Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/64—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms, e.g. histidine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System
  • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
  • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
  • C07F7/18—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages as well as one or more C—O—Si linkages
  • C07F7/1804—Compounds having Si-O-C linkages
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
  • C07F9/645—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07F9/6503—Five-membered rings
  • C07F9/6506—Five-membered rings having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 3
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
  • G02B6/02033—Core or cladding made from organic material, e.g. polymeric material
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
  • G02B6/4401—Optical cables
  • G02B6/4429—Means specially adapted for strengthening or protecting the cables
  • G02B6/443—Protective covering
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/44—Mechanical structures for providing tensile strength and external protection for fibres, e.g. optical transmission cables
  • G02B6/4401—Optical cables
  • G02B6/4429—Means specially adapted for strengthening or protecting the cables
  • G02B6/4436—Heat resistant
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
  • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
  • B29C48/05—Filamentary, e.g. strands
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
  • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
  • Y10T428/2938—Coating on discrete and individual rods, strands or filaments
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
  • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
  • Y10T428/2962—Silane, silicone or siloxane in coating
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
  • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
  • Y10T428/2964—Artificial fiber or filament
  • Y10T428/2967—Synthetic resin or polymer

Definitions

• This invention relates to compounds of the formula and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof, wherein
• each R 19 is independently C 1-6 alkyl not containing an asymmetric carbon atom
• each of R 6 , R 9 and R 12 is independently hydrogen, C 1-2 alkyl, C 1-2 alkoxy, fluoro or chloro, with the provisos that not more than one substituent on each of Rings A, B and C independently is trifluoromethyl, not more than one substituent on each of Rings A, B and C independently is phenoxy, and not more than one substituent on each of Rings A, B and C independently is benzyloxy with the proviso that when (i) R, 4 or at least one R 17 is M or (ii) R 14 and at least one R 17 are M, the compound is in free base form, processes for and intermediates in the synthesis thereof, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula I and the use of the compounds of Formula I for inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and lowering the blood cholesterol level and, therefore, in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis.
• physiologically acceptable ester group is meant a group which, together with the -COO- radical to which it is attached, forms an ester group which is physiologically acceptable.
• the preferred such groups are the physiologically acceptable and hydrolyzable ester groups.
• physiologically acceptable and hydrolyzable ester group is meant a group which, together with the -COO- radical to which it is attached, forms an ester group which is physiologically acceptable and hydrolyzable under physiological conditions to yield a compound of Formula I wherein R 14 is hydrogen and an alcohol which itself is physiologically acceptable, i.e., non-toxic, at the desired dosage level, and which, preferably, is free of centers of asymmetry.
• R 14 is hydrogen and an alcohol which itself is physiologically acceptable, i.e., non-toxic, at the desired dosage level, and which, preferably, is free of centers of asymmetry.
• examples of such groups are C 1-3 alkyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl and benzyl,
• the compounds of Formula I except those wherein R 14 and/or one or more R 17 's are M may be converted into pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt form.
• pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are meant those acid addition salts that are physiologically acceptable, i.e., that do not significantly increase the toxicity of the basic compound or otherwise adversely affect its pharmacological activity. Such pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are included within the scope of this invention.
• salts with strong organic acids e.g., the methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate and p-toluenesulfonate salts
• salts with strong inorganic acids e.g., the hydrochloride, hydrobromide and sulfate salts.
• the preferred strong acids are those having a pK (the pK of at least the initial dissociation step if the acid has more than one) in water at 25°C below about 3, more preferably below about 2 and most preferably below about 1.
• each compound of Formula I wherein Z is a group of Formula 'a' or 'b' has two centers of asymmetry (the two carbon atoms bearing the hydroxy groups in the group of Formula 'a' and the carbon atom bearing the hydroxy group and the carbon atom having the free valence in the group of Formula 'b') and, therefore, there are four stereoisomeric forms (enantiomers) of each compound (two racemates or pairs of diastereoisomers), provided that R, 4 does not contain any center of asymmetry.
• the four stereoisomers may be designated as the R,R, R,S, S,R, and S,S enantiomers, all four stereoisomers being within the scope of the invention.
• R 14 contains one or more centers of asymmetry, there are eight or more stereoisomers. Since it is preferred that R 14 not contain a center of asymmetry and for reasons of simplicity, in both cases any additional stereoisomers resulting from the presence of one or more centers of asymmetry in R, 4 will usually be ignored, it being assumed that R, 4 is free of centres of asymmetry.
• Each pharmaceutically acceptable acid additon salt contains the same number of centers of asymmetry as the corresponding free base provided that the acid does not contain any center asymmetry.
• the compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof may be divided into four subgroups, Groups IA, IB, IC and ID, based upon the significances of R, and R 2 .
• each of groups IA, IB, IC and ID may be divided into three subgroups based upon the significance of Z viz., Groups IAa and lAb (those of Group IA wherein Z is a group of Formula 'a' or 'b', respectively), Groups IBa and IBb (those of Group IB wherein Z is a group of Formula'a', or'b' respectively), Groups ICa and ICb (those of Group IC wherein Z is a group of Formula a or b respectively) and Groups IDa and IDb (those of Group ID wherein Z is a group of Formula 'a' or'b', respectively).
