EP0315943A2 - Plancher surélevé pour l'extraction de l'air hors d'une pièce - Google Patents

Plancher surélevé pour l'extraction de l'air hors d'une pièce Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0315943A2
EP0315943A2 EP88118566A EP88118566A EP0315943A2 EP 0315943 A2 EP0315943 A2 EP 0315943A2 EP 88118566 A EP88118566 A EP 88118566A EP 88118566 A EP88118566 A EP 88118566A EP 0315943 A2 EP0315943 A2 EP 0315943A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
stiffening
profiles
perforated
raised floor
floor according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88118566A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0315943B1 (fr
EP0315943A3 (fr
Inventor
Klaus Dr.-Ing. Fitzner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Heinrich Nickel GmbH
Original Assignee
Heinrich Nickel GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Heinrich Nickel GmbH filed Critical Heinrich Nickel GmbH
Priority to AT88118566T priority Critical patent/ATE89631T1/de
Publication of EP0315943A2 publication Critical patent/EP0315943A2/fr
Publication of EP0315943A3 publication Critical patent/EP0315943A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0315943B1 publication Critical patent/EP0315943B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B9/00—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation
    • E04B9/02—Ceilings; Construction of ceilings, e.g. false ceilings; Ceiling construction with regard to insulation having means for ventilation or vapour discharge
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F15/00—Flooring
    • E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
    • E04F15/024—Sectional false floors, e.g. computer floors
    • E04F15/02405—Floor panels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
    • F24F13/02—Ducting arrangements
    • F24F13/06—Outlets for directing or distributing air into rooms or spaces, e.g. ceiling air diffuser
    • F24F13/068—Outlets for directing or distributing air into rooms or spaces, e.g. ceiling air diffuser formed as perforated walls, ceilings or floors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F7/00—Ventilation
    • F24F7/04—Ventilation with ducting systems, e.g. by double walls; with natural circulation
    • F24F7/06—Ventilation with ducting systems, e.g. by double walls; with natural circulation with forced air circulation, e.g. by fan positioning of a ventilator in or against a conduit
    • F24F7/10—Ventilation with ducting systems, e.g. by double walls; with natural circulation with forced air circulation, e.g. by fan positioning of a ventilator in or against a conduit with air supply, or exhaust, through perforated wall, floor or ceiling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a raised floor for air extraction from rooms, in particular clean rooms, which are connected to the supply air system of a ventilation and / or air conditioning system. It is concerned with a raised floor, in which the upper floor level is formed by perforated and / or slotted plates resting on supporting members, which have a stiffening system formed by stiffening webs, profiles or the like on their underside.
  • the air is deflected sideways in the raised floor and extracted from it on one or more sides of the room.
  • an equalization of the air flow can be achieved through different free cross sections in the perforated and / or slotted plates, for example by varying or choosing differently the shape, size, position or arrangement of the perforated and / or slotted cross sections.
  • the aim of the invention is to provide a raised floor of a generic type, with which a uniform distribution of the extracted air over the surface of the raised floor can be achieved with only slight to medium pressure loss.
  • the inventive solution to this problem is - according to the characterizing part of claim 1 - basically achieved in that the areas facing away from the perforated and / or slotted plate of the stiffening system are assigned covers, each of which at least in the area of the stiffening web or profile edges via the lower one Limit or form projecting nozzle openings in the plane of the stiffening system, and that all nozzle openings are provided with a matching opening direction.
  • the pressure loss in the raised floor can be significantly reduced because the underside of the perforated and / or slotted plates, which has the stiffening system, is given a smooth design.
  • the remaining pressure loss in the flow direction is compensated for by the air blown in with a higher pulse. If, in fact, the velocity of the partial volume flows flowing in at an angle is greater than that of the main flow, then the partial volume flows emit a large part of their momentum in the main flow direction to the main flow. This effect is then expressed in negative drag coefficients for the main flow, which make up for the remaining pressure loss.
  • a further development of the raised floor - according to claim 2 - is that in each case two stiffening webs, profiles or the like of the stiffening system which are provided in parallel spacing are assigned a laminated body tongue, one longitudinal edge of which is connected to the one stiffening web, profile or the like , while its other longitudinal edge is held at a distance from the lower edge of the second stiffening web, profile or the like.
  • a driving nozzle design is created in a simple manner, which works at an angle as flat as possible to the main flow direction. This in turn has the consequence that the partial volume flows are introduced into the exhaust air duct at high speed, so that on the one hand a relatively large pressure drop is generated at the inlet and on the other hand part of the dynamic energy of the partial jet can be used to drive the main flow.
  • the covers it is possible, according to claim 4, for the covers to be formed by a plate common to all stiffening webs, profiles or the like of a perforated and / or slotted plate, each in the spacing areas between adjacent stiffening webs. profiles or the like are provided with punched or hatch-shaped nozzle slots.
