EP0222981B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verspinnen von Fasern - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verspinnen von Fasern Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0222981B1
EP0222981B1 EP86110903A EP86110903A EP0222981B1 EP 0222981 B1 EP0222981 B1 EP 0222981B1 EP 86110903 A EP86110903 A EP 86110903A EP 86110903 A EP86110903 A EP 86110903A EP 0222981 B1 EP0222981 B1 EP 0222981B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drafting
twisting
injector
sliver
twisting device
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP86110903A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0222981A1 (de
Inventor
Kurt Dipl.-Ing. Ziegler (Fh)
Gerhard Prof. Dr.-Ing. Egbers
Peter Dr.-Ing. Artzt
Harald Dipl.-Ing. Fh Dallmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rieter Ingolstadt Spinnereimaschinenbau AG
Original Assignee
Schubert und Salzer Maschinenfabrik AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Schubert und Salzer Maschinenfabrik AG filed Critical Schubert und Salzer Maschinenfabrik AG
Publication of EP0222981A1 publication Critical patent/EP0222981A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0222981B1 publication Critical patent/EP0222981B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01H—SPINNING OR TWISTING
    • D01H5/00—Drafting machines or arrangements ; Threading of roving into drafting machine
    • D01H5/18—Drafting machines or arrangements without fallers or like pinned bars
    • D01H5/70—Constructional features of drafting elements
    • D01H5/72—Fibre-condensing guides
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01H—SPINNING OR TWISTING
    • D01H1/00—Spinning or twisting machines in which the product is wound-up continuously
    • D01H1/11—Spinning by false-twisting
    • D01H1/115—Spinning by false-twisting using pneumatic means
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01H—SPINNING OR TWISTING
    • D01H5/00—Drafting machines or arrangements ; Threading of roving into drafting machine
    • D01H5/18—Drafting machines or arrangements without fallers or like pinned bars

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for spinning fiber material, which is subjected to a preliminary draft and a main draft in a drafting device and then spun into a thread in a pneumatic twisting device, and to an apparatus for carrying out the method.
  • the fiber sliver to be spun is drawn to the desired strength with the aid of a drafting device and then spun into yarn with the aid of a pneumatic twisting device (DE-OS 2.722.319, EP-PS 0.131.170).
  • the yarns spun with such a device have a low bulk and also do not achieve the tensile strength and uniformity of ring yarns. For this reason, they are only suitable for a limited area of application.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device of the type mentioned, with which voluminous, soft yarns with a ring yarn-like character can be produced in a simple manner.
  • the sliver is summarized to a minimum width, which is at least about 1.5 times the diameter of the swirl device, and that the sliver is subject to this summary no further summary before the Twist is given while maintaining this diameter. It has been shown that a controlled spreading of the edge fibers is achieved in this way, which loop around the yarn core in the subsequent twisting process, so that when the wrongly twisted yarn core is turned back, these edge fibers are integrated into the yarn core on the one hand, but not all the same on the other hand tightly surround the yarn core. In this way, a hairy and voluminous yarn with ring yarn character is created.
  • the summarization to the minimum width is preferably carried out during the preliminary delay immediately before the main delay.
  • the minimum width should not be greater than about 2.5 times the diameter of the swirl element. This enables high spinning speeds to be achieved. It has been shown that the degree of aggregation of the sliver when entering the pneumatic swirl member is decisive for the fiber winding.
  • the sliver before the entry into the preliminary draft is only combined to a width that is greater than the width over which the sliver before entering the main draft as preparation for the entry into the pneumatic swirl organ is summarized. Combining the sliver before entering the draft is particularly effective at about 1.3 times the width before the main draft.
  • the delay during the summary to the desired minimum width should be slight to better control this process.
  • the early default is divided, the first early default being greater than the second early default. A delay between 1: 1.1 and 1: 1.5 has proven to be particularly advantageous for the second advance.
