Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
  • C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
  • C01B32/158—Carbon nanotubes
  • C01B32/168—After-treatment
  • C01B32/174—Derivatisation; Solubilisation; Dispersion in solvents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
  • C09D5/24—Electrically-conducting paints
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B2202/00—Structure or properties of carbon nanotubes
  • C01B2202/20—Nanotubes characterized by their properties
  • C01B2202/28—Solid content in solvents

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of stable suspensions and dispersions of carbon nanotubes in high concentration and low viscosity.
• Carbon nanotubes are known for their exceptional properties. For example, their strength is about 100 times that of steel, their thermal conductivity is about as large as that of diamond, their thermal stability reaches up to 2800 ° C in vacuum and their electrical conductivity can be many times the conductivity of copper.
• these structure-related characteristics are often only accessible at the molecular level if it is possible to homogeneously distribute carbon nanotubes and to produce the largest possible contact between the tubes and the medium, ie to make them compatible with the medium and thus stable dispersible.
• electrical conductivity it is furthermore necessary to form a network of tubes in which, ideally, they only touch one another at the ends or approach sufficiently closely.
• the carbon nanotubes should be as isolated as possible, that is agglomerate-free, not aligned and present in a concentration at which such a network can just form, which is reflected by the sudden increase in electrical conductivity as a function of the concentration of carbon nanotubes (Perkoiationsgrenze) .
• An example of the direct application of conductive dispersions are conductive inks (see, for example, EP-A 1514280).
• excellent dispersion and singulation of the carbon nanotubes is required because larger agglomerates lead to break points (Zhou, eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 2008, 2, 1, 40-48) and then rather a deterioration in the mechanical properties thereof Composite is observed.
• CNTs are in the form of primary agglomerates. These primary agglomerates, which may have an order of magnitude of up to several millimeters, are initially unsuitable for industrial use. Rather, they must be broken up so that the CNTs are isolated and can form a stable dispersion and can be applied, for example, in the form of thin layers on the surface to be treated. Also, isolated CNTs are required to achieve desirable properties, such as electrical conductivity.
• a high concentration of CNT in the dispersion is desirable, for conductive inks, for example, to make the printing process as efficient as possible.
• the wet film thickness achievable in a single step is limited by typical printing processes.
• the amount of CNTs which can be applied with a single printing step, and thus also the achievable surface conductivity, is therefore proportional to the CNT concentration in the dispersion. If a certain surface conductivity is required, it may require a number of printing operations, depending on the requirements and the method of loading, which increases the complexity and can possibly lead to problems with the accuracy of the printed structures.
• a high concentration is desirable in order to achieve a sufficient concentration in the final product can.
• a CNT dispersion is time stable over a period of at least six months for sedimentation of particles.
• the production of large amounts of dispersion is required, up to the ton scale. The production of such large amounts is not described in the literature.
• CNT-containing dispersions can be prepared by various known techniques. Techniques known to those skilled in the art are shown, for example, in “Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Liquids", Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, Volume 24, Issue 1 January 2003, pages 1-41.
• WO-A 2009/100865 discloses a process for the preparation of conductive aqueous formulations comprising carbon nanotubes and at least one polymeric dispersing aid comprising at least the steps:
• a volume-related energy density preferably in the form of shear energy, of at least 10 4 J / m 3 , preferably of at least 10 5 J / m 3 , more preferably 10 7 to 10 9 J / m 3 in the predispersion until the agglomerate diameter the carbon nanotube agglomerates are substantially ⁇ 5 ⁇ m, preferably ⁇ 3 ⁇ m, particularly preferably ⁇ 2 ⁇ m,
• step c) the preferred use of a high-pressure homogenizer is disclosed, wherein the predispersion preferably passes through the high-pressure homogenizer several times.
• a disadvantage of this method is that the maximum concentration to be maintained in the formulation corresponds to the maximum settable concentration in the predispersion.
• Example 3 of the application via three separate passages via a high-pressure homogenizer a dispersion of 0.5 grams of H 2 C 2 -purified CNTs in 95 gram polyvinylpyrrolidone solution is disclosed. At a concentration of just under 0.53% by weight, the viscosity is already 1.68 Pa * s at room temperature and a shear rate of 1 / s. This low concentration of CNTs causes large amounts of water to be evaporated in order to obtain a conductive coating. Since the viscosity of dispersions of CNTs increases sharply with increasing concentration of dispersed CNTs, is higher BMS 10 1 120
• US 2005/0224764 A1 describes CNT dispersions which, after application to a surface and drying, are electrically conductive and, due to their pseudoplastic properties, are suitable, for example, for screen printing.