  • the common plate can be provided at least near each stiffening web, profile or the like with a row of nozzle slots aligned parallel thereto.
  • the common plate is provided at least in the middle between two adjacent stiffening webs, profiles or the like with a row of nozzle slots aligned parallel to these.
  • both measures can also be used simultaneously, so that on the one hand near a stiffening web, profile or the like and on the other hand, such a row of nozzle slots is also provided centrally between two adjacent stiffening webs, profiles or the like.
  • each tongue is limitedly adjustable in angle and can be found in different angular positions between the stiffening webs, profiles or the like, it being possible to adjust the quantity by adjusting the angle of the tongues.
  • the mode of operation of the driving nozzles can be improved in all cases if, according to the invention - according to claim 9 - a flow guide surface is assigned to the region of the stiffening webs, profiles or the like adjacent to a nozzle opening.
  • the guide surface is formed directly by an arcuate contoured region of the stiffening webs, profiles or the like, or the guide surface is - according to claim 11 - on an additional profile that with the stiffening webs , profiles or the like is connected or connectable.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawing shows an isometric representation of a partial area of a clean room, as is required, for example, for the production of highly sensitive electronic components, for operating zones in clinics or for the accommodation of EDP systems.
  • a clean room is usually supplied with the required air by an air conditioning system.
  • This air conditioning air is guided as a so-called displacement or piston flow through the clean room 1, in which - as a rule - the air is guided in a vertical direction from the ceiling 2 to the floor 3.
  • the ceiling 2 of the clean room 1 is constructed as a so-called climatic ceiling, the lower level of which is equipped with so-called laminarators 4.
  • perforated ceilings or grid ceilings can also be used. It is also possible to use only suspended matter filters as outlets if less demands are made on the laminarity of the flow.
  • the floor 3 of the clean room 1 is designed as a double floor, in which a plurality of perforated and / or slotted plates 7 are held at a distance above the actual building floor 5 by supporting members 6 resting thereon, as can clearly be seen in FIG. 1 of the drawing is.
  • the support members 6 have, for example, a rod-like shape and are each equipped with a support plate at both their lower and their upper ends.
  • the support members 6 are preferably arranged and mounted on the building floor 5 such that at least the corner regions of the perforated and / or slotted plates 7 can be placed on their upper support plate. While only the corner of a perforated and / or slotted plate 7 comes to rest in the corner areas of a room on the upper support plate of a support member 6, the corners of two adjacent perforated and / or slotted plates 7. Finally, in the areas remote from the room walls, the support members 6 are arranged on the building floor 5 so that the support plate of one of them can be used as a support for the corners of four adjacent perforated and / or slotted plates 7.
  • each individual perforated and / or slotted plate 7 is equipped with a large number of openings 8 of the same size in the form of holes or slits, as can be seen particularly clearly in FIGS. 2 to 4.
  • each individual perforated and / or slotted plate 7 also has the high load-bearing capacity required for the respective application, it rests on the one hand on a support frame 9 which runs closely along all of its boundary edges, which in turn itself has a larger number of spaced-apart frames Support bars 10 is stabilized.
  • the support bars 10 are firmly connected to the support frame 9, for example welded, and the connection of the support frame 9 and the support bars 10 with the perforated and / or slotted plate 7 is e.g. made by welding.
  • the support frame 9 and the support spars 10 are each formed by rectangular tubes that are upright in their cross section.
  • the rectangular tubes of the support frame 9 and the support bars 10 have the same cross-sectional height.
  • the cross-sectional width of the rectangular tubes forming the support frame is larger than the cross-sectional width of the rectangular tubes forming the support bars 10, as can be seen particularly clearly from a comparison of FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • the support frames 9 and support bars 10 already mentioned form a stiffening system determining their load capacity for each individual perforated and / or slotted plate 7.
  • this stiffening system facing away from the actual perforated and / or slotted plate 7 are assigned special covers in the form of thin-walled laminated bodies.
  • these covers consist of laminated body zones 11, one longitudinal edge 12 of which is connected to a rectangular tube of the support frame 9 serving as a stiffening profile or a rectangular tube of a support bar 10 also serving as a stiffening profile, as is shown in FIGS 3 to 5 can be seen.
  • the laminate tongue 11 is kinked at a distance from its longitudinal edge 12 at a relatively small angle so that its other longitudinal edge is at a distance 14 from the
  • the lower edge of the next stiffening profile or rectangular tube of a support bar 10 or of the support frame 9 occupies, as shown in FIG. 5.
  • Each laminated tongue 11 preferably overlaps with its free longitudinal edge 13 the fastened longitudinal edge 12 of the next or adjacent laminated tongue 11, as can also be clearly seen in FIG. 5.