  • the fibers which are spread apart from the fiber material leaving the drafting system, have a tendency to get caught by adhesion to the top roller, which is usually provided with a rubber covering, from the output cylinder of the drafting system. It has been shown that these fibers can also be fed well to the swirl element if the fiber material leaving the drafting system is deflected from the previous transport plane towards the top roller.
  • a device in which, according to the invention, the width of the compressor in front of the main drafting zone corresponds to at least approximately 1.5 times the diameter of the pneumatic swirl device, which is the same in the injector part and in the swirl part from its inlet opening to the outlet opening Has diameter.
  • This configuration achieves a simple device which also produces the desired voluminous ring-like yarn.
  • the pneumatic swirl device is at a certain distance from the clamping line of the delivery cylinder of the drafting system.
  • the inlet opening of the swirl device is therefore located in the gusset area of the delivery cylinder pair of the drafting system.
  • the inlet opening is preferably in the tangential plane touching the delivery cylinders.
  • the inlet opening of the swirl device is advantageously offset in relation to the transport plane of the fiber material in the direction of the upper roller.
  • the strength of the yarn is favorably influenced by the fact that notches are provided at the inlet of the twist device, which, according to a preferred embodiment of the subject of the invention, are formed as tooth gaps of an internal ring gear.
  • the hairiness can be influenced by adjusting the angle of inclination of the compressed air channels of the injector part with respect to the axis of the swirl device. According to the invention it can therefore be provided that the smaller the width of the compressor in front of the main draft zone, the greater this angle of inclination.
  • the pressure which can be applied to the pressure channels of the injector part can be controlled as a function of the spinning speed in such a way that it is lower at a higher spinning speed than at a lower spinning speed.
  • an optimal spinning result with a distance between the compressed air channels Injector part is achieved by the compressed air channels of the swirl part between 30 to 40 mm.
  • the ratio of the lengths of the injector nozzle outlet part to the swirl nozzle inlet part, depending on the spinning speeds, is advantageously between 1: 4 and 3: 1.
  • the end of the swirl device facing away from the drafting device is connected to its bore with sharp edges and at right angles, according to a development of the invention.
  • ring yarn-like yarns are desired which are characterized by a soft feel and a hairy appearance.
  • Such yarns have so far not been able to be produced with spinning devices with which the yarn is produced with the aid of a pneumatic twisting device. This defect is remedied with the aid of the method and the device according to the present invention.
  • the bulk can be influenced in a variety of ways without the yarn strength and economy suffering.
  • the spinning device described first with reference to FIG. 1 has a drafting device 2, a pneumatic swirl device 9, a take-off device 5 and a winding device 6 as the most important elements.
  • roller 1 has four pairs of rollers with the rollers 20 and 200, 21 and 210, 22 and 220 as well as with the delivery cylinders 23 and 230, with the rollers 22 and 220 at the beginning of the main drafting zone 111 each having straps 221 and 222 (see also Fig. 6).
  • a compressor 201 and 211 and a sliver clamping device 202 and 212 respectively, in order to be able to stop the fiber material in front of the rollers 21, 110 in the event of a yarn break.
  • a compressor 24 In the pre-draft zone II between the rollers 21, 210 and 22, 220 there is a compressor 24 with a C-shaped cross section, as shown in FIG. 5 on an enlarged scale.
  • the swirl device 9 has an injector part 3 and a swirl part 4. Both the injector part 3 and the swirl part 4 each have a spinning bore 33 or 43 with the same large, continuously cylindrical inner diameters di and d D.
  • the injector part 3 and the swirl part 4 are equipped in a manner known per se with tangential compressed air channels 30 and 40 inclined in the withdrawal direction. 2, the injector part 3 and the swirl part 4 are arranged in a common holder 7 which has ring channels 70 and 71, of which ring channel 70 are connected to the compressed air channels 30 and ring channel 71 are connected to the compressed air channels 40.
  • the ring channels 70 and 71 are connected via lines 700 and 710 to a vacuum source, not shown.
