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  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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  • C07D215/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D491/10—Spiro-condensed systems
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Definitions

• the present invention relates to organic compounds useful for therapy and/or prophylaxis in a mammal, and in particular to compounds that are preferential agonists of the Cannabinoid Receptor 2.
• the compound of formula (I) is particularly useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of e.g.
• pain in particular chronic pain, atherosclerosis, regulation of bone mass, inflammation, ischemia, reperfusion injury, systemic fibrosis, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, chronic allograft nephropathy, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, systemic sclerosis, glomerulonephropathy, thermal injury, burning, hypertrophic scars, keloids, gingivitis pyrexia, liver cirrhosis or tumors.
• the cannabinoid receptors are a class of cell membrane receptors belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. There are currently two known subtypes, termed Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2).
• CB1 receptor is mainly expressed in the central nervous (i.e. amygdala cerebellum, hippocampus) system and to a lesser amount in the periphery.
• CB2 which is encoded by the CNR2 gene, is mostly expressed peripherally, on cells of the immune system, such as macrophages and T-cells ( Ashton, J. C. et al. Curr Neuropharmacol 2007, 5(2), 73-80 ; Miller, A. M. et al.
• CB2 receptor agonists have been steadily on the rise during the last decade (currently 30-40 patent applications/year) due to the fact that several of the early compounds have been shown to have beneficial effects in pre-clinical models for a number of human diseases including chronic pain ( Beltramo, M. Mini Rev Med Chem 2009, 9(1), 11-25 ), atherosclerosis ( Mach, F. et al. J Neuroendocrinol 2008, 20 Suppl 1, 53-7 ), regulation of bone mass ( Bab, I. et al. Br J Pharmacol 2008, 153(2), 182-8 ), neuroinflammation ( Cabral, G. A. et al.
• Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the principal cause of tissue damage occurring in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiopulmonary bypass and other vascular surgeries, and organ transplantation, as well as a major mechanism of end-organ damage complicating the course of circulatory shock of various etiologies. All these conditions are characterized by a disruption of normal blood supply resulting in an insufficient tissue oxygenation. Re-oxygenation e.g., reperfusion is the ultimate treatment to restore normal tissue oxygenation. However the absence of oxygen and nutrients from blood creates a condition in which the restoration of circulation results in further tissue damage. The damage of reperfusion injury is due in part to the inflammatory response of damaged tissues.
• White blood cells carried to the area by the newly returning blood, release a host of inflammatory factors such as interleukins as well as free radicals in response to tissue damage.
• the restored blood flow reintroduces oxygen within cells that damages cellular proteins, DNA, and the plasma membrane.
• Remote ischemic preconditioning represents a strategy for harnessing the body's endogenous protective capabilities against the injury incurred by ischemia and reperfusion. It describes the interesting phenomenon in which transient non-lethal ischemia and reperfusion of one organ or tissue confers resistance to a subsequent episode of "lethal" ischemia reperfusion injury in a remote organ or tissue. The actual mechanism through which transient ischemia and reperfusion of an organ or tissue confers protection is currently unknown although several hypotheses have been proposed.
• the humoral hypothesis proposes that the endogenous substance (such as adenosine, bradykinin, opioids, CGRP, endocannabinoids, Angiotensin I or some other as yet unidentified humoral factor) generated in the remote organ or tissue enters the blood stream and activates its respective receptor in the target tissue and thereby recruiting the various intracellular pathways of cardioprotection implicated in ischemic preconditioning.
• the endogenous substance such as adenosine, bradykinin, opioids, CGRP, endocannabinoids, Angiotensin I or some other as yet unidentified humoral factor
• CB2 can also be of interest in sub-chronic and chronic setting.
• Specific upregulation of CB1 and CB2 has been shown to be associated in animal models of chronic diseases associated with fibrosis ( Garcia-Gonzalez, E. et al. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48(9), 1050-6 ; Yang, Y. Y. et al. Liver Int 2009, 29(5), 678-85 ) with a relevant expression of CB2 in myofibroblasts, the cells responsible for fibrosis progression.
