DE4418115A1 - Galenische Formulierungen - Google Patents
Galenische FormulierungenInfo
- Publication number
- DE4418115A1 DE4418115A1 DE4418115A DE4418115A DE4418115A1 DE 4418115 A1 DE4418115 A1 DE 4418115A1 DE 4418115 A DE4418115 A DE 4418115A DE 4418115 A DE4418115 A DE 4418115A DE 4418115 A1 DE4418115 A1 DE 4418115A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- carrier
- weight
- macrolide
- oil
- triglycerides
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000003120 macrolide antibiotic agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000000825 pharmaceutical preparation Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000004530 micro-emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- QFJCIRLUMZQUOT-HPLJOQBZSA-N sirolimus Chemical class C1C[C@@H](O)[C@H](OC)C[C@@H]1C[C@@H](C)[C@H]1OC(=O)[C@@H]2CCCCN2C(=O)C(=O)[C@](O)(O2)[C@H](C)CC[C@H]2C[C@H](OC)/C(C)=C/C=C/C=C/[C@@H](C)C[C@@H](C)C(=O)[C@H](OC)[C@H](O)/C(C)=C/[C@@H](C)C(=O)C1 QFJCIRLUMZQUOT-HPLJOQBZSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229930182912 cyclosporin Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- PMATZTZNYRCHOR-CGLBZJNRSA-N Cyclosporin A Chemical compound CC[C@@H]1NC(=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@H](C)C\C=C\C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)CN(C)C1=O PMATZTZNYRCHOR-CGLBZJNRSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 108010036949 Cyclosporine Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229960001265 ciclosporin Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N Linoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000020778 linoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N linoleic acid Natural products CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-IXWMQOLASA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- 229960002930 sirolimus Drugs 0.000 description 17
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 16
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- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 10
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- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 7
- OIQOAYVCKAHSEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2,3-bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)propoxy]ethanol;hexadecanoic acid;octadecanoic acid Chemical compound OCCOCC(OCCO)COCCO.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O OIQOAYVCKAHSEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 5
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 4
- OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N batilol Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOCC(O)CO OGBUMNBNEWYMNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 229940041033 macrolides Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 230000036457 multidrug resistance Effects 0.000 description 4
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RVGRUAULSDPKGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Poloxamer Chemical compound C1CO1.CC1CO1 RVGRUAULSDPKGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (±)-α-Tocopherol Chemical compound OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2OC(CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C GVJHHUAWPYXKBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LDVVTQMJQSCDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl formate Chemical compound OCC(CO)OC=O LDVVTQMJQSCDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000001089 [(2R)-oxolan-2-yl]methanol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004945 acylaminoalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004103 aminoalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZDQSOHOQTUFQEM-PKUCKEGBSA-N ascomycin Chemical compound C/C([C@H]1OC(=O)[C@@H]2CCCCN2C(=O)C(=O)[C@]2(O)O[C@@H]([C@H](C[C@H]2C)OC)[C@@H](OC)C[C@@H](C)C\C(C)=C/[C@H](C(C[C@H](O)[C@H]1C)=O)CC)=C\[C@@H]1CC[C@@H](O)[C@H](OC)C1 ZDQSOHOQTUFQEM-PKUCKEGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZDQSOHOQTUFQEM-XCXYXIJFSA-N ascomycin Natural products CC[C@H]1C=C(C)C[C@@H](C)C[C@@H](OC)[C@H]2O[C@@](O)([C@@H](C)C[C@H]2OC)C(=O)C(=O)N3CCCC[C@@H]3C(=O)O[C@H]([C@H](C)[C@@H](O)CC1=O)C(=C[C@@H]4CC[C@@H](O)[C@H](C4)OC)C ZDQSOHOQTUFQEM-XCXYXIJFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010385 ascorbyl palmitate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000006673 asthma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000003710 autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960000074 biopharmaceutical Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WMNULTDOANGXRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-ethylhexyl) butanedioate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CCC(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC WMNULTDOANGXRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010322 bone marrow transplantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 230000000747 cardiac effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002612 cardiopulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007882 cirrhosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000019425 cirrhosis of liver Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001246 colloidal dispersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011254 conventional chemotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000824 cytostatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001085 cytostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940127089 cytotoxic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PWEOPMBMTXREGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoic acid;octanoic acid;propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CO.CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O PWEOPMBMTXREGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCCOCCO XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960000878 docusate sodium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LLRANSBEYQZKFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid;propane-1,2-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CO.CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O LLRANSBEYQZKFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035622 drinking Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003743 erythrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003599 