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  • C12N2310/315—Phosphorothioates

Definitions

• Patent application Serial Number 07/777,670 filed October 15, 1991 (issued as U.S. Patent 5,212,295, issue date May 18, 1993) , which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent application Serial Number 07/777,007.
• Each of the above- mentioned applications is commonly assigned with this application, and the entire disclosures of each are herein incorporated by reference.
• This invention is directed to sequence-specific phosphorothioate oligonucleotides comprising nucleosides joined by intersugar linkages, and to their synthesis and use. More particularly, the intersugar linkages linking the nucleosides of oligonucleotides of the present invention are substantially pure all Sp or all Rp chiral phosphorothioate linkages. Such oligonucleotides are prepared via chemical or enzymatic synthesis. They are especially well suited as diagnostics, therapeutics and research reagents. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Oligonucleotides are known to hybridize to single- stranded RNA or single-stranded DNA. Hybridization is the sequence-specific base pair hydrogen bonding of bases of the oligonucleotides to bases of target RNA or DNA. Such base pairs are said to be complementary to one another.
• the relative ability of an oligonucleotide to bind to the complementary nucleic acid may be compared by determining the melting temperature of a particular hybridization complex.
• T m is measured by using the UV spectrum to determine the formation and breakdown (melting) of the hybridization complex. Base stacking which occurs during hybridization, is accompanied by a reduction in UV absorption (hypochromicity) . Consequently, a reduction in UV absorption indicates a higher T ra . The higher the T m , the greater the strength of the bonds between the strands.
• Oligonucleotides can be used to effect enzymatic cleavage of a target RNA by using the intracellular enzyme RNase H.
• the mechanism of such RNase H cleavage requires that a 2' -deoxyribofuranosyl oligonucleotide hybridize to a target RNA.
• the resulting DNA-RNA duplex activates the RNase H enzyme and the activated enzyme cleaves the RNA strand. Cleavage of the RNA strand destroys the normal function of the target RNA.
• Phosphorothioate oligo- nucleotides operate via this type of mechanism.
• oligonucleotide for a DNA oligonucleotide to be useful for cellular activation of RNase H, the oligonucleotide must be reasonably stable to nucleases in order to survive in a cell for a time period sufficient for RNase H activation.
• nuclease stability may not be necessary.
• oligonucleotides as diagnostics, research reagents, and therapeutic agents require that the oligonucleotides be transported across cell membranes or taken up by cells, appropriately hybridize to target RNA or DNA, and subsequently terminate or disrupt nucleic acid function. These critical functions depend partly on the initial stability of oligonucleotides towards nuclease degradation. Further, these functions depend on specificity of the oligonucleotide for a target RNA or DNA molecule.
• oligonucleotides for these purposes is their susceptibility to enzymatic degradation by a variety of ubiquitous nucleases which may be intracellularly and extracellularly located. Unmodified, "wild type", oligonucleotides are not useful as therapeutic agents because they are rapidly degraded by nucleases. Therefore, modification of oligonucleotides for conferring nuclease resistance on them has been the primary focus of research directed towards the development of oligonucleotide therapeutics and diagnostics.
• oligonucleotides Modifications of oligonucleotides to enhance nuclease resistance has generally taken place on the sugar- phosphate backbone, particularly on the phosphorous atom. Phosphorothioates have been reported to exhibit resistance to nucleases. In addition, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides are generally more chemically stable than natural phosphodiester oligonucleotides. Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides also exhibit solubility in aqueous media. Further, phosphorothioate oligonucleotide-RNA heteroduplexes can serve as substrates for endogenous RNase H. Additionally, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides exhibit high thermodynamic stability.
• the relative ability of an oligonucleotide to bind to complementary nucleic acids may be compared by determining the melting temperature of a particular hybridization complex.
• T m is measured by using the UV spectrum to determine the formation and breakdown (melting) of hybridization. Base stacking which occurs during hybridization, is accompanied by a reduction in UV absorption (hypochromicity) . Consequently a reduction in UV absorption indicates a higher T m . The higher the T m , the greater the strength of the binding of the strands. Non- Watson-Crick base pairing has a strong destabilizing effect on the T m .
• thymidine homopolymer octamers having all but one linkage being modified phosphate linkages ("all except one") Rp stereoconfiguration or "all except one" Sp stereoconfiguration in the intersugar linkages were formed from two thymidine methylphosphonate tetrameric diastereomers linked by a natural phosphodiester bond. It was noted that a Rp "all except one" methylphosphonate non- sequence-specific thymidine homooctamer, i.e.
• (dT) 8 having all but one Rp intersugar linkage formed a thermodynamically more stable hybrid (Tm 38°C) with a 15-mer deoxyadenosine homopolymer, i.e. (dA) 15 than a hybrid formed by a similar thymidine homopolymer having "all except one" Sp configuration methylphosphonate linkages and of d(A) 15 (Tm ⁇ 0°C) , i . e . a d(T) 15 having all but one Sp intersugar linkage.
• a hybrid between (dT) 8 having natural phosphodiester linkages, i . e . octathymidylic acid, and d(A) 15 was reported to have a Tm of 14°C.
• Ueda et al [Nucleic Acids Research, 19:547 (1991)] enzymatically synthesized mRNAs intermittently incorporating Rp diastereomeric phosphoro ⁇ thioate linkages for use in translation systems.
• Ueda et al employed T7 coliphane DNA having seventeen promoters and one termination site for T7 RNA polymerase.
• T7 RNA polymerase produced mRNAs having from several hundred to tens of thousands of nucleotides.
