EP0036408A1 - Semelle pour chaussure - Google Patents

Semelle pour chaussure Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0036408A1
EP0036408A1 EP19810890039 EP81890039A EP0036408A1 EP 0036408 A1 EP0036408 A1 EP 0036408A1 EP 19810890039 EP19810890039 EP 19810890039 EP 81890039 A EP81890039 A EP 81890039A EP 0036408 A1 EP0036408 A1 EP 0036408A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sole
parts
layers
sole according
rigid parts
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP19810890039
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0036408B1 (fr
Inventor
Johann Jun. Ehrlich
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
DISTROPAT AG
Original Assignee
DISTROPAT AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by DISTROPAT AG filed Critical DISTROPAT AG
Publication of EP0036408A1 publication Critical patent/EP0036408A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0036408B1 publication Critical patent/EP0036408B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/02—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the material
    • A43B13/08—Wood
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/141—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form with a part of the sole being flexible, e.g. permitting articulation or torsion
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/16—Pieced soles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a sole consisting of at least two essentially rigid parts which are connected to one another via flexible connecting parts, preferably made of polyurethane.
  • Wooden soles are already known and have numerous advantages. Such wooden soles support the foot in an orthopedic manner and are also cold-insulating, temperature-regulating and moisture-absorbent, so that shoe soles made of wood are hygienic and comfortable to wear.
  • a disadvantage is the rigidity of the soles, which are made entirely of wood, since this rigidity prevents the foot from rolling when walking and can be harmful to health under certain circumstances.
  • Soles have therefore already been proposed which consist of two wooden parts which are connected to one another in the ball area by a flexible connecting part. This makes the sole flexible and elastic in the ball area and can adapt to the rolling movement of the foot when walking.
  • the flexible connecting part from foamed polyurethane.
  • the connecting part can be foamed directly onto the wooden parts, a secure and firm connection between the wooden parts and the flexible connecting part being achieved.
  • Soles are also known which consist entirely of cork or of leather or leather fiber materials.
  • the object of the present invention is to avoid these disadvantages and to create a sole for shoes that can be produced easily and with a low material requirement.
  • the invention is based on a sole of the type described in the introduction and consists essentially in the fact that the essentially rigid parts are made up of layers which run essentially parallel to the tread and / or parallel to the surface facing the sole of the foot. This can achieve numerous advantages. So if the layers are made of wood, a much better utilization of the wood is possible, since the essentially rigid parts can easily be produced separately without this having a disruptive effect, since instead of the grain the layer lines now occur, which without Difficulties can be made equidistant even with separate manufacture of the individual parts.
  • the layer lines in the sole according to the invention extend essentially perpendicular to the direction of loading and the surface facing the sole of the foot generally consists of one layer, at most divided in the area of the ankle, so that the layering does not have an unpleasant effect on the sole user.
  • the sole according to the invention it is also possible with the sole according to the invention to combine different materials arranged in layers with one another, so that their advantages can be exploited without any disadvantages being noticeable.
  • the layers can consist at least partially of wood, preferably of wood veneer. According to the invention, however, the essentially rigid parts can also be formed entirely from plywood.
  • the individual layers can hiebei according to the invention consist at least partially of pressed wood, so that the advantages of the wood are exploited, with practically no waste wood, so that a good use of the raw material is given.
  • At least the layer immediately adjacent to the sole of the foot consists of wood, since the orthopedic advantages of the wood then become effective.
  • the other layers can be formed from other materials.
  • the layers consist at least partially of cork, for example of pressed cork. Cork has the advantages of wood, since it is made of tree bark, and there is also a certain elasticity perpendicular to the tread, so that the foot of the user is softly supported. If pressed cork is used, the advantages of cork are also given, however, as with pressed wood, there is practically complete utilization of the existing raw material, ie no waste is generated.
  • the layers according to the invention can at least partially consist of leather or leather fiber materials and / or of plastic, for example of hard polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride.
  • plastic for example of hard polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride.
