EP1792860B1 - Dispositif à dépression d'alimentation d'une bande pour guider une bande en movement - Google Patents

Dispositif à dépression d'alimentation d'une bande pour guider une bande en movement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1792860B1
EP1792860B1 EP06024085A EP06024085A EP1792860B1 EP 1792860 B1 EP1792860 B1 EP 1792860B1 EP 06024085 A EP06024085 A EP 06024085A EP 06024085 A EP06024085 A EP 06024085A EP 1792860 B1 EP1792860 B1 EP 1792860B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gap
long
conveying device
belt conveying
vacuum
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EP06024085A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1792860A2 (fr
EP1792860A3 (fr
Inventor
Andreas Pesch
Bernhard Schmitz
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Andritz Kuesters GmbH
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Andritz Kuesters GmbH
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Publication of EP1792860A2 publication Critical patent/EP1792860A2/fr
Publication of EP1792860A3 publication Critical patent/EP1792860A3/fr
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H20/00—Advancing webs
    • B65H20/10—Advancing webs by a feed band against which web is held by fluid pressure, e.g. suction or air blast
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21G—CALENDERS; ACCESSORIES FOR PAPER-MAKING MACHINES
    • D21G9/00—Other accessories for paper-making machines
    • D21G9/0063—Devices for threading a web tail through a paper-making machine
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2301/00—Handling processes for sheets or webs
    • B65H2301/50—Auxiliary process performed during handling process
    • B65H2301/52—Auxiliary process performed during handling process for starting
    • B65H2301/522—Threading web into machine

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a vacuum belt conveyor device for guiding a moving web, in particular a web insertion strip of a paper or board web, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Vacuum belt conveyors for guiding a traveling web are used in various industrial plants to securely hold a web in transit. This is especially true for paper and board machines, where the web is transferred from one machine section to another machine section, for example from the wet end to the dryer section or from the dryer section to the finishing section.
  • vacuum belt conveyors in paper or board machines to facilitate threading the paper or board web into a machine for making, finishing or further processing such a web.
  • a narrow ribbon or introduction strip is separated from the running web.
  • This tape is transferred by means of the vacuum belt conveyor, for example, from the end of a machine section to the inlet area of a subsequent machine section.
  • the conveyor device comprises an air-permeable, endless conveyor belt, which runs over two rollers and a suction box or vacuum box. As a result, the insertion strip is sucked and transported to the conveyor belt.
  • a vacuum blower is provided to create vacuum or negative pressure within the suction box.
  • the vacuum blower comprises an impeller having an exhaust passage.
  • the impeller is driven by a suitable motor.
  • the suction box has one or more suction openings, via which the vacuum blower generates negative pressure in the interior of the suction box.
  • a disadvantage is the complex and large-scale construction, which is also maintenance-prone and expensive to manufacture and in operation. The sealing of the suction box is also difficult.
  • a device for transporting and guiding the Bruendauf arrangementsbandes in a paper machine which consists of a arranged around two or more guide rollers conveyor belt, which is permeable to air and within which loop devices are mounted, with which at the one run of the conveyor belt, with the Endiller technologicalband is transported, a negative pressure effect is achieved, whereby the Endiller arrangementsband is stapled to the said run and adhered to it.
  • the negative pressure is generated by air blowing means mounted inside the loop, which comprise guide plates which extend substantially parallel to the plane of the conveyor belt and at which a dynamic negative pressure effect can be generated by air blows, with which the Endiller arrangementsband is stapled to the conveyor belt.
  • the disadvantage is that for blowing the guide plates a fairly large amount of air is required, which is to be diverted and leads to undesirable blowing currents in the area around the device.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide a vacuum belt conveyor device for guiding a running web, which is structurally simple and takes up little space.
  • a vacuum belt conveyor device for guiding a moving web, in particular a web insertion strip, created, the device for applying a negative pressure next to a small size has adapted to the purpose of construction, namely a rectangular shape.
  • the suction power is high and adjustable in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Pressure drops between individual suction centers are minimized so that a substantially uniform vacuum across the width and / or length of the conveyor belt is adjustable to hold a web.
  • a nozzle row arrangement of the at least one long-gap ejector extends transversely to the strip running direction and generates an air flow perpendicular to the band. The air flow is then simply downwards derivable, whereby obstructions are minimized by unwanted air currents in the area of the device.
  • a gap space of the at least one long-gap ejector preferably has a section with a narrowed cross-section in order to achieve a high degree of efficiency. If a lower efficiency is sufficient, the gap space can also be formed without a cross-sectional constriction.