• the dispersions contain a carrier material (water or an organic solvent), a polymeric binder, typically a dispersing aid.
• the conductivities described in this application correspond, after conversion, approximately those of WO 2009/100865. It is disclosed that the CNT dispersions may contain 0.1-5% CNT.
• US 2005/0224764 A1 also describes that the viscosity increases with increasing content of CNTs. This is also the grand, why the dispersions only by predispersion mitteis ultrasound of a dilute solution containing max.
• the CNT content is at most 3.5% by weight, in most cases 2.5% by weight or less, and the said method does not allow for higher concentrations of satisfactory quality, even if this is the case partly desirable for the reasons mentioned above.
• Object of the present invention starting from the prior art, was therefore the development of a method by which CNT dispersions can be prepared in high CNT concentrations, with sufficiently low viscosities and good conductivities. Moreover, the process should also enable the economical production of large quantities of CNT dispersions having the above properties, i. be industrially usable.
• step 1 If carbon nanotubes were added in step 1, optionally predispersing the mixture from step 1.
• step 4 The first dispersion obtained in step 3 is subjected to further dispersion in a high-pressure homogenizer, optionally in a recycle mode. The final dispersion is obtained.
• Carbon nanotubes according to the invention are all single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT), for example of the cylinder type as described e.g. in US-A 5,747,161; WO 86/03455), scroll-type, multi-scroll type, cup-stacked type single-ended or open-sided conical cups (e.g., in EP-A 198,558 and US 7018601 B2), or onion-like structure.
• Preference is given to using multi-wall carbon nanotubes of the cylinder type, scroll type, multiscroll type and cup-stacked type or mixtures thereof and in particular mixtures containing the multiscroll type as described below. It is favorable if the carbon nanotubes have a ratio of length to outer diameter of> 5, preferably> 100.
• the individual graphene or graphite layers in these carbon nanotubes viewed in cross-section, evidently run continuously from the center of the carbon nanotubes to the outer edge without interruption. For example, this may allow improved and faster intercalation of other materials in the tube framework as more open edges are available than the entry zone of the intercalates compared to simple scroll structure carbon nanotubes (Carbon 1996, 34, 1301-3) or onion-like CNTs (Science 1994, 263, 1744-7).
• the carbon nanotubes are used in functionalized form.
• the functionalization of carbon nanotubes is known. Various methods are described, for example, in a review article by N. Tsubokawa (Polymer Journal 2005, 37, 637-655). BMS 10 1 120
• the carbon nanotubes are provided in the form of agglomerates.
• the agglomerated form is that form of carbon nanotubes in which they are commercially available.
• Several types of structures of agglomerates can be distinguished: the bird's nest structure (BN), the combed yarn (CY) structure, and the open net structure (ON).
• Other agglomerate structures are known, e.g. one in which the carbon nanotubes arrange in the form of bulky yarns (Hocke, WO PCT / EP2010 / 004845).
• the agglomerates provided have an average agglomerate size of> 0.02 mm. This value can be determined by means of laser diffraction spectrometry (an example of a device is the Mastersizer MS 2000 with dispersing unit Hydro S from Malvern, in water).
• the upper limit of the agglomerate size may be, for example, ⁇ 6 mm.
• the average agglomerate size is> 0.05 mm to ⁇ 2 mm and more preferably> 0.1 mm to ⁇ 1 mm.
• the dispersants used in the process are inorganic or organic compounds which are liquid at room temperature, e.g. Solvent.
• solvents are water, acetone, nitriles, alcohols, dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), PyiTolidonderivate, butyl acetate, Methoxypropyiacetat, Alkylbenzene and cyclohexane derivatives.
• the dispersant may be present as a pure substance or even itself to a solution or dispersion. Also preferred are substances which represent or contain a component of a reactive system.