• Backbone chirality may also affect the susceptibility of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide-RNA heteroduplex to RNase H activity.
• the ability to serve as a template for RNAse H has significant therapeutic implications since it has been suggested that RNAse H causes cleavage of the RNA component in an RNA-DNA oligonucleotide heteroduplex.
• oligonucleotides containing racemic mixtures of Rp and Sp intersugar linkages it is not known if all phosphorothioate oligonucleotides can function equally as substrates for RNase H.
• phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having all nucleoside units joined together by either substantially all Sp phosphorothioate intersugar linkages or substantially all Rp phosphorothioate intersugar linkages are provided.
• the phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of the present invention are complementary to at least a portion of the sequence of a target RNA or DNA.
• phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages wherein said phosphorothioate oligonucleotides are comprised of at least 10 nucleoside units joined together by either substantially all Rp or substantially all Sp intersugar linkages.
• the phosphorothioate oligonucleotides are comprised of about 10 to about 50 nucleoside units joined by substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages.
• said phosphorothioate oligonucleotides are comprised of about 15 to about 30 nucleoside units joined by substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages. Most preferably, said phosphorothioate oligonucleotides are comprised of about 17 to 21 nucleoside units joined together by substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages.
• Said methods comprise combining sequence primers, templates, and an excess of all four chirally pure nucleoside 5'-0-(l- thiotriphosphates) . Said methods further include synthesizing complementary oligonucleotides by the addition of polymerase followed by cleavage of the primer from the complementary oligonucleotides. In addition, said methods are comprised of disassociating said complementary oligonucleotides from said template.
• sequence-specific phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages sequence primers, templates and racemic mixtures of nucleoside 5'-0-(l- thiotriphosphates) are combined.
• Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages and which are complementary to the template are synthesized by the addition of polymerase and a selected metal ion. Oligonucleotides thus synthesized are dissociated from the template and primer.
• Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages are useful for increasing the thermodynamic stability of heteroduplexes formed with target RNA and DNA and to elicit RNase H activity. Further, oligonucleotides of the present invention are useful for modulating the activity of RNA.
• the phosphorous atom in a phosphodiester linkage of an oligonucleotide can be described as being "pro ⁇ chiral.”
• a non-bonding oxygen atom of the phosphodi- ester linkage is replaced or modified, a chiral sugar- phosphate linkage is generated.
• the resulting intersugar linkage is either an Sp intersugar linkage or an Rp intersugar linkage.
• Replacement of a non-bonding oxygen atom of the natural phosphodiester linkage with sulfur to obtain a phosphorothioate linkage results in the generation of a chiral center and affords Sp and Rp diastereomers.
• Molecules wherein substantially all of the phosphorous atoms in the sugar backbone are either Sp or Rp are referred to herein as chirally pure.
• NTP ⁇ S Ribonucleoside-
• dNTP ⁇ S 2' -deoxyribonucleo- side-5' -0- (1-thiotriphosphates)
• pure Rp and Sp nucleoside-5' -0- (1-thiotriphosphates) diastereomers can be readily isolated on a preparative scale using, for example, reverse phase HPLC chromatography.
• HPLC-isolated nucleotide diastereomers can be further characterized by analytical HPLC comparisons with commercial samples of such Rp and Sp nucleoside 5' -0- (1-thiotriphosphates) diastereome- rs.
• Enzymatic synthesis of sequence-specific natural oligonucleotides i.e. natural phosphodiester oligonucleotides
• racemic mixtures of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having chirally mixed intersugar linkages can be synthesized.
• such enzymatic synthesis can also be expanded to include the synthesis of sequence specific phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages by utilizing enantiomerically pure all-Sp or all-Rp nucleoside 5'-0-(l- thiotriphosphates) as substrates for appropriate nucleases in the presence of a sequence-specific template and a primer.
• sequence specific phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages by utilizing enantiomerically pure all-Sp or all-Rp nucleoside 5'-0-(l- thiotriphosphates) as substrates for appropriate nucleases in the presence of a sequence-specific template and a primer.
• DNA polymerase SequenaseTM U.S.
• Biochemical, Inc., Cleveland, OH may be used to synthesize phosphorothioate oligonucleotides using a phosphodiester oligonucleotide template and a racemic phosphorothioate oligonucleotide primer. Using this polymerase both phosphodiester and phosphorothioate primers may be extended. Yields of enzymatically synthesized phosphoro ⁇ thioate oligonucleotides can be optimized by repetitive additions of template and primer, by repetitive additions of polymerase, by repetitive additions of nucleoside triphosphates or by combinations of some or all of these.
• repetitive additions of template and primer results in maximizing yields via an enzymatic cascade.
• Further optimization can be achieved by pre-hybridization of template and primer together in system buffer, followed by cooling and addition of nucleoside triphosphates and polymerase.
• a suitable polymerase may be selected to yield either DNA or RNA phosphorothioate oligonucleotides.
• Such polymerases include but are not necessarily limited to T7 DNA polymerase, modified T7 DNA polymerases such as the above referenced SequenaseTM, E. coli DNA polymerase, DNA poly Klenow fragment polymerase, M. luteus polymerase, T4 bacteriophage polymerase, modified T4 DNA polymerase, T7 RNA polymerase and E. coli RNA polymerase.
• phosphorothioate oligonucleotides may be synthesized from racemic mixtures of nucleoside-5' -0- (1-thiotriphosphates) utilizing metal ions in reaction solutions to promote preferential incorporation of one or the other of the chiral ⁇ -thiotriphosphates.