• one of R, and R 2 is C 1-6 alkyl not containing an asymmetric carbon atom and the other is Ring A (if R,) or Ring B (if R 2 ).
• R 3 is preferably Ring C. More preferably, the preferences set forth in the preceding two sentences occur simultaneously.
• At least one of R 2 and R 3 is other than tertiary alkyl.
• R 4 and R 7 is preferably R' 4 and R' 7 , respectively, where each of R' 4 and R' 7 is independently hydrogen, C 1-3 alkyl, fluoro, chloro or bromo, more preferably R" 4 and R" 7 , respectively, where each of R" 4 and R" 7 is independently hydrogen, methyl orfluoro, and most preferably hydrogen or fluoro, especially 4-fluoro.
• R 5 and R 8 is preferably R' 5 and R' 8 , respectively, where each of R' 5 and R' s is independently hydrogen, C 1-2 alkyl, fluoro or chloro, more preferably R" 5 and R" 8 , respectively, where each of R" 5 and R" 8 is independently hydrogen or methyl, and most preferably hydrogen.
• R 6 and R 9 is preferably R' 6 and R' 9 , respectively, where each of R' 6 and R' 9 is independently hydrogen or methyl, and most preferably hydrogen.
• each of Rings A, B and C independently bears a maximum of one substituent selected from the group consisting of t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, phenoxy and benzyloxy. More preferably, when any two or all three of the substituents on Ring A [R 4 [R' 4 , etc.), R 5 (R' 5 , etc.) and R 6 (R' 6 , etc.)], Ring B [R 7 , (R' 7 , etc.), R 8 (R' s , etc) and R 9 (R' 9 , etc.)] and Ring C [R, o (R' 10 , etc.), R 11 , (R' 11 , etc.) and R 12 (R' 12 , etc.)] independently are ortho to each other, at least one member of each pair that are ortho to each other is a member of the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, methoxy, fluoro and chloro. Also more preferably, at least one of the ortho positions of each
• each R 17 is independently R' 17' where R' 17 is hydrogen, R' 18 or M; more preferably, each R 17 is independently R" 17 , where R" 17 is C 1 _ 2 alkyl or M.
• each R 17 is independently R 18 (R' 18 or C 1 _ 2 alkyl) or the R 17 ' S (R' 17 ' S or R" 17 ' S ) are identical, each of them being hydrogen or the same M.
• R 13 is hydrogen
• R 14 (if present) is R', 6
• each R 17 is independently R 18
• R, 4 (if present) and each R 17 are identical, each of them being hydrogen or the same M.
• each R 18 is independently R' 18 , where R' 18 is C 1 _ 3 alkyl; more preferably, each R 18 is independently C 1 _ 2 alkyl.
• Each R 19 is preferably R' 19 , where each R' 19 is independently C 1 _ 2 alkyl.
• Any -CH CH-, as X is preferably trans, i.e., (E).
• Z is preferably a group of Formula a wherein R 13 is R' 13 , and R 14 is R' 14 , or a group of Formula b wherein R 13 is R' 13 and R, 4 is R', 4 , more preferably a group of Formula a wherein R 13 is hydrogen, and R 14 is R" 14 , or a group of Formula b wherein R, 3 is hydrogen, and most preferably a group of Formula a wherein R 13 is hydrogen, and R 14 is R"' 14 , preferably C 1 _ 2 alkyl or M, more preferably ethyl or M, most preferably M and especially M'.
• Each M is preferably free from centers of asymmetry and is more preferably M', i.e., sodium, potassium or ammonium, and most preferably sodium.
• M' i.e., sodium, potassium or ammonium, and most preferably sodium.
• M may also be divalent or trivalent and, when it is, it balances the charge of two or three carboxy groups, respectively.
• Formula I and every other formula containing an M embraces compounds wherein M is divalent or trivalent, e.g., compounds containing two or three monocarboxylate-containing anions per cation M.
• M is divalent or trivalent, e.g., compounds containing two or three monocarboxylate-containing anions per cation M.
• M contains two or more M's, they are the same.
• the erythro isomers are preferred over the threo isomers, erythro and threo referring to the relative positions of the hydroxy groups in the 3-and 5-positions of the group of Formula 'a'.
• the trans lactones are generally preferred over the cis lactones, cis and trans referring to the relative positions of R 13 and the hydrogen atom in the 6-position of the group of Formula b.
• the preferred stereoisomers of the compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof having only two centers of asymmetry wherein X is, -CH 2 CH 2 -, and Z is a group of Formula a are the 3R,5R isomer and the racemate of which it is a constituent, i.e., the 3R,5R ⁇ 3S,5S (erythro) racemate.
