EP0368767B1 - Procédé continu de fabrication de perchlorate de métal alcalin - Google Patents
Procédé continu de fabrication de perchlorate de métal alcalin Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0368767B1 EP0368767B1 EP89420420A EP89420420A EP0368767B1 EP 0368767 B1 EP0368767 B1 EP 0368767B1 EP 89420420 A EP89420420 A EP 89420420A EP 89420420 A EP89420420 A EP 89420420A EP 0368767 B1 EP0368767 B1 EP 0368767B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrolysis
- stage
- sodium
- perchlorate
- chlorate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 229910001485 alkali metal perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- BZSXEZOLBIJVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O BZSXEZOLBIJVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004683 dihydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004682 monohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 48
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 32
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 26
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 16
- JHWIEAWILPSRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-3-pyrimidin-4-ylpropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(C)CC1=CC=NC=N1 JHWIEAWILPSRMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- IXGNPUSUVRTQGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;perchlorate;hydrate Chemical group O.[Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O IXGNPUSUVRTQGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010014418 Electrolyte imbalance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O SOCTUWSJJQCPFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- DTSFAVOKEUXEMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxidanium;perchlorate;hydrate Chemical compound O.O.OCl(=O)(=O)=O DTSFAVOKEUXEMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
- C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
- C25B1/265—Chlorates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/28—Per-compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
- C25B15/021—Process control or regulation of heating or cooling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a continuous process for the manufacture of sodium perchlorate by electrolysis of an aqueous chlorate solution of said metal.
- sodium chlorate and perchlorate of said metal will be designated by chlorate and perchlorate respectively.
- This consists of electrolyzing the chlorate in a succession of individual electrolytic steps, each step being different from another, dependent on another, and ensuring only a partial electrolysis result compared to the final industrial result. targeted.
- cascade In a multi-step process, commonly called “cascade", the overall electrolyte balance is disturbed by the electrolyte imbalance of a single step and does not recover by simply decommissioning the failed step.
- the present invention consists of a continuous process for the manufacture of perchlorate by continuous electrolysis in a single electrolytic step of an electrolyte, this electrolyte being kept uniform with a stationary composition by continuously bringing chlorate and water into this step. , each in an amount equal to that which disappears from this step by electrolytic transformation and by a continuous and final exit from this step of an electrolyte current forming a sample having the same stationary composition, said composition being chosen such that the sample can be deposited directly by cooling perchlorate crystals in monohydrate, dihydrate or anhydrous form, followed from said sample by crystallization of sodium perchlorate by cooling or evaporation of water.
- the electrolyte is uniform thanks to its agitation due for example to the evolution of gas in the electrolysis, associated if necessary with recirculation external to the latter, for example using a pump.
- the electrolyte the composition of which, according to the invention, is the same as that of the aqueous perchlorate solution which leaves the single electrolysis step, contains, in the case of the electrolysis of sodium chlorate into perchlorate sodium, preferably at least 100 g. of chlorate per liter to obtain a FARADAY yield exceeding 90%.
- the electrolysis is carried out in known equipment, such as for example a non-compartmentalized cell with monopolar electrodes, anode based on platinum, such as for example a sheet of solid platinum or platinum deposited on a conductive substrate, cathode for example of mild steel. or bronze.
- the electrical conditions adopted are those allowing the transformation of chlorate into perchlorate, for example, for sodium perchlorate, an anodic current density ranging for example between about 10 and 70 A / dm 2 and often of the order of 40 A / dm 2 .
- the pH of the electrolyte can be between fairly distant limits, for example between about 6 to 10. It is reached using for example perchloric acid or an alkali metal hydroxide such as hydroxide. sodium in the case of electrolysis of sodium chlorate.
- the temperature of the electrolyte is generally between approximately 40 ° C and 90 ° C.
- Heat exchange means which can be both internal and external to the electrolyte make it possible to maintain it at the chosen value.
- the simultaneous and continuous addition of the chlorate and of the water which enter the single electrolysis stage can be carried out by bringing into this stage an aqueous chlorate solution containing all the chlorate and all the water necessary for the invention.
- the concentration of this chlorate solution can be very high, for example 900 g. sodium chlorate per liter, forming the solution at a temperature which is itself high, for example 80 ° C.
- Relative amounts of chlorate and water such as those indicated for example above can also be achieved by adding chlorate and water separately, the chlorate being used in solid form.
- the external recirculation current in the single electrolysis step can serve as a vector for the chlorate.
- Part of it can be supplied in the solid state and the additional part supplied in the form of an aqueous solution, for example in the form of a solution containing 700 g. of chlorate per liter, formed at 20 ° C.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to retain the advantage relating to a reduced consumption of platinum found in US Patent No. 3,475,301.
- perchlorate which constitutes the ultimately targeted production is separated in practically pure solid form directly by crystallization from the aqueous perchlorate solution as it leaves the single electrolysis step according to the invention.
