 rate for 8 hours and then to 4.2V at 0.5C rate for 2 hours, then rest for 20 minutes, then discharged to 2.8V at 0.5C rate. Under vacuum, the cell was punctured to release any gases and then resealed. The cell made here was used for grading and other tests such as discharging capability test at 50°C, impact test, cycle life test and so on.
  • FIG. 36 lists the cell impedance at 1kHz and the capacity at 1A, 3A, 6A and 10A currents and the ratio of the capacity at 3A, 6A, 10A over that at 1A.
  • FIG. 40 shows the cell temperature profiles during the impact test.
  • FIG. 41 summarizes the cell maximum temperature in the impact test.
  • phrases such as "at least one of” or “one or more of” may occur followed by a conjunctive list of elements or features.
  • the term “and/or” may also occur in a list of two or more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitly contradicted by the context in which it used, such a phrase is intended to mean any of the listed elements or features individually or any of the recited elements or features in combination with any of the other recited elements or features.
  • the phrases “at least one of A and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and/or B” are each intended to mean "A alone, B alone, or A and B together.”
  • a similar interpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items.
  • phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more of A, B, and C;” and “A, B, and/or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A and B and C together.”
  • Use of the term “based on,” above and in the claims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” such that an unrecited feature or element is also permissible.

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