food sweetener Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-tocopherol Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1CCC2C(C)C(O)C(C)C(C)C2O1 WIGCFUFOHFEKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000014951 hematologic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002489 hematologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000086 high toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002768 hydroxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001506 immunosuppresive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 208000017169 kidney disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N linolenic acid Natural products CC=CCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O KQQKGWQCNNTQJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002103 osmometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001820 oxy group Chemical group [*:1]O[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000496 pancreas Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960000502 poloxamer Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940044519 poloxamer 188 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000008389 polyethoxylated castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010486 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002503 polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003217 pyrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GHBFNMLVSPCDGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO GHBFNMLVSPCDGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003127 radioimmunoassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010039073 rheumatoid arthritis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 125000006413 ring segment Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 201000000306 sarcoidosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000021003 saturated fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium docusate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940035044 sorbitan monolaurate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019337 sorbitan trioleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960000391 sorbitan trioleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011078 sorbitan tristearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001589 sorbitan tristearate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004129 sorbitan tristearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003765 sweetening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000596 systemic lupus erythematosus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- BSYVTEYKTMYBMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1CCCO1 BSYVTEYKTMYBMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960000984 tocofersolan Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003799 tocopherol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011732 tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002640 tocopherol group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019149 tocopherols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N α-Linolenic acid Chemical compound CCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O DTOSIQBPPRVQHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000004835 α-tocopherol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002076 α-tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001020 α-tocopherol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/436—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a six-membered ring having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. rapamycin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
- A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/4858—Organic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
- A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/44—Oils, fats or waxes according to two or more groups of A61K47/02-A61K47/42; Natural or modified natural oils, fats or waxes, e.g. castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, montan wax, lignite, shellac, rosin, beeswax or lanolin
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Nitrogen And Oxygen Or Sulfur-Condensed Heterocyclic Ring Systems (AREA)
Description
- i) ein Reaktionsprodukt aus Rizinusöl und Ethylenoxid,
- ii) ein Umesterungsprodukt von einem Pflanzenöl und Glycerol, das hauptsächlich Mono-, Di- und Triglyceride von Linolsäure oder Ölsäure oder ein polyoxyalkyliertes Pflanzenöl umfaßt,
- iii) 1,2-Propylenglycol und
- iv) Ethanol.
- i) Reaktionsprodukte eines natürlichen oder hydrierten Rizinusöls und Ethylenoxids. Das natürliche oder hydrierte Rizinusöl kann mit Ethylenoxid in einem Molarverhältnis von ungefähr 1 : 35 bis ungefähr 1 : 60 reagiert werden, mit wahlfreier Entfernung der Polyethylenglycolkomponente von den Produkten. Es sind verschiedene solche oberflächenaktiven Stoffe im Handel erhältlich. Die Polyethylenglycol-hydrierten Rizinusöle, die unter dem Handelsnamen CREMOPHOR erhältlich sind, sind besonders geeignet. Besonders geeignet sind CREMOPHOR RH 40, das eine Verseifungszahl von ungefähr 50 bis 60 hat, eine Säurenzahl, die kleiner als ungefähr 1 ist, einen Wassergehalt (Fischer), der kleiner als ungefähr 2% ist, eine nD⁶⁰ von ungefähr 1,453 bis 1,457 und einen HLB-Wert von ungefähr 14 bis 16; und CREMOPHOR RH 60, das eine Verseifungszahl von ungefähr 40 bis 50 hat, eine Säurenzahl, die kleiner als ungefähr 1 ist, eine Jodzahl, die kleiner als ungefähr 1 ist, einen Wassergehalt (Fischer) von ungefähr 4,5 bis 5,5%, eine nD²⁵ von ungefähr 1,453 bis 1,457 und einen HLB-Wert von ungefähr 15 bis 17. Ein besonders bevorzugtes Produkt dieser Klasse ist CREMOPHOR RH40. Polyethylenglycolrizinusöle, die unter dem Handelsnamen CREMOPHOR EL erhältlich sind, sind auch geeignet, wobei CREMOPHOR EL ein Molekulargewicht (durch Dampfosmometrie) von ungefähr 1630 hat, eine Verseifungszahl von ungefähr 65 bis 70, eine Säurenzahl von ungefähr 2, eine Jodzahl von ungefähr 28 bis 32 und eine nD²⁵ von ungefähr 1,471. Ähnliche oder identische Produkte, die auch benutzt werden können, sind unter den Handelsnamen NIKKOL (z. B. NIKKOL HCO-40 und NIKKOL HCO-60), MAPEG (z. B. MAPEG CO-40h), INCROCAS (z. B. INCROCAS 40), und TAGAT (z. B. TAGAT RH 40) erhältlich. Diese oberflächenaktiven Stoffe werden weiter in Fiedler loc. cit. beschrieben.