  • Foamed plastic namely has a cell structure, the cells of which can be at least partially opened by mechanical or chemical treatment on the mutually facing end faces of the essentially rigid parts which are to be connected to the connecting parts, so that the cells then still form during molding uncured material that forms the connecting part or when gluing the not yet cured adhesive can penetrate and become solidified there, so that a very strong mechanical connection between the essentially rigid parts and the flexible connecting parts is produced, which also withstands large stresses occurring.
  • the materials mentioned can also be combined with one another.
  • plastic materials it is advantageous naturally in the plastic and / or provide synthetic fillers, so as to save on plastic material, the properties of the plastic relative to the support b efssel of the wearer of the shoes can be improved and the sole receives a shapely appearance.
  • very small bubbles can also be used as fillers, the thin shell of which consists of elastic vinylidene chloride copolymer and / or vinyl chloride copolymer and whose hollow core contains a gas, preferably air.
  • the essentially rigid parts are connected to one another via flexible connecting parts, which preferably consist of polyurethane.
  • the polyurethane is namely formed of two components, namely polyol compounds on polyester basi ß or polyether and from isocyanates containing partially NCO which is present with the OH groups of the timber or holzählichen materials as well as with the other active hydrogen atoms, containing compounds react chemically, creating a solid chemical compound will be produced.
  • the polyurethane is foamed onto the essentially rigid parts, however, a mechanical connection is also created in that the polyurethane foam penetrates into the pores of the essentially rigid parts when it is formed, and therefore a firm connection is produced.
  • the connecting parts can be arranged between the mutually facing end faces of the substantially rigid parts connected by these connecting parts, such an arrangement being expedient because the gap between these end faces, which is necessary for the flexibility in the area of the connecting parts, is then provided by the connecting parts is filled out.
  • Such a connection can also be made by gluing. In this case, it is necessary to insert a filler in the gap which arises between the mutually facing end faces of the essentially rigid parts consisting of layers, so that this gap does not interfere with the user of the shoe equipped with such a sole.
  • Such an embodiment also makes it possible, according to the invention, to provide a connecting part formed by a midsole and optionally an outsole, which connecting part can then be foamed or glued on.
  • the arrangement is such that the essentially rigid parts consisting of the layers between their mutually facing end faces leave a gap bridged by the connecting part, the width of which - measured in the longitudinal direction of the sole - at least in the the edge area adjacent to the sole of the foot, preferably also in the edge area adjacent to the tread, is greater than the smallest width in the middle area lying between.
  • This enlargement of the gap in the edge regions has the advantage that the specific expansion or compression when the sole is bent in the connecting part becomes significantly less and that the disadvantages mentioned do not occur.
  • this design also increases the connecting area between the connecting parts and the essentially rigid parts than in an embodiment with a gap of the same width throughout, so that a better mechanical and chemical connection between the essentially rigid parts and the connecting parts is also ensured .
  • the two edge regions of the gap merge rounded into the central region. This avoids sharp edges in which large tensile and compressive stresses occur when turning, which can lead to destruction of the connecting parts in this area.
  • the edge regions of the gap expediently merge tangentially into the sole surface, as a result of which no steps arise at the transition point, which are perceived as disruptive, particularly on the side of the sole on which the sole of the foot of the user rests.
  • the gap is formed symmetrically with respect to a central axis running essentially perpendicular to the tread and preferably also to an axis running perpendicular to this central axis and running essentially in the longitudinal direction of the sole.
  • the mechanical connection can be further improved in that, according to the invention, the recesses widen toward the interior of the essentially rigid parts consisting of the layers, for example are dovetail-shaped. In order to avoid local peak loads, it is expedient for the recesses to be rounded in the middle region of the mutually facing side walls of the essentially rigid parts consisting of the layers.
  • an anchoring body, fastening part or the like can consist, for example, of a metallic high tension pin, but can also be formed from another material, for example from plastic or from wood.
  • anchoring body, fastening part or the like is, on the one hand, well anchored in the connecting parts and, on the other hand, a firm connection of the upper part to the anchoring body, fastening part or the like is made possible, so that a secure connection of the upper part to the sole is also possible Area of the connecting parts is guaranteed.
  • a separate anchoring body, fastening part or the like can be arranged in the area of each of the two lateral boundaries of the connecting parts and extends only over a certain area into the interior of the connecting parts.
  • at least one anchoring body, fastening part or the like, which extends over the entire width of the connecting part is provided in at least some of the connecting parts, so that the upper part can be fastened to the two ends of the same anchoring body, fastening part or the like .