  • the take-off device 5 has, in the usual way, a driven take-off roller 50 and a pressure roller 51 which rests elastically on the take-off roller 50.
  • the winding device 6 has a driven winding roller 60, from which the spool 61, which is mounted in a known manner, is driven.
  • the sliver 2 is fed a sliver 1.
  • This ribbon-like fiber material is spread between the rollers 20 and 200 and 21 and 210 during the warping by the pressure that the rollers 200 and 210 exert on this material.
  • the clamping line of the rollers 20, 200 with K 20 the clamping line of the rollers 21, 210 with K 21 , the clamping line of the rollers 22, 220 with K 22 and the clamping line of the delivery cylinders 23, 230 with K 23 and the clamping line of the trigger device is designated K 5 .
  • the fiber sliver 1 is combined to a width Bi which is greater than that width B 2 to which the fiber material 10 is combined in the draft zone II immediately before the main draft field 111.
  • the widths Bi and B 2 are chosen so that the sliver is combined by the compressor 211 only to a width B 1 that is 1.3 times the width B 2 .
  • the fiber material 10 in arrears When the fiber material 10 in arrears reaches the compressor 24, its width is greater than the clear width W of the compressor 24.
  • the fiber material 10 thus tries to exert the force exerted by the compressor 24 towards the center of the belt Dodge pressure. It moves in the direction of arrows 240 and 241 along the inner wall of the compressor 24 and turns inside out in the manner of a hem. In this way, the fiber material 10 receives two edge regions 101 and 102 which are reinforced in cross section with respect to the central part 100.
  • the fibrous material 10 in the main drafting zone 111 between the rollers 22, 220 and the delivery cylinders 23, 230 is subjected to the main drafting, the fibrous material 10 being prevented from spreading by the straps 221 and 222.
  • the warped fiber material 10 thus leaves the exit roller pair of the drafting device 2 formed by the rollers 23, 230 with a minimum width Bs (FIG. 3), which is essentially due to the inside width (width B 2 - see FIGS. 4 and 5) of the compressor 24 is determined.
  • the fiber material After leaving the drafting unit 2, the fiber material is fed to the inlet opening 300 of the swirl device 9.
  • the edge regions 101 and 102 of the warped fiber material 10 between the delivery cylinders 23, 230 of the drafting unit 2 and the inlet opening 300, the ends of the outer fibers spread apart from the band-like fiber material 10. It is these protruding fiber ends 12 which later give the spun yarn 11 its strength by binding, while their position relative to the finished yarn 11 determines the hairiness thereof.
  • the pneumatic twist device 9 gives the yarn core 110 a certain wrong twist, which is then largely canceled again.
  • the fiber ends 12 bind into the yarn core 110 to form loops 121 and in this way cause the spun yarn 11 to have the desired strength (FIG. 8).
  • These loops 121 of different sizes and the free fiber ends 120 result in a voluminous and hairy yarn 11 with a soft handle.
  • balloons 13, fiber ends 120 and loops 121 etc. are shown in an exaggerated manner in the diagram according to FIG. 8.
  • the rollers 22, 220 are driven at less than five times the speed of the rollers 21, 210.
  • the fiber material 10 is further subjected to a further pre-drafting before the pre-drafting area between the rolls 21, 210 and 22, 220 is reached with the compressor 24 between the rolls 20, 200 and 21, 210.
  • the pre-drafting in the area of the compressor 24 can be further reduced with the same main drafting between the rollers 22, 220 and 23, 230.
  • the first advance is chosen to be lower than the second advance, for which a value between 1: 1.1 and 1: 1.5 is selected, for example.
  • the described method and the described device can be modified in a variety of ways within the scope of the present invention, for example by replacing individual features with equivalents or using them in other combinations. It is therefore not absolutely necessary for the compressor 24 to have a C-shaped cross section. Depending on the type and thickness of the fiber material, material for the compressor 24, height of its passage opening, etc., other cross-sectional shapes can also be provided for the compressor 24. For example, it can also have a rectangular cross section. The outer edges of the band-like fiber material are also pushed together in this case, but are prevented by the tension due to warping to the middle of the band-like fiber material, so that stronger edge regions 101 and 102 also arise in relation to the central part 100. It is also not necessary for the compressor 24 to be open on its upper side.