  • Each laminate tongue 11 forms an underside covering of the cavity 15, which is delimited below the actual perforated and / or slotted plate 7 between two rectangular tubes of the support frame 9 or the support bars 10 arranged parallel to one another at a distance. Only a longitudinal gap corresponding to the distance 14 is kept free between the free longitudinal edge 13 of each laminate tongue 11 and the adjacent longitudinal surface of the rectangular tube of a support bar 10 or of the support frame 9. There it forms a nozzle gap 16 of relatively small width, which causes a directed air outlet from the respective cavity 15 into that area of the raised floor 3 which is kept clear above the actual building floor 5.
  • FIG. 6 where a larger number of perforated and / or slotted plates 7 are provided in a side-by-side arrangement and each of them carries on its underside a plurality of laminate tongues 11 pointing in the same direction, their arrangement and training is shown in detail in Figs. 3-5.
  • Fig. 6 of the drawing makes it clear that the partial volume flows emerging from the individual cavities 15 of each perforated and / or slotted plate 7 through the nozzle gaps 16 delimited by the laminate tongues 11 at a very flat angle to the main flow direction into the cavity of the raised floor 3 above enter the building floor 5.
  • a relatively large pressure drop is generated at the inlet, and on the other hand a part of the dynamic energy of the partial jet is used to drive the main flow.
  • the partial volume flow delivers a large part of its momentum in the main flow direction to the main flow. This is then expressed in negative drag coefficients for the main flow, with the result that a pressure loss that has occurred is compensated for.
  • cover is formed by a plate 17 common and continuous for all rectangular tubes or stiffening profiles of support frame 9 and support bars 10, each of which is punched out in the spacing areas between adjacent rectangular tubes or stiffening profiles and then in the manner of Hutzen 18 pronounced nozzle slots is provided.
  • the common plate 17 should be provided at least near the rectangular tube or stiffening profile delimiting the downstream end of the cavity 15 with a parallel row of nozzle slots 18 aligned therewith. In this case, however, it would also be possible to assign these a series of nozzle slots 19 to the cavity 15 approximately in the middle between two mutually parallel rectangular tubes or stiffening profiles.
  • each cavity 15 is assigned two rows of nozzle slots 19, one row of which is arranged in the region of the downstream rectangular tube or stiffening profile, while the second row of nozzle slots 19 is located approximately in the middle between two adjacent rectangular tubes or stiffening profiles.
  • the nozzles 18 delimiting the nozzle slots 19 in the common plate 17 preferably have a contour which is delimited in a flat S-shape in the direction of flow of the air, and thus ensure that the air is at as flat an angle as possible to the main direction of flow passes from the cavity 15 into the area of the raised floor 3 above the building floor 5.
  • the perforated and / or slotted plates 7 can be equipped with a laminate tongue 11 in the modification of the construction shown in FIGS. 3 to 5 in the region of each cavity 15, the tongue being adjustable to a limited extent as well as in different angular positions can be arranged in each case between two mutually parallel rectangular tubes or stiffening profiles of the support frame 9 and support bars 10.
  • 11 legs 20 are bent up at right angles on both transverse edges of the laminate tongues. These legs 20 are hung in the vicinity of the longitudinal edges 12 via pivot pins 21 between two parallel spars of the support frame 9. On the other hand, they carry locking means 22 in the vicinity of the longitudinal edge 13 of the laminated tongue 11, with the aid of which the respective angular position of the laminated tongue 11 can be fixed relative to the supporting frame 9.
  • the size of the nozzle gap 16 can be varied in a simple manner and quantity regulation of the air flowing from the cavity 15 through the nozzle gap 16 can thus be achieved.
  • a similar effect can also be achieved by using an additional profile 24, which is subsequently connected to the rectangular tube of a support beam 10 or the support frame 9, as can be seen in FIG. 12 of the drawing.
  • FIG. 13 of the drawing A similar additional profile 24 for influencing the contour of the nozzle gap 16 can also be seen in FIG. 13 of the drawing.
  • the stiffening system of the perforated and / or slotted plate 7 is not formed by rectangular tubes. Rather, it is shown there that in some cases it may also be sufficient if the support frame 9 and the support bars 10 of the stiffening system are formed by flat material webs 25 which are mounted in an upright arrangement on the underside of the perforated and / or slotted plate 7.
  • the perforated and / or slotted plates 7 as a whole can also be manufactured as a one-piece, thick-walled construction.
  • the openings 8, either in the form of round holes or also as longitudinal slots, can then be cut into the plate structure at such a relatively flat angle that the entry angle for the partial volume flows to the main flow direction in the raised floor 3, which is desirable for a low pressure loss, is achieved .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Duct Arrangements (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)
  • Ventilation (AREA)
EP88118566A 1987-11-12 1988-11-08 Plancher surélevé pour l'extraction de l'air hors d'une pièce Expired - Lifetime EP0315943B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88118566T ATE89631T1 (de) 1987-11-12 1988-11-08 Doppelboden zur luftabsaugung aus raeumen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3738444 1987-11-12
DE19873738444 DE3738444A1 (de) 1987-11-12 1987-11-12 Doppelboden zur luftabsaugung aus raeumen