  • a lateral pulling out of the anchoring body, fastening part or the like from the connecting parts is prevented with certainty.
  • this anchoring body, fastening part or the like can be provided according to the invention at its ends extending to the lateral boundary of the connecting piece with openings which receive pins, nails penetrating the upper part of the shoe , Brackets, bolts or the like are determined.
  • openings For example, screw bolts, possibly those with a self-tapping thread, can be screwed in, thereby ensuring a secure connection of the upper part to the anchoring body, fastening part or the like.
  • the anchoring body, fastening part or the like is provided with projections which project from the lateral boundaries of the connecting parts and penetrate the upper part.
  • projections can have, for example, a screw thread onto which a screw nut can be screwed.
  • the connecting part reaching to the sole surface facing the sole of the sole and the outsole made at least in the area of the front part of the sole with the connecting part are made of conductive material, for example made of conductive polymers or made of conductive or natural or synthetic Rubber exists.
  • the connecting part not only achieves flexibility, but also the electrostatic charges of the person wearing a shoe provided with such a sole are derived.
  • the connecting part is arranged in the ball area and is formed at least in one piece with the front outsole, ensures that an electrically conductive connection is always made between the foot and the ground at every position of the person concerned, for example when lifting the Heel part of the sole supports the person in the ball area. If the connecting part extends over the entire sole width, sc is also on one side Lich inclination of the sole ensures the required electrically conductive connection.
  • a method according to the invention for producing a sole according to the invention is essentially characterized in that the essentially rigid sole parts consisting of the layers and, if appropriate, the anchoring bodies, fastening parts or the like are inserted into a mold in such a way that polyurethane-forming material is poured into the remaining part or , optionally under pressure, which is allowed to harden when the mold is closed and that after the sole has been shaped, at least the surface facing the sole of the foot, preferably also the side surfaces of the sole, are machined, for example by grinding or milling. This makes it possible to obtain completely continuous sole surfaces even when the essentially rigid parts consist of layers.
  • the polyurethane-forming material is filled into the mold before it is closed, as a result of which the sole can be produced in a simple manner without expensive equipment.
  • the moisture content of the essentially rigid parts consisting of the layers before the attachment of the connecting parts is of crucial importance for the course of this reaction. If the moisture content is too high, the chemical reaction takes place too quickly and the The resulting polyurethane foam does not have time to penetrate the pores of the wood or the wood-like materials, so that the strength of the connection is reduced.
  • the moisture content of the essentially rigid parts consisting of the layers should be between 0.01 and 5%.
  • the surfaces to be joined together of the essentially rigid parts and / or the prefabricated connecting parts consisting of the layers can be coated with an adhesive, the parts then being joined together and pressed and where appropriate, after hardening, at least the surface facing the sole of the foot, preferably also the side surfaces of the sole, are processed, for example by grinding or milling.
  • Such a method can be carried out both when the connecting parts are arranged in the gap remaining between the end faces of adjacent substantially rigid parts and when the connecting parts are fastened to the side of the substantially rigid parts facing the outsole, in which case the gap must be filled with a filler.
  • Fig. 1 shows a sole designed according to the invention in a section in the longitudinal direction of the sole when used as a fire well, over which the upper part is pinched, and Fig. 2 when used as a sole, which simultaneously forms an insole and / or footbed.
  • 3 shows a sole designed according to the invention when used as an insole in a cut in the longitudinal direction of the sole, the connecting part being provided on the underside of the sole and at the same time an intermediate sole, possibly also the outsole.
  • the sole shown in the drawing consists of two essentially rigid parts 1, 2, which are connected to each other by a flexible connecting part 3, which is preferably made of polyurethane, but which can also consist of other elastic materials, such as natural or synthetic rubber.
  • Each of the two essentially rigid parts 1, 2 consists of individual layers 4 which run approximately parallel to the side 5 facing the tread.
  • the layers can all consist of the same material, but it is also easily possible to form the individual layers 4 from different materials.
  • the material for the layers is primarily wood, but also cork, leather fiber materials and plastics, which have the required strength.
  • the uppermost layer, which forms the surface 6 on which the sole of the foot of the user of a shoe provided with such a sole rests, should suitably consist of wood, since wood has the excellent properties mentioned at the beginning. For this reason, in the case of an insole shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, which is connected to a midsole and possibly an outsole, it is advantageous if the essentially rigid parts 1, 2 are made entirely of plywood.
