DE2436708A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von siliciumdioxidsol - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung von siliciumdioxidsolInfo
- Publication number
- DE2436708A1 DE2436708A1 DE2436708A DE2436708A DE2436708A1 DE 2436708 A1 DE2436708 A1 DE 2436708A1 DE 2436708 A DE2436708 A DE 2436708A DE 2436708 A DE2436708 A DE 2436708A DE 2436708 A1 DE2436708 A1 DE 2436708A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- sol
- phosphate
- carbonate
- moles
- silicon dioxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 61
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 20
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940075614 colloidal silicon dioxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(i) oxide Chemical compound [Al]O[Al] BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 18
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 14
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 aluminum ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000158147 Sator Species 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical group [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Substances [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000005323 carbonate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012458 free base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QWDJLDTYWNBUKE-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium bicarbonate Chemical class [Mg+2].OC([O-])=O.OC([O-])=O QWDJLDTYWNBUKE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002370 magnesium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014824 magnesium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002688 persistence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940085991 phosphate ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/113—Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
- C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
- C01B33/14—Colloidal silica, e.g. dispersions, gels, sols
- C01B33/146—After-treatment of sols
- C01B33/149—Coating
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/383,821 US3956171A (en) | 1973-07-30 | 1973-07-30 | Process for preparing stable positively charged alumina coated silica sols and product thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2436708A1 true DE2436708A1 (de) | 1975-02-27 |
Family
ID=23514850
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2436708A Pending DE2436708A1 (de) | 1973-07-30 | 1974-07-30 | Verfahren zur herstellung von siliciumdioxidsol |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3956171A (https=) |
| JP (1) | JPS5044195A (https=) |
| BE (1) | BE817489A (https=) |
| DE (1) | DE2436708A1 (https=) |
| FR (1) | FR2239284B3 (https=) |
| IT (1) | IT1017681B (https=) |
| NL (1) | NL7410234A (https=) |
Families Citing this family (41)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1148872A (en) * | 1979-04-06 | 1983-06-28 | Eugene A. Ostreicher | Filter with inorganic cationic colloidal silica |
| US4212680A (en) * | 1979-04-30 | 1980-07-15 | Nalco Chemical Co. | Thixotropic refractory binder based upon aluminum phosphate gelled silica sols |
| US4278551A (en) * | 1979-07-30 | 1981-07-14 | Amf Incorporated | Wound cartridge filters |
| US4563298A (en) * | 1983-06-30 | 1986-01-07 | Nalco Chemical Company | Metal oxide/silica sols |
| US4613454A (en) * | 1983-06-30 | 1986-09-23 | Nalco Chemical Company | Metal oxide/silica sols |
| US4946557A (en) * | 1988-03-08 | 1990-08-07 | Eka Nobel Ab | Process for the production of paper |
| US4798653A (en) * | 1988-03-08 | 1989-01-17 | Procomp, Inc. | Retention and drainage aid for papermaking |
| US5076939A (en) * | 1991-05-02 | 1991-12-31 | Calgon Corporation | Method for detackification of paint spray operation wastes |
| US5250189A (en) * | 1991-05-14 | 1993-10-05 | Calgon Corporation | Method for removing paint solids from water-based paint systems using aluminum salts |
| SE469893B (sv) | 1991-09-20 | 1993-10-04 | Eka Nobel Ab | Sätt att behandla en yta av karbonatbaserat material, silikasol för behandling av materialet, sätt att framställa silikasolen samt med silikasolen behandlat material |
| CA2092955C (en) * | 1992-04-06 | 1999-01-12 | Sunil P. Dasgupta | Stable blend of ketene dimer size and colloidal silica |
| US5254195A (en) * | 1992-05-08 | 1993-10-19 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Process for manufacturing moisture exchange element |
| US5308692A (en) * | 1992-06-26 | 1994-05-03 | Herbert Malarkey Roofing Company | Fire resistant mat |
| US5389716A (en) * | 1992-06-26 | 1995-02-14 | Georgia-Pacific Resins, Inc. | Fire resistant cured binder for fibrous mats |
| SE501214C2 (sv) * | 1992-08-31 | 1994-12-12 | Eka Nobel Ab | Silikasol samt förfarande för framställning av papper under användande av solen |