  • the compressor 24 divides the fiber material 10 which is in arrears into a plurality of sub-strands connected to one another.
  • edge regions 101 and 102 are created, which are reinforced with respect to the central part 100.
  • the compressor 24 has a nose 242, with the aid of which the fiber material 10 which is in arrears is divided into two reinforced edge regions 101 and 102 and a weaker central region 100, but without the reinforced edge regions 101 and 102 making contact with the central region 100 and thus lose indirectly with each other.
  • the compressor 24 can also have more than just one nose 242, so that the fiber material 10 which is in delay receives, in addition to the two reinforced edge regions 101 and 102, at least one further reinforced belt section which is weakened by weaker belt sections from further reinforced belt sections, e.g. the edge areas 101 and 102 are separated.
  • a further compressor 231 can be provided in the main draft zone 111, ie between the aprons 221 and 222 and the delivery cylinders 23, 230, in order to ensure the desired minimum width B 2 of the fiber material 10.
  • a minimal width B 3 of the fiber material 10 from the drafting device 2 has proven to be not less than 1.5 times, but also not greater than 2.5 times the inner diameter d [of the injector part 3 - and therefore also the same inner diameter do of the swirl part 4 - of the swirl device 9.
  • the inside diameter of the compressor 231, like that of the compressor 24, is 2.5 times the inside diameter di.
  • the fibers often adhere to the rollers 230 on account of adhesion. This leads to undesirable fiber loss.
  • the fiber material 10 leaving the drafting device 2 is deflected in the direction of the delivery cylinder 230 from the previous transport plane E, which is defined by the clamping lines of the rollers (20 and 200,) 21 and 210, 22nd and 220 and 23 and 230 is laid.
  • the injector part 3 is offset according to FIG. 3 with its inlet opening 300 in the direction of the delivery cylinder 230 (top roller) with respect to the transport plane E of the fiber material 10, with an order of magnitude of more than 1 mm having proven to be useful for the offset V.
  • the measure of arranging the inlet opening 300 of the swirl device 9 in the gusset area of the delivery cylinders 23, 230 of the drafting unit 2 serves the same purpose and the spreading out of a large number of free fiber ends 101. 6, the arrangement is such that the inlet opening 300 of the swirl device 9 lies essentially in the tangential plane T touching the delivery cylinders 23, 230.
  • the notches 310 can be formed in various ways. According to FIG. 7, the notches 310 are formed by an internal ring gear 31 through the tooth gaps.
  • the inner diameter of the internal ring gear 31 also corresponds to the inner diameter di of the injector part 3, so that in this case there is also a constant inner diameter Di of the swirl device 9.
  • the compressed air channels 30 in the injector part 3 are inclined at an angle of inclination a which is conventional per se (usually in the range between 30 ° and 60 ° ) with respect to the axis A of the injector part 3.
  • an angle of inclination a which is conventional per se (usually in the range between 30 ° and 60 ° ) with respect to the axis A of the injector part 3.
  • the spinning results are optimized with regard to hairiness and strength.
  • a larger width 8 3 a smaller angle of inclination a should be selected, while the angle of inclination a should be larger with a smaller width B 3 . Since the width B 3 is determined by the choice of the width B 2 of the compressor 24 in front of the main draft zone III, such an adjustment of the angle of inclination a can be achieved by replacing the injector part 3.
  • a throttle valve 80 is provided for the injector part 3, the throttle valve 80 being connected in terms of control to a control device 8, which controls the drive 25 for the rollers 20, 21, 22 and 23 and thus their speed controls.