• the preferred stereoisomers of the compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof wherein X is, -CH 2 CH 2 -, and Z is a group of Formula 'b' are the 4R,6R and 4R,6S isomers and the racemate of which each is a constituent, i.e, the 4R,6R-4S,6S (trans lactone) and 4R,6S ⁇ 4S,6R (cis lactone) racemates, with the 4R,6R isomer and the racemate of which is it a constituent being more preferred and the 4R,6R isomer being most preferred.
• the compounds of Formula I are preferred over the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the corresponding compounds.
• Preferred subgroups of Groups lAa, lAb, IBa and IBb include the compounds and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts
• a representative group of the compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof are those wherein one of R, and R 2 is R' 1x and the other is Ring A wherein R 4 is other than bromo and R 5 is other than bromo, ⁇ COCR 17 and ⁇ N(R 19 ) 2 (R 6 being as defined above), R 3 is Ring C wherein R 10 is other than bromo and R 11 is other than bromo, -COOR 17 and ⁇ N(R 19 ) 2 (R 12 being as defined above), X is X', and Z is a group for Formula 'a' wherein R 13 is hydrogen, and R 14 is hydrogen, a physiologically acceptable and hydrolyzable ester group or M or a group of Formula 'b' wherein R 13 is hydrogen, each of the variables not defined here being as defined above, with the provisos that not more than one substituent on each of Rings A and C independently is trifluoromethyl, not more than one substituent on each of Rings A and C independently is phenoxy,
• the compounds of Formula I wherein Z is a group of Formula 'a' or 'b' may be converted into the corresponding compounds of Formula I wherein Z has different significance of Formula 'a' or 'b', and the compounds of Formula I wherein Z is a group of Formula 'a' or 'b' except those containing an M may be converted into the corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts by the following series of reactions:
• reaction times set forth in the preceding table are also merely exemplary and may be varied. As is well-known, the reaction time is often inversely related to the reaction temperature. Generally, each reaction is monitored by, for example, thin layer chromatography and is terminated when at least one starting material is no longer present, when it appears that no more of the desired product is being formed, etc.
• solvent embraces mixtures of solvents and implies that the reaction medium is a liquid at the desired reaction temperature. It should, therefore, be understood that not all of the solvents listed for a particular reaction may be utilized for the entire recited temperature range. It should also be understood that the solvent must be at least substantially inert to the reactants employed, intermediates generated and end products under the reaction conditions utilized.
• inert atmosphere means an atmosphere that does not react with any of the reactants, intermediates or end products or otherwise interefere with the reaction. While a carbon dioxide atmosphere is suitable for certain reactions, the inert atmosphere is usually nitrogen, helium, neon, argon or krypton, or a mixture thereof, and most often dry nitrogen to maintain anhydrous conditions. Most reactions, including those where the use of an inert atmosphere is not specified, are carried out under an inert atmosphere, usually dry nitrogen for convenience.
• n-butyllithium is preferably employed as a 1.3-1.7M solution in hexane
• lithium diisopropylamide is preferably prepared in situ from n-butyllithium and diisopropylamine.
• reaction conditions analogous to many of the reactions of this application are described in detail in EPO published application 114037 and may be carried out analogously to the corresponding reactions of said application. Generally, where the reaction conditions set forth in said application differ from those set forth in this application, the reaction conditions set forth in said application may also be utilized for the compounds of this application.
• reaction conditions analogous to many of the reactions of this application are also described in PCT published application W086/00307. Generally, where the reaction conditions set forth in said application differ from those set forth in this application, the reaction conditions set forth in said application may also be utilized for the compounds of this application.
• the product of each reaction may, if desired, be purified by conventional techniques such as recrystallization (if a solid), column chromatography, preparative thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography (if sufficiently volatile), fractional distillation under high vacuum (if sufficiently volatile) or high pressure (performance) liquid chromatography (HPLC). Often, however, the crude product of one reaction may be employed in the following reaction without purification.
• Reaction CE may yield mixtures when, for example, at least one of R l. , R 3a and R 4 -R, 2 is primary or secondary alkyl, particularly methyl. Any obtained mixture may be separated by conventional techniques such as those set forth in the preceding paragraph.
• ester groups that may be cleaved without affecting some or all of the R' 16 and/or R, 8 groups present are trityl, 2,2,2,-trichloroethyl and allyl. It is well within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art to synthesize compounds corresponding to those of Formulae XXVIII, LXII, etc but having, in lieu of one or more R 16 , R' 16 and/or R 18 groups, groups cleavable by conditions that do not affect the R 16 , R' 16 and/or R 18 groups and to utilize said conditions to cleave said groups.
• Reaction CN is usually preferred, particularly when ImA contains one or more ⁇ COOR 18 groups, since ⁇ COOR 18 groups may be hydrolyzed by the reaction conditions utilized in Reaction CF.
• Reaction CO is usually preferred, particularly when ImA contains one or more ⁇ COOR 18 groups, because ⁇ COOR 18 groups may be reduced by the reaction conditions utilized in Reaction CL.
• W086/00307 discloses as end products compounds similar to the compounds of formula I of the present invention but having as the central ring a pyrazole ring instead of the imidazole ring of the compounds of the present invention, and possessing hypolipoproteinemic and anti-atherosclerotic activity.
