EP0914485B1 - Austenitische nickel-chrom-stahllegierung - Google Patents
Austenitische nickel-chrom-stahllegierung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0914485B1 EP0914485B1 EP97937513A EP97937513A EP0914485B1 EP 0914485 B1 EP0914485 B1 EP 0914485B1 EP 97937513 A EP97937513 A EP 97937513A EP 97937513 A EP97937513 A EP 97937513A EP 0914485 B1 EP0914485 B1 EP 0914485B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hafnium
- zirconium
- tantalum
- nickel
- chromium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 6
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 4
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BIJOYKCOMBZXAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe].[Ni] BIJOYKCOMBZXAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000669 Chrome steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009750 centrifugal casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- VRKNSQQFHRIXPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium cobalt iron nickel Chemical compound [Fe][Ni][Cr][Co] VRKNSQQFHRIXPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005495 investment casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000623 nickel–chromium alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heat-resistant, creep-resistant austenitic nickel-chrome steel alloy, as used in the petrochemical industry comes.
- Such alloys require high strength, in particular creep rupture strength and sufficient Toughness at normal operating temperatures as well adequate corrosion resistance.
- U.S. Patent 4,077,801 is a molybdenum cobalt-free austenitic nickel-chromium cast steel alloy with 0.25 to 0.8% carbon, up to 3.5% silicon, up to 3.0% manganese, 8 to 62% nickel, 12 to 32% Chromium, up to 2% niobium, 0.05 to below 1.0% titanium, 0.05 to 2% tungsten and up to 0.3% nitrogen, the rest iron with a high creep rupture strength and ductility at high Known temperatures.
- This cast alloy has one good weldability and is suitable as a material for Hydrogen reforming devices.
- An austenitic one is known from US Pat. No. 5,310,522 Nickel-chromium alloy for petrochemical uses with 0.05 to 0.3% carbon, 0.2 to 1.3% silicon, 0.2 to 1.5% manganese, 30 to 35% nickel, 22 to 25% chromium, 0.2 to 0.6% niobium, 0.1 to 0.6% titanium, 4 to 6.5% molybdenum, 0.35 to 1.75% cobalt, 0.2 to 1.5% tungsten, balance iron and unavoidable impurities.
- the invention is therefore based on the problem of a nickel-chromium steel alloy propose the higher operating temperatures as well has grown and has sufficient creep resistance as well as carburizing and Has oxidation resistance.
- the invention consists of an austenitic steel alloy with 0.3 up to 1.0% carbon, 0.2 to 2.5% silicon, up to 0.8% manganese, 30.0 to 48.0% Nickel, 16.0 to 22.0% chromium, 0.5 to 18.0% cobalt, 1.5 to 4% molybdenum, 0.2 to 0.6% niobium, 0.1 to 0.5% titanium, 0.1 to 0.6% zirconium, 0.1 to 1.5% tantalum and 0.1 to 1.5% hafnium, with a ratio of tantalum and hafnium contents the zirconium content of at least 1.2%, the total content of tantalum, Hafnium and zirconium is 1.2 to 3%.
- the Steel alloy contains more than 20% iron at cobalt contents of at least 10% and with cobalt contents below 10% over 30% iron and optionally 1.5 to 2.5% Aluminum.
- Molybdenum improves the creep rupture strength at medium temperatures, while intermetallic carbide phases give the weak iron-nickel-chromium structure a high strength at temperatures above 0.9 of its absolute melting point.
- Hafnium, zirconium, titanium, tantalum and niobium form primary carbides of the type MC, while chromium, including the molybdenum, forms carbides of the types M 7 C 3 and M 23 C 6 in the intra- and interdentritic areas.
- compositions of the test alloys result from Table I below, the three conventional ones Alloys 1, 2 and 3, Comparative Alloys 4 and 6 to 12 and alloys 5 and 13 according to the invention to 17 reproduces.
- the rest of the alloy consisted of all Iron cases.
- the alloys were in the medium frequency furnace melted and in investment molds or in Pour centrifugal casting.
- the samples for the creep test were either made out the final investment casting samples or by processing the centrifugally cast pipes. Under use the creep behavior was measured according to these samples ASTM E 139 determined in the as-cast state; the results of Try at 1100 ° C and two different loads are summarized in Table II below.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
Description
- Fig. 1:
- eine graphische Darstellung der Bruchzeit beim Zeitstandversuch in Abhängigkeit vom Gesamtgehalt an Hafnium und Tantal im Verhältnis zum Zirkoniumgehalt bei einer Temperatur von 1100° C und hoher Belastung,
- Fig. 2:
- eine graphische Darstellung des vom Gesamtgehalt an Tantal und Hafnium im Verhältnis zum Zirkoniumgehalt ausgehenden Einflusses auf die Standzeit bei einer Temperatur von 1100° C und einer Anfangsbelastung von 9,4 MPA,
- Fig. 3:
- die zeitliche Gewichtszunahme in einer Wasserstoff/Propylen-Atmosphäre bei 1000° C und
- Fig. 4:
- die Oxidationsbeständigkeit der Stahllegierung als zeitliche Gewichtszunahme bei einem Glühen an Luft bei einer Temperatur von 1050° C.
