EP2567408A2 - Cellule photovoltaïque à face arrière structurée et procédé de fabrication associé - Google Patents
Cellule photovoltaïque à face arrière structurée et procédé de fabrication associéInfo
- Publication number
- EP2567408A2 EP2567408A2 EP11723678A EP11723678A EP2567408A2 EP 2567408 A2 EP2567408 A2 EP 2567408A2 EP 11723678 A EP11723678 A EP 11723678A EP 11723678 A EP11723678 A EP 11723678A EP 2567408 A2 EP2567408 A2 EP 2567408A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wafer
- optical structure
- semiconductor material
- photovoltaic cell
- patterns
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 119
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium nitride Chemical compound [Ti]#N NRTOMJZYCJJWKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Mg+2] ORUIBWPALBXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021426 porous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 62
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 25
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000277301 Esociformes Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000025 interference lithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004038 photonic crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001846 repelling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0232—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the device
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/052—Cooling means directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. integrated Peltier elements for active cooling or heat sinks directly associated with the PV cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/056—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means the light-reflecting means being of the back surface reflector [BSR] type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of photovoltaic cells.
- These cells are generally formed from slices of semiconductor material, such as silicon, in which the photovoltaic conversion takes place.
- the invention relates to a photovoltaic cell comprising at least one wafer of semiconductor material and an electrical contact on the rear face of said wafer, the rear face being the face opposite to the face through which the incident light enters.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing such a photovoltaic cell.
- optical structures may be in the form of pyramidal structures, for which the plane angles of the pyramid correspond to crystalline axes of the silicon.
- Such optical structures on the front face of the wafer have also been proposed for other materials than silicon. It may for example be surface roughness arranged more or less randomly.
- the incident light passing through the front face of the slice of semiconductor material thus structured is then deflected due to this structuring, which increases the path length of a photon in the core of the slice of semiconductor material and hence its probability of generating a photovoltaic phenomenon instead of reaching the unlit side of said slice.
- the rear face of the wafer of semiconductor material is provided with a diffraction grating combined with several alternating layers of different materials forming a Bragg grating.
- the authors proposed a comparison with a slice of semiconductor material whose back face is provided only with a diffraction grating, without a Bragg grating.
- the optical structure is formed in the mass of the slice of semiconductor material. All these optical structures do not make it possible to make metal contacts on this rear face with the methods known in the industry.
- the diffraction grating is made in the silicon forming the slice of semiconductor material.
- the electrical contact can then be obtained by injecting metal into the patterns formed in the silicon, so that an annealing performed at the silicon / metal melting temperature would lead to the alteration of the patterns forming the diffraction grating.
- the structure comprises a Bragg grating (made by alternating layers Si / Si 3 N 4 or Si / SiO 2 ) covering the diffraction grating, no electrical contact can be made either because the Bragg grating would also be impaired and could no longer perform his function.
- the industrialists of the sector also seek to reduce the thickness of the slices of semiconductor material used in these cells. which are currently of the order of 180 ⁇ .
- the currently feasible pathways are detailed in "Crystalline Si solar cells and the microelectronics experiment", K. Baert et al., Solid State Technology (Internet), August 2009.
- projections made from these pathways theoretically conceivable suggest that the current thickness of 180 ⁇ ⁇ of a silicon wafer will grow to a thickness of 120pm in 2012, 80 ⁇ in 2015 and 40pm in 2020, while maintaining or improving the performance of current photovoltaic cells .
- the reduction in the thickness of the silicon wafers is accompanied by a drop in the efficiency of the photovoltaic conversion.
- the smaller the thickness of a wafer the greater the probability that a photon of the incident light will cross the entire thickness of the wafer without generating a photovoltaic phenomenon.
- the photons of incident light having passed through the wafer are transmitted through the back side of the wafer and are reflected back to the core in an uncontrolled manner.
- An object of the invention is thus to provide a photovoltaic cell having an opto-electric conversion efficiency better than that of existing photovoltaic cells.