• the dispersant may also be a substance that is usually incorporated into polymers. Examples of this latter case are flame retardants, mold release agents, plasticizers, stabilizers or other customary in the polymer industry additives in bulk, as a dispersion or in a solvent. Depending on the use of the dispersions, it is also possible to add additives, such as carbon blacks in graphitic or amorphous form, 1-fold salts, dyes, stabilizers, processing aids, etc.
• the dispersing aid is a polymeric or non-polymeric dispersing aid.
• a polymer dispersing aid may be selected from the series: water-soluble homopolymers, water-soluble random copolymers, water-soluble block copolymers, water-soluble BMS 10 1 120
• Graft polymers in particular polyvinyl alcohols, copolymers of polyvinyl alcohols and polyvinyl acetates, polyvinylpyrrolidones, cellulose derivatives such as, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylpropylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, starch, gelatin, gelatin derivatives, amino acid polymers, polylysine, polyaspartic acid, polyacrylates, polyethylene lensulfonates, polystyrenesulfonates, polymethacrylates, polysulfonic acids, Condensation products of aromatic sulfonic acids with formaldehyde, naphthalenesulfonates, lignin sulfonates, copolymers of acrylic monomers, polyethylenimines, polyvinylamines, polyallylamines, poly (2-vinylpyridines), block copolyethers, block copolyethers with polystyrene blocks and polydiallyld
• the at least one polymeric dispersing aid is preferably at least one agent selected from the series: polyvinylpyrrolidone, block copolyethers and block copolyethers with polystyrene blocks, carboxymethylcellulose, carboxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylpropylcellulose, glycine, gelatin derivatives and polysulfonic acids.
• Preferred dispersants are polyvinylpyrrolidone, carboxymethylcellulose and salts of polysulfonic acids and lignosulfonic acid.
• polyvinylpyrrolidone and / or Biock copolyethers with polystyrene blocks are used as polymeric dispersing aids.
• Particularly suitable polyvinylpyrrolidone has a molecular weight M n in the range of 5000 to 400,000.
• PVP Kl 5 from Fluka (molecular weight about 10000 amu) or PVP K90 from Fluka (molecular weight of about 360000 amu) or Biock copolyether with polystyrene blocks, with 62 wt% C2-polyether, 23 wt% CY polyether and 15% by weight polystyrene, based on the dried dispersing aid, with a ratio of the block lengths (Y polyether to C3 polyether of 7: 2 units (eg Disperbyk 190 from BYK-Chemie, Wesel).
• the amount of dispersing aid required depends on the type of dispersing assistant and the amount of CNTs used. A ratio of dispersing agent to CNT of from 0.5: 1 to 1: 1 is preferred. In preferred embodiments, the dispersing aid is present in a concentration of from 2 to 10% by weight. In other specific embodiments of the dispersions of the invention, the dispersing aid is advantageously present in a proportion of from 0.01% by weight to 10% by weight, preferably in a proportion of from 0.1% by weight to 7% by weight, especially preferably in a proportion of 0.5% by weight to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the final dispersion.
• polymeric dispersants are particularly advantageous in the proportions indicated, because they also allow an adjustment of the viscosity of the dispersions of the invention in addition to supporting a suitable dispersion of carbon nanotubes.
• polymeric dispersants also allows an adaptation of BMS 10 1 120
• the optional predispersion in step 2 can be carried out by various known methods. Examples are ultrasound, ball mills, a rotor-stator system or a homogenizer. Preference is given to a rotor-stator system or a homogenizer, very particular preference is given to the high-pressure homogenizer.
• the preparation of the first dispersion in step 3 and the preparation of the final dispersion in step 4 are carried out in a high-pressure homogenizer.
• Particularly suitable high-pressure homogenizers are basically known, for example, from the publication Chemie Ingenieurtechnik, Volume 77, Issue 3 (pp. 258-262).
• Very particularly preferred high-pressure homogenizers are jet diffusers, columnar hydrates and
• a high pressure homogenizer includes a pump and one or more nozzles.
• Particularly suitable high-pressure homogenizers are basically known, for example, from the publication Chemie Ingenieurtechnik, Volume 77, Issue 3 (pp. 258-262).
• the pump of a high-pressure homogenizer can be designed, for example, as a piston pump, gear pump or peristaltic pump. Preferred are piston pumps.
• the CNT-containing mixture (containing dispersing agent, dispersing aid and CNT) is fed to the pump of the high-pressure homogenizer by means of a feed pump in order to overcome the pressure loss when flowing into the pump of the high-pressure homogenizer.