• polymerase synthesis of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides is accomplished with inversion of configuration about the chiral center of the precursor nucleoside- ⁇ -thiotriphosphate.
• optimization of an all Rp configuration may be accomplished by addition of a high concentration of magnesium ion in the reaction buffer utilizing, for instance, an E. coli polymerase.
• an all Sp configuration might be obtained by utilizing a high manganese ion concentration in the reaction buffer.
• substantially all is meant to include all oligonucleotides in which at least 75% of the intersugar linkages are chirally pure. More preferably, oligonucleotides having from about 85% to about 100% chirally pure intersugar linkages are substantially chirally pure. Most preferably, oligonucleotides having from about 95% to about 100% chirally pure intersugar linkages are substantially chirally pure.
• phosphorothioate oligonucleotide includes phosphorothioate oligonucleotides formed from naturally occuring bases, sugars and phosphorothioate linkages.
• Naturally occuring bases include adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil.
• Natural sugars include ⁇ -D-ribofuranosyl and ⁇ -D- 2' -deoxy-eryt ro-pentofuranosyl.
• phosphorothioate oligonucleotides also include modified bases or modified sugars incorporated within the phosphorothioate nucleotide units of the oligonucleotides.
• Modified bases of the oligonucleotides of this invention include adenine, guanine, adenine, cytosine, uracil, thymine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl, 2-propyl and other alkyl adenines, 5-halo uracil, 5-halo cytosine, 6-aza uracil, 6-aza cytosine and 6-aza thymine, pseudo uracil, 4-thiouracil, 8-halo adenine, 8-aminoadenine, 8-thiol adenine, 8-thiolalkyl adenines, 8-hydroxyl adenine and other 8-substituted adenines, 8-halo guanines, 8-amino guanine, 8-thiol guanine, 8-thiolalkyl guanines, 8-hydroxyl guanine and other 8- substituted guanines
• the sugar moiety may be deoxyribose or ribose.
• the oligonucleotides of the invention may also comprise modified nucleobases or nucleobases having other modifications consistent with the spirit of this invention, and in particular modifications that increase their nuclease resistance in order to facilitate their use as therapeutic, diagnostic or research reagents.
• Oligonucleotides of the invention can be utilized as diagnostics, therapeutics and as research reagents. They can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of an oligonucleotide of the invention to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. They further can be used for treating organisms having a disease characterized by the undesired production of a protein. The organism can be contacted with an oligonucleo- tide of the invention having a sequence that is capable of specifically hybridizing with a strand of target nucleic acid that codes for the undesirable protein.
• oligonucleotide in accordance with the invention commonly in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, in doses ranging from 0.01 ⁇ g to 100 g per kg of body weight depending on the age of the patient and the severity of the disease state being treated.
• the treatment regimen may last for a period of time which will vary depending upon the nature of the particular disease, its severity and the overall condition of the patient, and may extend from once daily to once every several years. Following treatment, the patient is monitored for changes in his/her condition and for alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state.
• the dosage of the oligonucleotide may either be increased in the event the patient does not respond significantly to current dosage levels, or the dose may be decreased if an alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state is observed, or if the disease state has been ablated.
• oligonucleotide of the invention may be more effective to treat a patient with an oligonucleotide of the invention in conjunction with other traditional therapeutic modalities.
• Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease condition to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved.
• Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates.
• Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC so s found to be effective in in vi tro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 ⁇ g to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every several years.
• oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ⁇ g to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every several years.
• compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic, vaginal, rectal, intranasal, transdermal) , oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection, or intrathecal or intraventricular administration.
• Formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders.
• Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.
• Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.
• compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets or tablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable.
• compositions for intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives.
• Formulations for parenteral administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives.
• Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of the present invention can be contrasted with both natural phosphodiester oligonucleotides and racemic phosphorothioate nucleotides as to their effects on hybridization, nuclease resistance and RNAse H activity.
• pure phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages may also be assessed for their ability to increase effectiveness of therapy in in vivo test systems.
• Such increase in effectiveness of therapy might include attributes such as pharmacokinetics or metabolism, toxicology, disposition (i.e. absorption and distribution), and species comparisons.
• Sequence-specific phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages are useful to increase the thermodynamic stability of heteroduplexes with target RNA and DNA and to elicit RNase H activity.
• Radiolabeling can be used to assist in the identification of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages.
• [ 35 S] radiolabeled elemental sulfur
• Labeling of enzymatically synthesized phosphorothioate oligonucleotides can be accomplished with [ ⁇ - 32 P]ATP and ligase or [ ⁇ - 35 S]ATPs in the polymerase reaction.
• radiolabeled nucleoside triphosphates can be used in probe and sequencing analysis.
• Templates of the present invention are most preferably areas of nucleic acid sequence which direct synthesis of disease-potentiating proteins. Short oligonucleotides that base pair to a region of said template oligonucleotide act as primers which form the starting point for oligonucleotide synthesis by polymerases.
• Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages may be synthesized using a primer which may be selected to have a site thereon that is susceptible to nuclease cleavage, for example, restriction endonuclease cleavage. Said cleavage site may be located at the 3' end of said primer. Cleavage at said site by an appropriate restriction endonuclease results in oligonucleotides deriving a first 5' end nucleoside from said primer. Additional nucleosides of said phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of the present invention are those nucleoside chiral thiotriphosphates added via enzymatic means.
• any endonuclease recognition site can be designed as long as the staggered cut results in one nucleoside from the primer being the first 5' nucleoside of the newly synthesized sequence specific phosphorothioate oligonucleotide of the invention. This results in the generation of different nucleosides on 5' ends of enzymati ⁇ cally synthesized phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of the invention.
• phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of the invention may be released from said primer by use of appropriate nuclease.
• appropriate nuclease for example, for incorporation of a guanosine nucleoside at the 5' end of desired phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, a primer having an CTGCAG sequence at its 3' terminal end may be used. Use of a Pst 1 restriction nuclease then may cleave the A-G linkage.
• the guanosine nucleoside component of this A-G linkage may thus incorporated as a 5' terminal nucleoside of desired phosphorothioate oligonucleotides.
• Other restriction endonuclease include but are not limited to BamHl, Smal and HinD III restriction endonucleases.
• Oligonucleotides still associated with said template may be dissociated from said template and then purified by gel electrophoresis and/or chromatography. For example, suitable purification can be accomplished utilizing standard polyacrylamide/urea gel electrophoresis coupled with SepPac (Millipore, Miford, MA) chromatography. Another useful chromatographic technique that may be employed is HPLC chromatography.
• Chiral phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of the present invention may also be chemically synthesized via 1,3,2-oxathiaphospholane intermediates as described by Stec et al . [Nucleic Acids Res . , 19:5883 (1991)] and Stec and
• Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages which are synthesized according to methods of the present invention may be analyzed by a number of methods. For example, configuration analysis of resulting sequence-specific phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having subtantially chirally pure all Sp or all Rp intersugar linkages may be determined by the use of [ 31 P] NMR chemical shifts. Such chemical shifts have been used to identify the Rp epimer of a phosphorothioate dinucleotide [Ludwig and Eckstein, J. Org. Chem. , 631-635 (1989)] .
• the fidelity of sequences of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of the invention can be determined using the sensitivities of heteroduplexes to SI nuclease.
• sequence of the phosphorothioate oligonucleotides can be further substantiated by labeling the 3'hydroxyl groups of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides with [alpha- 32 P] cordycepin triphosphate, i.e. 3' -deoxyadeno- sine-5' -triphosphate.
• the resultant oligonucleotides may be subjected to enzymatic degradation.
• the relative ability of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages to bind to complementary strands is compared by determining the melting temperature of a hybridization complex of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages and its complementary strand.
• the melting temperature (T ) a characteristic physical property of double helixes, denotes the temperature in degrees centigrade at which 50% helical versus coiled (unhybridized) forms are present.
• T m is measured by using the UV spectrum to determine the formation and breakdown (melting) of hybridization.
• Base stacking which occurs during hybridization, is accompanied by a reduction in UV absorption (hypochromicity) . Consequently a reduction in UV absorption indicates a higher T m .
• the higher the T m the greater the strength of the binding of the strands.
• Non Watson-Crick base pairing has a strong destabilizing effect on the T m . Consequently, as close to optimal fidelity of base pairing as possible is desired to have optimal binding of an oligonucleotide to its target RNA.
• Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of the invention can also be evaluated for their resistance to the degradative ability of a variety of exonucleases and endonucleases.
• Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides may be treated with nucleases and then analyzed, as for instance, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by staining with a suitable stain such as Stains AllTM (Sigma Chem. Co., St. Louis, MO) .
• Degradation products may be quantitated using laser densitometry.
• Fetal calf and human serum may be used to evaluate nucleolytic activity on phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages. For instance, a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having substantially all Rp intersugar linkages may be evaluated in this manner. Testing on combinations of 3' or 5' end capped (having one or several phosphorothioate linkages per cap) molecules may be used to establish a combination that yields greatest nuclease stability. Capping can be effected by chemically synthesizing the cap portion of a sequence using purified Rp monomers followed by incorporation of said cap into oligonucleotides on the DNA synthesizer. Analysis involving capping can determine the importance of chirality on nucleolytic stability and the number of linkages required to obtain maximum stability.
• a phosphorothioate oligo ⁇ nucleotide can be incubated with a radiolabeled target mRNA (synthesized as for instance via T7 RNA polymerase) at various temperatures for hybridization. Heteroduplexes can then be incubated at 37°C with RNase H from E. coli according to the procedure of Minshull and Hunt [Nuc. Acid Res . , 6433 (1986)] .
• Products may then be assessed for RNase H activity by Northern Blot analysis wherein products are electrophoresed on a 1.2% agarose/formaldehyde gel and transferred to nitrocellulose. Filters may then be probed using a random primer [ 32 P] -labeled cDNA complementary to target mRNA and quantitated by autoradiography. Comparisons between different phosphorothioate analogs can be made to determine the impact of chirality on the ability to act as a substrate for RNase H when complexed to RNA.
• Heteroduplexes can be incubated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates under conditions of translation and assayed via Northern blot analysis for catalytic cleavage of mRNA by endogenous RNase H. This allows for determination of the effects of chirality on mammalian RNAse H activity.
• Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages can also be evaluated for inhibition of gene expression in cell culture model systems.
• a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having substantially pure chirally pure intersugar linkages is more potent or a more specific inhibitor of gene expression
• a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages designed to target reporter genes may be synthesized and tested in cell culture models of gene expression.
• the use of the vector pSV2CAT has previously been described to measure antisense effects on gene expression [Henthorn et al . , Proc . Na tl .Acad . Sci .
• This vector contains the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene under regulatory controls of the SV40 promoter.
• pSV2CAT may be transfected into HeLa cells and, following treatment of the cells for 48 hr with a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having all Rp intersugar linkages, CAT activity may then be assayed in the cells.
• the activity of a phosphorothioate having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages in inhibition of gene expression may then be compared directly with a chemically synthesized random phosphorothioate having diastereomeric intersugar linkages and natural phosphodiester oligonucleotides of the same sequence.