- Another object of the invention is to provide a photovoltaic cell having both a reduced thickness compared to existing cells and an opto-electric conversion efficiency identical or possibly better than that of existing cells.
- the invention proposes a photovoltaic cell comprising at least one slice of semiconductor material, with a front face intended to receive the incident light and a rear face opposite to said front face, characterized in that the rear face comprises an electrical contact and a structure called optical structure, discrete and capable of redirecting the incident light to the core of the wafer.
- the photovoltaic cell may provide other technical characteristics, taken alone or in combination:
- the thickness of the slice of semiconductor material is between 10 ⁇ m and 200 ⁇ m, preferably between 10 ⁇ m and 10 ⁇ m, advantageously between 50 ⁇ m and 150 ⁇ m;
- the optical structure has a periodic pattern of patterns, these patterns thus forming a diffraction grating incident light;
- the pitch of the patterns of the optical structure is between 300 nm and 2 ⁇ m, in the two directions of the plane formed by the rear face of the slice of semiconductor material;
- the width of the patterns of the optical structure is between 100 nm and 2 ⁇ m;
- the height of the patterns of the optical structure is between 20 nm and 5 ⁇ m;
- the patterns are in the form of lines, studs or holes;
- the electrical contact is made of a material chosen from one of the following materials: aluminum, silver, copper, nickel, platinum, chromium, tungsten, carbon in the form of a nanotube or transparent conductive oxide;
- the optical structure is made of a material chosen from silica, silicon nitride, optionally enriched in hydrogen, silicon carbide, alumina, titanium dioxide, titanium nitride, magnesium fluoride and tantalic anhydride; or graphite;
- the optical structure is disposed between the semiconductor material wafer and the electrical contact
- the optical structure has an electrical contact function and a passivation layer covers said electrical contact;
- the front face of the slice of semiconductor material also comprises an optical structure, for example formed by pyramidal structures for which the corners of the pyramid's pikes correspond to crystalline axes of the semiconductor material or by surface roughness disposed more or less randomly.
- the invention also proposes a method for producing a photovoltaic cell comprising at least one slice of semiconductor material, with a front face intended to receive the incident light and a rear face. opposed to said front face, characterized in that it comprises, from the slice of semiconductor material, the following steps:
- the method according to the invention may provide other technical characteristics, taken alone or in combination:
- step (a) comprises the following steps:
- step (b) depositing a layer of material having a melting point higher than the melting temperature of the material to be deposited in step (b) and covering both the resin and the rear face of the wafer, for forming said optical structure;
- step (a 4 ) removing the resin with the material deposited in step (az) on the resin.
- the material forming the optical structure is chosen from a silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, an aluminum oxide or titanium dioxide.
- step (b) a step is provided between step (b) and step (c) for positioning a heat shield pierced on the metal layer of the structure obtained at the end of step (b); , so that the holes of the screen coincide with the spacings left between two patterns of the optical structure.
- the invention also proposes a method of alternative embodiment of a photovoltaic cell comprising at least one slice of semiconductor material, with a front face intended to receive the incident light and a rear face opposite said front face, characterized in that it comprises, from the slice of semiconductor material, the following steps: (a ') providing, on the rear face of the wafer, an optical structure filled with an electrically conductive material, discrete and capable of redirecting the incident light towards the core of the wafer;
- step (a ') comprises the following steps:
- step (a ' 4 ) removing the resin with the material deposited in step (az) on the resin.
- a step is provided between step (a ') and step (b') for positioning a heat shield pierced on the optical structure of electrically conductive material of the structure obtained at the end of the step (a '), so that the holes of the screen coincide with the spacings left between two patterns of the optical structure.