• this feed pump is operated at a higher throughput than the pump of the high-lift homogenizer.
• the CNT-containing mixture is preferably recycled separately to the reservoir.
• a pressure-holding valve is preferably used before returning to the reservoir to adjust the form upstream of the pump of the high-pressure homogenizer.
• nozzles of a high-pressure homogenizer There are various options known to the person skilled in the art for the nozzles of a high-pressure homogenizer. Examples are pinhole diaphragms, jet dispersers (a special form of pinhole diaphragms in which the jets produced by the pinhole diaphragms meet), special nozzle geometries such as the Microfluidizer TM and spring-loaded nozzle systems such as annular gap nozzles. Jet dispersants and annular gap nozzles are preferably used. Common to all methods is the comminution effect by highly turbulent flow and additionally, if necessary, by cavitation. BMS 10 1 120
• the pressures used in the high-pressure homogenizers are generally between 50 and 4000 bar, preferably between 100 and 2000 and most preferably between 200 and 1500 bar.
• the diameter of the nozzles can be varied by exchanging the nozzles.
• nozzles are used at the beginning with a diameter whose diameter is greater than the diameter of the largest C'NT agglomerates in order to prevent clogging.
• the nozzle diameter is reduced in order to achieve higher pressure losses and thus higher energy inputs.
• Cross section is where D is the nozzle diameter.
• the preferred nozzle diameter at the beginning of the dispersion using hole dies is between 1.5 mm and 0.6 mm and the preferred pressure loss between 20 and 100 bar.
• a spring-loaded annular gap nozzle can also be used.
• a spring-loaded annular gap nozzle also referred to as a radial nozzle or flat nozzle
• It consists essentially of a central feeder which leads to a spring-loaded plate which is fitted in a seat. The pressure of the liquid in the feeder raises the plate and allows the nozzle to flow radially outward.
• the spring preload can be used to adjust the pressure loss in the nozzle. Particles trapped between the plate and the seat block the flow, causing the seat to open. This has the advantage that a spring-loaded annular gap nozzle is much less prone to clogging. Therefore, it does not need to be replaced, and the predispersing step may be eliminated.
• the CNT-containing mixture is preferably fed to a reservoir.
• This reservoir can be stirred or unstirred, preferably stirred.
• the CNT-containing mixture is removed from this reservoir again and fed to the high-pressure homogenizer, which feeds it back to the reservoir (circular mode).
• This preferred embodiment has the advantage of simplicity, but may result in some CNTs passing the nozzle more frequently and other CNTs passing the nozzle less frequently.
• the CNT-containing mixture is driven in a cascade of two or more storage containers, wherein it is supplied in each case from one Voixats capableer the next. This can be done continuously or discontinuously. This too is done in a circular mode, i. the CNT-containing mixture passes through the nozzle several times, but with a narrower residence time distribution.
• the product is transferred alternately into two storage containers (from feed tank A via the nozzle in feed tank B and then from feed tank B in turn via the nozzle into feed tank A), whereby a very narrow residence time distribution is achieved.
• the first dispersion typically contains concentrations of CNTs between 0 and 7% by weight, preferably between 1 and 6% by weight, and more preferably between 3 and 5.5% by weight.
• step 3 further CNTs are added continuously or discontinuously to produce the initial dispersion of the mixture by increasing the concentration of CNTs in the reservoir. This can be done, for example, by adding CNTs in dry form to the reservoir ("post-dosing") over a period of typically a few minutes BMS 10 1 120
• a stirred feed tank is preferred to wet the CNTs with the dispersion prepared so far and to mix them with it.
• this first dispersion is produced by means of a circulation mode.
• the subsequent metering of the CNTs is particularly preferably carried out only when the effect of lowering the viscosity has occurred.
• the viscosity of a CNT-haitigen dispersion with increasing dispersion time initially increased and then significantly lowered after passing through a maximum.
• This effect of reducing the viscosity is not proportional to the deagglomeration of the CNT and can be checked by checking the viscosity of the CNT-containing dispersion at short time intervals, e.g. in the exemplary embodiments, easily determine.