• CB2 receptor Activation of CB2 receptor by selective CB2 agonist has in fact been shown to exert anti-fibrotic effect in diffuse systemic sclerosis ( Garcia-Gonzalez, E. et al. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48(9), 1050-6 ) and CB2 receptor has emerged as a critical target in experimental dermal fibrosis ( Akhmetshina, A. et al. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 60(4), 1129-36 ) and in in liver pathophysiology, including fibrogenesis associated with chronic liver diseases ( Lotersztajn, S. et al. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2007, 31(3), 255-8 ; Mallat, A. et al. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007, 11(3), 403-9 ; Lotersztajn, S. et al. Br J Pharmacol 2008, 153(2), 286-9 ).
• the compounds of the invention bind to and modulate the CB2 receptor and have lower CB1 receptor activity.
• alkyl alone or in combination with other groups, signifies a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group with 1 to 8 carbon atoms, particularly a straight or branched-chain alkyl group with 1 to 6 carbon atoms and more particularly a straight or branched-chain alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• Examples of straight-chain and branched-chain C 1 -C 8 alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, the isomeric pentyls, the isomeric hexyls, the isomeric heptyls and the isomeric octyls, particularly methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and pentyl more particularly methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl and isopentyl.
• cycloalkyl signifies a cycloalkyl ring with 3 to 8 carbon atoms and particularly a cycloalkyl ring with 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
• examples of cycloalkyl are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.
• Particular cycloalkyl are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. Cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl are particular examples.
• alkoxy alone or in combination with other groups, signifies a group of the formula alkyl-O- in which the term “alkyl” has the previously given significance, such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy and tert-butoxy, particularly methoxy and ethoxy.
• cycloalkyloxy or "cycloalkoxy”, alone or in combination with other groups, signify a group of the formula cycloalkyl-O- in which the term “cycloalkyl” has the previously given significance, such as cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy or cyclohexyloxy.
• phenyloxy alone or in combination with other groups, signifies a phenyl-O- group.
• halogen or "halo”, alone or in combination with other groups, signifies fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine and particularly fluorine, chlorine or bromine, more particularly fluorine and chlorine.
• halo in combination with another group, denotes the substitution of said group with at least one halogen, particularly substituted with one to five halogens, particularly one to three halogens.
• haloalkyl denotes an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group and an alkoxy group respectively, substituted with at least one halogen, particularly substituted with one to five halogens, particularly one to three halogens.
• Particular "haloalkyl” are trifluoromethyl, trifluoroethyl and trifluoropropyl.
• Particular "haloalkoxy” is trifluoroethoxy.
• halophenyl denotes a phenyl group, a pyrrolidinyl group, a pyridinyl group and an azetidinyl group respectively, substituted with at least one halogen, particularly substituted with one to three halogens.
• Particular "halophenyl” are chlorophenyl, fluorophenyl, dichlorophenyl and chlorofluorophenyl.
• Particular "halopyrrolidinyl” is difluoropyrrolidinyl.
• haloazetidinyl is difluoroazetidinyl.
• carbonyl alone or in combination with other groups, signifies the -C(O)-group.
• amino alone or in combination with other groups, signifies the primary amino group (-NH 2 ), the secondary amino group (-NH-) or the tertiary amino group (-N-).
• salts refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases or free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
• the salts are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, particularly hydrochloric acid, and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, N-acetylcystein.
• salts derived from an inorganic base include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium salts.
• Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, lysine, arginine, N-ethylpiperidine, piperidine, polyamine resins.
• the compound of formula (I) can also be present in the form of zwitterions.
• Particularly preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of formula (I) are the salts of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and methanesulfonic acid.
• one of the starting materials or compounds of formula (I) contain one or more functional groups which are not stable or are reactive under the reaction conditions of one or more reaction steps
• appropriate protecting groups as described e.g. in " Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry” by T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wutts, 3rd Ed., 1999, Wiley, New York
• Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods described in the literature.
• protecting groups are tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate (Teoc), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz) and p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl (Moz).
• the compound of formula (I) can contain several asymmetric centers and can be present in the form of optically pure enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers such as, for example, racemates, mixtures of diastereoisomers, diastereoisomeric racemates or mixtures of diastereoisomeric racemates.
• asymmetric carbon atom means a carbon atom with four different substituents. According to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Convention an asymmetric carbon atom can be of the "R” or "S" configuration.
• Compounds of the invention are selected from:
• the disclosure further relates in particular to:
• the invention further relates to a compound of formula (I) selected from:
• the invention also relates in particular to a compound of formula (I) selected from:
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared, for example, by the general synthetic procedures described below.
