DE60128012T2 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von hydrazodicarbonsäureamid unter verwendung von harnstoff als ausgangsmaterial - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von hydrazodicarbonsäureamid unter verwendung von harnstoff als ausgangsmaterial Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE60128012T2 DE60128012T2 DE60128012T DE60128012T DE60128012T2 DE 60128012 T2 DE60128012 T2 DE 60128012T2 DE 60128012 T DE60128012 T DE 60128012T DE 60128012 T DE60128012 T DE 60128012T DE 60128012 T2 DE60128012 T2 DE 60128012T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- ammonia
- biuret
- hydrazodicarbonamide
- metal
- reaction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 65
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 47
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 title claims description 47
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 180
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 113
- OHJMTUPIZMNBFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N biuret Chemical compound NC(=O)NC(N)=O OHJMTUPIZMNBFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 103
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 88
- ULUZGMIUTMRARO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (carbamoylamino)urea Chemical compound NC(=O)NNC(N)=O ULUZGMIUTMRARO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 80
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- OWIKHYCFFJSOEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isocyanic acid Chemical compound N=C=O OWIKHYCFFJSOEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous cyanic acid Natural products OC#N XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;hydron;hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].O VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007810 chemical reaction solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 21
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 19
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 12
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 8
- DUIOPKIIICUYRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N semicarbazide Chemical compound NNC(N)=O DUIOPKIIICUYRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 7
- ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanuric acid Chemical compound OC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000004811 liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 7
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N azodicarbonamide Chemical compound NC(=O)\N=N\C(N)=O XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XKGPWQAPNIDUSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorourea;sodium Chemical compound [Na].NC(=O)NCl XKGPWQAPNIDUSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 metal halide compound Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- WNVQBUHCOYRLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triuret Chemical compound NC(=O)NC(=O)NC(N)=O WNVQBUHCOYRLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004156 Azodicarbonamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000019399 azodicarbonamide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 238000006720 Favorskii reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910019093 NaOCl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 description 1
- PFLUPZGCTVGDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetone azine Chemical compound CC(C)=NN=C(C)C PFLUPZGCTVGDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005323 carbonate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanate group Chemical group [N-]=C=O IQPQWNKOIGAROB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006462 rearrangement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C281/00—Derivatives of carbonic acid containing functional groups covered by groups C07C269/00 - C07C279/00 in which at least one nitrogen atom of these functional groups is further bound to another nitrogen atom not being part of a nitro or nitroso group
- C07C281/06—Compounds containing any of the groups, e.g. semicarbazides
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2001/001796 WO2003035601A1 (en) | 2001-10-24 | 2001-10-24 | Method and apparatus for preparing hydrazo-dicarbonamide using urea as starting material |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE60128012D1 DE60128012D1 (de) | 2007-05-31 |