  • the substantially rigid parts 1, 2 are connected to one another by a connecting part 3, which fills the gap between the facing end faces of the essentially rigid parts 1, 2, with in the embodiment according to Fig. 2 of the connecting part 3 is integrally formed with the outsole 7, which is provided in this embodiment of FIG. 2 directly on the underside of the sole according to the invention.
  • the in the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 through the connecting part 3 over bridged gap is symmetrical both to a central axis 8 which runs essentially perpendicular to the tread and to an axis 9 which is perpendicular to this central axis and runs essentially in the longitudinal direction of the sole.
  • the width B of this gap in the edge regions is greater than the smallest width b in the intermediate region.
  • the two edge areas merge rounded into the central area and tangentially into the surfaces 5, 6 of the sole.
  • protrusions 10 extending on both sides essentially in the longitudinal direction of the sole protrude from the central region of the connecting part and are formed in one piece with the connecting part 3.
  • the lugs 10 are shown in a ball shape, but can also be dovetail-shaped.
  • an anchoring body, fastening part or the like 11 is provided in the connecting part 3, which extends to the lateral limitation of the connecting part 3.
  • This anchoring body, fastening part or the like which serves to firmly connect the upper part of the shoe also in the area of the connecting part 3 to the sole, can be formed, for example, from a heavy-duty dowel pin, which consists of a longitudinally slit metallic tube in which pins, nails, clamps, screws penetrating the upper part, in particular those with self-tapping threads or the like, can be anchored.
  • the anchoring body, fastening part or the like from a wooden pin in which nails are driven in or screws are screwed in, or from a plastic cylinder provided with openings, pins, bolts or the like likewise being able to be inserted into the openings are.
  • the anchoring body, fastening part be or the like. equipped. with 11 beyond the lateral boundaries of the connecting part 3 out K constricting projections, which penetrate the upper part of the shoe and are then deformed to form a rivet head.
  • the approaches can also be provided with a screw thread onto which a screw nut is screwed.
  • the two essentially rigid parts 1, 2 are connected to one another by a connecting part 3 'which is glued to the underside of these essentially rigid parts 1, 2 and which at the same time forms a midsole and optionally also the outsole .
  • the gap between the mutually facing end faces of the essentially rigid parts 1, 2 is filled by a filler 12, for example made of leather, which is glued into this gap.
  • a sole which consists of two essentially rigid parts 1, 2, which are connected to one another by a single connecting part 3.
  • several connecting parts 3 can also be provided in the bale area, whereby the number of essentially rigid parts connected by the connecting parts also increases.
  • the essentially rigid parts between adjacent connecting parts can, however, be made very narrow, since all connecting parts 3 are provided in the ball area.
  • the connecting part 3 formed in one piece with the outsole 7 consists of electrically conductive material, for example made of electrically conductive polymers or of electrically or naturally or synthetic rubber, so that the electrostatic charge is dissipated the person wearing shoes provided with a sole according to the invention takes place.
  • the sole according to the invention is produced with a connecting part made of polyurethane, for example by that the essentially rigid parts 1, 2 are inserted into a mold and the remaining part of the mold is filled with a polyurethane-forming material.
  • the polyurethane-forming material can be poured in before the mold is closed or after the mold is closed. It is also possible to inject the polyurethane-forming material into the mold after it has been closed.
  • the connecting parts made of polyurethane are firmly connected to the essentially rigid parts simultaneously with the formation, the outsole 7 also being molded on in the embodiment according to FIG. According to: Removing the sole from the mold, the surface 6 facing the sole of the foot and, if necessary, the lateral sole boundaries are ground so that these surfaces have no disturbing elevations and depressions.
  • the soles according to the invention can also be produced in such a way that the mutually facing end faces of the essentially rigid parts 1, 2 are connected to one another by gluing with the preformed connecting parts.
  • the essentially rigid parts 1, 2 consist of porous material, ie of wood, cork, leather, leather fiber materials or the like, no pretreatment of the surfaces of these parts 1, 2 to be glued is necessary.
  • these essentially rigid parts 1, 2 consist of foamed plastic, or of plastic in which small hollow spheres are embedded, the surfaces to be glued must be mechanically roughened or chemically detached so that the cell structure is exposed or the hollow spheres are at least partially opened will. Then the surfaces to be glued of the essentially rigid parts 1, 2 and the prefabricated connecting parts 3 are coated with an adhesive, whereupon the parts 1, 2, 3 are joined together and pressed.
  • a connecting part 3 ' which at the same time forms a midsole, is glued to the side of the essentially rigid parts 1, 2 facing the tread, a filler 12, for example made of leather, is glued into the gap between the facing end faces of the essentially rigid parts 1, 2 .
  • a filler 12 for example made of leather