• R 1 to R 4 have, unless otherwise indicated, the meaning of R 1 to R 4 as defined above.
• Coupling agents for the reaction of compounds of formula II with acids of formula III are for example N , N '-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), N , N '-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), 1-[bis(dimethylamino)-methylene]- 1H -1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium-3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU), 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole (HOBT), O-benzotriazol-1-yl- N , N , N ', N '-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU) or O-benzotriazole- N , N , N ', N '-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate (HB
• Compound AC can be prepared from AA by coupling a suitably substituted aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl metal species of formula AB (step a), particularly an arylboronic acid or arylboronic acid ester in the presence of a suitable catalyst, in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) complexes and a base such as triethylamine, sodium carbonate or potassium phosphate in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and dimethoxyethane.
• a suitable catalyst in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-dpp
• alkenyl containing R 1 residues can be transformed to the corresponding alkyl congeners AC using conditions described in the literature such as e.g. via a hydrogenation reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• Compound I can be prepared from II and the corresponding amine or hydrazine of formula III by suitable amide bond forming reactions (step c). These reactions are known in the art. For example coupling reagents like N , N '-carbonyl-diimidazole (CDI), N,N'- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), 1-[bis(dimethylamino)-methylene]- 1H -1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium-3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU), 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole (HOBT), O-benzotriazol-1-yl- N , N , N ', N '-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), and O-benzotriazole- N
• esters of general formula AA can be saponified by methods well known to the ones skilled in the art - using e.g. aqueous LiOH, NaOH or KOH in tetrahydrofuran / ethanol or another suitable solvent at temperatures between 0°C and the reflux temperature of the solvent employed - to give acids of general formula AD (step b').
• Compounds AE can be prepared from AD and the corresponding amine or hydrazine of formula III by suitable amide bond forming reactions (step c'). These reactions are known in the art. For example coupling reagents like N , N '-carbonyl-diimidazole (CDI), N , N '-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), 1-[bis(dimethylamino)-methylene]- 1H -1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium-3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU), 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole (HOBT), O-benzotriazol-1-yl- N ,N, N ', N '-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), and O-benzotriazo
• Compound I can be prepared from AE by coupling a suitably substituted aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl metal species of formula AB (step a'), particularly an arylboronic acid or arylboronic acid ester in the presence of a suitable catalyst, in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures orpalladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) complexes and a base such as triethylamine, sodium carbonate or potassium phosphate in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and dimethoxyethane.
• a suitable catalyst in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures orpalladium(II)chloride-d
• alkenyl containing R 1 residues can be transformed to the corresponding alkyl congeners AE using conditions described in the literature such as e.g. via a hydrogenation reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• Amines or hydrazines III are either commercially available, described in the literature, can be synthesized by a person skilled in the art or as described in the experimental part.
• one of the starting materials, compounds of formulae AA, AB or III contains one or more functional groups which are not stable or are reactive under the reaction conditions of one or more reaction steps
• appropriate protecting groups P
• protecting groups can be introduced before the critical step applying methods well known in the art.
• Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods known in the art.
• picolines of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• Compound BB can be prepared from BA by oxidation with a suitable oxidizing reagent under conditions known to a person skilled in the art (step a), e.g. by treatment with 3-chloro perbenzoic acid in dichloromethane at ambient temperature.
• Conversion of compound BB to 6-chloro or 6-bromo-picoline AA' can be achieved e.g. by treatment with phosphoryl trichloride or tribromide either without an additional solvent or in a suitable solvent such as chloroform at temperatures between 20°C and the boiling point of the solvent, or by using other conditions known in the literature (step b).
• a base for example sodium hydride
• an inert solvent for example dimethylformamide
• compound AA ' can be converted to amino derivatives BD by treatment with an amine BC applying methods well known in the art (step c), for example using a palladium promoted amination reaction with palladium(II)acetate / 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl as the catalyst system in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in dioxane under reflux conditions.
• a base such as potassium carbonate in dioxane under reflux conditions.
• Compound BD can be further elaborated to compound I by: i) saponification (for compounds BD with R' ⁇ H) as described in step b of scheme 1 (step d); ii) amide bond formation as described in step c of scheme 1 (step e).
