EP0064050B1 - Semelle de chaussure et procédé pour sa fabrication - Google Patents
Semelle de chaussure et procédé pour sa fabrication Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0064050B1 EP0064050B1 EP19820890060 EP82890060A EP0064050B1 EP 0064050 B1 EP0064050 B1 EP 0064050B1 EP 19820890060 EP19820890060 EP 19820890060 EP 82890060 A EP82890060 A EP 82890060A EP 0064050 B1 EP0064050 B1 EP 0064050B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sole
- wood
- intermediate layer
- sole according
- openings
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 210000002683 foot Anatomy 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007799 cork Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000004744 fore-foot Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920012485 Plasticized Polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 description 5
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001872 metatarsal bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002984 plastic foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A43—FOOTWEAR
- A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
- A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
- A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
- A43B13/141—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form with a part of the sole being flexible, e.g. permitting articulation or torsion
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A43—FOOTWEAR
- A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
- A43B1/00—Footwear characterised by the material
- A43B1/06—Footwear characterised by the material made of wood, cork, card-board, paper or like fibrous material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A43—FOOTWEAR
- A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
- A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
- A43B13/02—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the material
- A43B13/08—Wood
Definitions
- the invention relates to a sole for shoes, consisting of wood or wood-like materials, and an outsole, preferably made of plastic, with approximately parallel to the tread and / or to the sole of the sole facing upper sole surface at least one extending across the entire sole width and preferably over the entire Intermediate layer of elastic material running through the sole length is provided.
- the invention further relates to a method for producing such a sole.
- wood-like materials is understood to mean all those materials that contain lignite, especially pressed wood made from wood chips with the addition of binders, from individual layers of wood, in particular from wood veneer, plywood (plywood), but also natural cork, from crushed cork under Addition of binders made of pressed cork and layered cork consisting of individual cork foils.
- Wooden soles are already known and have numerous advantages. Such wooden soles support the foot in particularly when the upper sole surface facing the sole of the foot has a spatially curved shape that is orthopedically adapted to the sole of the foot, that is to say is provided with an inner joint support, an outer joint support, a heel bed, a metatarsal rest, ball bedding, a toe barrier, etc. orthopedically correct way and are also cold-insulating, temperature-regulating and moisture-absorbing, that is sweat-absorbing, so that such shoe soles made of wood are hygienic and comfortable to wear.
- These excellent properties of the shoe provided with such a sole not only have soles made of solid wood, but also soles which consist entirely or partially of the wood-like materials mentioned at the beginning.
- a sole which consists of two parts made of solid wood, namely an upper part and a lower part, between which an intermediate layer of rubber arranged approximately parallel to the sole of the foot facing the sole of the sole is provided is, a thin outsole is attached to the underside of the lower part.
- the upper part of the shoe is first tweaked over the upper sole part made of solid wood, i.e. fixed to the underside of this upper sole part made of solid wood, so that the intermediate layer is not connected to the entire underside of this upper part, because at least partially bent area of the upper of the shoe lies between the intermediate layer and the upper sole part made of solid wood.
- the intermediate layer only serves to compensate for the unevenness caused by the tweaking of the upper of the shoe around the upper part made of solid wood and by non-parallel contact surfaces between the upper and the lower part made of solid wood.
- at least the part arranged above the intermediate layer possibly also the part arranged below the intermediate layer, consists of at least one layer of a wood veneer or a cork film, and that the adjacent intermediate layer with the entire area of this consists of at least one layer part consisting of a wood veneer or a cork film directly, ie without an intermediate layer. This creates a sound-absorbing and shock-absorbing sole without impairing the advantages achieved by using wood or wood-like materials.
- the intermediate layer consists of at least one layer of a wood veneer or a cork film and is directly connected to the intermediate layer, a certain flexibility of the sole is achieved without the wood veneer or the cork film breaking or being damaged in the process becomes. If the intermediate layer were not arranged, the wood veneer or cork film would tear at least even under slight bending stresses, as a result of which the sole would become unusable.