Claims (6)
- Hitzebeständige und hochwarmfeste austenitische Nickel-Chrom-Stahllegierung mit hoher Zeitstandfestigkeit und Aufkohlungsbeständigkeit aus
Rest über 20% Eisen bei einem Kobaltgehalt von mindestens 10% oder über 30% Eisen bei einem Kobaltgehalt unter 10%, mit einem Verhältnis des Gesamtgehalts an Tantal und Hafnium zum Zirkoniumgehalt von mindestens 1,2, bei einem Gesamtgehalt an Tantal, Hafnium und Zirkonium von 1,2 bis 3,0% sowie fakultativ 1,5 bis 2,5% Aluminium.0,3 bis 1,0% Kohlenstoff 0,2 bis 2,5% Silizium bis 0,8% Mangan 30,0 bis 48,0% Nickel 16,0 bis 22 % Chrom 0,5 bis 18,0% Kobalt 1,5 bis 4 % Molybdän 0,2 bis 0,6% Niob 0,1 bis 0,5% Titan 0,1 bis 0,6% Zirkonium 0,1 bis 1,5% Tantal 0,1 bis 1,5% Hafnium - Legierung nach Anspruch 1 mit 0,42% Kohlenstoff, 1,3% Silizium, 0,40% Mangan, 34,0% Nickel, 19,0% Chrom, 3,5% Molybdän, 0,40% Niob, 0,25% Titan, 0,30% Zirkonium, 0,15% Tantal und 0,80% Hafnium, Rest Eisen.
- Legierung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2 mit 0,44% Kohlenstoff, 1,2% Silizium, 0,40% Mangan, 33,0% Nickel, 19,0% Chrom, 3,0% Molybdän, 0,40% Niob, 0,20% Titan, 0,15% Zirkonium, 1,00% Tantal und 0,15% Hafnium, Rest Eisen.
- Legierung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, bei der das Gewichtsverhältnis des Gesamtgehalts an Tantal und Hafnium zum Zirkoniumgehalt 2,5 bis 14 beträgt.
- Verwendung einer Legierung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4 als Werkstoff zum Herstellen von Gegenständen mit hoher Zeitstandfestigkeit bei hohen Temperaturen sowie hoher Aufkohlungs- und Oxidationsbeständigkeit.
- Verwendung einer Legierung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4 als Werkstoff zum Herstellen von Rohren und Fittings von Crackanlagen zum Herstellen von Äthylen oder Synthesegas.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19629977 | 1996-07-25 | ||
| DE19629977A DE19629977C2 (de) | 1996-07-25 | 1996-07-25 | Werkstück aus einer austenitischen Nickel-Chrom-Stahllegierung |
| PCT/EP1997/003975 WO1998004757A1 (de) | 1996-07-25 | 1997-07-23 | Austenitische nickel-chrom-stahllegierung |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0914485A1 EP0914485A1 (de) | 1999-05-12 |
| EP0914485B1 true EP0914485B1 (de) | 2002-05-08 |
Family
ID=7800771
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP97937513A Expired - Lifetime EP0914485B1 (de) | 1996-07-25 | 1997-07-23 | Austenitische nickel-chrom-stahllegierung |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6409847B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0914485B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP3710097B2 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2261736C (de) |
| DE (2) | DE19629977C2 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO1998004757A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20040156737A1 (en) * | 2003-02-06 | 2004-08-12 | Rakowski James M. | Austenitic stainless steels including molybdenum |
| US20050131263A1 (en) | 2002-07-25 | 2005-06-16 | Schmidt + Clemens Gmbh + Co. Kg, | Process and finned tube for the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons |
| DE10233961A1 (de) * | 2002-07-25 | 2004-02-12 | Schmidt + Clemens Gmbh + Co. Edelstahlwerk Kaiserau | Verfahren zum thermischen Spalten von Kohlenwasserstoffen |
| GB2394959A (en) * | 2002-11-04 | 2004-05-12 | Doncasters Ltd | Hafnium particle dispersion hardened nickel-chromium-iron alloys |
| AU2003283525A1 (en) * | 2002-11-04 | 2004-06-07 | Doncasters Limited | High temperature resistant alloys |
| US7482502B2 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2009-01-27 | Stone & Webster Process Technology, Inc. | Process for cracking hydrocarbons using improved furnace reactor tubes |
| SE527319C2 (sv) | 2003-10-02 | 2006-02-07 | Sandvik Intellectual Property | Legering för högtemperaturanvändning |
| US7985304B2 (en) | 2007-04-19 | 2011-07-26 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Nickel-base alloys and articles made therefrom |
| CN101592187B (zh) * | 2009-07-10 | 2011-04-13 | 攀钢集团钢铁钒钛股份有限公司 | 轴瓦和轴套 |