- ii) Polyoxyethylensorbitanfettsäureester, zum Beispiel Mono- und Trilauryl-,
-palmityl, -stearyl und -oleylester der Art, die im Handel unter dem Handelsnamen
TWEEN (Fiedler, loc.cit. S. 1300-1304) bekannt und erhältlich sind,
einschließlich der Produkte TWEEN
20[Polyoxyethylen(20)sorbitanmonolaurat],
21[Polyoxyethylen(4)sorbitanmonolaurat],
40[Polyoxyethylen(20)sorbitanmonopalmitat],
60[Polyoxyethylen(20)sorbitanmonostearat],
65[Polyoxyethylen(20)sorbitantristearat],
80[Polyoxyethylen(20)sorbitanmonooleat],
81[Polyoxyethylen(5)sorbitanmonooleat],
85[Polyoxyethylen(20)sorbitantrioleat]
Besonders bevorzugte Produkte dieser Klasse sind TWEEN 40 und TWEEN 80. - iii) Polyoxyethylenfettsäureester, zum Beispiel Polyoxyethylenstearinsäureester der Art, die im Handel unter dem Handelsnamen MYRJ (Fiedler, loc. cit., 2, S. 834- 835) bekannt und erhältlich sind. Ein besonders bevorzugtes Produkt dieser Klasse ist MYJR 52 mit einer D²⁵ von ungefähr 1,1, einem Schmelzpunkt von ungefähr 40 bis 44°C, einen HLB-Wert von ungefähr 16,9, einen Säurenwert von ungefähr 0 bis 1 und einer Verseifungszahl von ungefähr 25 bis 35.
- iv) Polyoxyethylen-Polyoxypropylencopolymere und -blockcopolymere, zum Beispiel der Art, die unter den Handelsnamen PLURONIC, EMKALYX und POLOXAMER (Fiedler, loc. cit., 2, S. 959) bekannt und erhältlich sind. Ein besonders bevorzugtes Produkt dieser Klasse ist PLURONIC F68, mit einem Schmelzpunkt von ungefähr 52°C und einem Molekulargewicht von ungefähr 6800 bis 8975. Ein weiteres bevorzugtes Produkt dieser Klasse ist POLOXAMER 188.
- v) Dioctylsulfosuccinat oder Di-[2-ethylhexyl]succinat (Fiedler, loc. cit., 1, S. 107- 108).
- vi) Phospholipide, insbesonders Lecithine (Fiedler, loc. cit., 2, S. 943-944).
Geeignete Lecithine schließen insbesonders Sojalecithine ein. - vii) Propylenglycolmono- und -difettsäureester wie Propylenglycoldicaprylat (auch im Handel unter dem Handelsnamen MIGLYOL 840 bekannt und erhältlich), Propylenglycoldilaurat, Propylenglycolhydroxystearat, Propylenglycolisostearat, Propylenglycollaurat, Propylenglycolricinoleat, Propylenglycolstearat und so weiter (Fiedler, loc. cit., 2, S. 808-809).
- a) Behandlung und Verhinderung von Organtransplantatabweisung, zum Beispiel für die Behandlung der Empfänger von Herz-, Lungen-, kombinierten Herz-Lungen-, Leber-, Nieren-, Pankreas-, Haut- oder Corneatransplantate. Die pharmazeutischen Zusammensetzungen sind auch für die Verhinderung von Transplantat-gegen-Empfänger-Erkrankung angezeigt, was manchmal nach Knochenmarkstransplantationen stattfindet.