  • the at least one long-gap ejector may also work in conjunction with a suction space, for which purpose a partition may be provided within the loop.
  • the partition is preferably arranged in the longitudinal direction of the conveyor belt and at a distance below the run, which is provided for holding the web.
  • an intake space above the dividing wall is separated from an outflow space below the dividing wall.
  • the outflow space is formed in an area above the returning other strand and may be formed open or closed to the outside. If a plurality of long-gap ejectors are arranged one behind the other in the longitudinal direction, transverse dividing walls can also be provided which subdivide the suction space and possibly the outflow space into a plurality of chambers arranged one behind the other. Selectable vacuum profiles along the conveyor belt are adjustable in this way.
  • a passage can be provided in the latter, which passage is provided with an adjustable throttle. About the throttle, a flow rate can be determined and thus set a maximum vacuum level.
  • the arrangement of the at least one long-gap ejector can be carried out vertically working to the conveyor belt or at an angle to the conveyor belt.
  • the at least one long-gap ejector may have a gap space which has a cross-sectional widening on the outflow side.
  • the outflowing air can thereby be given a better distribution.
  • the at least one long-gap ejector may have a gap whose flow path length is selectable. Consequently, the gap space can not only serve to draw in air for generating negative pressure, but can also simultaneously be used for targeted removal of air from the area of application of negative pressure.
  • the air jet injector can be arranged in a converging formed entry region of the at least one long-gap ejector.
  • the orientation of the entry region of the long-gap ejectors or the direction of movement of the conveyor belt is selectable.
  • the inlet region can be arranged transversely or obliquely to the direction of travel or in the direction of travel, with multiple long-gap ejectors being able to be arranged at a distance from or immediately adjacent to one another in order to form selectable negative-pressure fields.
  • only one row of long-gap ejectors for example a center strip, can be provided or several rows of long-gap ejectors can be arranged parallel and spaced from one another, for example two edge strips.
  • Fig, 1 shows a vacuum belt conveyor 1 for guiding a moving web 2, in particular a web insertion strip of a paper or board web.
  • the vacuum belt conveyor device 1 comprises guide rollers 3 and 4, between which a conveyor belt 5 is arranged.
  • the conveyor belt 5 is endlessly guided in a loop 8 with a top strand 6 and a bottom strand 7, such as in Fig. 1 shown.
  • the conveyor belt 5 is permeable to air and consists of a cloth with sufficient permeability or a material web with hole structure.
  • the device 9 for applying a negative pressure is formed by means of at least one long-gap ejector 10, 11 each having an air jet injector 12, 13 with a plurality of air outlet nozzles 14 along the inlet side 15, 16 of the extended nip 17, 18 and the inlet side at a distance below the inside of the is positioned to hold the track provided Trumms 6.
  • subsequent supply lines 21, 22 of the air jet injector 12, 13 of the at least one long-gap ejector 10, 11 fed by an air source, not shown, to inject air into the associated extended nip 17, 18 can.
  • the injected air flows at high speed through the air outlet nozzles 14, whereby air is sucked in on the inlet side 15, which is located in the head-side environment of the at least one long-gap ejector 10, 11.
  • a negative pressure on the inside of the run 6 can be applied by one or more air nozzles are mounted below the belt 5.
  • the pressure of the supplied air is adjustable, which can influence the suction power. If a plurality of long-gap ejectors 10, 11 are arranged one behind the other in the running direction, they can receive the same or different air supply, in order to thereby design individually adjustable suction power profiles in the transport direction T.
  • the long-gap ejector 10 has a substantially rectangular shape and has an air jet injector 12.
  • the jet injector 12 is formed by a nozzle-19, which is arranged in the gap longitudinal direction and generates an air flow in the gap 20 of the extended gap 17.
  • the nozzle assembly 19 is preferably recessed with respect to the inlet side 15, whereby the air sucked in on the inlet side is directed into the gap 20.
  • the air jet injector 12 is seated in a converging inlet region 23 of the long-gap ejector 10, wherein the short side edges 24, 25 of the extended-nip 17 are preferably rounded.
  • the extended nip 17 of the long-gap ejector 10 can delimit the gap 20 with parallel surfaces from the inlet side 15 to an outlet side 26, that is to say extend without a narrowed cross-section (cf. Fig. 12a, 12b ). It is preferred to form the gap 20 with a narrowed cross-section for a high efficiency.