• protecting groups (as described e.g. in T.W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3rd editi on) can be introduced before the critical step applying methods well known in the art. Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods known in the art.
• picolines of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• Compound AA" can be prepared from CA by coupling a suitably substituted aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl metal species of formula CB (step a), e.g. an organotrifluoroborate potassium salt in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as palladium(II)acetate / butyl-1-adamantylphosphine and a base such as cesium carbonate in an inert solvent such as toluene at temperatures between 50°C and the boiling temperature of the solvent, or an arylboronic acid or arylboronic acid ester in the presence of a suitable catalyst, in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) complexes and a base such as triethylamine, sodium carbonate or potassium phosphate in an inert
• compound CB can also be an amine or amide which is coupled to CA by methods well known to a person skilled in the art, e.g. using a palladium catalyst such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium / dimethylbisdiphenyl-phosphinoxanthene and a base such as cesium carbonate in a solvent such as 1,4-dioxane, preferentially at the boiling point of the solvent.
• compound CB can also be a sulfonamide which undergoes a copper(I) mediated reaction with CA to form AA" following procedures described in the literature, e.g.
• alkenyl containing R 2 residues can be transformed to the corresponding alkyl congeners AA" using conditions described in the literature such as e.g. a hydrogenation reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• Compound AA ' can be further elaborated to compound I by: i) reaction with compound BC to form compound BD as described in step c of scheme 2; ii) saponification as described in step b of scheme 1; and iii) amide bond formation as described in step c of scheme 1.
• compound CA can be converted into compound CC by treatment with compound BC as described in step c of scheme 2 (step b).
• Compound BD can be further elaborated to compound I by: i) saponification as described in step b of scheme 1; ii) amide bond formation as described in step c of scheme 1.
• step iii) and step iv) can be interchanged.
• protecting groups as described e.g. in T.W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3rd editi on
• P protecting groups
• picolines of formula AA" and BD can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• CC is either commercially available, described in the literature, can be synthesized by methods described in scheme 3 or by other methods known to a person skilled in the art.
• Compound BD can be prepared from CC by coupling a suitably substituted aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl metal species of formula CB (step a), e.g. an organotrifluoroborate potassium salt in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as palladium(II)acetate / butyl-1-adamantylphosphine and a base such as cesium carbonate in an inert solvent such as toluene at temperatures between 50°C and the boiling temperature of the solvent, or an arylboronic acid or arylboronic acid ester in the presence of a suitable catalyst, in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) complexes and a base such as triethylamine, sodium carbonate or potassium phosphate in an inert
• alkenyl containing R 2 residues can be transformed to the corresponding alkyl congeners BD using conditions described in the literature such as e.g. a hydrogenation reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• compound CC can be converted to amino derivatives BD by treatment with an amine BC applying methods well known in the art (step b), for example using a palladium promoted amination with palladium(II)acetate /2-(dicyclohexylphosphino) biphenyl in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in dioxane under reflux conditions or by using tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium / rac-BINAP (2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl) in the presence of a base such as cesium carbonate in toluene at 100°C.
• a base such as potassium carbonate in dioxane under reflux conditions
• a base such as potassium carbonate in dioxane under reflux conditions
• tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium / rac-BINAP 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino
• compound BC can also be an amide which is coupled to CC by methods well known to a person skilled in the art, e.g. using a palladium catalyst such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium / dimethylbisdiphenyl-phosphinoxanthene and a base such as cesium carbonate in a solvent such as 1,4-dioxane preferentially at the boiling point of the solvent.
• a palladium catalyst such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium / dimethylbisdiphenyl-phosphinoxanthene and a base such as cesium carbonate in a solvent such as 1,4-dioxane preferentially at the boiling point of the solvent.
• Compound BD can be further elaborated to compound I by: i) saponification as described in step b of scheme 1; ii) amide bond formation as described in step c of scheme 1.
• one of the starting materials, compounds of formulae CC, CB, BC or DA contains one or more functional groups which are not stable or are reactive under the reaction conditions of one or more reaction steps
• appropriate protecting groups P
• protecting groups can be introduced before the critical step applying methods well known in the art.
• Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods known in the art.
• picolines of formula BD can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbens or a chiral eluent.
• Compound EA can be prepared from AA" e.g. by treatment with sodium sulfite in a mixture of ethanol and water at a temperature of 180°C in a sealed tube or by using alternative conditions known to a person skilled in the art (step a).
