DD291769A5 - Verfahren und einrichtung zur polymerisation der gasphase von olefinen - Google Patents

Verfahren und einrichtung zur polymerisation der gasphase von olefinen Download PDF

Info

Publication number
DD291769A5
DD291769A5 DD90337387A DD33738790A DD291769A5 DD 291769 A5 DD291769 A5 DD 291769A5 DD 90337387 A DD90337387 A DD 90337387A DD 33738790 A DD33738790 A DD 33738790A DD 291769 A5 DD291769 A5 DD 291769A5
Authority
DD
German Democratic Republic
Prior art keywords
reactor body
reactor
fine particles
fluidized bed
polymer
Prior art date
Application number
DD90337387A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Xavier Bontemps
Laszlo Havas
Andre Martens
Frederic R M M Morterol
Original Assignee
��@���������@�������k��
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ��@���������@�������k�� filed Critical ��@���������@�������k��
Publication of DD291769A5 publication Critical patent/DD291769A5/de

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/18Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
    • B01J8/1872Details of the fluidised bed reactor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/0015Feeding of the particles in the reactor; Evacuation of the particles out of the reactor
    • B01J8/003Feeding of the particles in the reactor; Evacuation of the particles out of the reactor in a downward flow
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/005Separating solid material from the gas/liquid stream
    • B01J8/006Separating solid material from the gas/liquid stream by filtration
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08FMACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F10/00Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00008Controlling the process
    • B01J2208/00017Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2208/00106Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
    • B01J2208/00168Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles
    • B01J2208/00256Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles in a heat exchanger for the heat exchange medium separate from the reactor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00008Controlling the process
    • B01J2208/00017Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2208/00106Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
    • B01J2208/00265Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling
    • B01J2208/00274Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling involving reactant vapours
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00743Feeding or discharging of solids
    • B01J2208/00761Discharging
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S526/00Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
    • Y10S526/901Monomer polymerized in vapor state in presence of transition metal containing catalyst

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Devices And Processes Conducted In The Presence Of Fluids And Solid Particles (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Cyclones (AREA)
DD90337387A 1989-01-31 1990-01-30 Verfahren und einrichtung zur polymerisation der gasphase von olefinen DD291769A5 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8901378A FR2642429B1 (fr) 1989-01-31 1989-01-31 Procede et appareil de polymerisation d'olefines en phase gazeuse dans un reacteur a lit fluidise

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DD291769A5 true DD291769A5 (de) 1991-07-11

Family

ID=9378430

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DD90337387A DD291769A5 (de) 1989-01-31 1990-01-30 Verfahren und einrichtung zur polymerisation der gasphase von olefinen

Country Status (15)

Country Link
US (1) US5382638A (no)
EP (1) EP0381364B1 (no)
JP (1) JPH02233708A (no)
AT (1) ATE94172T1 (no)
AU (1) AU621188B2 (no)
CA (1) CA2008653A1 (no)
DD (1) DD291769A5 (no)
DE (1) DE69003120T2 (no)
ES (1) ES2058778T3 (no)
FI (1) FI900486A0 (no)
FR (1) FR2642429B1 (no)
HU (1) HUT55258A (no)
NO (1) NO173875C (no)
NZ (1) NZ232318A (no)
RU (1) RU1838327C (no)