  • the inlet region 23 with converging side surfaces then extends below the air jet injector 12. The constriction in the cross section of the extended nip 17 promotes the formation of a closed flow and thus an advantageous sealing of the Beerstrahlejektors 12.
  • the suction of a long-gap ejector 10, 11 at the inlet side 15 is controllable via the fed air flow and by the shape of the extended gap 17 between the inlet side 15 and outlet side 26. DieShuff des Long gap 17 in the flow direction is selectable and opens up an advantageous discharge of air.
  • the extended gap 17 is preferably formed with an enlarged cross-sectional portion 40, whereby the outflow behavior of the long-gap ejector 10 is improved with respect to a wide air outlet distribution.
  • the extended nip 17 preferably has a section with parallel side surfaces, which can make up about 50 to 80% of the total length of the extended nip 17 in the flow direction between inlet side 15 and outlet side 26. The extended nip 17 thus forms a guide channel for the air flow with a selectable flow path length.
  • a vacuum belt conveyor device comprises the device 9 for applying negative pressure two long-gap ejectors 10, 11, which are arranged in the transport direction T at a distance one behind the other.
  • the number of juxtaposed long-gap ejectors 10, 11 can be selected.
  • the distance from the inside of Trumms 6 is also selectable and depends on the intake. A minimum distance ensures that a suction area, although local, but sufficiently flat.
  • the extent of the extended nip 17 in the longitudinal direction of the gap can be selected as a function of a width of the conveyor belt 5, so that it is sucked over the entire width of the conveyor belt 5.
  • the long-gap ejector (s) 10, 11 can be arranged at selectable locations, that is to say be positioned where a suction characteristic is desired.
  • the respective air jet injector 12 with the associated nozzle assembly 19 preferably extends transversely to the direction of belt travel T and generates an air flow vertically to the belt 5.
  • the long-gap ejectors 10, 11 are arranged here working perpendicular to the conveyor belt 5.
  • a holder 27 For positioning the at least one long-gap ejector 10, 11, a holder 27 is provided, which holds the long-gap ejectors 10, 11 stationary in the loop 8.
  • the long-gap ejectors 10, 11 can furthermore be arranged freestanding in the loop 8.
  • the holder 27 may be formed by a frame of the device 1, in which the guide rollers 3, 4 are mounted.
  • the conveyor belt 5 is moved in the transport direction T by at least one driven deflection roller 3, 4.
  • a drive motor 28 is provided for the deflection roller 3.
  • support grid not shown, may be provided.
  • a partition wall 29 is disposed within the loop 8.
  • the partition wall 29 separates an intake space 33, 34, in which the inlet side 15 of the at least one long-gap ejector 10, 11 is arranged with its respective inlet, from an outflow space 35, 36, in which the outlet side 26 of the at least one long-gap ejector 10, 11 with its respective outlet is arranged.
  • the partition wall 29 preferably extends substantially parallel to the conveyor belt 5.
  • the suction chamber 33, 34 preferably forms an upper chamber and the outflow space 35, 36 a lower chamber, which are bounded laterally by cover plates 31, 32 with respect to the guide rollers 3, 4th
  • the suction chamber 33, 34 is bounded at the top by the run 6 of the air-permeable conveyor belt 5. Alternatively, the limitation can be made upward through a perforated plate on which the run 6 runs out. The distribution as well as the opening widths of the holes allow influencing the negative pressure characteristic on the inside of the run 6.
  • the outflow space 35, 36 is bounded below by the returning Trumm 7.
  • Are more Long-gap ejectors 10, 11 arranged, for example, two as in Fig. 6 2, an intake space 33, 34 and an outflow space 35, 36 are assigned to the long-gap ejectors 10, 11.
  • a transverse partition wall 30 the subdivision of the suction chambers 33, 34 and outflow spaces 35, 36 is possible.
  • the at least one long-gap ejector 10, 11 sucks in the air from the respective intake space 33, 34, whereby an intake field corresponding to the intake space 33, 34 is applied to the inside of the run 6.
  • the distance of the inlet side 15 of the at least one long-gap ejector 10, 11 from the inside of the run 6 can be selected to be greater than in the free-standing long-gap ejector 10, 11 according to Fig. 2 .
  • the inlet side 15 is preferably positioned in a middle region of the suction space 33, 34.
  • an adjustable throttle 37, 38 is arranged in the partition wall 29. Via the throttle 37, 38, a flow rate between a suction chamber 33, 34 and a discharge chamber 35, 36 determined and thus a maximum vacuum level in a suction chamber 33, 34 are set.