• Compound ED can be further elaborated to compound I by: i) saponification as described in step b of scheme 1 (step d); ii) amide bond formation as described in step c of scheme 1 (step e).
• one of the starting materials, compounds of formulae AA", EC or III contains one or more functional groups which are not stable or are reactive under the reaction conditions of one or more reaction steps
• appropriate protecting groups P
• protecting groups can be introduced before the critical step applying methods well known in the art.
• Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods known in the art.
• picolines of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• Compound BA can be prepared from FA by coupling a suitably substituted aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl metal species of formula CB (step a), e.g. an organotrifluoroborate potassium salt in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as palladium(II)acetate / butyl-1-adamantylphosphine and a base such as cesium carbonate in an inert solvent such as toluene at temperatures between 50°C and the boiling temperature of the solvent, or an arylboronic acid or arylboronic acid ester in the presence of a suitable catalyst, in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) complexes and a base such as triethylamine, sodium carbonate or potassium phosphate in an inert solvent such
• compound CB can also be an amine or amide which is coupled to FA by methods well known to a person skilled in the art, e.g. using a palladium catalyst such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium / dimethylbisdiphenyl-phosphinoxanthene and a base such as cesium carbonate in a solvent such as 1,4-dioxane preferentially at the boiling point of the solvent.
• alkenyl containing R 2 residues can be transformed to the corresponding alkyl congeners BA using conditions described in the literature such as e.g. a hydrogenation reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• Compound BB can be prepared from BA by oxidation with a suitable oxidizing reagent as described in step a of scheme 2 (step b).
• Compound AC can be prepared from AA' by coupling a suitably substituted aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl metal species of formula AB (step d), particularly an arylboronic acid or arylboronic acid ester in the presence of a suitable catalyst, in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) complexes and a base such as triethylamine, sodium carbonate or potassium phosphate in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and dimethoxyethane.
• a suitable catalyst in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-d
• alkenyl containing R 1 residues can be transformed to the corresponding alkyl congeners AC using conditions described in the literature such as e.g. a hydrogenation reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• Compound AC can be further elaborated to compound I by: i) saponification as described in step b of scheme 1 (step e); ii) amide bond formation as described in step c of scheme 1 (step f).
• one of the starting materials, compounds of formulae FA, CB, AB or III contains one or more functional groups which are not stable or are reactive under the reaction conditions of one or more reaction steps
• appropriate protecting groups P
• protecting groups can be introduced before the critical step applying methods well known in the art.
• Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods known in the art.
• picolines of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• Compound GB can be prepared from GA by oxidation with a suitable oxidizing reagent under conditions known to a person skilled in the art (step a), e.g. by treatment with 3-chloro perbenzoic acid in dichloromethane at ambient temperature.
• Compound II can be prepared from GD by coupling a suitably substituted aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl metal species of formula AB (step d) as described in step d of scheme 6.
• alkenyl containing R 1 residues can be transformed to the corresponding alkyl congeners II using conditions described in the literature such as e.g. a hydrogenation reaction using hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon in a solvent such as ethanol or ethyl acetate particularly at ambient temperature.
• suitable protecting groups such as ester protecting groups e.g.
• a methyl ester can be introduced prior to step d and removed at a later point of the synthesis.
• Protecting group introduction and removal can be carried out by suitable methods known in the art (for more details see T.W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3rd editi on).
• step e Further conversion of compound II to compound I can be done by applying amide bond formation conditions as depicted in step c of scheme 1 (step e).
• one of the starting materials, compounds of formulae GA, AB or III contains one or more functional groups which are not stable or are reactive under the reaction conditions of one or more reaction steps
• appropriate protecting groups P
• protecting groups can be introduced before the critical step applying methods well known in the art.
• Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods known in the art.
• picolines of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• HA is either commercially available, described in the literature or can be synthesized by a person skilled in the art.
• Compound HC can be prepared from HA applying methods described in the literature, e.g. by treatment with methyl propiolate in ammonia at elevated temperatures in an autoclave (step a).
• Conversion of compound HC to HD can be performed e.g. using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride in the presence of a base such as triethylamine in a solvent such as dichloromethane at temperatures preferentially between -50°C and ambient temperature or applying any other suitable method known to the ones skilled in the art (step b).