- Appropriate coloring of the intermediate layer can also give the sole a particularly decorative appearance.
- the elastic intermediate layers can be made of an elastomeric plastic, for example of thermoplastic rubber or polyurethane, or of a plastic with elastomer-like properties, for example of a soft polyvinyl chloride stand. It is also possible for the elastic intermediate layers to consist of polybutadiene, in which small hollow spheres, the thin shell of which consists of vinylidene chloride copolymer and the interior of which contains a gas, are optionally embedded. A plastic foam is created by using a blowing agent when using polyurethane or by embedding these hollow spheres in the butadiene, as a result of which the elastic properties of the intermediate layers are improved. It has proven to be particularly advantageous if the elastic intermediate layers consist of a low-foamed plastic with a density between 0.6 and 0.9.
- the elastic intermediate layers are arranged at a distance from the upper sole surface which is one third to half the average sole thickness in the area of the forefoot.
- the elastic intermediate layer will be arranged approximately at a distance of one third of the average sole thickness, for thinner soles, for example for fashionable women's shoes, approximately in the middle of the total thickness.
- an elastic intermediate layer can be arranged instead of such a layer.
- the elastic intermediate layer does not interfere in any way, since it blends harmoniously into the layering that is already present. Rather, by arranging this intermediate layer, the decorative effect achieved by the layering can be made even more effective.
- the sole of its upper sole surface has a spatially curved shape that is orthopedically adapted to the sole of the foot and by which the foot is supported in the correct manner.
- the soles were previously clamped between the individual layers in a suitably shaped press after the adhesive had been applied until, on the one hand, a permanent connection was established between the individual layers and, on the other hand, the uppermost layers in the desired manner were permanent Had undergone deformation. With this procedure, however, there is a risk that the layers will tear and crack during this deformation. This danger is particularly great at places where the upper sole surface has a hump, for example in the toe barrier.
- the outsole and heel can also be attached more easily to the sole, which is curved at the bottom in the longitudinal direction of the sole, but runs transversely thereto, and the stability of this sole is increased.
- the special design of the elastic intermediate layer does not require any additional work, since this intermediate layer is anyway produced in a mold and it is only necessary to design this mold accordingly.
- the elastic intermediate layers can be provided on their upper side and / or on their underside with projections, for example pins, penetrating into the adjacent sole parts.
- the filling material consists of non-foamed plastic which is glued, cast or injected into the interspaces, for example of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride or thermoplastic rubber. Since the space can be kept small as a result of the arrangement of the elastic intermediate layer, the filling material does not experience too great a deformation when it is bent in such soles of small thickness, which deformation can be easily excluded from the non-foamed plastic.
- the filling material is expediently made of foamed, plastic, preferably foamed polyurethane, since such a plastic is capable of absorbing the material compression that arises when the gaps are completely filled, without thereby causing any damage to the upper surface of the sole Höker arises, which the wearer of a shoe equipped with a sole according to the invention finds uncomfortable.
- a better connection between the individual sole parts can be achieved in that holes are provided in the elastic intermediate layers in the area of the intermediate spaces, through which holes the filling material passes. Through these holes there is a connection between the filler material arranged above and below an elastic intermediate layer in the intermediate space, so that the strength of the construction is thereby improved.
- the width of the gaps - measured in the longitudinal direction of the sole - is greater than the smallest width in the intermediate central area, at least in the edge region facing the upper sole surface, preferably also in the edge region facing the tread.
- This enlargement of the space in the edge areas has the advantage that the specific expansion or compression of the filler material becomes significantly less when the sole is bent and there is therefore no danger that the filler material will tear, expediently the rounded edge areas go rounded into the Mid-range over. This avoids sharp edges, in which large tensile and compressive stresses occur during bending, which can lead to destruction of the filler material in the intermediate space.