  • a maximum negative pressure in the suction space 33, 34 can be defined via such a bypass between intake space 33, 34 and outflow space 35, 36. From a certain negative pressure value, no further negative pressure builds up, since then the bypass flow via the throttle 37, 38 corresponds to the suction flow. A certain pressure difference is adjusted.
  • the vacuum level is also adjustable.
  • Each intake chamber 33, 34 with associated outflow space 35, 36 is preferably associated with a throttle 37, 38.
  • the drive power of the motor 28 can be kept small by limiting the vacuum level.
  • FIG. 8 illustrated fourth embodiment of the vacuum belt conveyor device 1 differs from the in Fig. 7 illustrated third embodiment in that the at least one long-gap ejector 10, 11 is not arranged perpendicular to the conveyor belt 5 working, but is arranged working at an angle to the conveyor belt.
  • the long-gap ejectors 10, 11 are inclined or tilted to the transport plane of the conveyor belt 5.
  • the suction is the outflow with respect to the transport direction T leading or trailing formable.
  • the in the Fig. 9 to 11 illustrated embodiments of the vacuum belt conveyor device 1 relate to different arrangements of at least two long-gap ejectors 10, 11 with respect to the running direction T.
  • a first long-gap ejector 10 is positioned transversely to the direction of travel T, while a second spaced-apart long-gap ejector 11 is arranged obliquely to the transport direction T.
  • the order can also be reversed.
  • both long-gap ejectors 10, 11 are arranged obliquely to the transport direction T.
  • the angle to the transport direction T is selectable depending on the choice of the vacuum profile that can be generated thereby.
  • the long-gap ejectors 10, 11 are arranged in a row one behind the other to form a suction strip 39.
  • This suction strip 39 can, as in FIG Fig. 11 represented form a median strip.
  • an edge strip or edge strips on both sides may be provided.
  • the 12a and 12b show an eighth and ninth embodiment of the vacuum belt conveyor device 1, which differ from the above embodiments in that the extended nip 17, 18 has no cross-sectional constriction, that has parallel side walls. The efficiency is lower, so that the long-gap ejector 10, 11 is preferably arranged closer to the inside of the run 6 of the conveyor belt 5.
  • the eighth Embodiment according to Fig. 12a the comments on the first embodiment according to Fig. 2 corresponding.
  • the ninth embodiment according to Fig. 12b apply the comments on the third and fourth embodiments according to Fig. 7 and 8th corresponding.
  • the vacuum belt conveyor device 1 can also operate rotated through 180 °, i. the negative pressure on the returning Trumm be applied with appropriate rotation of the long-gap ejectors and reversal of the transport direction.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Advancing Webs (AREA)
  • Delivering By Means Of Belts And Rollers (AREA)

Claims (23)

  1. Dispositif de convoyage de bande à dépression pour le guidage d'une bande continue (2), en particulier d'une lame de guidage de bande d'une bande de papier ou de carton, avec une bande transporteuse (5) perméable à l'air guidée sans fin dans une boucle (8) avec un brin supérieur (6) et un brin inférieur (7), et, disposé à l'intérieur de ladite boucle (8), un dispositif (9) agencé pour appliquer une dépression à la face intérieure d'un des brins (6) de ladite bande transporteuse (5) de façon à maintenir fermement ladite bande continue (2) sur ladite bande transporteuse (5), caractérisée en ce que ledit dispositif (9) agencé, pour appliquer une dépression est formé d'au moins un éjecteur à fente longue avec une fente longue (10, 11), qui se compose à chaque fois d'un injecteur de jet d'air (12) avec une pluralité de buses de sortie d'air (14) pour l'obtention d'un flux d'air dans l'espace de fente de la fente longue le long du côté d'entrée (15, 16) de la fente longue (17, 18), et qui est positionné, du côté entrée, à distance et au-dessous de ladite face intérieure dudit brin (6) prévu pour le maintien de ladite bande continue (2).
  2. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11) produit un écoulement dans un espace de fente (17, 18) par un porte-gicleur (19) disposé selon la direction longitudinale de fente.
  3. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la zone de fente (20) est formée avec une section transversale resserrée.
  4. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'une cloison de séparation (29) est disposée à l'intérieur de ladite boucle (8), et qu'elle sépare d'une part une chambre d'aspiration (33, 34), dans laquelle est disposé le côté d'entrée (15, 16) dudit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11), et d'autre part une chambre de refoulement (35, 36), dans laquelle est disposé un côté de sortie (26) dudit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11).