• a base such as triethylamine
• a solvent such as dichloromethane
• a palladium catalyst such as palladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) complexes under a carbon monoxide atmosphere preferentially under pressures of 70 bar in the presence of an amine such as triethylamine in a solvent system consisting
• Compound HE can be further elaborated to compound I by: i) saponification as described in step b of scheme 1 (step d); ii) amide bond formation as described in step c of scheme 1 (step e).
• one of the starting materials, compounds of formulae HA or III contains one or more functional groups which are not stable or are reactive under the reaction conditions of one or more reaction steps
• appropriate protecting groups P
• protecting groups can be introduced before the critical step applying methods well known in the art.
• Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods known in the art.
• picolines of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• Compound IB can be prepared from IA by treatment with compound CB as described in step a of scheme 6 (step a).
• IB to IC can be achieved by oxidation with a suitable oxidizing reagent as described in step a of scheme 7 (step b).
• N -oxide IC Conversion of N -oxide IC to alcohol ID can be performed under conditions well known to a person skilled in the art, e.g. by reaction with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride in a solvent such as dichloromethane preferentially at ambient temperature and subsequent treatment with a base such as sodium hydroxide (step c).
• Conversion of compound IE to compound IF can e.g. be accomplished by coupling a suitably substituted aryl metal species of formula AB', particularly an arylboronic acid or arylboronic acid ester in the presence of a suitable catalyst, in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) complexes and a base such as triethylamine, cesium carbonate or potassium phosphate in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide, toluene, tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane (step e).
• a suitable catalyst in particular a palladium catalyst and more particularly palladium(II)acetate / triphenylphosphine mixtures or palladium(II)chloride-dppf (1,
• Nitrile IF can be hydrolyzed to acid II applying the method described in step c of scheme 7 (step f).
• step e Further conversion of compound II to compound I can be done by applying amide bond formation conditions as depicted in step c of scheme 1 (step e).
• one of the starting materials, compounds of formulae IA, CB, AB' or III contains one or more functional groups which are not stable or are reactive under the reaction conditions of one or more reaction steps
• appropriate protecting groups P
• protecting groups can be introduced before the critical step applying methods well known in the art.
• Such protecting groups can be removed at a later stage of the synthesis using standard methods known in the art.
• picolines of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• Compounds of the general structure KB (a subgroup of I ) can be prepared from compounds of general structure KA (another subgroup of I ) by oxidative methods well known in the art, e.g. by Swern-oxidation using DMSO and a suitable activating agent as for example oxalyl chloride in an inert solvent as for example dichloromethane in the presence of a suitable base at temperatures ranging from -70°C to room temperature.
• Compounds of the general structure KD (a subgroup of I ) can be prepared from compounds of general structure KC (another subgroup of I ) by converting an alcohol functionality to an azide functionality by methods known in the art. This transformation can for example be affected by treating a solution of the alcohol in an inert solvent like DMF with sodium azide, triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride at elevated temperatures as for example 90°C. Further elaboration to the corresponding amine KE is done by reduction methods well known in the art as for example by reduction with sodium borohydride in 2-propanol in the presence of 1,3-propanedithiol and triethylamine at ambient temperatures. The amines KD can be further transformed into compounds of general structure KF , by reaction with 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzooxadiazol-4-amine in an inert solvent like THF at temperatures ranging from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent.
• protecting groups as described e.g. in T.W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1999, 3rd editi on
• P protecting groups
• picolines of formula I can be obtained as mixtures of diastereomers or enantiomers, which can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. (chiral) HPLC or crystallization. Racemic compounds can e.g. be separated into their antipodes via diastereomeric salts by crystallization or by separation of the antipodes by specific chromatographic methods using either a chiral adsorbent or a chiral eluent.
• the invention further relates to a compound as described above for use as therapeutically active substance.
• the invention further relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound as described above and a therapeutically inert carrier.
• the invention also relates to a compound as described above for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of pain, in particular chronic pain, atherosclerosis, regulation of bone mass, inflammation, ischemia, reperfusion injury, systemic fibrosis, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, chronic allograft nephropathy, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, systemic sclerosis, glomerulonephropathy, thermal injury, burning, hypertrophic scars, keloids, gingivitis pyrexia, liver cirrhosis or tumors.