• the vector pSV2APAP [Marcus-Sekura et al . , Nucleic
• PAP mammalian placental alkaline phosphatase gene
• a 15-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages as described above for the CAT mRNA can be examined in parallel with chemically synthe ⁇ sized racemic phosphorothioate and natural phosphodiester oligonucleotides having similar sequences.
• the PAP and CAT reporter constructs are used as controls in reciprocal experiments to test for non-specific effects on gene expression.
• phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages can be evaluated as to their ability to act as inhibitors of RNA translation in vivo .
• Various therapeutic areas can be targeted for such manipulation by oligonuclotides of the present invention.
• HCV Hepatitis C virus
• Oligo # 259 CCTTTCGCGACCCAACACTA (SEQ ID N0:1)
• Oligo # 260 Oligo # 260
• GCCTTTCGCGACCCAACACT SEQ ID N0:2
• Oligo # 270 GTACCACAAGGCCTTTCGCG
• Oligo # 330 Oligo # 330
• GTGCTCATGGTGCACGGTCT Oligo # 340
• Oligo # 340 TTTAGGATTCGTGCTCATGG (SEQ ID NO:5) .
• ICM-1 intercellular cell adhesion molecule
• Oligonucleotides having application in the treatment of inflammatory diseases include: ISIS-2302, GCCCAAGCTGGCATCCGTCA (SEQ ID NO:6) .
• Another therapeutic area includes infections caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) .
• ISIS-2922 is a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having application in the treatment of CMV retinitis, and has the sequence GCGTTTGCTCTTCTTCTTGCG (SEQ ID NO:7) .
• Another therapeutic area includes cancers mediated by protein kinase C- ⁇ (PKC- ⁇ ) .
• ISIS-3521 is a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having application in the treatment of such cancers, and has the sequence
• a further therapeutic area includes C-raf kinase-mediated cancers.
• ISIS-5132 is a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having application in the treatment of such cancers, and has the sequence TCCCGCCTGTGACATGCATT (SEQ ID NO:9) .
• a still further therapeutic area includes cancers mediated by Ha-ras or Ki- ras .
• phosphorothioate oligonucleotides have application in the treatment of such cancers: ISIS-2503, TCCGTCATCGCTCCTCAGGG (SEQ ID NO.IO), ISIS-2570, CCACACCGACGGCGCCC (SEQ ID N0:11), and ISIS-6957,
• ISIS-5320 is a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having application in the treatment of AIDS, and has the sequence TTGGGGTT (SEQ ID NO:17) . In the above sequences, individual nucleotide units of the oligonucleotides are listed in a 5' to 3' direction from left to right.
• hybridization shall mean hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleotide units.
• adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds.
• “Complementary,” as used herein, also refers to sequence complementarity between two nucleotide units.
• oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are considered to be complementary to each other at that position.
• the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotide units which can hydrogen bond with each other.
• “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and the target RNA or DNA.
• an oligonucleotide need not be 100% complementary to its target DNA sequence to be specifically hybridizable.
• An oligonucleotide is specifically hybridizable when binding of the oligonucleotide to the target RNA or DNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target RNA or DNA, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the oligonucleotide to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e. under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, or in the case of in vi tro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed.
• oligonucleotides of the invention may be used in therapeutics, as diagnostics, and for research as is specified in the following United States patent applications assigned to the assignee of this invention These applications are entitled: Compositions and Methods for Modulating RNA Activity, Serial No. 463,358, filed 1/11/90; Antisense Oligonucleotide Inhibitors of Papilloma Virus, Serial No. 445,196 Filed 12/4/89; Oligonucleotide Therapies for Modulating the Effects of Herpesvirus, Serial No. 485,297, Filed 2/26/90; Reagents and Methods for Modulating Gene Expression Through RNA Mimicry Serial No.
• Antisense Inhibitors of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Serial No. 521,907, Filed 5/11/90
• Nuclease Resistant Pyrimidine Modified Oligonucleotides for Modulation of Gene Expression Serial No.558,806, Filed 7/27/90
• Novel Polyamine Conjugated Oligonucleotides Serial No. 558,663, Filed 7/27/90
• Modulation of Gene Expression Through Interference with RNA Secondary Structure Serial No. 518,929, Filed 5/4/90
• Oligonucleotide Modulation of Cell Adhesion Serial No. 567,286, Filed 8/14/90
• Inhibition of Influenza Viruses Serial No. 567,287, Filed 8/14/90
• 5' -0- (l-thiotriphosphate) deoxynucleosides and ribonucleosides are isolated using C-18 reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using columns packed with ODS Hypersil (Shandon Southern, Runcon, UK) and eluted with an isocratic mixture of solvent A (30 mM potassium phosphate containing 5 mM tetrabutylammonium ion, pH 7.0) and solvent B (5 mM tetrabutylammonuium hydroxide in methanol) .
• HPLC separated Sp and Rp deoxynucleotide enantiomers are compared to commercially available deoxy ⁇ nucleoside 5' -O- (1-thiotriphosphates) available from E.I. Dupont, Wilmington, DE.
• OLIGONUCLEOTIDE Enzymatic synthesis of an all Rp phosphorothioate extension of a racemic phosphorothioate oligonucleotide primer is effected using the modified T7 DNA polymerase I, SequenaseTM (U.S. Biochemicals Corp, Cleveland, OH) . This T7 DNA polymerase is used to extend an 18 mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide primer hybridized to a 21-mer natural phosphodiester oligonucleotide. 30 picomoles (pmol) of primer and template in a IX SequenaseTM reaction buffer (U.S.