- the product particularly targeted by the industry is sodium perchlorate monohydrate rather than anhydrous perchlorate or that perchlorate dihydrate, the manufacture of which, depending on the composition of the electrolyte required, is also feasible according to the invention.
- sodium perchlorate is produced by electrolysis of sodium chlorate in equipment essentially comprising an electrolysis cell with an external recirculation loop, an assembly in which the single electrolysis step is carried out, exchange means calorific, measurement and control of temperature and pH.
- the electrolysis cell is not compartmentalized and is equipped with monopolar electrodes, platinum anodes and mild steel cathodes, traversed by an electric current such that the anodic current density is equal to 40 A / dm 2 .
- the gas evolution in the cell and the sufficiently significant recirculation ensure the uniformity of the electrolyte in said cell.
- the electrolyte contains, for 100 g. of water, 26 g. sodium chlorate, 180 g. sodium perchlorate and 0.3 g. sodium dichromate.
- the composition of the electrolyte thus fixed is kept stable over time by continuously entering the single electrolysis step 96 cm 3 / h.dm 2 anodic of a sodium chlorate solution at 80 ° C. containing, per liter, 900 g. sodium chlorate, 1.5 g. sodium dichromate and the amount of perchloric acid necessary for the pH of the electrolyte in the electrolytic cell, temperature is 65 ° C, equal to 6.5. 85 cm 3 / h.dm 2 anodic of an aqueous solution which, according to the invention, has the composition of the electrolyte, continuously leaves the single electrolysis stage in order to isolate it directly by crystallization sodium perchlorate monohydrate which represents the targeted production.
- Example 2 This example is carried out in the equipment and according to the operating process of Example 1.
- the electrolysis is carried out in particular at the same temperature and at the same pH as in Example 1.
- the electrolyte this time contains, for 100 g. of water 36 g. sodium chlorate, 220 g. sodium perchlorate and 0.3 g. sodium dichromate.
- This composition is kept stable over time by continuously entering into the single electrolysis step 46 g / h.dm 2 anodic solid sodium chlorate via the recirculation current, and 84 cm 3 / h. dm 2 anodic of an aqueous solution at 20 ° C containing, per liter, 500 g. sodium chlorate, 1.5 g.
- Example is also carried out in the equipment and according to the operating process of Example 1.
- the electrolysis is carried out at the same temperature and at the same pH as in Example 1.
- the electrolyte contains, per 100 g. of water, 30 g. sodium chlorate and 290 g. sodium perchlorate next to 0.3 g. sodium dichromate.
- the electrolyte is maintained at this stable composition over time by continuously entering the step single electrolysis 45 g / h.dm 2 anodic of solid sodium chlorate via the recirculation current and 74 cm 3 / h.dm 2 anodic of an aqueous solution of sodium chlorate of Example 2, while leaving the single electrolysis step 66 cm 3 / h.dm 2 anodic aqueous solution of the same composition as the electrolyte and from which the perchlorate produced can be isolated directly in anhydrous form by crystallization.
- the FARADAY yield expressed as the ratio of the amount of electricity actually used for the conversion of chlorate to perchlorate, in a given time, to the total amount of electricity consumed at the same time, is greater than 90% for the three examples above. It is more than 93%, even in the absence of sodium dichromate by repeating Example 1 with an electrolysis temperature equal to 55 ° C instead of 65 ° C.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8815137A FR2638766B1 (fr) | 1988-11-09 | 1988-11-09 | Procede continu de fabrication de perchlorate de metal alcalin |
| FR8815137 | 1988-11-09 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0368767A1 EP0368767A1 (fr) | 1990-05-16 |
| EP0368767B1 true EP0368767B1 (fr) | 1997-09-17 |
Family
ID=9372059
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP89420420A Expired - Lifetime EP0368767B1 (fr) | 1988-11-09 | 1989-10-26 | Procédé continu de fabrication de perchlorate de métal alcalin |
Country Status (21)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5004527A (no) |
| EP (1) | EP0368767B1 (no) |
| JP (1) | JPH0686671B2 (no) |
| KR (1) | KR920001522B1 (no) |
| CN (1) | CN1019207B (no) |
| AT (1) | ATE158348T1 (no) |
| AU (1) | AU626935B2 (no) |
| BR (1) | BR8905622A (no) |
| CA (1) | CA2001847C (no) |
| DE (2) | DE368767T1 (no) |
| DK (1) | DK556789A (no) |