- the electrically conductive material is chosen by one of the following materials: aluminum, silver, gold, copper, nickel, platinum, chromium or tungsten, carbon under nanotube shape or transparent conductive oxide.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing, in a sectional view, a photovoltaic cell according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing, in a sectional view, a variant of a photovoltaic cell according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 represents the different steps of a method for producing the photovoltaic cell of FIG. 1;
- FIG. 4 represents the different steps of a method for producing the photovoltaic cell of FIG. 2.
- the photovoltaic cell 1 comprises at least one wafer 2 of semiconductor material, with a front face 21 intended to receive the incident light (represented by the arrow L in FIGS. 1 and 2) and a rear face 22 opposite to said front face. 21.
- electrical contact 32 on the rear face 22 of the wafer 2 and an electrical contact 31 on the front face 21 of the wafer 2, generally in the form of a grid in order to let the incident light pass.
- electrical contact means the combination of the material chosen to form the contact and the alloy zone between said material and the wafer of semiconductor material.
- the rear face 22 comprises a structure, hereinafter called optical structure 4, discrete and capable of redirecting the incident light to the core of the wafer.
- Discrete structure means a structure formed of independent patterns, so that the structure is discontinuous.
- this optical structure 4 is arranged to redirect the incident light at different angles to the rays of the incident light. This increases the path length of a photon in the core of the wafer.
- the optical structure 4 has a periodic patterning of patterns 41, these patterns 41 thus forming a diffraction grating incident light.
- the patterns 41 may be arranged in the form of lines, pads or holes.
- These lines or these pads may have various shapes depending on the nature of the manufacturing process. Thus, they may have a profile (cross section) rectangular, triangular or rounded or even half-circular.
- the pitch P of the patterns 41 that is to say the distance between two patterns, is between 300 nm and 2 ⁇ m, in both directions of the plane formed by the rear face 22 of the wafer 2 of semiconductor material.
- the width of these patterns is between 10nm and 2pm.
- the height of these patterns is between 20nm and 5pm.
- a pattern 41 may have a height h of 100 nm and a width l of 40 nm.
- the pitch P between two patterns can be 1 pm.
- the applicant could, after making these patterns on the back of a silicon wafer and deposited an aluminum layer to form the electrical contact, determine a reflection coefficient of 38% for the zero order and 62% for the higher orders.
- the cell shown in FIG. 1 comprises an optical structure 4 distinct from the electrical contact 32.
- the optical structure 4 is disposed between the semiconductor material wafer 2 and the electrical contact 32.
- the material chosen to form the electrical contact 32 can be taken from one of the following metals: Aluminum (Al), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Platinum (Pt), Chromium (Cr) or Tungsten (W).
- the electrical contact 32 is then a metal contact.
- this material may be a non-metallic material, but still electrically conductive, such as carbon nanotubes or transparent conductive oxides (better known by the acronym TCO for "Transparent Conductive Oxide” according to English terminology).
- electrically conductive such as carbon nanotubes or transparent conductive oxides (better known by the acronym TCO for "Transparent Conductive Oxide” according to English terminology).
- the optical structure 4 is made of a material chosen from silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, an aluminum oxide (alumina) or titanium dioxide, all of which may be amorphous or crystalline, perfectly stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric , perfectly pure or not. It is also possible to use, for this optical structure 4, titanium nitride (TiN), magnesium fluoride (gF2), tantalic anhydride (Ta 2 Os), graphite or porous silicon.
- the annealing temperatures generally used in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells are less than or equal to 900 ° C. (these materials are obviously also chemically stable up to this temperature).
- the optical structure 4 a physically stable material up to at least 900 ° C, even at the interface with another material capable of creating a eutectic. This material will therefore remain in solid phase up to this temperature, including at the interfaces mentioned above.
- the optical structure 4 can not be suppressed or even impaired during annealing.
- These materials also have the advantage of not creating a recombinant defect at the interface with the wafer semiconductor material 2, which is for example made of silicon.
- a photovoltaic cell 1 according to the invention may for example comprise a silicon wafer 2, an optical structure 4 made of silicon dioxide, and an electrical contact 32 made of aluminum.