• the invention particularly relates to a compound as described above for the treatment or prophylaxis of ischemia, reperfusion injury, liver fibrosis or kidney fibrosis, in particular ischemia or reperfusion injury.
• compositions or medicaments containing the compounds of the invention and a therapeutically inert carrier, diluent or excipient, as well as methods of using the compounds of the invention to prepare such compositions and medicaments.
• compounds of formula (I) may be formulated by mixing at ambient temperature at the appropriate pH, and at the desired degree of purity, with physiologically acceptable carriers, i.e., carriers that are non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed into a galenical administration form.
• the pH of the formulation depends mainly on the particular use and the concentration of compound, but preferably ranges anywhere from about 3 to about 8.
• a compound of formula (I) is formulated in an acetate buffer, at pH 5.
• the compounds of formula (I) are sterile.
• the compound may be stored, for example, as a solid or amorphous composition, as a lyophilized formulation or as an aqueous solution.
• compositions are formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice.
• Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered by any suitable means, including oral, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal, transdermal, parenteral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural and intranasal, and, if desired for local treatment, intralesional administration.
• Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered in any convenient administrative form, e.g., tablets, powders, capsules, solutions, dispersions, suspensions, syrups, sprays, suppositories, gels, emulsions, patches, etc.
• Such compositions may contain components conventional in pharmaceutical preparations, e.g., diluents, carriers, pH modifiers, sweeteners, bulking agents, and further active agents.
• a typical formulation is prepared by mixing a compound of the present invention and a carrier or excipient.
• Suitable carriers and excipients are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in detail in, e.g., Ansel, Howard C., et al., Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004 ; Gennaro, Alfonso R., et al. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000 ; and Rowe, Raymond C. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Chicago, Pharmaceutical Press, 2005 .
• the formulations may also include one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents, diluents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a compound of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament).
• buffers stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents, diluents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a compound of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing
• MS mass spectrometry
• EI electron impact
• ISP ion spray
• 6-(2,4-Dichloro-phenylamino)-5-methyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester was synthesized in analogy to Example 5 b, using 6-chloro-5-methyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (CAN 178421-22-2) and 2,4-dichloroaniline as starting materials, MS (EI): m/e 311.3 [M+H] + .
• 6-(2,4-Dichloro-phenylamino)-5-methyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid was synthesized in analogy to Example 5 c, using 6-(2,4-dichloro-phenylamino)-5-methyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester as starting material, MS (EI): m/e 297.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 9 f 6-cyclopropylmethoxy-5-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 9 f) and ⁇ , ⁇ ,5-trimethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-methanamine (CAN 1153831-97-0) as starting materials, MS (EI): m/e 401.1 [M+H] + .
• 3-aminopentane-3-carboxylic acid (CAN 2566-29-2, 2.0 g, 15.3 mmol) was combined with dioxane (100 mL) to give a colorless suspension.
• Sodium hydroxide (22.7 ml, 22.7 mmol, 1N) was added dropwise at 0°C within 10 min to give a colorless solution.
• Di -tert- butyl dicarbonate (CAN 24424-99-5, 6.7 g, 30.9 mmol) was added in three portions. The reaction was stirred for 30 min to give a colorless suspension.
• dioxane (30 mL) was added (using less solvent resulted in a thick suspension) and the mixture was stirred for 17 h at ambient temperature.
• reaction mixture was concentrated in vacua to a volume of 50 mL and poured into 200 mL water. Then the mixture was washed with ethyl acetate (3 x 80 ml). The aqueous layers were combined, 2N hydrochloric acid was added to adjust the pH to 2, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 60 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacua to give product (1.0 g, 28%).
• m -CPBA (CAN 937-14-4, 5.0 g, 29.2 mmol) was added to a solution of 5-methyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (CAN 4434-13-3, 2.0 g, 14.6 mmol) in methylene chloride (50 mL) and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solid was filtered off, quenched with a saturated solution of sodium thiosulfate (50 mL), and the mixture was extracted with methylene chloride (3 x 60 mL).
• Example 14 a 6-cyclopropylmethoxy-5-pyrrolidin-1-yl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 14 a) and ⁇ , ⁇ ,5-trimethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-methanamine (CAN 1153831-97-0) as starting materials, MS (LC/MS):386.2 [M+H] + .