- the wider edge regions merge advantageously tangentially into the respective sole surfaces, as a result of which there are no steps at the transition point, which the user of the shoe perceives as disturbing, in particular on the upper sole surface adjacent to the sole of the foot.
- the sole designed according to the invention can be used as an insole over which the upper of the shoe is pinched, to which the outsole is glued. But it is also possible to attach the upper of the shoe to the side of the sole. In this case, the upper of the shoe was previously attached to the sole made of wood or wood-like materials by staples or nailing. This work must be carried out manually by trained specialists, and it is difficult to place the clamp or nailing device in the right place, at which a perfect anchoring of the upper of the shoe to the sole of the shoe is ensured. In addition, with this procedure there is always the risk that the wood jumps, splinters or tears and the shoe becomes unusable as a result or the upper part detaches from the sole again.
- openings can be provided in the edge of an elastic intermediate layer forming part of the sole side surface, in which fastening elements for fastening the shoe upper can be anchored. Because these openings are pre-shaped for fastening the upper of the shoe in the elastic intermediate layer, on the one hand the position to which the fastening elements have to be attached is precisely defined and the fastening elements can therefore also be attached by unskilled forces, on the other hand there is none or only a slight material displacement when attaching the fastening elements, so that there is certainly no damage to the sole.
- the cross section of the openings is usually round. However, this requires a certain thickness of the elastic intermediate layer. In order to be able to keep this intermediate layer thin and to be able to adapt its thickness to the thickness of the layers of a layer sole, for example, according to a further feature of the invention, the openings are oval in cross-section with their longitudinal extension running in the longitudinal direction of the sole.
- the fastening elements can be formed, for example, by screws that can be screwed into the openings.
- the openings can either be provided with a corresponding internal thread or screws with a self-tapping thread can be used, so that the thread is formed in the openings by screwing in these screws.
- the use of screws has the advantage that they can be unscrewed again so that, for example, one upper part can be exchanged for another. However, such an exchange is generally not necessary.
- the fasteners can be formed by barbed pins that have projections inside the opening cooperate.
- Such an embodiment has the advantage that for the fastening of the shoe upper, the pins simply have to be pressed into the openings and are then anchored in these openings as a result of the barbs, the fastening process is thus easier and faster than the process when using screws.
- the openings can also run across the entire sole width transversely to the longitudinal direction of the sole, the fastening elements being formed by two pins or the like which can be inserted into an opening from both sides and which can be connected at their opposite ends via a coupling device.
- one pin may be provided with an external thread at its end and the other pin may be provided with an internally threaded sleeve at its end, the external thread of one pin being screwed into the internal thread of the sleeve of the other pin after insertion into the opening can.
- plug connections with barbs or other couplings are also possible.
- the openings can run transversely to the longitudinal direction of the sole over the entire width of the sole, the fastening elements being formed by cords, bands or the like which are passed through the openings and can be connected to the upper of the shoe.
- cords or straps for example made of leather or plastic, are pulled through the openings running across the entire sole width, then passed through corresponding openings in the upper of the shoe and finally linked at the ends.
- sleeve-like projections projecting from the edge of the elastic intermediate layer are provided in the axial extension of the openings. This simplifies the procedure for fastening the upper of the shoe and achieves additional anchoring of the upper of the shoe.
- holes must be made in this upper for the passage of the fastening elements. These holes can now be made without additional work with dimensions that correspond to the outer dimensions of the sleeve-like projections, so that the upper of the shoe with its holes can first be pushed onto these sleeve-like projections and is thereby fixed so far on the sole that the fastening elements can be used easily.
- the forces transmitted from the upper of the shoe to the sole do not have to be absorbed entirely by the fastening elements, but are also partially taken over by the sleeve-like projections, thereby relieving the fastening elements.