| CN101592186B (zh) * | 2009-07-10 | 2011-01-26 | 攀钢集团钢铁钒钛股份有限公司 | 轴瓦轴套 |
| US9011620B2 (en) * | 2009-09-11 | 2015-04-21 | Technip Process Technology, Inc. | Double transition joint for the joining of ceramics to metals |
| UA111115C2 (uk) | 2012-04-02 | 2016-03-25 | Ейкей Стіл Пропертіс, Інк. | Рентабельна феритна нержавіюча сталь |
| WO2016099738A1 (en) | 2014-12-16 | 2016-06-23 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Alumina forming refinery process tubes with mixing element |
| US10351784B2 (en) | 2014-12-16 | 2019-07-16 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Pyrolysis furnace tubes |
| US9909395B2 (en) | 2015-09-21 | 2018-03-06 | National Oilwell DHT, L.P. | Wellsite hardfacing with distributed hard phase and method of using same |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB618560A (en) * | 1945-11-02 | 1949-02-23 | Kanthal Ab | Heat resistant machinable alloy with high strength while hot |
| US3135602A (en) * | 1957-02-11 | 1964-06-02 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | 45% iron base austenitic cr-ni alloy with 18-22% cr, 27-32% ni or (ni+co) plus strengthening additions |
| JPS58207352A (ja) * | 1982-05-28 | 1983-12-02 | Mitsubishi Metal Corp | ガイドシユ−用Ni基鋳造合金 |
| DE1233609B (de) * | 1961-01-24 | 1967-02-02 | Rolls Royce | Verfahren zur Waermebehandlung einer aushaertbaren Nickel-Chrom-Legierung |
| US3658516A (en) * | 1969-09-05 | 1972-04-25 | Hitachi Ltd | Austenitic cast steel of high strength and excellent ductility at high temperatures |
| US3713788A (en) * | 1970-10-21 | 1973-01-30 | Chromalloy American Corp | Powder metallurgy sintered corrosion and heat-resistant, age hardenable nickel-chromium refractory carbide alloy |
| US4077801A (en) | 1977-05-04 | 1978-03-07 | Abex Corporation | Iron-chromium-nickel heat resistant castings |
| US4313760A (en) | 1979-05-29 | 1982-02-02 | Howmet Turbine Components Corporation | Superalloy coating composition |
| US4764225A (en) * | 1979-05-29 | 1988-08-16 | Howmet Corporation | Alloys for high temperature applications |
| US4302256A (en) * | 1979-11-16 | 1981-11-24 | Chromalloy American Corporation | Method of improving mechanical properties of alloy parts |
| JPS5820732A (ja) | 1981-07-24 | 1983-02-07 | Comput Basic Mach Technol Res Assoc | 酸化物磁性薄膜の製造方法 |
| EP0246092A3 (de) * | 1986-05-15 | 1989-05-03 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Durch Spannungskorrosion gegen Rissbildung beständige Legierungen |
| JPS63297542A (ja) * | 1987-05-28 | 1988-12-05 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 耐熱・耐摩耗性鉄基焼結合金 |
| JPH072981B2 (ja) | 1989-04-05 | 1995-01-18 | 株式会社クボタ | 耐熱合金 |
| JP2574528B2 (ja) * | 1990-09-06 | 1997-01-22 | 財団法人電気磁気材料研究所 | 高硬度低透磁率非磁性機能合金およびその製造方法 |
| JPH04116142A (ja) * | 1990-09-06 | 1992-04-16 | Res Inst Electric Magnetic Alloys | 高剛性率低透磁率非磁性機能合金およびその製造方法 |
| US5310522A (en) | 1992-12-07 | 1994-05-10 | Carondelet Foundry Company | Heat and corrosion resistant iron-nickel-chromium alloy |
-
1996
- 1996-07-25 DE DE19629977A patent/DE19629977C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-07-23 DE DE59707227T patent/DE59707227D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-07-23 CA CA002261736A patent/CA2261736C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-07-23 JP JP50847098A patent/JP3710097B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-07-23 WO PCT/EP1997/003975 patent/WO1998004757A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1997-07-23 US US09/230,417 patent/US6409847B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-07-23 EP EP97937513A patent/EP0914485B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE19629977C2 (de) | 2002-09-19 |
| WO1998004757A1 (de) | 1998-02-05 |
| EP0914485A1 (de) | 1999-05-12 |
| JP2000513767A (ja) | 2000-10-17 |
| CA2261736C (en) | 2005-06-14 |
| US6409847B2 (en) | 2002-06-25 |
| JP3710097B2 (ja) | 2005-10-26 |
| CA2261736A1 (en) | 1998-02-05 |
| DE19629977A1 (de) | 1998-01-29 |
| DE59707227D1 (de) | 2002-06-13 |
| US20010001399A1 (en) | 2001-05-24 |
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