• each compound of Formula I wherein Z is a group of Formula c (including those of Formulae XLVIII-LI, Llll, LIV, LVI-LVIX, LXII-LXVI, etc) and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof, and Formulae XVII, XX and XXIII has a single center of asymmetry and, therefore, may be resolved into two optically active isomers.
• Formula XVII, XX and XXIII has a single center of asymmetry and, therefore, may be resolved into two optically active isomers.
• the compound is obtained as a mixture of two (if formed from an optically pure compound having one center of asymmetry) or four (if formed from a racemic compound having one: center of asymmetry) stereoisomers.
• the obtained mixtures of stereoisomers may be separated by conventional means.
• diastereoisomers may be separated by fractional crystallization, column chromatography, preparative thin layer chromatography and HPLC.
• Each mixture of four stereoisomers of a compound of Formula XXXV may, for example, be separated by HPLC into its cis and trans (lactone) components, each of which is a racemate that may be resolved into two optically active enantiomers.
• a racemic compound having a carboxylic acid group may be reacted with an optically pure organic base having at least one center of asymmetry to form a mixture of diastereoisomeric salts that may be separated by fractional crystallization, column chromatography, etc. or it may be reacted with an optically pure alcohol having at least one center of asymmetry to form a mixture of diastereoisomeric esters which may be separated by conventional techniques such as those set forth above or below.
• a racemic compound having a carboxylic acid, acyl halide, ester or lactone group may be reacted with an optically pure organic base, i.e, an amine, to form a mixture of diastereoisomeric amides that may be separated by conventional means, e.g., fractional crystallization, column chromatography and/or HPLC.
• a racemic lactone of Formula XXXV may be reacted with an excess of R-(+)-a-methylbenzylamine (or the corresponding S-(-) compound) to form a mixture of two diastereoisomeric a-methylbenzylamides which may be separated by, for example, a column chromatography on a silica gel column and/or by HPLC using a Partisil column. Often it is desirable to utilize both techniques, i.e., to partially separate the diastereoisomers by column chromatography and to purify each fraction by HPLC.
• the a-methylbenzylamides are synthesized by reacting the racemic lactone with a large molar excess of the amine at 20° ⁇ 25°C for 165-24 hours. The reaction is run neat, with the excess amine serving as the solvent. After the reaction, the excess amine is removed by vacuum distillation at 25°-35°C. After separation, each chiral amide may be hydroylzed to the corresponding, for example, sodium, salt by, for example, refluxing with 1.5-3, preferably 2-2.2, equivalents of a base such as sodium hydroxide for 5-25 hours in a mixture of water and ethanol.
• a racemic compound having a hydroxy group may be esterified with an optically pure carboxylic acid having at least one center of asymmetry to form a mixture of diastereoisomeric esters or it may be reacted with an optically pure trisubstituted silyl halide, e.g., (-)-a-. naphthylphenylmethylchlorosilane (Sommer et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
• diastereoisomeric (-)-a-naphthylphenylmethylsilyl derivatives of a lactone of Formula XXXV may be separated on a silica column having covalently bound L-phenylglycine. After separation, the optically pure salts, amides, esters or silyloxy compounds are reconverted to the corresponding carboxy group-or hydroxy group-containing compounds with retention of optical purity.
• Reactions B, D, F and H may be utilized to cleave (-)-a-naphthylphenylmethylsilyl and other silyl groups.
• the presence of one or more interfering groups may dictate which resolution procedure is preferred.
• any compound of Formula I wherein Z is a group of Formula 'a' wherein R 14 is a cation other than M may be converted into the corresponding compound wherein R 14 is hydrogen, M or R 16 by the processes of Reaction Schemes IV and V
• the compounds of Formula I wherein Z is a group of Formula a or c and R, 4 is a pharmaceutically unacceptable cation are also within the scope of this invention since they are useful as intermediates.
• such compounds are not compounds of Formula I as utilized in this application, except where indicated to the contrary.
• the compounds of Formula I may thus be prepared by the following reactions:
• compounds obtained according to a) to f) may be as appropriate hydrolysed to free acid forms and free acid forms may be esterified or lactonised to produce a desired end-product.
• the invention thus also provides a process for preparing a compound of Formula I which comprises hydrolysing a compound of Formula I in ester or lactone form or esterifying or lactonising a compound of Formula I in free acid form and when a free carboxyl group is present recovering the compound obtained in free acid form or in the form of a salt.
• Reactions a) to f) and interconversion may be performed in conventional manner e.g. as described above in the reaction schemes.
• every compound of Formula I is useful as an intermediate in the synthesis of one or more other compounds of Formula I utilizing the reactions set forth in Reaction Schemes IV and V.
• the compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, and, therefore, they are inhibitors of chloesterol biosynthesis.
• HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
• the microsomes are the source of the HMG ⁇ CoA reductase enzyme which catalyzes the reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonate.