- the procedure can be such that the prefabricated intermediate layers are bonded to at least one of the adjacent parts made of wood or wood-like material, the surface of these parts made of wood or wood-like material optionally being pretreated with a primer.
- at least one of the parts of wood or wood-like material adjacent to an intermediate layer can also be inserted into a mold and optionally pretreated with a primer on the surface to be connected to the intermediate layer, whereupon the material forming the intermediate layer is poured or injected into the mold and harden in the case of a compact intermediate layer or allow foaming in the case of a foamed intermediate layer. All possible variants are conceivable for these two types of process.
- a single intermediate layer it is possible to cast it on to one of the two parts made of wood or wood-like material, to spray it on or to foam it, and then to glue the other of the two parts made of wood or wood-like material onto this intermediate layer so connected to the first part .
- a sole is to be produced whose upper sole surface has a spatially curved shape that is orthopedically adapted to the sole of the foot
- the shape in its part corresponding to the upper sole surface has a spatially curved shape that is orthopedically adapted to the sole of the foot, wherein the in this molded part inserted from wood or wood-like material from a thin layer, for example consists of a wood veneer or a cork film.
- a thin layer for example consists of a wood veneer or a cork film.
- FIG. 1 shows a shoe sole designed according to the invention with a greater thickness, such as is used, for example, for so-called clogs, in a longitudinal section along the line II in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 2 shows a top view of this sole in the direction of arrow 11 in FIG. 1 shows a side view of a further embodiment of an inventive thin layer sole and
- FIG. 4 shows the sole according to FIG. 3, partly in a top view, partly in section through an opening in the intermediate layer.
- the sole shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 consists of parts 1, 2 made of wood or wood-like materials which are connected to one another via an intermediate layer 3 made of elastic material, and of an outsole 4 attached to the underside of the sole 4.
- the intermediate layer 3 extends over the entire length and width of the sole approximately parallel to the upper sole surface 5 at a distance from this upper sole surface which is approximately equal to one third of the sole thickness in the region of the forefoot.
- part 1 is divided in the ball area so that sections 1 'and 1 "are created.
- the part is also divided at the same place 2 in sections 2 'and 2 ".
- the space 6 created during the subdivision is filled with a filling material 7, which passes through openings 8 provided in the elastic intermediate layer in the area of this space 6 and which also forms the outsole 4.
- the width B of the intermediate space 6 is greater than the smallest width in the intermediate central area, at least in the edge region facing the upper sole surface 5, preferably also in the edge region facing the outsole 4.
- the two edge areas of the intermediate space 6 are rounded off and merge tangentially into the upper sole surface 5.
- openings 9 are provided, in which fastening elements, not shown, for example screws, pins or the like, can be anchored for fastening the upper of the shoe.
- the openings 9 consist of blind holes into which screws can be screwed or barbed pins can be inserted.
- sleeve-like projections 10 are provided from the edge of the elastic intermediate layer 2, the outer dimensions of which are as large as the holes punched at the corresponding locations in the upper of the shoe, so that the upper part of the shoe first establishes a connection with the sole Holes can be pushed over the sleeve-like projections 10. A pre-fixation of the shoe upper is thereby achieved, by means of which the insertion of the screws or pins in the openings 9 is facilitated. In addition, part of the forces transmitted from the upper to the shoe sole at the fastening points is absorbed by these sleeve-like projections 10, whereby the screws or pins are relieved.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 show a sole with a small thickness, in which the heel 11 consists of a separate part, which is expediently also made of wood or a wood-like material.
- the sole part 1 consists of several, for example three layers, for example of veneer wood
- the part 2 also consists of several, for example five layers of veneer wood.
- individual layers can also be formed from cork foils, for example.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 there is no subdivision of the sole in the ball area, as is the case with the sole according to FIGS. 1 and 2, but it can of course also be done in this embodiment according to FIGS. 3 and 4 the sole in the ball area can be subdivided accordingly.