| DE60128012T2 true DE60128012T2 (de) | 2008-01-10 |
Family
ID=19198462
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE60128012T Expired - Lifetime DE60128012T2 (de) | 2001-10-24 | 2001-10-24 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von hydrazodicarbonsäureamid unter verwendung von harnstoff als ausgangsmaterial |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US20040199012A1 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP1446378B1 (https=) |
| JP (1) | JP4119842B2 (https=) |
| CN (1) | CN1246293C (https=) |
| BR (1) | BR0117163B1 (https=) |
| DE (1) | DE60128012T2 (https=) |
| ES (1) | ES2284702T3 (https=) |
| MX (1) | MXPA04003884A (https=) |
| WO (1) | WO2003035601A1 (https=) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8260393B2 (en) | 2003-07-25 | 2012-09-04 | Dexcom, Inc. | Systems and methods for replacing signal data artifacts in a glucose sensor data stream |
| US8010174B2 (en) * | 2003-08-22 | 2011-08-30 | Dexcom, Inc. | Systems and methods for replacing signal artifacts in a glucose sensor data stream |
| US9282925B2 (en) | 2002-02-12 | 2016-03-15 | Dexcom, Inc. | Systems and methods for replacing signal artifacts in a glucose sensor data stream |
| KR100618947B1 (ko) | 2002-06-17 | 2006-09-01 | 주식회사 제이앤드제이 캐미칼 | 뷰렛을 이용한 하이드라조디카본아미드의 제조 방법 |
| US20190357827A1 (en) | 2003-08-01 | 2019-11-28 | Dexcom, Inc. | Analyte sensor |
| US20140121989A1 (en) | 2003-08-22 | 2014-05-01 | Dexcom, Inc. | Systems and methods for processing analyte sensor data |
| US8364231B2 (en) | 2006-10-04 | 2013-01-29 | Dexcom, Inc. | Analyte sensor |
| US8532730B2 (en) | 2006-10-04 | 2013-09-10 | Dexcom, Inc. | Analyte sensor |
| KR100826882B1 (ko) * | 2005-12-05 | 2008-05-06 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 버스트 모드 광 수신기에서 디지털 자동이득제어 방법 및장치 |
| JP2009288878A (ja) * | 2008-05-27 | 2009-12-10 | Hitachi Ltd | ストレージ装置、及びストレージ装置の冷却方法 |
| US9149220B2 (en) | 2011-04-15 | 2015-10-06 | Dexcom, Inc. | Advanced analyte sensor calibration and error detection |
| CN101462985B (zh) * | 2009-01-22 | 2013-07-24 | 杭州电化集团有限公司 | 一种偶氮二甲酰胺的清洁生产工艺 |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2370065A (en) * | 1942-05-05 | 1945-02-20 | Sharples Chemicals Inc | Manufacture of biuret |
| US2524049A (en) * | 1947-03-25 | 1950-10-03 | Paul W Garbo | Production of biuret |
| US4654441A (en) * | 1980-08-15 | 1987-03-31 | Moorman Manufacturing Company | Biuret production by controlled pyrolysis of urea |
| AU4208185A (en) * | 1984-05-31 | 1985-12-05 | Olin Corporation | Preparing hydrazodicarbonamide |
| KR100345874B1 (ko) * | 2000-01-07 | 2002-07-27 | 주식회사 제이앤드제이 캐미칼 | 하이드라조디카본아미드의 합성 방법 |
-
2001
- 2001-10-24 BR BRPI0117163-1A patent/BR0117163B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-24 WO PCT/KR2001/001796 patent/WO2003035601A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-10-24 CN CN01823726.6A patent/CN1246293C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-24 JP JP2003538117A patent/JP4119842B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-10-24 ES ES01981121T patent/ES2284702T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-10-24 MX MXPA04003884A patent/MXPA04003884A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2001-10-24 EP EP01981121A patent/EP1446378B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-10-24 DE DE60128012T patent/DE60128012T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-04-21 US US10/829,418 patent/US20040199012A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2007
- 2007-05-11 US US11/747,596 patent/US7422727B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20040199012A1 (en) | 2004-10-07 |
| BR0117163A (pt) | 2004-10-26 |
| CN1246293C (zh) | 2006-03-22 |
| CN1558896A (zh) | 2004-12-29 |
| DE60128012D1 (de) | 2007-05-31 |
| EP1446378A4 (en) | 2005-07-13 |
| JP4119842B2 (ja) | 2008-07-16 |
| EP1446378A1 (en) | 2004-08-18 |
| MXPA04003884A (es) | 2004-07-16 |
| BR0117163B1 (pt) | 2012-05-15 |
| US7422727B2 (en) | 2008-09-09 |
| US20070207072A1 (en) | 2007-09-06 |
| JP2005506378A (ja) | 2005-03-03 |
| EP1446378B1 (en) | 2007-04-18 |
| WO2003035601A1 (en) | 2003-05-01 |
| ES2284702T3 (es) | 2007-11-16 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8381 | Inventor (new situation) |
Inventor name: LEE, CHUN-HYUK, SIHUNG-SI 429-450, KR Inventor name: HAN, SANG-JIN, SIH UG-SI 429-450, KR |
|
| 8364 | No opposition during term of opposition |