  • the compressed air channels 30 are connected via the throttle valve 80 and a line 800 and the swirl part 4 via the line 710 to a shut-off valve 81 which is opened or closed by a further control device 82 and thus the compressed air channels 30 and 40 with that overpressure acted upon or not, which prevails in a feed line 810 to which the shut-off valve 81 is connected.
  • the yarn 11 produced should not only be hairy and voluminous, but should also be produced economically. It has been shown that by observing certain dimensions and relationships, a particularly low air consumption is achieved with optimal yarn loss.
  • a dimension between 30 and 40 mm has proven to be particularly advantageous for the mutual distance a between the compressed air channels 30 and 40.
  • the section of the injector part 3 between the compressed air channels 30 and the intermediate space 72 between the injector part 3 and the swirl part 4 is referred to as the injector part outlet part 32 and its length as I 1 and the section of the swirl nozzle 4 between the pressure air ducts 40 and the mentioned intermediate space 72 as the swirl part inlet part 41 and its length as I D , the ratio h: I p should be between 1: 4 and 3: 1. It has been shown that at low spinning speeds the injector part outlet part 32 should be smaller than the swirl part inlet part 41, while at higher spinning speeds the swirl part inlet part 41 should be smaller than the injector part outlet part 32. At medium spinning speeds, the injector part outlet part 32 and the swirl part inlet part 41 are then chosen to be the same size.
  • the adaptation to the spinning speed is carried out by exchanging the injector part 3 and / or the swirl part 4 or the entire swirl element 9. It has been shown that a ratio l I : I D of 1: 2 at a yarn take-off speed of 130 m / min is particularly advantageous, while at a speed of 140 m / min or more, the ratio I I : I D reverses in 2: 1.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Spinning Or Twisting Of Yarns (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
EP86110903A 1985-11-21 1986-08-07 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verspinnen von Fasern Expired EP0222981B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3541219 1985-11-21
DE19853541219 DE3541219A1 (de) 1985-11-21 1985-11-21 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum verspinnen von fasern

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0222981A1 EP0222981A1 (de) 1987-05-27
EP0222981B1 true EP0222981B1 (de) 1989-09-27

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86110903A Expired EP0222981B1 (de) 1985-11-21 1986-08-07 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verspinnen von Fasern

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US4825633A (cs)
EP (1) EP0222981B1 (cs)
JP (1) JPS63503394A (cs)
CN (1) CN1006471B (cs)
BR (1) BR8606942A (cs)
CZ (1) CZ277735B6 (cs)
DE (2) DE3541219A1 (cs)
IN (1) IN168020B (cs)
RU (1) RU1806228C (cs)
WO (1) WO1987003308A1 (cs)

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DE3734566C2 (de) * 1987-10-13 1994-10-06 Rieter Ingolstadt Spinnerei Drallorgan für das Verspinnen von Fasern zu einem Faden
DE3836481A1 (de) * 1988-10-26 1990-05-03 Schubert & Salzer Maschinen Verfahren und vorrichtung zum einstellen einer luftspinnvorrichtung
CA2005018A1 (en) * 1988-12-12 1990-06-12 Elbert F. Morrison Vacuum spinning of roving
US5237810A (en) * 1989-09-01 1993-08-24 Maschinenfabrik Rieter Ag Method and apparatus for false twist spinning