| ES (1) | ES2014400T3 (no) |
| FI (1) | FI91978C (no) |
| FR (1) | FR2638766B1 (no) |
| GR (2) | GR910300032T1 (no) |
| IL (1) | IL92062A (no) |
| MX (1) | MX173147B (no) |
| NO (1) | NO176724C (no) |
| NZ (1) | NZ231324A (no) |
| PT (1) | PT92237B (no) |
| ZA (1) | ZA898559B (no) |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2655061B1 (fr) * | 1989-11-29 | 1993-12-10 | Atochem | Fabrication de chlorate ou de perchlorate de metal alcalin. |
| US5131989A (en) * | 1991-05-17 | 1992-07-21 | Olin Corporation | Process for producing perchloric acid and ammonium perchlorate |
| AU3227093A (en) * | 1991-12-12 | 1993-07-19 | Olin Corporation | Process for producing lithium perchlorate |
| FR2810308B1 (fr) * | 2000-06-20 | 2002-07-26 | Atofina | Procede de fabrication de perchlorate de sodium anhydre |
| US20030153661A1 (en) * | 2002-01-04 | 2003-08-14 | Crompton Corporation | Stability improvement of aluminum hydroxide in PVC compound |
| JP4778320B2 (ja) * | 2006-01-24 | 2011-09-21 | ペルメレック電極株式会社 | 過塩素酸化合物の電解合成方法 |
| JP4849420B2 (ja) * | 2007-06-20 | 2012-01-11 | 奥野製薬工業株式会社 | エッチング液の電解処理方法 |
| CN102405308B (zh) * | 2009-03-26 | 2014-10-15 | 株式会社Ihi | 高氯酸盐的制造方法及制造装置 |
| JP5392158B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-19 | 2014-01-22 | 株式会社Ｉｈｉ | 過塩素酸塩の製造装置および製造方法 |
| KR101229007B1 (ko) * | 2010-09-03 | 2013-02-01 | 한국표준과학연구원 | 과염소산염의 제조방법 |
| CN103409770B (zh) * | 2013-08-01 | 2016-06-01 | 株洲市强盛电极有限公司 | 一种高氯酸盐电解装置及电解工艺 |
| US10318904B2 (en) | 2016-05-06 | 2019-06-11 | General Electric Company | Computing system to control the use of physical state attainment of assets to meet temporal performance criteria |
| US10570013B2 (en) * | 2016-10-25 | 2020-02-25 | Malvi Technologies, Llc | Methods to make ammonium perchlorate |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE514340C (de) * | 1929-10-30 | 1930-12-11 | I G Farbenindustrie Akt Ges | Elektrolytische Herstellung von Natriumperchlorat |
| US2512973A (en) * | 1945-10-31 | 1950-06-27 | Western Electrochemical Compan | Process for making perchlorates |
| NL129924C (no) * | 1964-10-12 | 1970-06-15 | ||
| US3475301A (en) * | 1964-11-25 | 1969-10-28 | Hooker Chemical Corp | Electrolytic preparation of perchlorates |
| US3518173A (en) * | 1967-12-26 | 1970-06-30 | George J Crane | Continuous manufacture of chlorates and perchlorates |
| US4144144A (en) * | 1976-12-23 | 1979-03-13 | Fmc Corporation | Electrolytic production of sodium persulfate |
| US4267025A (en) * | 1979-11-26 | 1981-05-12 | Diamond Shamrock Technologies, S.A. | Electrodes for electrolytic processes, especially perchlorate production |
| JPS6092491A (ja) * | 1983-10-27 | 1985-05-24 | Ube Ind Ltd | 炭酸カリウムの電解方法 |
-
1988
- 1988-11-09 FR FR8815137A patent/FR2638766B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-10-20 IL IL9206289A patent/IL92062A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-10-26 EP EP89420420A patent/EP0368767B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-10-26 AT AT89420420T patent/ATE158348T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-10-26 ES ES89420420T patent/ES2014400T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-10-26 DE DE198989420420T patent/DE368767T1/de active Pending
- 1989-10-26 DE DE68928322T patent/DE68928322T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-10-31 CA CA002001847A patent/CA2001847C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-11-01 BR BR898905622A patent/BR8905622A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-11-02 NO NO894359A patent/NO176724C/no unknown
- 1989-11-06 KR KR1019890016039A patent/KR920001522B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-11-06 MX MX018234A patent/MX173147B/es unknown
- 1989-11-08 PT PT92237A patent/PT92237B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-11-08 DK DK556789A patent/DK556789A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-11-08 FI FI895318A patent/FI91978C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-11-08 AU AU44482/89A patent/AU626935B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-11-08 NZ NZ231324A patent/NZ231324A/xx unknown
- 1989-11-09 US US07/435,289 patent/US5004527A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-11-09 ZA ZA898559A patent/ZA898559B/xx unknown
- 1989-11-09 JP JP1292114A patent/JPH0686671B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-11-09 CN CN89108453A patent/CN1019207B/zh not_active Expired
-
1991
- 1991-11-15 GR GR91300032T patent/GR910300032T1/el unknown
-
1997
- 1997-12-12 GR GR970403310T patent/GR3025661T3/el unknown
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