- b) Behandlung und Verhinderung von Autoimmunerkrankungen und von entzündlichen Zuständen, besonders entzündliche Zuständen mit einer Aetiologie, die eine Autoimmunkomponente wie Arthritis einschließen (zum Beispiel rheumatoide Arthritis, Arthritis chronica progrediente und Arthritis deformans) und rheumatische Erkrankungen. Spezifische Autoimmunerkrankungen, für die die pharmazeutischen Zusammensetzungen benutzt werden können, schließen autoimmune hämatologische Erkrankungen ein (einschließlich z. B. hämatologische Anämie, aplastische Anämie, Anämie roter Blutzellen und idiopathische Thrombocytopenia), systemische lupus Erythematosus, Polychondritis, Sklerodoma, Wegener Granulomatosis, Dermatomyositis, chronische aktive Hepatitis, Myasthenia gravis, Psoriasis, Steven-Johnson Syndrom, idiopathische Sprue, autoimmune entzündliche Darmerkrankung (einschließlich z. B. ulcerative Colitis und Crohn′s Erkrankung), endokrine Ophthalmopathy, Greaves Erkrankung, Sarcoidosis, multiple Sklerose, primäre billiäre Zirrhose, jugendliche Diabetes (Diabetes mellitus Typ I), Uveitis (vordere und hintere), Keratoconjunctivits sicca und vemale Keratoconjunctivitis, interstitiale Lungenfibrose, psoriatische Arthritis, Giomerulonephritis (mit und ohne nephrotischem Syndrom, z. B. einschließlich idiopathischem nephrotischem Syndrom oder Nephropathie minimaler Änderung) und jugendliche Dermatomyositis.
- c) Behandlung und Verhinderung von Asthma.
- d) Behandlung von Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR=Widerstand gegen eine Vielzahl von chemischen Cytostatika. Die Rapamycinverbindungen unterdrücken P-Glucoproteine (Pgp), die Membrantransportmoleküle sind, die MDR zugeordnet sind. MDR ist besonders problematisch in Krebspatienten und AIDS-Patienten, die nicht auf konventionelle Chemotherapie reagieren, da die Medikation von Pgp aus den Zellen gepumpt wird. Daher sind die pharmazeutischen Verbindungen nützlich, um die Wirksamkeit von anderen chemotherapeutischen Mitteln bei der Behandlung und Kontrolle von Multidrug widerstehenden Zuständen zu verbessern, wie Multidrug widerstehendem Krebs oder AIDS.
Claims (9)
- i) ein Reaktionsprodukt eines Rizinusöls und Ethylenoxids,
- ii) ein Umesterungsprodukt von einem Pflanzenöl und Glycerol, das hauptsächlich Mono-, Di- und Triglyceride von Linol- oder Ölsäure oder ein polyoxyalkyliertes Pflanzenöl umfaßt,
- iii) 1,2-Propylenglycol und
- iv) Ethanol.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4447972A DE4447972B4 (de) | 1993-05-27 | 1994-05-24 | Galenische Formulierungen |
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB939310974A GB9310974D0 (en) | 1993-05-27 | 1993-05-27 | Organic compounds |
| GB9310974 | 1993-05-27 | ||
| GB939320463A GB9320463D0 (en) | 1993-10-05 | 1993-10-05 | Organic compounds |
| GB9320463 | 1993-10-05 | ||
| DE4448049 | 1994-05-24 | ||
| DE4447972A DE4447972B4 (de) | 1993-05-27 | 1994-05-24 | Galenische Formulierungen |
| DE4448048 | 1994-05-24 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE4418115A1 true DE4418115A1 (de) | 1994-12-01 |
| DE4418115B4 DE4418115B4 (de) | 2009-07-23 |
Family
ID=26302958
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4418115A Expired - Fee Related DE4418115B4 (de) | 1993-05-27 | 1994-05-24 | Galenische Formulierungen |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (4) | US5932243A (de) |
| JP (3) | JP3121203B2 (de) |
| AT (1) | AT408521B (de) |
| BE (1) | BE1008329A3 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2124259C (de) |
| CH (1) | CH686761A5 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE4418115B4 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2098180B1 (de) |
| FR (1) | FR2705566B1 (de) |
| IT (1) | IT1272992B (de) |
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| US5536729A (en) | 1993-09-30 | 1996-07-16 | American Home Products Corporation | Rapamycin formulations for oral administration |