EP0415295B1 (de) * 1989-09-01 1995-04-19 Maschinenfabrik Rieter Ag Verfahren zum Falschdrahtspinnen und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
CH680860A5 (en) * 1990-02-07 1992-11-30 Rieter Ag Maschf Air-jet spinning appts. - has precision positioning of jet relative to nip of output draft roller
DE4225262A1 (de) * 1992-07-31 1994-02-03 Rieter Ingolstadt Spinnerei Vorrichtung zum Verspinnen eines Faserbandes
CN1054895C (zh) * 1995-09-22 2000-07-26 东华大学 自由端喷气纺成纱装置
US5970700A (en) * 1997-04-18 1999-10-26 Wellman, Inc. Drafting apparatus and method for producing yarns
US6250060B1 (en) * 1997-04-18 2001-06-26 Wellman, Inc. Method of producing improved knit fabrics from blended fibers
US5950413A (en) * 1997-04-18 1999-09-14 Wellman, Inc. Spinning apparatus, method of producing yarns, and resulting yarns
US7083853B2 (en) * 1999-06-14 2006-08-01 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Stretch break method and product
US7100246B1 (en) * 1999-06-14 2006-09-05 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Stretch break method and product
EP1072702B1 (en) * 1999-07-28 2004-03-31 Murata Kikai Kabushiki Kaisha Spinning device and method
DE10060300A1 (de) * 1999-12-10 2001-06-21 Rieter Ingolstadt Spinnerei Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verstrecken von textilen Fasern
DE60104160T3 (de) * 2000-04-04 2012-03-15 Murata Kikai K.K. Hohle Führungspindel in einer Vortex Spinnmaschine und Verfahren zu ihrer Anwendung
US6928972B2 (en) 2001-01-31 2005-08-16 Csxt Intellectual Properties Corporation Locomotive and auxiliary power unit engine controller
US20060204753A1 (en) * 2001-11-21 2006-09-14 Glen Simmonds Stretch Break Method and Product
JP2003166132A (ja) * 2001-11-28 2003-06-13 Murata Mach Ltd 紡績装置及び紡績方法
EP1718791B1 (en) * 2004-02-27 2008-08-27 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Spun yarn, and method and apparatus for the manufacture thereof
EP1841907A1 (en) * 2005-01-21 2007-10-10 E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company Staple yarn manufacturing process
JP2012076884A (ja) * 2010-10-01 2012-04-19 Murata Machinery Ltd 糸巻取装置用の回路基板及び糸巻取装置
CH708620A1 (de) * 2013-09-30 2015-03-31 Rieter Ag Maschf Faserführungselement für eine Spinndüse einer Luftspinnmaschine sowie damit ausgestattete Spinnstelle.
JP2018090923A (ja) * 2016-12-01 2018-06-14 村田機械株式会社 紡績機及び紡績方法
CN108456956A (zh) * 2017-02-17 2018-08-28 香港纺织及成衣研发中心有限公司 一种用于环锭细纱机的纱线加捻方法和装置
JP7006561B2 (ja) * 2018-10-11 2022-02-10 株式会社豊田自動織機 ポット精紡機
CN114990744B (zh) * 2022-05-06 2023-05-16 宜城市天舒纺织有限公司 一种抗菌混纺纱高效生产装置和生产方法
CN116121916B (zh) * 2023-03-10 2023-07-14 山东杰瑞纺织科技有限公司 一种用于多股纳米纤维复合纱线的加工装置及加工方法

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DE2603511A1 (de) * 1976-01-30 1977-08-04 Konrad Goetzfried Verfahren und vorrichtung zum gegenlaeufigen spinnen eines fadens
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US4497167A (en) * 1982-02-03 1985-02-05 Murata Kikai Kabushiki Kaisha Method for producing spun yarns
IN161964B (cs) * 1982-10-29 1988-03-05 Rieter Ag Maschf
IN161355B (cs) * 1983-07-01 1987-11-14 Rieter Ag Maschf
JPS6042293A (ja) * 1983-08-18 1985-03-06 Sony Corp 単結晶の製造方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0222981A1 (de) 1987-05-27
BR8606942A (pt) 1987-11-03
CN1006471B (zh) 1990-01-17
CZ277735B6 (en) 1993-04-14
US4825633A (en) 1989-05-02
WO1987003308A1 (en) 1987-06-04
IN168020B (cs) 1991-01-19
RU1806228C (ru) 1993-03-30
JPS63503394A (ja) 1988-12-08
DE3665889D1 (en) 1989-11-02
DE3541219C2 (cs) 1988-07-07
CS847486A3 (en) 1992-12-16
DE3541219A1 (de) 1987-05-27
CN86107922A (zh) 1987-06-10

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