• the assay employs a chloroform extraction to separate the product, [14C]mevalonolactone, formed by the HMG-CoA reductase reduction of the substrate, [ 14 C]HMG-CoA.
• [ 3 H)mevalonolactone is added as an internal reference.
• Inhibition of HMG-C O A reductase is calculated from the decrease in specific activity ([' 4 C/ 3 H]mevalonate) of test groups compared to controls.
• the lC 50 is the concentration of the test substance in the assay system calculated or observed to produce a 50% inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity.
• the rats are injected iintraperitoneally with about 25 pCi/100 g body weight of sodium [1 ⁇ 14 C]acetate 1-3 mCi/mmol.
• blood samples are obtained under sodium hexobarbitol anesthesia, and the serum is separated by centrifugation.
• Serum samples are saponified and neutralized, and the 3 ⁇ -hydroxysterols are precipitated with digitonin basically as described in Sperry et al, J. Biol. Chem. 187, 97 (1950).
• the [ 14 C]digitonides are then counted by liquid scintillation spectrometry. After correcting for efficiencies, the results are calculated in nCi (nanocuries) of 3 ⁇ -hydroxysterol formed per 100 ml of serum. Inhibition of 3 ⁇ -hydroxysterol synthesis is calculated from the reduction in the nCi of 3 ⁇ -hydroxysterols formed from test groups compared to controls.
• the ED 50 is the dose of the test substance calculated or observed to produce a 50% inhibition of 3 ⁇ -hydroxysterol synthesis.
• the compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof are useful for lowering the blood cholesterol level in animals, e.g., mammals, especially larger primates, in particular humans, and, therefore, as hypolipoproteinemic and anti-atherosclerotic agents.
• suitable oral daily dosages of the compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof for the satisfactory inhibition or reduction of cholesterol biosynthesis are indicated to be 0.002-100 mg/kg body weight, e.g., 0.002-10 mg/kg body weight for the more active compounds.
• a suitable oral daily dosage is indicated to be 0.1-2,000 mg, e.g., 0.1-200 mg for the more active compounds.
• a dosage somewhat lower than would be used for oral administration of the same active substance to the same host having the same condition is usually employed.
• the above dosages are also typically used for i.v. administration.
• the daily dosage may be administered in a single dose but more typically is administered in two to four equal portions, typically doses being 0.025-2,000 mg. Often, a small dosage is administered initially, and the dosage is gradually increased until the optimal dosage for the host under treatment is determined.
• a typical dosage unit for oral administration may contain 0.025-500 mg of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof.
• the compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof may be formulated into conventional pharmaceutical compositions and administered by any conventional mode of administration, in particular enterally, e.g., in the form of capsules or tablets, or parenterally, e.g., in the form of sterile injectable solutions or suspensions.
• the pharmaceutical compositions comprise a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable solid or liquid carrier (or diluent). They may be formulated in conventional manner.
• the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of each subgroup thereof may likewise be formulated into such pharmaceutical compositions and administered by such routes.
• the compounds of Formula I and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof may be formulated into such pharmaceutical compositions containing an amount of the active substance that is effective for inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis in unit dosage form and such compositions comprising at least one solid pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Example 2 The preferred compound of this invention, that of Example 2, exhibited an IC so in Test A of 0.0026 pmolar and that of Example 10 exhibited an IC 50 of 0.036 ⁇ molar in this test whereas that of Compactin was 0.94 pmolar and that of Mevinolin was 0.14 pmolar in this test.
• Other tested compounds of this invention exhibited IC so 's of 0.005->10 pmolar in this test.
• Test B the compound of Example 2 exhibited an ED 50 of 0.025 mg/kg and that of Example 10 exhibited an ED 50 of 0.028 mg/kg whereas that of Compactin was 3.5 mg/kg and that of Mevinolin was 0.41 mg/kg.
• Other tested compounds of this invention exhibited ED 50 's of 0.045-0.26 mg/kg in this test.
• the daily dosage for the compound of Example 2 is, therefore, indicated to be 0.1-50 mg, e.g, 1-20 mg, preferably 0.2-10 mg, for most larger primates such as humans.
• the daily dosage for the compound of Example 10 for most larger primates such as humans is indicated to be about 10% higher than that of Example 2.
• compositions suitable for encapsulation in a hard gelatin capsule by conventional techniques are:
• the precipitate is collected by filtration, washed with water, air dried for 16 hours and dissolved in ethyl acetate.
• the ethyl acetate solution is decanted from some residual water, and petroleum ether is added to obtain a precipitate.
• the precipitate is subjected to high vacuum for 8 hours to remove some residual dioxane and obtain the product (165.81 g (88%)) m.p. 125-128°C Lit.: 132°C.
• the mixture is poured into 2 I of ice-water, and the precipitated solid is collected by filtration, washed with about 41 of water and allowed to air dry for 16 hours.
• the resulting brown powder is recrystallized from diethyl ether, and the obtained tan needles are recrystallized from diethyl ether to obtain the product (58.83 g), m.p. 89.5°-91.5°C.
• a second crop may be obtained from the combined mother liquors.