• Biochemicals Corp., Cleveland, OH final vol 10 ⁇ L
• Biochemicals Corp., Cleveland, OH final vol 10 ⁇ L
• 180 pmol of deoxy 5' - [ ⁇ - 35 S] cytidine triphosphate and SequenaseTM enzyme U.S. Biochemicals Corp., Cleveland, OH
• the product is analyzed via polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) using a 20% polyacrylamide/7 M urea denaturing gel.
• the autoradiograph of the product is compared to a control reaction absent primer/template.
• the final product is subjected to further characterization by, for example, enzymatic degradation.
• a snake venom phospha- tase degradation of dinucleoside monophosphorothioate synthesized using E. coli DNA polymerase I shows the dinucleoside to be of the Rp configuration.
• a large scale enzymatic synthesis of sequence specific all Rp phosphorothioate oligonucleotide was effected utilizing a 55-mer natural phosphodiester template and a 41-mer natural phosphodiester primer.
• the template sequence was:
• the primer sequence was: CTCAACCAAATCCCGGGAGATGAGAACCCTATTTTCCGATC (SEQ ID NO:15) .
• the template was selected to have a sequence complementary to a desired specific CGACTATGCAAGTAC (SEQ ID NO:13) sequence.
• a SequenaseTM buffer U.S. Biochemicals Corp., Cleveland, OH
• the template and primer both at concentrations of 20 nM are added to 40 ⁇ L of this buffer.
• the template and primer were hybridized at 95°C for 5 minutes and cooled to room temperature.
• the precipitate was suspended in 20 ⁇ L H 2 0 for 30 minutes then adjusted to 1 mM CaCl 2 , 25 mM Tris HCl pH 8.0 in 40 ⁇ L H 2 0. The solution was maintained at 95°C for 5 minutes and snap cooled, i.e. very quickly cooled with ice.
• the template and primer were removed from the synthesized oligonucleotide by the addition of 4.6 ⁇ M DNase I and incubation at 37°C for 10 minutes.
• the reaction mixture was phenol extracted 2X and precipitated with ethanol as above.
• the precipate was resuspended in H 2 0 and purfied using 20% polyacrylamide/7 M urea gel electrophoresis coupled with SepPakTM chromatography (Millipore, Milford, MA) .
• Pst 1 restriction nuclease (Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) was used to cleave the primer-bound phosphorothioate oligonu- cleotide at the restriction site.
• CGACTATGCAAGTAC (SEQ ID NO:13) phosphorothioate oligonucleo ⁇ tide was purified using polyacrylamide/7 M urea gel electrophoresis coupled with SepPakTM chromatography (Milli ⁇ pore, Milford, MA) . Yields were optimized using enzymatic cascade effected by repetitive template-primer addition throughout the reaction. The cascade augmented synthesis yielded 75 A 260 units of the CGACTATGCAAGTAC (SEQ ID NO:13) all Rp configuration phosphorothioate oligonucleotide from a 20 mL reaction.
• Oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) using hydrogenphosphonate chemistry in a standard manner [Agrawal et al., Proc . Natl . Acad. Sci . U. S. A . , 85:7079 (1988)] .
• the phosphorothioate linkages are generated by oxidizing the bound oligomer with sulfur in carbon disulfide/triethylamine/ pyridine.
• standard deblocking procedures with ammonium hydroxide are used to release the oligonucleotides from the support and remove base blocking groups.
• oligonucleotide purification column OPC; ABI, Foster City, CA
• HPLC HPLC-purified oligonucleotides
• the HPLC-purified oligonucleotides are then precipitated with ethanol and assessed for final purity by gel electrophoresis on 20% acrylamide/7 M urea or by analytical HPLC.
• the authenticity of the oligonucleotide sequence was assessed by oxidation with iodine in pyridine/water and standard sequencing methods.
• These oligonucleotides contain a mixture of all possible combinations of Rp and Sp isomers at each phosphorous linkage.
• T7 RNA polymerase was use for the synthesis of short, complementary RNA oligonucleotides for hybridization analysis. A large amount of T7 RNA polymerase at high concentrations was needed for the many cycles of initiation required to synthesize short RNAs. Due to this requirement, the T7 RNA polymerase was derived from a strain of E.
• T7 RNA polymerase expression vector BL21/pAR1219, obtained from Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY) .
• a T7 promoter and a template con ⁇ taining the complementary target sequence and T7 promoter hybridization sequence were synthesized using the ABI synthesizer (ABI, Foster City, CA) . Template and promoter were purified by HPLC to ensure that the correct species was present for enzymatic synthesis. Synthesized products were purified on a 20% polyacrylamide/8 M urea gel and sequenced by standard procedures.
• Oligonucleotides (either phosphorothioate oligonucleotides of the invention or otherwise) were incubated with either the complementary DNA or RNA oligonucleotides at a standard concentration of 4 ⁇ M for each oligonucleotide in 100 mM ionic strength buffer (89.8 mM NaCI, 10 mM Na-phosphate, pH 7.0, 0.2 mM EDTA) . Samples were heated to 90°C and the initial absorbance taken using a Guilford Response II spectrophotometer (Corning) . Samples were then slowly cooled to 15°C and the change in absorbance at 260 nm monitored during the heat denaturation procedure.
• 100 mM ionic strength buffer 89.8 mM NaCI, 10 mM Na-phosphate, pH 7.0, 0.2 mM EDTA
• Filter binding assays are utilized to quantitate the binding stringencies of various phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, i . e . their tendencies to hybridize and form heteroduplexes with DNA or RNA. These assays require radiolabeled oligonucleotides.
• Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having all Rp intersugar linkages are synthesized by enzymatic methods from [ 35 S] -monomers that have been purified from Sp monomers.
• oligonucleotides are synthesized containing hydrogen phosphonates and then sulfurized in the presence of elemental [ 35 S] in a pyridine/carbon disulfide mixture.
• the resulting radiolabeled phosphorothioate oligonucleotide can be purified by OPC chromatography and HPLC.
• Target mRNA are applied to nitrocellulose filters and baked at 80°C for 2 hours, blocked and then hybridized with the radiolabeled phosphorothioate oligonucleotide. Binding stringency is assessed by quantitating radiolabeled oligonucleotide eluted from the filters after increases in temperature or increases in the ionic strength of an eluting buffer, as for instance, Tris NaCI buffer. Eluted oligonucleotides are also assessed for their mobility in an anion exchange HPLC protocol isocratically utilizing phosphate buffer. Results are compared to the mobility of standard oligonucleotides prepared having racemic mixtures of intersugar linkages.
• the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages showed greater resistance to nuclease degradation than did the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide having racemic intersugar linkages.
• Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having racemic and substantially chirally pure intersugar linkages were analyzed for susceptibility to RNase H. Oligonucleotides (2-fold molar excess to RNA) and 5 ⁇ g (3.1 kb) in vi tro synthesized mRNA (using T7 RNA polymerase promoter) were incubated in 5 ⁇ L RNase H hybridization buffer for 30 minutes at 60°C. Samples were slowly cooled to room temperature and then adjusted to 3.7 mg/mL BSA, 20 units E. coli RNase H (Promega) , 142 mM DTT, 150 mM KCl, and 3 mM MgCl 2 .
• a patient suffering from hepatitis caused by HCV is treated with Oligo # 259 (SEQ ID NO:l) , Oligo # 260 (SEQ ID NO:2) , Oligo # 270 (SEQ ID NO:3) , Oligo # 330 (SEQ ID NO:4) or Oligo # 340 (SEQ ID NO:5) , each of which are synthesized according to the procedure of Example 3 or Example 19.
• Oligo # 259 SEQ ID NO:l
• Oligo # 260 SEQ ID NO:2
• Oligo # 270 SEQ ID NO:3
• Oligo # 330 SEQ ID NO:4
• Oligo # 340 SEQ ID NO:5
• a patient suffering from an inflammatory disease mediated by ICAM-1 is treated with ISIS-2302, an oligonucleotide synthesized according to Example 3 or
• Example 19 and having the sequence GCCCAAGCTGGCATCCGTCA (SEQ ID NO:6) .
• 1-1000 ⁇ g/kg body weight of oligonucleotide is incorporated into a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Treatment may be repeated as necessary until the disease has been ablated.
• a patient suffering from retinitis caused by cytomegalovirus is treated with ISIS-2922, an oligonucleotide synthesized according to Example 3 or
• Example 19 and having the sequence GCGTTTGCTCTTCTTCTTGCG (SEQ ID NO:7) .
• 1-1000 ⁇ g/kg body weight of oligonucleotide is incorporated into a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and administered intravitreally. Treatment may be repeated as necessary until the infection is ablated.
• a patient suffering from PKC- ⁇ -mediated cancer is treated with ISIS-3521, an oligonucleotide synthesized according to Example 3 or Example 19, and having the sequence GTTCTCGCTGGTGAGTTTCA (SEQ ID NO:8) .
• 1-1000 ⁇ g/kg body weight of oligonucleotide is incorporated into a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Treatment may be repeated as necessary until the disease has been ablated.
• a patient suffering from C-raf kinase-mediated cancer is treated with ISIS-5132, an oligonucleotide synthesized according to Example 3 or Example 19, and having the sequence TCCCGCCTGTGACATGCATT (SEQ ID NO:9) .
• 1-1000 ⁇ g/kg body weight of oligonucleotide is incorporated into a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Treatment may be repeated as necessary until the disease has been ablated.
• a patient suffering from C-raf kinase-mediated cancer is treated with ISIS-2503 (SEQ ID NO:10), ISIS-2570 (SEQ ID NO:ll) or ISIS-6957 (SEQ ID NO:12), each of which are synthesized according to the procedure of Example 3 or Example 19.
• 1-1000 ⁇ g/kg body weight of oligonucleotide is incorporated into a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Treatment may be repeated as necessary until the disease has been ablated.
• Product 2 is obtained as the fraction boiling at 70°C/0.1 mm Hg and is characterized by 31 P NMR and mass spectroscopy.
• a suitable linker for oligonucleotide synthesis via the oxathiaphospholane method is a "succinic-sarcosinyl" linker that is resistant to DBU, and can be hydrolyzed by concentrated ammonium hydroxide at room temperature in less than 1 hour.
• N-Fmoc-sarcosine (Bachem Bioscience, Inc., Philadelphia, PA) (1.6 mmol) is added to long chain alkyl amine-CPG (LCA-CPG, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) (2 g) and dried under vacuum.
• Anhydrous DMF (5 mL) , pyridine (0.5 mL) and DCC (2.4 mmol) are added and the reaction mixture is shaken at room temperature for 12 hours. The solvent is then filtered off and the support is washed with methanol :acetonitrile:pyridine (1:1:1, 3x20 mL) .
• the N-Fmoc protecting group is removed by treating the support with 10 mL of a 10% solution of piperidine in pyridine.
• N- sarcosinylated LCA-CPG is washed with methanol:acetonitrile:pyridine (1:1:1, 3x20 mL) and dried under vacuum.