- the thickness of the elastic intermediate layer 3 must be adapted to the other layer thicknesses.
- the openings 9 are not designed as blind holes as in the embodiment according to FIGS. 1 and 2, but, as can be seen from FIG. 4, these openings 9 run through the entire width of the sole.
- pins or the like can be inserted into an opening 9 from both sides for fastening the upper part, which are then connected to one another at their opposite ends in the opening 9, for example by a screw thread or a plug coupling, or it can be used for fastening the Upper part of the shoe on the sole can be pulled through the continuous openings 9 bands or cords.
- the openings 9 are arranged around the entire sole, in the embodiment according to FIGS. 3 and 4, such openings 9 are provided only in the front sole area, since, for example, in the case of sandals only the area is fastened Upper part of the shoe is made on the sole.
- the upper sole surface 5 has a spatially curved shape which is orthopedically adapted to the sole of the foot, so that the foot is supported in an orthopedically correct manner.
- the elastic intermediate layer 3 is provided on its upper side facing this upper sole surface 5 with a correspondingly spatially curved shape, whereas the underside of the elastic intermediate layer 3 is only in the longitudinal direction of the sole device is curved. It is then only necessary to deform the layers arranged above the elastic intermediate layer 3, that is to say part 1, in such a way that the upper sole surface 5 has the desired spatial curvature. This simplifies the manufacture of the sole and substantially reduces the risk of damage to the upper sole surface 5 during deformation.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
Claims (27)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT1922/81 | 1981-04-29 | ||
AT192281A ATA192281A (de) | 1981-04-29 | 1981-04-29 | Sohle fuer schuhe und verfahren zur herstellung der sohle |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0064050A1 EP0064050A1 (fr) | 1982-11-03 |
EP0064050B1 true EP0064050B1 (fr) | 1988-01-20 |
Family
ID=3523923
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19820890060 Expired EP0064050B1 (fr) | 1981-04-29 | 1982-04-29 | Semelle de chaussure et procédé pour sa fabrication |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0064050B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATA192281A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE3278007D1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH664674A5 (de) * | 1984-07-02 | 1988-03-31 | Bata Schuhe Ag | Schuh, insbesondere sportschuh. |
CN115071046B (zh) * | 2022-06-30 | 2024-07-16 | 青岛弧光高分子科技有限公司 | 一种利用中间层连接木材与高分子材料的连接方法 |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH238679A (de) * | 1943-02-15 | 1945-08-15 | Bridi Basilio | Schuh. |
FR923520A (fr) * | 1944-01-06 | 1947-07-09 | Cie Marocaine Pour L Ind Du Li | Semelle de chaussure |
FR992943A (fr) * | 1944-08-24 | 1951-10-24 | Perfectionnement aux semelles de chaussures | |
FR2286612A1 (fr) * | 1974-10-02 | 1976-04-30 | Bonnant Et Fils Sarl Ets | Chaussure ou sabot a semelle compensee |
AU513589B2 (en) * | 1976-07-20 | 1980-12-11 | Distropat A.G. | Shoe sole |
AT380157B (de) * | 1980-03-07 | 1986-04-25 | Distropat Ag | Sohle fuer schuhe |
AT377900B (de) * | 1980-03-07 | 1985-05-10 | Distropat Ag | Sohle fuer schuhe |
AT379732B (de) * | 1980-03-07 | 1986-02-25 | Distropat Ag | Sohle |
AT384714B (de) * | 1980-07-01 | 1987-12-28 | Distropat Ag | Sohle fuer schuhe |
-
1981
- 1981-04-29 AT AT192281A patent/ATA192281A/de not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1982
- 1982-04-29 EP EP19820890060 patent/EP0064050B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1982-04-29 DE DE8282890060T patent/DE3278007D1/de not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3278007D1 (en) | 1988-02-25 |
EP0064050A1 (fr) | 1982-11-03 |
ATA192281A (de) | 1992-03-15 |
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