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0315943A2 true EP0315943A2 (fr) 1989-05-17
EP0315943A3 EP0315943A3 (fr) 1991-03-27
EP0315943B1 EP0315943B1 (fr) 1993-05-19

Family

ID=6340360

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88118566A Expired - Lifetime EP0315943B1 (fr) 1987-11-12 1988-11-08 Plancher surélevé pour l'extraction de l'air hors d'une pièce

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US5144781A (fr)
EP (1) EP0315943B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE89631T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3738444A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2242448A (en) * 1990-03-28 1991-10-02 Hunter International Ventilated floor panel
EP0459135A1 (fr) * 1990-05-29 1991-12-04 MERO-Werke Dr.-Ing. Max Mengeringhausen GmbH & Co. Plaque de plancher pour faux planchers surélevés dans des locaux aérés, notamment des locaux à atmosphère pure
US5542223A (en) * 1993-08-20 1996-08-06 General Plastics, Inc. Air duct boot
EP3626909A1 (fr) * 2018-09-20 2020-03-25 Weland Ab Revêtement de sol de type planche et planche profilée ce revêtement

Families Citing this family (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4038938A1 (de) * 1990-04-19 1991-11-21 Manfred Nothdurft Verlegbares fussbodenelement
CH684101A5 (de) * 1991-09-23 1994-07-15 Luwa Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Webmaschinenklimatisierung.
GB9421303D0 (en) * 1994-10-22 1994-12-07 Howorth Airtech Ltd Clean air system
JP3211147B2 (ja) * 1996-05-29 2001-09-25 株式会社荏原製作所 装置の排気構造
US6061984A (en) * 1998-07-30 2000-05-16 Rose; Robert L. Under floor reconfigurable utilities support structure
KR200198844Y1 (ko) * 1998-09-23 2000-10-02 김재원 크린룸용 바닥재
CA2321241A1 (fr) * 2000-09-27 2002-03-27 Runhorn Pretech Engineering Co., Ltd. Prefabrication d'une dalle a caisson dans une fonderie de plaquettes
ATE330465T1 (de) 2002-08-13 2006-07-15 Johann Schoenhammer Raumbelüftungsinstallation, insbesondere zur stallbelüftung
US20050108957A1 (en) * 2003-11-25 2005-05-26 Quesada Jorge D. Pre-fabricated building modules and method of installation
WO2005115080A2 (fr) * 2004-05-27 2005-12-08 E.H. Price Ltd. Terminal de plancher modulaire
KR100605106B1 (ko) * 2004-07-01 2006-07-31 삼성전자주식회사 그레이팅 패널 및 그것을 사용하는 청정실 시스템
US20100064610A1 (en) * 2008-09-18 2010-03-18 Kulkarni Anand A Apparatuses For Controlling Airflow Beneath A Raised Floor
FR2944861A1 (fr) * 2009-04-24 2010-10-29 Ltb Sa Salon fumoir a renouvellement d'air par flux laminaire
KR101005909B1 (ko) * 2010-08-13 2011-01-06 주식회사 코스콤 데이터센터 내부 냉각공기 제어용 풍향조절기
JP5427833B2 (ja) * 2011-05-18 2014-02-26 パナソニック株式会社 クリーンルームの逆流防止装置
ITBO20120373A1 (it) * 2012-07-11 2014-01-12 Quattro S R L Con Unico Socio I Piastrella per pedane per ambienti esterni e pedana per ambienti esterni
US11371744B2 (en) 2016-09-15 2022-06-28 Awi Licensing Llc Ceiling system with air movement
NL2025707B1 (en) * 2020-05-29 2022-01-13 Goflow Tech Ip B V Ventilation system
JP2023529513A (ja) * 2020-05-29 2023-07-10 ゴーフロー・テクノロジー・アイピー・ビー．ブイ． 換気システム
NL2026245B1 (en) * 2020-08-10 2022-04-13 Quake B V Air treatment system