• the diastereomers of activated nucleosides are separated by column chromatography [silica gel 60H, ethyl acetate is used as the eluting solvent, elution is monitored by HPTLC (silica gel 60, ethyl acetate as the developing solvent)] prior to use in the coupling reaction.
• the synthetic protocol is shown in Table 3.
• the diastereomeric purity of the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide can be determined by 31 P NMR, by HPLC (Lichrospher SilOO, 5 ⁇ M, ethyl acetate as eluant, flow rate 3 mL/minute) , enzymatically or by electrophoretic methods.
• the oligonucleotides of the invention may be used for treatment of various disease states.
• Treatment of a patient diagnosed with a particular disease state comprises administration of an effective dose of the olignucleotide, in a pharmaceutically accepted formulation, to the patient via an appropriate route.
• the effective oligonucleotide dose depends on the disease state being treated, the severity of the disease state and the age of the patient being treated.
• the effective dose of an oligonucleotide may be determined based on its IC 50 and is a routine procedure for one of skill in the art. Alternatively, the effective dose of the oligomer may be determined by using the pharmacokinetics software program TopFit.
• dosage of oligonucleotides may vary from 0.01 ⁇ g (for children) to 100 g (for adults) per kg of body weight depending on progression of the disease state.
• the frequency of dosing depends on the progression of the disease state and may vary from once or more daily to once every 20 years.
• oligonucleotide administration depends on the disease state being treated. For example, administration of an oligonucleotide to a patient being treated for an inflammatory disorder may be accomplished either via oral or rectal routes.
• the most effective method of oligonucleotide administration may be an oral route or by subcutaneous injection.
• Cancers such as breast cancer may be treated via subcutaneous injection, while colon cancer may be treated via oral or rectal administration of the oligonucleotide.
• Diseases or disorders of the central nervous system may best be treated by intrathecal or intraventricular administration for delivery of the oligonucleotide to the spinal column or the brain of the patient.
• oligonucleotide administration the patient may be monitored for alleviation of symptoms associated with the disease state. Subsequently, the dosage may be adjusted (increased or decreased) depending upon the severity and amenability of the disease state to treatment. It may be preferable to administer oligonucleotides of the invention in combination with other traditional therapeutics.
• the oligonucleotides may be administered in combination with drugs including, but not limited to, AZT for the treatment of patients afflicted with AIDS, sulfasalazine for the treatment of an inflammatory disorder such as ulcerative colitis, and 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of colon cancer.
• oligonucleotide administration as part of a maintenance regimen may vary from 0.01 ⁇ g to 100 g per kg of body weight, ranging from once or more daily to once every several years.
• Intraventricular drug administration for the direct delivery of drug to the brain of a patient, may be desired for the treatment of patients with diseases afflicting the brain.
• a silicon catheter is surgically introduced into a ventricle of the brain of a human patient, and is connected to a subcutaneous infusion pump (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN) that has been surgically implanted in the abdominal region [Cancer Research, 44:1698 (1984)] .
• the pump is used to inject the oligonucleotides and allows precise dosage adjustments and variation in dosage schedules with the aid of an external programming device.
• the reservoir capacity of the pump is 18-20 mL and infusion rates may range from 0.1 mL/h to 1 mL/h.
• the pump reservoir may be refilled at 3-10 week intervals. Refilling of the pump is accomplished by percutaneous puncture of the self-sealing septum of the pump.
• Intrathecal drug administration for the introduction of drug into the spinal column of a patient may be desired for the treatment of patients with diseases of the central nervous system.
• a silicon catheter is surgically implanted into the L3-4 lumbar spinal interspace of a human patient, and is connected to a subcutaneous infusion pump which has been surgically implanted in the upper abdominal region [The Annals of Pharmaco therapy, 27:912 (1993) and Cancer, 41:1270 (1993] .
• the pump is used to inject the oligonucleotides and allows precise dosage adjustments and variations in dose schedules with the aid of an external programming device.
• the reservoir capacity of the pump is 18-20 mL, and infusion rates may vary from 0.1 mL/h to 1 mL/h.
• infusion rates may vary from 0.1 mL/h to 1 mL/h.
• dosage of drug to be administered ranging from 0.01 ⁇ g to 100 g per kg of body weight
• the pump reservoir may be refilled at 3- 10 week intervals. Refilling of the pump is accomplished by a single percutaneous puncture to the self-sealing septum of the pump.
• EXAMPLE 23 A patient suffering from AIDS is treated with ISIS-
• oligonucleotide synthesized according to Example 3 or Example 19 an oligonucleotide synthesized according to Example 3 or Example 19, and having the sequence TTGGGGTT (SEQ ID NO:17) .
• 1-1000 ⁇ g/kg body weight of oligonucleotide is incorporated into a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and administered intravitreally. Treatment may be repeated as necessary until the infection is ablated.
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic) '
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
• MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)

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• 1996
  • 1996-06-05 EP EP96921270A patent/EP0831854A4/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1996-06-05 WO PCT/US1996/008757 patent/WO1996039154A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1996-06-05 JP JP9501254A patent/JPH10510433A/ja active Pending
  • 1996-06-05 CA CA002223103A patent/CA2223103A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1996-06-05 AU AU62528/96A patent/AU698739B2/en not_active Ceased
• 1997
  • 1997-12-02 NO NO975558A patent/NO975558L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
• 2000
  • 2000-08-31 JP JP2000262865A patent/JP2001114798A/ja active Pending
  • 2000-08-31 JP JP2000262871A patent/JP2001103987A/ja active Pending

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