  5. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que ladite chambre d'aspiration (33, 34), comme ladite chambre de refoulement (35, 36), comporte des cloisons transversales (30) entre desdits éjecteurs à fente longue (10, 11) voisins.
  6. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon la revendication 4 ou 5, caractérisé en ce que ladite chambre d'aspiration (33, 34) est reliable avec ladite chambre de refoulement (35, 36) au moyen d'au moins un clapet (37, 38) pour assurer une limitation de la dépression.
  7. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un clapet (37, 38) est disposé dans une cloison de séparation (29) entre ladite chambre d'aspiration (33, 34) et ladite chambre de refoulement (35, 36), pour le pilotage du débit d'air traversant.
  8. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11) est disposé de façon à travailler perpendiculairement par rapport à ladite bande transporteuse (5).
  9. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11) est disposé de façon à travailler obliquement par rapport à ladite bande transporteuse (5).
  10. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11) comporte à chaque fois une zone de fente (20), qui possède une portion de sortie (40) avec une section élargie.
  11. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11) possède à chaque fois une zone de fente (20) avec une longueur de trajet de flux réglable.
  12. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que la longueur de trajet de flux de ladite zone de fente (20) avec une section resserrée représente 50 à 80% de la longueur de trajet de flux totale de ladite zone de fente (20).
  13. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que ledit injecteur de jet d'air (12) est disposé dans une zone d'entrée convergente (23) d'un dit éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11).
  14. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11) est disposé perpendiculairement à la direction d'avance de ladite bande transporteuse (5).
  15. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11) est disposé obliquement à la direction d'avance (T) de ladite bande transporteuse (5).
  16. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce que plusieurs dits éjecteurs à fente longue (10, 11) sont disposés dans la direction d'avance (T) de ladite bande transporteuse (5) au voisinage les uns des autres.
  17. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon la revendication 16, caractérisé en ce que selon la course de ladite bande transporteuse (5) au moins deux dits éjecteurs à fente longue (10, 11) sont disposés dans la direction d'avance (T) de ladite bande transporteuse (5) à distance l'un de l'autre.
  18. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon la revendication 16 ou 17, caractérisé en ce que lesdits éjecteurs à fente longue (10, 11) sont disposés avec la direction de la fente dans la direction d'avance (T) de ladite bande transporteuse (5) sous la configuration d'au moins une rainure aspirante (39).
  19. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 18, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11) comporte une zone d'entrée avec de courts chanfreins latéraux arrondis (24).
  20. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 19, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un injecteur de flux d'air (10, 11) est alimentable par des conduites d'injection (21, 22) disposées sur le côté de ladite bande transporteuse (5).
  21. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 20, caractérisé en ce qu'une chambre de refoulement (35, 36) peut être équipée de capsule pour une évacuation contrôlable de l'air éjecté.
  22. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon l'une des revendications 1 à 21, caractérisé en ce que ledit au moins un éjecteur à fente longue (10, 11) est alimentable en air par une conduite d'injection (21, 22), et que la pression de l'air est réglable.
  23. Dispositif de convoyage par dépression selon la revendication 22, caractérisé en ce que plusieurs dits éjecteurs à fente longue (10, 11) sont disposés au voisinage les uns des autres, et que la pression de l'air est réglable à chacune desdites conduites d'injection (21, 22).
EP06024085A 2005-11-30 2006-11-21 Dispositif à dépression d'alimentation d'une bande pour guider une bande en movement Active EP1792860B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102005057426A DE102005057426A1 (de) 2005-11-30 2005-11-30 Unterdruck-Bandfördervorrichtung zum Führen einer laufenden Bahn

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EP1792860A2 EP1792860A2 (fr) 2007-06-06
EP1792860A3 EP1792860A3 (fr) 2009-03-11
EP1792860B1 true EP1792860B1 (fr) 2011-09-14

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US (1) US7625465B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1792860B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE524608T1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2569924C (fr)
DE (1) DE102005057426A1 (fr)

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Publication number Publication date
ATE524608T1 (de) 2011-09-15
CA2569924A1 (fr) 2007-05-30
DE102005057426A1 (de) 2007-05-31
EP1792860A2 (fr) 2007-06-06
CA2569924C (fr) 2013-12-24
EP1792860A3 (fr) 2009-03-11
US20070119895A1 (en) 2007-05-31
US7625465B2 (en) 2009-12-01

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