- the annealing can be carried out at the temperature of the eutectic between aluminum and silicon, namely approximately 577 ° C., the SiO 2 remaining in the solid phase at this temperature, both at the S1O2 interface / AI, SiO 2 / Si interface at the very heart of SiO 2 .
- the fusion of aluminum with silicon does not imply any alteration of the optical structure of silicon dioxide.
- an alloy zone 23 is shown between the metal and the wafer of semiconductor material.
- the photovoltaic cell 1 may include a silicon wafer 2, an optical structure 4 titanium nitride and an electrical contact copper.
- the optical structure 4 is constituted by the electrical contact 32.
- the electrical contact 32 is in the form of discrete patterns disposed at the rear face 22 of the slice of semiconductor material 2.
- the material chosen to form the electrical contact 32 can be taken from one of the following metals: Aluminum (Al), Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Platinum (Pt), Chromium (Cr) or Tungsten (W).
- the electrical contact 32 then forms a metal contact.
- this material may be a non-metallic material, but still electrically conductive, such as carbon nanotubes or transparent conductive oxides.
- passivation layer 5 a layer of non-conductive material of electricity, called passivation layer 5, covering the electrical contact 32 forming the optical structure 4.
- This passivation layer 5 also comes into contact with the face rear 22 of the slice of semiconductor material 2, between the patterns 41 of the optical structure 4.
- This passivation layer 5 can be made of silicon nitride, optionally hydrogenated, or of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide (alumina) or titanium dioxide.
- the material forming the electrical contact 32 of the rear face 22 may be selected, but not limited to, one of the following metals: aluminum, silver, gold, copper, nickel, platinum, chromium or tungsten. It may also be chosen from non-metallic but electrically conductive materials, such as carbon nanotubes or transparent conductive oxides.
- the front face 21 of the semiconductor material wafer 2 may also comprise an optical structure (not shown) in order to further improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the cell 1.
- this additional optical structure may be formed by pyramidal structures for which the plane angles of the pyramid correspond to crystalline axes of the semiconductor material 2 or surface roughness arranged more or less randomly.
- the thickness e of the slice of semiconductor material 2 may be that of the existing slices, that is to say from 180 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m.
- this thickness e may be strictly less than 180 ⁇ m. More precisely, the thickness e of the slice of semiconductor material 2 can be strictly less than 180 ⁇ m while being greater than or equal to 10 ⁇ m. For example, this thickness e can be between 50 ⁇ and 50 ⁇ .
- FIGS. 3 and 4 The methods for producing the photovoltaic cells of FIGS. 1 and 2 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 respectively, with the exception of the step of forming the electrical contact 31 on the front face 21 of the slice of semiconductor material.
- FIG. 1 The entire process leading to the photovoltaic cell of FIG. 1 is represented in FIG.
- the following method is employed from the slice of semiconductor material 2: (a) the optical structure 4, discrete and capable of redirecting the incident light towards the core of the wafer 2, is produced on the rear face 22 of the wafer 2;
- step (a) may be carried out by a method known as "lift-off" according to the English terminology.
- step (a) comprises the following steps:
- step (a_i) removing the resin with the material deposited on the resin in step (a 3 ).
- the thickness of the layer deposited in step (a 3 ) can be controlled, for example by controlling the duration of the deposition.
- the optical structure 4 may or may not allow diffusion of ionic elements in the semiconductor material 2, for example silicon. This is the case when the material intended to be deposited in step (b) is a metal: the ionic elements are then ions metal from the metal layer and passing through the optical structure 4.
- Step (b) may be carried out by vacuum evaporation, ion beam sputtering or by other techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- the annealing step (c) reveals an alloy zone 23 between the semiconductor material of the wafer 2, for example silicon, and the material 3, for example a metal such as aluminum.
- the shape of the patterns 41 of the optical structure 4 is not affected by this annealing step (c), so that, unlike the teachings of the document D1, this step does not modify the expected optical properties of this optical structure 4 .