• the amount of added CNTs is typically between 0.1% by weight and 5% by weight, preferably between 0.5 and 3% by weight and more preferably between 1 and 2.5% by weight. During the addition, the dispersion may be stopped or continued.
• a further dispersion takes place (step 4).
• This further dispersion is preferably also carried out in the high-pressure homogenizer.
• the end point of the dispersion is preferably determined by the fact that in the CNT dispersion, a further viscosity maximum is reached and exceeded.
• typically between 1/4 and 50 passes are made, preferably between 1/2 and 30 and particularly preferably between 1 and 16 passes.
• the process of the subsequent dosing with subsequent dispersion can be carried out according to the invention once or several times, preferably once to 15 times.
• a first dispersion is prepared as described above, wherein the effect of reducing the viscosity particularly preferably occurs.
• the CNTs are continuously added to a preferably stirred feed tank while the dispersion continues.
• the throughput of CNTs is based on the time required for circulation in the high-pressure homogenizer and on the total mass of the dispersion and is typically between 0.03 and 2% by weight per revolution, preferably between 0.05 and 1.5% by weight. per revolution and more preferably between 0, 1 and 1% by weight per revolution.
• concentrations of CNTs can be adjusted which are up to 20% by weight, preferably 1-18% by weight, more preferably between 5 and 16% by weight and between 5.5 and 15% by weight.
• dispersion contains between 6 and 15% by weight of CNT.
• the dispersion contains between 7 and 15% by weight and more preferably between 8.0 and 14.5% by weight of CNT.
• dispersions can be produced with more than 8% by weight of CNT. All percentages by weight are based on the total mass of the dispersion.
• the continuous addition, mixing and / or dispersion may also be interrupted for a short or longer time without adversely affecting the result of the dispersion.
• steps according to the invention of preparing a first dispersion followed by subsequent addition of CNTs and post-dispersion are preferably followed by a further step of final dispersion (step 4) in order to further comminute residual agglomerates of CNTs and to prepare the final dispersion.
• the inventive method has the advantage that it can be upscaled.
• the effective throughput is for example> 2 liters / h and can be further increased, for example to> 10 liters / h and> 50 liters / h.
• the dispersions prepared according to the invention preferably have a relatively low viscosity compared with other preparation processes, with good conductivity at the same time.
• the dispersions according to the invention are stable for> 1 month, preferably> 3 months, which is evidenced by a slight change in the conductivity value during storage of the dispersion over this period.
• the dispersions have small mean particle diameters. This value can be determined, for example, by means of laser diffraction spectrometry (an example of a device is the Mastersizer MS 2000 with dispersing unit Hydro S from Malvern). In comparison to other dispersing methods, in particular grinding, a lower stress of the CNT takes place, which is reflected in a smaller shortening of the CNT. The good dispersing quality is also reflected in the good conductivities of the dispersions and the coatings and materials produced therefrom.
• Such dispersions of carbon nanotubes can be used in many ways in the art.
• An example is the use as conductive coatings and coatings, for example as a conductive ink for the production of electrically conductive surfaces or electrical circuits, as described for example in DE102008008837 AI. In this case, the generation of the circuits or electrical BMS 10 1 120
• carbon nanotube-containing dispersions are conductive precursor materials for the production of polymer materials and further starting materials for the production of CNT-containing composites, for example for the incorporation of CNTs into different matrices, in particular in polymers.
• Carbon nanotube-containing dispersions are also used in glass fiber sizes, for the impregnation of ceramics, for concrete consolidation, for the modification of latex (rubber etc.) and in emulsion paints (deep black, electro magnetic shielding).
• the conductivity of the dried dispersions was determined by diluting the respective dispersion with distilled water so that the mass concentration was 0.5%. 200 microliters were then drawn up with a micrometer syringe and placed in a rectangular depression with removable walls measuring one centimeter by two centimeters. The dispersion was then dried in a drying oven at 60 ° C for at least four hours. The walls of the well were then removed to leave a "stain" of dried one centimeter by two centimeter dispersion on the bottom, and the dried suspension was then electrically contacted with metal wedges on both sides of the rectangle to form a square The square of this square is approximately 0.5 g CNTs, and the resistance of this square was then measured with an ITT Instruments MX52S multimeter.
• the thickness of the layers was measured for various experiments and was about four to six microns.
• the sample 1 -1 was taken.