| IL111004A (en) | 1993-09-30 | 1998-06-15 | American Home Prod | Oral formulations of rapamycin |
| IL129547A (en) | 1994-10-26 | 2001-01-11 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a macrolide and an acid |
| US5534270A (en) | 1995-02-09 | 1996-07-09 | Nanosystems Llc | Method of preparing stable drug nanoparticles |
| US5573783A (en) | 1995-02-13 | 1996-11-12 | Nano Systems L.L.C. | Redispersible nanoparticulate film matrices with protective overcoats |
| US5510118A (en) | 1995-02-14 | 1996-04-23 | Nanosystems Llc | Process for preparing therapeutic compositions containing nanoparticles |
| JP3934705B2 (ja) | 1995-05-26 | 2007-06-20 | ノバルティス ファーマ株式会社 | サイクロデキストリン組成物 |
| FR2736550B1 (fr) | 1995-07-14 | 1998-07-24 | Sandoz Sa | Composition pharmaceutique sous la forme d'une dispersion solide comprenant un macrolide et un vehicule |
| CA2230748C (en) | 1997-03-14 | 2010-08-03 | American Home Products Corporation | Rapamycin formulations for oral administration |
| TR199903065T2 (xx) | 1997-06-13 | 2000-09-21 | American Home Products Corporation | Oral uygulamaya y�nelik rapamisin form�lasyonlar�. |
-
1994
- 1994-05-20 CH CH01564/94A patent/CH686761A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-05-24 DE DE4418115A patent/DE4418115B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-05-24 IT ITRM940324A patent/IT1272992B/it active IP Right Grant
- 1994-05-25 AT AT0106594A patent/AT408521B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-05-25 CA CA2124259A patent/CA2124259C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-05-26 ES ES09401166A patent/ES2098180B1/es not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-05-26 BE BE9400531A patent/BE1008329A3/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-05-26 FR FR9406515A patent/FR2705566B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-05-26 JP JP06112554A patent/JP3121203B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-08-22 US US08/916,243 patent/US5932243A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-03-08 JP JP06012899A patent/JP3933339B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-03-22 US US09/532,999 patent/US6565859B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-03-12 US US10/387,147 patent/US20030166517A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2004
- 2004-05-18 US US10/847,694 patent/US7025975B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-11-15 JP JP2006309182A patent/JP4709729B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (35)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2308545B (en) * | 1994-10-26 | 1999-06-02 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical microemulsion preconcentrates |
| EP1147766A3 (de) * | 1994-10-26 | 2001-10-31 | Novartis AG | Arzneimittel |
| WO1996013249A1 (en) * | 1994-10-26 | 1996-05-09 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions |
| US6352998B2 (en) | 1994-10-26 | 2002-03-05 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions |
| GB2308545A (en) * | 1994-10-26 | 1997-07-02 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions |
| GB2308546A (en) * | 1994-10-26 | 1997-07-02 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions |
| GB2308546B (en) * | 1994-10-26 | 1999-06-02 | Novartis Ag | Topical macrolide compositions |
| WO1996013273A1 (en) * | 1994-10-26 | 1996-05-09 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions |
| US6486124B2 (en) | 1994-11-03 | 2002-11-26 | Novartis Ag | Cyclosporin compositions and process therefor |
| US6956043B2 (en) | 1995-07-14 | 2005-10-18 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions comprising 33-epi-chloro-33-desoxy-ascomycin solid dispersions |
| US6197781B1 (en) | 1995-07-14 | 2001-03-06 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions |
| US6599535B2 (en) | 1995-07-14 | 2003-07-29 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions |
| EP1604650A3 (de) * | 1995-11-29 | 2008-04-02 | Novartis AG | Pharmazeutische Zusammensetzungen von Macroliden oder Cyclosporine mit einer polyethoxylierten Hydroxy-Fettsäure |
| BE1010112A4 (fr) * | 1995-11-29 | 1997-12-02 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Compositions pharmaceutiques. |
| EP1074263A3 (de) * | 1995-11-29 | 2001-04-11 | Novartis AG | Pharmazeutische Zusammensetzungen von Macroliden oder Cyclosporine mit einer Polyethoxylierten hydroxy-fettsäure |
| US6951841B2 (en) | 1995-11-29 | 2005-10-04 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions of macrolides or cyclosporine with a polyethoxylated saturated hydroxy-fatty acid |
| WO1997019692A1 (en) * | 1995-11-29 | 1997-06-05 | Novartis Ag | Pharmaceutical compositions of macrolides or cyclosporine with a polyethoxylated saturated hydroxy-fatty acid |
| FR2741537A1 (fr) * | 1995-11-29 | 1997-05-30 | Sandoz Sa | Compositions pharmaceutiques comprenant un hydroxyacide gras polyethoxyle sature |
| EP1273288A1 (de) * | 1996-01-19 | 2003-01-08 | Novartis AG | Arzneizusammensetzungen enthaltend Rapamycinderivate |
| EP0978288A4 (de) * | 1997-04-11 | 2006-07-12 | Astellas Pharma Inc | Medizinische zusammensetzung |
| WO1999024036A1 (en) * | 1997-11-07 | 1999-05-20 | Aberdeen University | Skin penetration enhancing components |
| EP1632231A3 (de) * | 1997-11-07 | 2008-01-23 | Wyeth | Hautpenetrationsförderer |
| US8575147B2 (en) | 1999-02-16 | 2013-11-05 | Novartis Ag | Spontaneously dispersible N-benzoyl staurosporine compositions |
| WO2000048571A1 (en) * | 1999-02-16 | 2000-08-24 | Novartis Ag | Spontaneously dispersible n-benzoyl staurosporine compositions |
| CN100367930C (zh) * | 1999-02-16 | 2008-02-13 | 诺瓦提斯公司 | 可自发分散的n-苯甲酰基-星形孢菌素组合物 |
| US8722664B2 (en) | 1999-02-16 | 2014-05-13 | Novartis Ag | Spontaneously dispersible N-benzoyl staurosporine compositions |
| US7060672B2 (en) | 2001-10-19 | 2006-06-13 | Isotechnika, Inc. | Cyclosporin analog formulations |
| US7429562B2 (en) | 2001-10-19 | 2008-09-30 | Isotechnika Inc. | Cyclosporin analog formulations |
| WO2004011000A1 (en) * | 2002-07-30 | 2004-02-05 | Wyeth | Parenteral formulations containing a rapamycin hydroxyester |
| US8026276B2 (en) | 2002-07-30 | 2011-09-27 | Wyeth Llc | Parenteral CCI-779 formulations containing cosolvents, an antioxidant, and a surfactant |
| US8299116B2 (en) | 2002-07-30 | 2012-10-30 | Wyeth Llc | CCI-779 concentrate formulations |
| US8455539B2 (en) | 2002-07-30 | 2013-06-04 | Wyeth Llc | CCI-779 concentrate formulations |
| US8722700B2 (en) | 2002-07-30 | 2014-05-13 | Wyeth Llc | CCI-779 formulations for parenteral administration |
| FR2849055A1 (fr) * | 2002-12-18 | 2004-06-25 | Exonhit Therapeutics Sa | Nouvelle cible moleculaire de l'angiogenese et utilisations |
| US9278065B2 (en) | 2007-08-09 | 2016-03-08 | Ems S/A | Delivery systems for solubilising water-insoluble pharmaceutical active ingredients |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3121203B2 (ja) | 2000-12-25 |
| CA2124259C (en) | 2012-01-10 |
| US20040209911A1 (en) | 2004-10-21 |
| JP3933339B2 (ja) | 2007-06-20 |
| FR2705566B1 (fr) | 1996-04-05 |
| ES2098180A1 (es) | 1997-04-16 |
| JPH07138161A (ja) | 1995-05-30 |
| US6565859B1 (en) | 2003-05-20 |
| JP2007039471A (ja) | 2007-02-15 |
| US5932243A (en) | 1999-08-03 |
| JPH11315022A (ja) | 1999-11-16 |
| DE4418115B4 (de) | 2009-07-23 |
| AT408521B (de) | 2001-12-27 |
| ATA106594A (de) | 2001-05-15 |
| IT1272992B (it) | 1997-07-01 |
| CH686761A5 (de) | 1996-06-28 |
| ITRM940324A0 (it) | 1994-05-24 |
| JP4709729B2 (ja) | 2011-06-22 |
| ITRM940324A1 (it) | 1995-11-24 |
| HK1011278A1 (en) | 1999-07-09 |
| US20030166517A1 (en) | 2003-09-04 |
| US7025975B2 (en) | 2006-04-11 |
| BE1008329A3 (fr) | 1996-04-02 |
| CA2124259A1 (en) | 1994-11-28 |
| ES2098180B1 (es) | 1998-07-01 |
| FR2705566A1 (fr) | 1994-12-02 |
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