| JP3604630B2 (ja) * | 1997-07-25 | 2004-12-22 | インフィネオン テクノロジース アクチエンゲゼルシャフト | 半導体基板のための研磨剤 |
| DE69903636T2 (de) | 1998-07-01 | 2003-06-26 | Cabot Corp., Boston | Beschichtungszusammensetzung und aufzeichnungsmedium |
| AU6281399A (en) | 1998-10-02 | 2000-04-26 | Cabot Corporation | Silica dispersion, coating composition and recording medium |
| FR2787101B1 (fr) * | 1998-12-11 | 2002-01-18 | Rhodia Chimie Sa | Dispersion de particules de silice stabilise par des complexes de l'aluminium |
| JP4222582B2 (ja) * | 1999-03-04 | 2009-02-12 | 日本化学工業株式会社 | 高純度シリカゾルの製造方法 |
| US7169261B2 (en) | 1999-05-04 | 2007-01-30 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Silica-based sols |
| ATE334939T1 (de) * | 1999-05-04 | 2006-08-15 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Sole auf der basis von kieselsäure |
| US6630213B2 (en) * | 1999-12-27 | 2003-10-07 | Asahi Glass Company, Limited | Recording medium excellent in ink absorptivity and process for its production, and process for producing silica-alumina composite sol |
| DE60133411T2 (de) * | 2000-11-15 | 2009-04-16 | Cabot Corp., Boston | Verfahren zur herstellung einer dispersion pyrogener metalloxide |
| US6902780B2 (en) * | 2002-03-19 | 2005-06-07 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn | Coating composition comprising colloidal silica and glossy ink jet recording sheets prepared therefrom |
| US7091105B2 (en) * | 2002-10-28 | 2006-08-15 | Hynix Semiconductor Inc. | Method of forming isolation films in semiconductor devices |
| US6861112B2 (en) * | 2002-11-15 | 2005-03-01 | Cabot Corporation | Dispersion, coating composition, and recording medium containing silica mixture |
| US20050004236A1 (en) * | 2003-07-01 | 2005-01-06 | Workman David P. | Method of preparing agglomerated silica |
| US7223454B1 (en) * | 2003-07-18 | 2007-05-29 | Eastman Kodak Company | Ink jet recording element with core shell particles |
| US7629392B2 (en) * | 2004-04-07 | 2009-12-08 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Silica-based sols and their production and use |
| US7732495B2 (en) * | 2004-04-07 | 2010-06-08 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Silica-based sols and their production and use |
| US20050242041A1 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2005-11-03 | Cumberland Scott L | Silver Impregnated, Alumina Coated Materials and Filtration Systems Implementing Same |
| CN1940178A (zh) * | 2005-09-26 | 2007-04-04 | 邓俐 | 用阳离子纳米颗粒在造纸生产过程中去除胶体和可溶性物质 |
| CL2007000734A1 (es) * | 2006-03-22 | 2008-05-02 | Grace W R & Co | Revestimiento de oxido inorganico transparente producido al preparar composicion de revestimiento que comprende particulas de oxido inorganico y polimero, aplicar composicion sobre sustrato, formar revestimiento y calentar el revestimiento para elimi |
| US20080107578A1 (en) * | 2006-11-07 | 2008-05-08 | Jing Wang | The recovery of alumina trihydrate during the bayer process using a water continuous polymer |
| US12195344B2 (en) | 2018-03-02 | 2025-01-14 | Nouryon Chemicals International B. V. | Charge-reversed silica sol |
| EP3814443A1 (en) | 2018-06-28 | 2021-05-05 | Nouryon Chemicals International B.V. | Adhesive compositions |
| JP7336526B2 (ja) | 2019-01-11 | 2023-08-31 | ヌーリオン ケミカルズ インターナショナル ベスローテン フェノーツハップ | 耐汚染性コーティング |
| CN114867891A (zh) | 2019-12-23 | 2022-08-05 | 迪普索股份公司 | 锌-镍-二氧化硅复合镀浴和使用该浴的镀覆方法 |
| CN115297959A (zh) | 2020-04-03 | 2022-11-04 | 诺力昂化学品国际有限公司 | 由生物基单体制备的可热膨胀微球 |
| JP7539996B2 (ja) | 2020-04-03 | 2024-08-26 | ヌーリオン ケミカルズ インターナショナル ベスローテン フェノーツハップ | バイオベースモノマーから調製された熱膨張性マイクロスフェア |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2276314A (en) * | 1940-09-06 | 1942-03-17 | Du Pont | Tanning |
| US2663650A (en) * | 1949-06-15 | 1953-12-22 | Du Pont | Process for preparing coated silica particles and product obtained thereby |
| US3007878A (en) * | 1956-11-01 | 1961-11-07 | Du Pont | Aquasols of positively-charged coated silica particles and their production |
| US2978349A (en) * | 1957-07-03 | 1961-04-04 | Eastern Prod Corp | Soil proofing |
-
1973
- 1973-07-30 US US05/383,821 patent/US3956171A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1974
- 1974-07-10 BE BE146421A patent/BE817489A/xx unknown
- 1974-07-29 IT IT25684/74A patent/IT1017681B/it active
- 1974-07-29 JP JP49086123A patent/JPS5044195A/ja active Pending
- 1974-07-29 FR FR7426218A patent/FR2239284B3/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-07-30 DE DE2436708A patent/DE2436708A1/de active Pending
- 1974-07-30 NL NL7410234A patent/NL7410234A/xx unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BE817489A (fr) | 1975-01-10 |
| NL7410234A (nl) | 1975-02-03 |
| FR2239284B3 (https=) | 1977-05-20 |
| US3956171A (en) | 1976-05-11 |
| JPS5044195A (https=) | 1975-04-21 |
| FR2239284A1 (https=) | 1975-02-28 |
| IT1017681B (it) | 1977-08-10 |
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