• Step 3a Homogenization of predispersion until the viscosity maximum is exceeded
• Table 1 gives an overview of the individual steps and the measured viscosities at 0.1 / s, 1 / s and 10 / s. In carrying out the experiment, it was noted that the samples 1 -4 and 1 -5 were much thinner than the sample 1 -1, 1 -2 and 1 -3.
• Fig. 1 shows the viscosity values from Table 1 in graphic form.
• Step 1 Production of the mixture
• the mixture was homogenized for four minutes using the Kotthoff mixed siren analogously to Example 1. Thereafter, the product was transferred to a stirred tank, in a first step the product was pumped in a circle, in a second step through a nozzle of 1.4 mm diameter at a rate of 200 kg / h.
• Step 3a Homogenization of predispersion until the viscosity maximum is exceeded
• Table 2 gives an overview of the individual steps and the measured viscosities at 0, 1 / s, 1 / s and 10 / s.
• Fig. 2 shows the viscosity values from Table 2 in graphic form.
• Example 3 Production of an LSSNa-Containing Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes According to the Invention Step 1 .: Preparation of the mixture
• step 1 The mixture prepared in step 1 was homogenized with the Kotthoff mixed siren (see example 1) of type LDF for four minutes. Thereafter, the dispersion was transferred to a stirred tank and homogenized by a pneumatic pump. The product was returned to the original container. In a first step, the product was pumped in a circle, in a second step via a nozzle of 1.4 mm diameter with a throughput of 200 kg / h.
• sample 3-6 was obtained.
• sample 3-6 The particle size of sample 3-6 was determined by means of laser diffraction with a Mastersizer 2000 Hydro S from Malvem. The D90 value determined by this method was 1.62 micrometers, a very good dispersing quality.
• the Feststoffgehait was determined by means of a dry balance. It was 14.1% by weight based on the total weight of the dispersion. The content of CNT is 7.9 wt .-% CNT / total weight of the dispersion.
• sample 3-6 The viscosity of sample 3-6 was determined after one week with a Physica MCR 301 Rheometer in a Couette gap at T 25 ° C. Initially shear rates were determined BMS 10 1 120
• Conductivities were determined on the dried dispersion by the method described above. The conductivity of five squares 1 cm * 1 cm square with 0.5 milligrams of CNT was measured and values between 30.8 ohms and 43.9 ohms were determined, the mean value being 37.4 ohms. With a layer thickness of 4 microns, this corresponds to a conductivity of about 6700 Siemens per meter.
• a stirred tank 1 has at the discharge of a pump 2, which can perform the product in the stirred tank 1 via a pressure-holding valve 3 again. Furthermore, it can flow to the high-pressure pump 4. Normally, the throughput of the pump 2 will be higher than the throughput of the high-pressure pump 4, whereby the possibility exists to adjust the admission pressure of the high-pressure pump 4 via the pressure-maintaining valve 3.
• the part of the product which passes through the high-pressure pump 4 can be broken down via one or more nozzles connected in series, in this case two spring-loaded annular gap nozzles 5 and 6.
• the stirred container 1 has a possibility of metering in solids and liquids from above.
• Step 1 Preparation of the mixture
• This mixture was homogenized with a LDT Kotthoff mixed siren for four minutes. Thereafter, the dispersion was transferred to a stirred tank and homogenized by a pneumatic pump. The product was in each case returned to the storage container, in a first step, the product was pumped in a circle, in a second step via a nozzle with 1, 4 mm diameter at a rate of 200 kg / h.
• the mixture was then transferred to the stirred tank 1.
• the pump 2 was started and set the pressure after the pump 2 with the valve 3 to about 2 bar.
• the high-pressure pump 4 was started and set the pressure after the high-pressure pump 4 via the valves 5 to 1200 bar and the pressure after the valve 5 via the valve 6 to about 200 bar.
• the pressure drop across the valve 5 was thus about 1000 bar and about the valve 6 about 200 bar.
• the throughput of the Hodchdruckpumpe 4 was the whole time between 110 and 120 liters per hour.
• Solids content of the final dispersion according to Example 4 14.4% by weight, based on the total weight of the dispersion.
• the content of CNT is 8.9 wt .-% CNT / total weight of the dispersion.
• the particle sizes were determined as indicated above.
• the D90 value was 1.7 microns.

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