• 3-Amino-3-methylbutanoic acid (CAN 625-05-8, 2.0 g, 17 mmol) was combined with dioxane (60 mL) to give a colorless suspension.
• 1 N sodium hydroxide solution (17.0 mL, 17.0 mmol) was added dropwise at 0°C within 10 min.
• Di- tert -butyldicarbonate (4.8 g, 22.2 mmol) was added in three portions. The reaction was stirred for 30 min to give a colorless suspension. Then dioxane (30 mL) was added (using less solvent resulted in a thick suspension) and the mixture was stirred for 17 hours at ambient temperature.
• reaction mixture was concentrated in vacua to a volume of 50 mL and poured into 200 mL water. Then the mixture was washed with ethyl acetate (3 x 80 ml). The aqueous layers were combined, 2 N HCl was added and after adjusting the pH to 2 the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 60 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give product (2.7 g, 72.9%).
• m -CPBA (CAN 937-14-4, 0.58 g, 3.4 mmol) was added in batches to a solution of 5-methyl-2-pyridinecarbonitrile (3 g, 25 mmol) in methylene chloride (60 mL) at room temperature and the reaction mixture was heated to 60°C overnight. Then the reaction mixture was washed with sodium thiosulphate solution (3 x 50 mL) and brine (3 x 50 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated.
• Example 42 a The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 1, using 5-cyclopropyl-6-cyclopropylmethoxy-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 42 a) and 2-amino- N ,2-dimethyl-propanamide (CAN 106914-07-2) as starting materials, MS (LC/MS): 332.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 42 a The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 1, using 5-cyclopropyl-6-cyclopropylmethoxy-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 42 a) and ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl-2-thiazolemethanamine (CAN 1082393-38-1) as starting materials, MS (LC/MS): 358.1 [M+H] + .
• Example 42 a The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 1, using 5-cyclopropyl-6-cyclopropylmethoxy-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 42 a) and ⁇ , ⁇ ,5-trimethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-methanamine (CAN 1153831-97-0) as starting materials, MS (LC/MS): 357.1 [M+H] + .
• 6-Bromo-5-cyclopropyl-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (0.1 g, 0.4 mmol), 3-chlorophenylboronic acid (CAN 63503-60-6, 0.08 g, 0.5 mmol), 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene-palladium(II)dichloride methylene chloride adduct (CAN 95464-05-4, 50 mg) and cesium carbonate (CAN 534-17-8, 0.2 g, 0.6 mmol) was added into 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 12 h at 110°C. Subsequently, the mixture was concentrated to give crude product.
• 3-chlorophenylboronic acid CAN 63503-60-6, 0.08 g, 0.5 mmol
• Example 39 b The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 1, using 5-cyclopentyl-6-cyclopropylmethoxy-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 39 b) and (S)-2-cyclopropyl-1-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-ethylamine (Example 38 e) as starting materials, MS (LC/MS): 411.2 [M+H] + .
• Example 39 b The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 1, using 5-cyclopentyl-6-cyclopropylmethoxy-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 39 b) and ⁇ , ⁇ ,5-trimethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-methanamine (CAN 1153831-97-0, Example 33 d) as starting materials, MS (LC/MS): 385.2 [M+H] + .
• 6-bromo-5-chloro-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (0.38 g, 1.6 mmol)
• 3-chlorophenylboronic acid (CAN 63503-60-6, 0.33 g, 2.1 mmol)
• 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene-palladium(II) dichloride methylene chloride complex (CAN 95464-05-4, 30 mg)
• cesium carbonate CAN 534-17-8, 1.6 g, 4.8 mmol
• Example 42 a The title compound was synthesized in analogy to Example 1, using 5-cyclopropyl-6-cyclopropylmethoxy-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 42 a) and 1-methyl-1-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl-ethylamine (CAN 1153757-41-5) as starting materials, MS (LC/MS): 343.1 (M+H).
• the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at 110°C.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue dissolved in water and extracted with ethyl acetate (1 x 30 mL).
• Phosphorus oxide bromide (CAN 7789-59-5, 11 g, 38 mmol) was added to a solution of 1-oxy-5-(tetrahydro-furan-3-yl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (c1) and 1-oxy-5-(tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (c2) (mixture from Example 101c, 2.86 g, 13 mmol) in methylene chloride. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and poured into 100 ml methanol.

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