• a solution of crude Compound CIV from Step 3, initial procedure (332.5 mmoles assuming 100% yield) in 250 ml of chloroform is added dropwise to a suspension of 138.5 g (665 mmoles) of phosphorus pentachloride in 500 ml of chloroform stirred at -20°- -15°C under nitrogen.
• the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to 20°-25°C with stirring and stirred at 20°-25°C for 16 hours, the reaction mixture being maintained under nitrogen throughout.
• the reaction mixture is quenched with 500 ml of water and made basic with 10% sodium hydroxide solution.
• the organic phase is separated, washed twice with saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated at reduced pressure.
• the obtained pale green solid is recrystallized from acetone to obtain the product as white needles (54.83 g), m.p. 145°-148°C.
• a 10.83 g second crop may be obtained from the acetone mother liquor
• Step 5A (Reaction CN)
• a mixture of 5 I of acetonitrile, 3 I of water, 736 g (2.72 moles) of potassium persulfate and 170 g (0.68 mole) of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate is heated at 65°C, 200 g (0.68 mole) of Compound CV is added over a period of 8 minutes (the addition being slightly exothermic), and the reaction mixture is slowly heated to 75°-77°C, maintained at 75°-77°C for 38 minutes and immediately cooled to 23°C, the reaction mixture being stirred under nitrogen throughout.
• reaction solution is decanted, the solids in the reaction vessel are washed four times with 1 I portions of methylene chloride, and the methylene chloride washings are combined with the decanted reaction solution.
• the aqeuous layer is separated, and the organic layer is washed with 2 I of water.
• the organic (bottom) layer is separated, and the solvent is distilled at a maximum external temperature of 55° ⁇ 60°C and 20-30 mm Hg until a thick stirrable mixture results.
• 500 ml of methylene chloride is added, and the mixture is heated at -35°C for 5 minutes, cooled to 25°C and filtered.
• the filter cake is washed twice with 50 ml portions of methylene chloride.
• 1.5 of hexane is added, and the mixture is distilled at atmospheric pressure, the vapor temperature rising from 56°C to 67°C as the acetonitrile is azeotroped.
• the atmospheric distillation is continued for -5 minutes after the vapor temperature rises to 67°C to ensure complete removal of the acetonitrile, and as much of the remaining solvent as possible is distilled at -50°C and 20-30 mm Hg.
• reaction mixture is poured into water, diethyl ether, ethylacetate and chloroform are successively added to dissolve all of the solids, the organic phase is separated, the aqueous phase is extracted with chloroform, and the organic phases are combined, washed twice with saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated at reduced pressure to obtain the product as a pale yellow powder (13.78 g).
• An analytical sample is recrystallized from methylene chloride/n-hexane. M.p. 187°-189°C.
• the yellow solid is crystallized from ethyl acetate/hexane to obtain an orange solid (6.74 g) which is crystallized from ethyl acetate to obtain the product as a yellow powder (4.29 g).
• the mother liquors from the two crystallizations are combined, evaporated to dryness at reduced pressure and flash chromatographed on 300 g of 230-400 mesh A.S.T.M. silica gel utilizing 30% diethyl ether/hexane as the eluant.
• the fractions containing the product are combined and evaporated to dryness at reduced pressure, and the residue is recrystallized from ethyl acetate/hexane to obtain additional product (3.72 g).
• a previous batch melted at 163°-166°C.
• the reaction mixture is quenched at -20°- -15°C with saturated ammonium chloride solution and warmed to 20° ⁇ 25°C, the tetrahydrofuran is evaporated at reduced pressure, the residue is partitioned between water and diethyl ether.
• the aqueous phase is reextracted with diethyl ether, and the diethyl ether phases are combined, washed twice with saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated at reduced pressure to a yellow foam.
• the foam is flash chromatographed on 350 g of 230-400 mesh A.S.T.M. silica gel utilizing 70% diethyl ether/hexane as the eluant to obtain the product as a yellow solid (7.91 g).
• the product is a racemate that may be resolved by conventional means to obtain the 5R and 5S enantiomers.
• the aqueous phase is neutralized with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted with diethyl ether.
• the two diethyl ether phases are combined, washed twice with saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated at reduced pressure to a yellow wax (11.79 g).
• the yellow wax is recrystallized from isopropanol to obtain a white powder (2.61 g) which is recrystallized from isopropanol to obtain the cyclic boron ester as a white powder (1.83 g).
• N.M.R. (CDCI 3 ): 1.26 (t, 3H), 1.36 (d, 6H), 1.61 (m, 2H), 2.45 (d, 2H), 3.13 (m, 1H), 3.23 (d, 1H), 3.30 (d, 1H), 4.16 (q, 2H), 4.19 (bm, 1H), 4.36 (bm, 1H), 5.50 (dd, 1H), 6.19 (dd, 1H), 7.0-7.37 (m, 9H).
• the product, the erythro racemate may be resolved to obtain the 3R,5S and 3S,5R enantiomers, of which the former is preferred.