- step (c) It is possible to locate the annealing by positioning, prior to the implementation of step (c), a pierced heat shield (not shown) on the metal layer 3 of the structure obtained at the end of step (b).
- the positioning of the pierced heat shield is such that the holes thereof coincide with the spacings left between two patterns 41 of the optical structure 4, the screen then coinciding with the patterns 41 of the optical structure 4.
- the heat shield modulates the temperature distribution on the structure.
- the wafer of semiconductor material 2 will be locally less hot than at the piercing zones.
- the melting point of the eutectic is thus more rapidly reached at the piercing areas of the screen and the areas of the metal in contact with the screen are not transformed.
- it is then necessary to take account of this fact for example by protecting the rear face during the impurity diffusion steps, if one does not wish to boost this area.
- the use of a heat shield is particularly advantageous if the annealing is carried out in a lamp furnace, for example.
- the alloy zone in particular in the case of a silicon / aluminum alloy, has the advantage of creating a field effect repelling the electric charges generated, in use, by the photovoltaic conversion far from the rear face 22 of the wafer 2. where are the recombinant defects.
- the annealing can be carried out at the melting temperature at Koectique, namely of the order of 577 ° C. .
- the material forming the optical structure 4 is physically (and chemically) stable.
- the duration of the annealing is especially optimized for the desired optical function: reflection coefficient on the rear face, diffraction efficiency.
- FIG. 4 The entire process leading to the photovoltaic cell of FIG. 2 is shown in FIG. 4.
- (a ') is made on the rear face 22 of the wafer 2, an optical structure 4 of an electrically conductive material 3, discrete and capable of redirecting the incident light to the core of the wafer 2;
- step (a 1 ) can be performed by the "lift-off" method.
- step (a) comprises the following steps:
- step (a ' 4 ) removing the resin with the material deposited on the resin in step (83). All that remains is the material deposited on the rear face 22 itself.
- Step (a ' 3 ) may be carried out by vacuum evaporation, ion beam sputtering or by other techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- the annealing step (b ') reveals an alloy zone 23 between the semiconductor material of the wafer 2, for example silicon, and the electrical contact 32, for example made with aluminum with the resulting passivation properties.
- the annealing can be carried out at the eutectic melting temperature, namely of the order of 577 ° C.
- the shape of the patterns 41 of the optical structure 4 is not affected by this annealing step (b '), so that, unlike the teachings of the document D1, this step does not modify the optical properties expected from this optical structure 4.
- step (b ') it is possible, prior to the implementation of step (b '), to positioning a pierced heat shield (not shown) above the optical structure of electrically conductive material 3 obtained at the end of step (a ').
- the positioning of the pierced heat shield is such that the holes thereof coincide with the patterns of the optical structure 4, the screen then coinciding with the spacings between the patterns 41 of the optical structure 4.
- the heat shield modulates the temperature distribution on the structure.
- the wafer of semiconductor material 2 will be locally less hot than at the piercing zones.
- the melting point of the eutectic is thus more rapidly reached at the level of the screen piercing zones, that is to say at the level of the patterns, and the zones of the semiconductor material wafer in contact with the screen are not transformed.
- the use of a heat shield is particularly advantageous if the annealing is carried out in a lamp furnace, for example.
- the step (c ') of depositing a passivation layer can be carried out by chemical vapor deposition, possibly assisted by plasma.
- an additional step to improve passivation can be envisaged, for example by hydrogenation.
- the lithography steps implemented in the various embodiments of the above can be carried out by laser lithography, interference lithography which are capable of working well on non-flat surfaces, having significant non-negligible flatness defects. that is greater than 0.1 pm in height. These flatness defects are more generally between 0.1 pm and 10 pm in height. It is also possible to use other lithographic methods, having previously smoothed, for example by chemical means, the surface to be lithographed. These different techniques are known to those skilled in the art.