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US2292665A (en) * 1939-07-13 1942-08-11 Claude B Schneible Ventilating apparatus
AT231660B (de) * 1961-05-19 1964-02-10 Siemens Ag Vorrichtung zur Belüftung von Räumen
US3252400A (en) * 1964-02-24 1966-05-24 Jr Joseph Madl Means providing a coordinated air flow in an enclosure
JPS6071831A (ja) * 1983-09-29 1985-04-23 Hitachi Plant Eng & Constr Co Ltd 組替式局所環境制御室

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US3946645A (en) * 1949-12-14 1976-03-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration Protective air lock
US3158457A (en) * 1962-05-14 1964-11-24 Willis J Whitfield Ultra-clean room
US3487766A (en) * 1968-01-12 1970-01-06 American Air Filter Co Clean room having substantially vertical air flow therein
US3657991A (en) * 1970-05-18 1972-04-25 Zero Manufacturing Co Floor for blast room with uniform down-draft ventilation
CA1274111A (fr) * 1985-07-05 1990-09-18 Leslie Phipps Systeme de conditionnement d'air zone

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2292665A (en) * 1939-07-13 1942-08-11 Claude B Schneible Ventilating apparatus
AT231660B (de) * 1961-05-19 1964-02-10 Siemens Ag Vorrichtung zur Belüftung von Räumen
US3252400A (en) * 1964-02-24 1966-05-24 Jr Joseph Madl Means providing a coordinated air flow in an enclosure
JPS6071831A (ja) * 1983-09-29 1985-04-23 Hitachi Plant Eng & Constr Co Ltd 組替式局所環境制御室

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN Band 9, Nr. 213 (M-408)(1936), 30. August 1985; & JP - A - 60071831 (HITACHI PLANT DENSETSU K.K.) 23.04.1985 *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2242448A (en) * 1990-03-28 1991-10-02 Hunter International Ventilated floor panel
GB2242448B (en) * 1990-03-28 1994-06-29 Hunter International A tile
EP0459135A1 (fr) * 1990-05-29 1991-12-04 MERO-Werke Dr.-Ing. Max Mengeringhausen GmbH & Co. Plaque de plancher pour faux planchers surélevés dans des locaux aérés, notamment des locaux à atmosphère pure
US5542223A (en) * 1993-08-20 1996-08-06 General Plastics, Inc. Air duct boot
EP3626909A1 (fr) * 2018-09-20 2020-03-25 Weland Ab Revêtement de sol de type planche et planche profilée ce revêtement
WO2020058345A1 (fr) * 2018-09-20 2020-03-26 Weland Ab Revêtement de sol de type planche et planche profilée pour un tel revêtement de sol

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE89631T1 (de) 1993-06-15
DE3738444A1 (de) 1989-05-24
EP0315943B1 (fr) 1993-05-19
US5144781A (en) 1992-09-08
DE3881159D1 (de) 1993-06-24
EP0315943A3 (fr) 1991-03-27

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