• the use of a non-stereoselective reduction would afford a mixture of all four stereoisomers wherein the ratio of the erythro stereoisomers to the threo stereoisomers ranges from 3:2 to 2:3.
• a mixture of the erythro and threo racemates wherein the ratio of the former to the latter is about 7:3 may be obtained by omitting the isopropanol recrystallizations from Part (a) of this step.
• N.M.R. (CDCI 3 + CD 3 SOCD 3 ): 1.32 (d, 6H), 1.53 (m, 2H), 2.30 (m, 2H), 3.13 (m, 1H), 4.08 (bm, 1H), 4.24 (bm, 1H), 5.50 (dd, 1H), 6.18 (dd, 1H), 7.0-7.3 (m, 9H).
• the product, the erythro racemate may be resolved to obtain the 3R,5S and 3S,5R enantiomers, of which the former is preferred.
• the use of a starting material synthesized by using a non-stereoselective reduction in Step 12 of Example 1 would afford a mixture of all four stereoisomers wherein the ratio of erythro stereoisomers and the threo stereoisomers ranges from 3:2 to 2:3.
• reaction mixture is cooled to 0°C, ammonia is bubbled in for 30 minutes with vigorous stirring, and, over a period of 1 hour, a solution of 99.2 g (0.80 mole) of 4-fluorobenzaldehyde in a mixture of 400 ml of methylene chloride and 102 ml of chloroform is added dropwise while simultaneously bubbling in ammonia, the reaction mixture being stirred at 0°C throughout.
• Ammonia is bubbled in for 5 hours with stirring at 0°C, and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to 20°-25°C and stirred at 20° ⁇ 25°C for 16 hours.
• the aqueous phase is separated, washed three times with 150 ml portions of methylene chloride, concentrated to one half of its volume at reduced pressure and filtered.
• the filtrate is acidified to pH 6.5 with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the resulting fine precipitate is collected by filtration, washed with 1.5 I of water, washed with 500 ml of ethanol, washed with 200 ml of diethyl ether and dried to obtain the product as a fine white solid (40 g).
• a previous batch melted at about 280°C (softened at about 260°C).
• a solution of 23.2 ml (28.1 g, 200 mmoles) of benzoyl chloride in 70 ml of dioxane and 500 ml of 2N sodium hydroxide solution (1 mole) are simultaneously added dropwise over a period of about 45 minutes to a solution of 25.35 g (150 mmoles) of Compound CXIX in a mixture of 300 ml of dioxane and 600 ml of 2N sodium hydroxide solution (1.2 moles) stirred at 0°C under nitrogen, the additions being at rates such that the pH of the reaction mixture is always basic and the temperature is 0°C, the reaction being exothermic.
• the reaction mixture is stirred at 0°C under nitrogen for 1 hour and warmed to 20°-25°C, the tetrahydrofuran is evaporated at reduced pressure, and the mixture is acidified to pH 1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and cooled to 0°C.
• the obtained white solid is collected by filtration, washed with 2 I of distilled water, air dried and vacuum dried to obtain the product as a white powder (31.4 g).
• An analytical sample is recrystallized from ethanol/water. M.p. 169-171°C.
• reaction mixture is cooled to 0°-5°C, 100 ml of methanol is added, and the reaction mixture is stirred at 0°-5°C for 30 minutes and poured into 1.5 I of ice water.
• the mixture is allowed to stand for 16 hours, and the precipitate is collected by filtration, washed with 2 1 of distilled water and air dried to obtain a yellow powder which is recrystallized from methanol to obtain the yellow crystalline product (8.6 g), m.p. 134°-136°C.
• a second crop is obtained from the mother liquor by adding water and cooling (2.5 g).
• a solution of about 7.5 g ( ⁇ 20 mmoles) of crude Compound CXXII from Step 4 in 50 ml of chloroform is added over a 30 minute period to 8.12 g (39 mmoles of phosphorus pentachloride in 100 ml of chloroform stirred at -30°C, and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to 20°-25°C, stirred at 20°-25°C for 16 hours and cooled to 0°C, the reaction mixture being stirred under nitrogen throughout. 10 ml of water is added, the mixture is stirred for 5 minutes, and 200 ml of 2N sodium hydroxide solution is added. The organic phase is separated, and the aqueous phase is extracted with chloroform.
• the chloroform extract and the organic phase are combined, washed twice with saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sulfate, filtered and evaporated at reduced pressure to a tan solid.
• the tan solid is recrystallized from benzene to obtain the product as a white solid (2.33 g).
• a second crop is obtained from the mother liquor .(200 mg).
• An analytical sample is recrystallized from aqueous ethanol. M.p. 161°-162°C.
• Step 8 (Reacton CG)
• the solid is recrystallized from diethyl ether to obtain the product as yellow needles (405 mg).
• the residue from the mother liquor is recrystallized from aqueous ethanol to obtain a second crop (74 mg) and a third crop (55 mg).
• Additional product may be obtained by chromatographing the residue from the mother liquor from the third crop on 10 g of silica gel utilizing 2:1 diethyfether/hexane as the eluant (44 mg).