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1001939A FR2959872B1 (fr) | 2010-05-05 | 2010-05-05 | Cellule photovoltaique a face arriere structuree et procede de fabrication associe. |
PCT/IB2011/051954 WO2011138739A2 (fr) | 2010-05-05 | 2011-05-03 | Cellule photovoltaïque à face arrière structurée et procédé de fabrication associé |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2567408A2 true EP2567408A2 (fr) | 2013-03-13 |
Family
ID=43571700
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP11723678A Withdrawn EP2567408A2 (fr) | 2010-05-05 | 2011-05-03 | Cellule photovoltaïque à face arrière structurée et procédé de fabrication associé |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20130098437A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2567408A2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5837053B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20130113926A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2959872B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2011138739A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2012169123A1 (fr) * | 2011-06-10 | 2012-12-13 | Jx日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社 | Élément de conversion photoélectrique |
JP2013004805A (ja) * | 2011-06-17 | 2013-01-07 | Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corp | 光電変換素子 |
JP2013004535A (ja) * | 2011-06-10 | 2013-01-07 | Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corp | 光電変換素子 |
US10840400B2 (en) * | 2013-08-29 | 2020-11-17 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Photovoltaic device with back reflector |
US10371898B2 (en) | 2013-09-05 | 2019-08-06 | Southern Methodist University | Enhanced coupling strength grating having a cover layer |
WO2015083259A1 (fr) * | 2013-12-04 | 2015-06-11 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Procédé de production de photopile |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3988167A (en) * | 1975-03-07 | 1976-10-26 | Rca Corporation | Solar cell device having improved efficiency |
US4419533A (en) * | 1982-03-03 | 1983-12-06 | Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. | Photovoltaic device having incident radiation directing means for total internal reflection |
JPS6167967A (ja) * | 1984-09-11 | 1986-04-08 | Sharp Corp | 太陽電池bsr電極構造 |
AU652998B2 (en) * | 1991-02-04 | 1994-09-15 | Paul Scherrer Institut | Solar cell |
JP2000294818A (ja) * | 1999-04-05 | 2000-10-20 | Sony Corp | 薄膜半導体素子およびその製造方法 |
JP2001127313A (ja) * | 1999-10-25 | 2001-05-11 | Sony Corp | 薄膜半導体素子およびその製造方法 |
WO2008045311A2 (fr) * | 2006-10-06 | 2008-04-17 | Qualcomm Mems Technologies, Inc. | Dispositif d'éclairage intégrant un coupleur de lumière |
US20090183774A1 (en) * | 2007-07-13 | 2009-07-23 | Translucent, Inc. | Thin Film Semiconductor-on-Sapphire Solar Cell Devices |
US8207444B2 (en) * | 2008-07-01 | 2012-06-26 | Sunpower Corporation | Front contact solar cell with formed electrically conducting layers on the front side and backside |
KR101588918B1 (ko) * | 2008-07-28 | 2016-01-26 | 코닝 인코포레이티드 | 유리 패키지 내에 액체를 밀봉하는 방법 및 이로부터 얻어진 유리 패키지 |
-
2010
- 2010-05-05 FR FR1001939A patent/FR2959872B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-05-03 KR KR1020127031271A patent/KR20130113926A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-05-03 US US13/695,449 patent/US20130098437A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-05-03 WO PCT/IB2011/051954 patent/WO2011138739A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2011-05-03 EP EP11723678A patent/EP2567408A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-05-03 JP JP2013508604A patent/JP5837053B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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None * |
See also references of WO2011138739A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2011138739A3 (fr) | 2013-01-03 |
JP2013526077A (ja) | 2013-06-20 |
WO2011138739A2 (fr) | 2011-11-10 |
US20130098437A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 |
FR2959872B1 (fr) | 2013-03-15 |
KR20130113926A (ko) | 2013-10-16 |
JP5837053B2 (ja) | 2015-12-24 |
FR2959872A1 (fr) | 2011-11-11 |
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