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
EP19810890039 1980-03-07 1981-03-06 Semelle pour chaussure Expired EP0036408B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT127380A AT380157B (de) 1980-03-07 1980-03-07 Sohle fuer schuhe
AT1273/80 1980-03-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0036408A1 true EP0036408A1 (fr) 1981-09-23
EP0036408B1 EP0036408B1 (fr) 1984-09-05

Family

ID=3510313

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19810890039 Expired EP0036408B1 (fr) 1980-03-07 1981-03-06 Semelle pour chaussure

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Country Link
EP (1) EP0036408B1 (fr)
AT (1) AT380157B (fr)
DE (1) DE3165809D1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0064050A1 (fr) * 1981-04-29 1982-11-03 Johann Ehrlich Semelle de chaussure et procédé pour sa fabrication
EP0080456A2 (fr) * 1981-11-25 1983-06-01 Distropat Ag Semelle de chaussure, moule et procédé pour sa fabrication
EP0135496A2 (fr) * 1983-08-18 1985-03-27 Distropat Ag Semelle de chaussure

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE8800713U1 (de) * 1988-01-22 1988-03-24 Georg Hartmann GmbH + Co KG, 5920 Bad Berleburg Schuhsohle

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE210374C (fr) *
DE13152C (de) * W. SCHUFFENHAUER in Zehlendorf Biegsame Holzsohle für Schuhwerk
DE15684C (de) * TH. VINZENS in Gau-Algesheim Holzsohle mit beweglicher, wasserdichter Verbindung der Vordersohle mit dem Absätze
DE702447C (de) * 1940-01-03 1941-02-07 Behrens Alfelder Schuhleistenf Holzsohle
GB555459A (en) * 1942-07-29 1943-08-24 William Walter Branston An improved wooden sole
FR888860A (fr) * 1942-02-06 1943-12-24 Articulation élastique pour semelles de chaussures
US2352532A (en) * 1941-10-01 1944-06-27 Ghez Henry Articulated sole of wood or other stiff materials
FR906385A (fr) * 1942-08-28 1946-01-04 Re Sa Semelle de bois ou analogue en plusieurs parties réunies par un mélange souple
CH254785A (fr) * 1945-04-23 1948-05-31 Richard Joseph Chaussure à semelle composite souple.
FR972859A (fr) * 1941-05-21 1951-02-05 Perfectionnements apportés aux semelles en bois
CH339830A (de) * 1954-12-20 1959-07-15 Schaller Johannes Schuhboden
FR2358849A1 (fr) * 1976-07-20 1978-02-17 Ehrlich Holz Kunststoff Semelles pour chaussures

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE210374C (fr) *
DE13152C (de) * W. SCHUFFENHAUER in Zehlendorf Biegsame Holzsohle für Schuhwerk
DE15684C (de) * TH. VINZENS in Gau-Algesheim Holzsohle mit beweglicher, wasserdichter Verbindung der Vordersohle mit dem Absätze
DE702447C (de) * 1940-01-03 1941-02-07 Behrens Alfelder Schuhleistenf Holzsohle
FR972859A (fr) * 1941-05-21 1951-02-05 Perfectionnements apportés aux semelles en bois
US2352532A (en) * 1941-10-01 1944-06-27 Ghez Henry Articulated sole of wood or other stiff materials
FR888860A (fr) * 1942-02-06 1943-12-24 Articulation élastique pour semelles de chaussures
GB555459A (en) * 1942-07-29 1943-08-24 William Walter Branston An improved wooden sole
FR906385A (fr) * 1942-08-28 1946-01-04 Re Sa Semelle de bois ou analogue en plusieurs parties réunies par un mélange souple
CH254785A (fr) * 1945-04-23 1948-05-31 Richard Joseph Chaussure à semelle composite souple.
CH339830A (de) * 1954-12-20 1959-07-15 Schaller Johannes Schuhboden
FR2358849A1 (fr) * 1976-07-20 1978-02-17 Ehrlich Holz Kunststoff Semelles pour chaussures

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0064050A1 (fr) * 1981-04-29 1982-11-03 Johann Ehrlich Semelle de chaussure et procédé pour sa fabrication
EP0080456A2 (fr) * 1981-11-25 1983-06-01 Distropat Ag Semelle de chaussure, moule et procédé pour sa fabrication
EP0080456A3 (en) * 1981-11-25 1985-11-27 Distropat Ag Shoe sole, mould and method for its manufacture
AT384154B (de) * 1981-11-25 1987-10-12 Distropat Ag Schuhsohle
EP0135496A2 (fr) * 1983-08-18 1985-03-27 Distropat Ag Semelle de chaussure
EP0135496A3 (fr) * 1983-08-18 1985-12-11 Distropat Ag Semelle de chaussure
US4672754A (en) * 1983-08-18 1987-06-16 Patoflex Corporation Shoe sole

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT380157B (de) 1986-04-25
EP0036408B1 (fr) 1984-09-05
ATA127380A (de) 1985-09-15
DE3165809D1 (en) 1984-10-11

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