• the reaction mixture is quenched at -15°C with 5 drops of saturated ammonium chloride solution, the tetrahydrofuran is evaporated at reduced pressure, diethyl ether and saturated sodium chloride solution are added, and the organic layer is separated, washed twice with 25 ml portions of saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated at reduced pressure to obtain a gum (92 mg).
• the gum is chromatographed on 5 g of 230-400 mesh A.S.T.M. silica gel utilizing 9:1 diethyl ether/hexane as the eluant to obtain the product as a pale yellow gum (39.1 mg).
• the product is a racemate that may be resolved by conventional means to obtain the 5R and 5S enantiomers.
• N.M.R. (CDCI 3 ): 1.28 (t, 3H), 1.48 (d, 6H), 1.56 (m, 2H), 2.46 (d, 2H), 4.18 (q, 2H), 4.21 (bm, 1H), 4.47 (bm, 1H), 4.59 (m, 1H), 5.78 (dd, 1H), 6.7 (d, 1H), 6.98 (t, 2H), 7.4-7.7 (m, 7H).
• the product is a mixture of the erythro and threo racemates wherein the ratio of the former to the latter is about 17:3, which mixture may be separated by conventional means.
• the principal product, the erythro racemate may be resolved into two optically pure enantiomers, the 3R,5S and 3S,5R enantiomers, of which the former is preferred.
• the minor product, the threo racemate may be resolved to obtain the 3R,5S and 3S,5R enantiomers.
• the use of a non-stereoselective reduction would afford a mixture of all four stereoisomers wherein the ratio of the erythro stereoisomers to the threo stereoisomers ranges from 3:2 to 2:3.
• N.M.R. (CDCI 3 + CD 3 0D): 1.45 (d, 6H), 1.55 (m, 2H), 2.35 (m, 2H), 4.14 (bm, 1H), 4.40 (bm, 1H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 5.75 (dd, 1H), 6.67 (d, 1H), 6.98 (t, 2H), 7.4-7.7 (m, 7H).
• the product is a mixture of the erythro and threo racemates wherein the ratio of the former to the latter is about 17:3, which mixture may be separated by conventional means.
• the principal product, the erythro racemate may be resolved into two optically pure enantiomers, the 3R,5S and 3S,5R enantiomers, of which the former is preferred.
• the minor product, the threo racemate may be resolved to obtain the 3R,5R and 3S,5S enantiomers.
• Hydrogen chloride is bubbled for 10 minutes through a solution of 18.5 mg of Compound CXXXIV wherein the ratio of the erythro racemate to the threo racemate is about 7:3 in diethyl ether stirred at 20°-25°C, the diethyl ether is evaporated at reduced pressure, the resulting gum is dissolved in methylene chloride and the methylene chloride is evaporated at reduced pressure to obtain the product as a yellow foam. M.p. 85°-95°C.
• the product is a mixture of the erythro and threo racemates wherein the ratio of the former to the latter is about 7:3.
• Each of the compounds identified by an E in the Isomers column is at least 95% pure (at least 90% in the case of Example 12) erythro racemate, the balance being the corresponding threo racemate and/or other impurities. Any threo racemate present may be separated therefrom.
• Each erythro racemate except those of Examples 11 and 12 may be resolved to obtain the 3R,5S and 3S,5R enantiomers, of which in each case the former is preferred.
• the erythro racemates of Examples 11 and 12 may be resolved to obtain the 3R,5R and 3S,5S enantiomers of which the former is preferred.
• the mixtures of Examples 9, 23, 24, 27, 29 and 30 may be separated to obtain the erythro and threo racemates, each of which may be resolved to obtain the 3R,5S and 3S,5R enantiomers from the former and the 3R,5R and 3S,5S enantiomers from the latter, the former being preferred in each case.
• Example 33 The compound of Example 33 may be resolved to obtain the 4R,6S and 4S,6R enantiomers, that of Example 34 may be resolved to obtain the 4R,6R and 4S,6S enantiomers, and that of Example 35 may be resolved to obtain the 3R and 3S enantiomers, the former being preferred in each case.
• Each of the compounds of the examples wherein Z is a group of Formula a wherein R, 4 is a cation may be converted into the corresponding compounds wherein R 14 is hydrogen or a different cation M, particularly the latter, especially M', by the processes set forth in Reaction Schemes IV and V.
• Each of the compounds of the examples except those wherein Z is a group of Formula a wherein R, 4 is a cation and the one already in pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt form may be converted into pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt form as also set forth in Reaction Schemes IV and V.
• Each of Examples 1-34 may be administered to an animal, e.g., a larger primate, to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and thereby lower the blood cholesterol level for, for example, the treatment of atheroschlerosis and hyperlipoproteinemia.
• the dosages are those set forth supra.
• reduced pressure denotes aspirator pressure.
• the solvent is water, and all solvent mixtures are by volume.
• nitrogen or argon dry nitrogen or argon, as the case may be, is used to maintain anhydrous conditions (except where the reaction medium contains water).

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