Families Citing this family (66)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6025448A (en) 1989-08-31 2000-02-15 The Dow Chemical Company Gas phase polymerization of olefins
US6538080B1 (en) 1990-07-03 2003-03-25 Bp Chemicals Limited Gas phase polymerization of olefins
EP0579426B1 (en) * 1992-07-16 1998-03-18 BP Chemicals Limited Polymerization process
FR2693730B1 (fr) * 1992-07-16 1994-09-30 Bp Chemicals Snc Réacteur à lit fluidisé et procédé de soutirage.
FR2693729B1 (fr) * 1992-07-16 1994-10-07 Bp Chemicals Snc Réacteur de polymérisation à lit fluidisé et procédé de polymérisation.
ZA943399B (en) * 1993-05-20 1995-11-17 Bp Chem Int Ltd Polymerisation process
FR2731000B1 (fr) * 1995-02-24 1997-04-18 Bp Chemicals Snc Procede de polymerisation d'olefine en phase gazeuse
EP1153937A3 (en) 1995-08-10 2002-10-16 ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. Metallocene stabilised alumoxane
CN1113900C (zh) 1996-06-17 2003-07-09 埃克森美孚化学专利公司 用于烯烃聚合的混合过渡金属催化剂体系及用其聚合烯属不饱和单体的方法
US6759499B1 (en) * 1996-07-16 2004-07-06 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Olefin polymerization process with alkyl-substituted metallocenes
EP0824116A1 (en) * 1996-08-13 1998-02-18 Bp Chemicals S.N.C. Polymerisation process
EP0824118B1 (en) * 1996-08-13 2003-01-08 BP Chemicals Limited Polymerisation process
EP0824115A1 (en) * 1996-08-13 1998-02-18 Bp Chemicals S.N.C. Polymerisation process
FR2752533B1 (fr) * 1996-08-23 1998-09-18 Bp Chemicals Snc Appareillage et procede de polymerisation d'olefine en phase gazeuse
JP3710247B2 (ja) * 1997-04-10 2005-10-26 三井化学株式会社 気相重合装置
WO2000018808A1 (en) 1998-09-30 2000-04-06 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Cationic group 3 catalyst system
DE19847647A1 (de) * 1998-10-15 2000-04-20 Elenac Gmbh Wirbelschichtverfahren und Reaktor zur Behandlung von Katalysatoren und Katalysatorträgern
US6486088B1 (en) 1998-10-23 2002-11-26 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. High activity carbenium-activated polymerization catalysts
FI111953B (fi) 1998-11-12 2003-10-15 Borealis Tech Oy Menetelmä ja laite polymerointireaktoreiden tyhjentämiseksi
US6607768B1 (en) * 1998-11-19 2003-08-19 Praxis Werke, Inc. Coffee roasting methods
FR2791983B1 (fr) * 1999-04-12 2001-05-18 Bp Chemicals Snc Appareil et procede de polymerisation en phase gazeuse d'olefine
SG82693A1 (en) 1999-09-03 2001-08-21 Sumitomo Chemical Co Fluidized bed reactor for gas phase olefin polymerization, process for polymerizing olefin and process for producing olefin polymer
US6475946B1 (en) 1999-10-22 2002-11-05 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Olefin polymerization catalysis with aryl substituted carbenium cationic complexes
US6476164B1 (en) 1999-10-22 2002-11-05 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Carbenium cationic complexes suitable for polymerization catalysts
US6489480B2 (en) 1999-12-09 2002-12-03 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Group-15 cationic compounds for olefin polymerization catalysts
US6822057B2 (en) * 1999-12-09 2004-11-23 Exxon Mobil Chemical Patents Inc. Olefin polymerization catalysts derived from Group-15 cationic compounds and processes using them
US6472483B1 (en) * 2000-02-28 2002-10-29 Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation Dry product discharge from a gas phase polymerization reactor operating in the condensing mode
US6809209B2 (en) 2000-04-07 2004-10-26 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Nitrogen-containing group-13 anionic compounds for olefin polymerization
WO2003000740A2 (en) 2001-06-20 2003-01-03 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Polyolefins made by catalyst comprising a noncoordinating anion and articles comprising them
EP1348720B1 (en) * 2002-03-29 2004-12-29 Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. Process for producing olefinic polymer
JP5055761B2 (ja) 2005-12-19 2012-10-24 住友化学株式会社 オレフィン重合体の製造方法
US7714083B2 (en) * 2006-03-08 2010-05-11 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Recycle of hydrocarbon gases from the product tanks to a reactor through the use of ejectors
US7718139B2 (en) * 2006-07-20 2010-05-18 Westlake Longview Corporation Process and apparatus for olefin polymerization in a fluidized bed reactor
JP5092543B2 (ja) 2006-08-11 2012-12-05 住友化学株式会社 オレフィン重合用予備重合触媒の製造方法およびオレフィン重合体の製造方法
TW200900421A (en) 2006-10-10 2009-01-01 Univation Tech Llc Discharge system to remove solids from a vessel
KR20090096426A (ko) 2006-10-10 2009-09-10 유니베이션 테크놀로지즈, 엘엘씨 배출 시스템 및 그 사용 방법
JP4905095B2 (ja) * 2006-12-06 2012-03-28 住友化学株式会社 オレフィン重合体の製造方法
JP5249730B2 (ja) 2007-12-11 2013-07-31 住友化学株式会社 オレフィン重合反応装置及びポリオレフィン製造方法
JP5308795B2 (ja) 2007-12-11 2013-10-09 住友化学株式会社 ポリオレフィン製造方法、並びに、噴流層装置を備えたポリオレフィン製造システム
JP5308794B2 (ja) 2007-12-11 2013-10-09 住友化学株式会社 噴流層装置を用いたポリオレフィン製造方法
JP5427396B2 (ja) 2007-12-11 2014-02-26 住友化学株式会社 粉体移送装置、及び、ポリオレフィンの製造方法
JP5308797B2 (ja) 2007-12-11 2013-10-09 住友化学株式会社 オレフィン重合反応装置、ポリオレフィン製造システム、及び、ポリオレフィン製造方法
BRPI0821808A2 (pt) * 2007-12-27 2015-06-16 Univation Tech Llc Sistemas e métodos para remover particulados carregados de fluxos de gás, e sistemas reatores que implementam os mesmos
JP5342870B2 (ja) 2007-12-28 2013-11-13 住友化学株式会社 プロピレン−エチレンブロック共重合体の製造方法
JP2009221323A (ja) 2008-03-14 2009-10-01 Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd プロピレン系ブロック共重合体粒子群
US8124696B2 (en) * 2009-11-20 2012-02-28 Univation Technologies, Llc Method of using an upper discharge in a fluidized bed reactor and system thereof
JP5545800B2 (ja) 2009-06-08 2014-07-09 住友化学株式会社 噴流−流動層型オレフィン重合反応装置、ポリオレフィン製造システム、及び、ポリオレフィン製造方法
EP2348056A1 (en) 2010-01-26 2011-07-27 Ineos Europe Limited Process for the gas phase polymerisation of olefins
EP2457647A1 (en) 2010-11-29 2012-05-30 Ineos Commercial Services UK Limited Apparatus and process
US8198384B1 (en) 2011-01-10 2012-06-12 Westlake Longview Corporation Method for preventing or reducing clogging of a fines ejector
SG184672A1 (en) 2011-03-25 2012-10-30 Sumitomo Chemical Co Olefin polymerization reactor, polyolefin production system, and polyolefin production process
EP3186554B1 (en) * 2014-07-04 2019-09-18 Tubitak Method for operating a circulating fluidized bed gasification or combustion system
DE102015107433A1 (de) * 2015-05-12 2016-11-17 Outotec (Finland) Oy Verfahren und Anlage zur Produktion von kalziniertem Petrolkoks
JP6743463B2 (ja) 2016-04-12 2020-08-19 住友化学株式会社 ポリオレフィンの製造方法
JP6902337B2 (ja) 2016-08-03 2021-07-14 住友化学株式会社 ヘテロファジックプロピレン重合材料の製造方法
BR112019006207B1 (pt) 2016-09-30 2022-11-29 Dow Global Technologies Llc Processo para preparar uma composição, processo de polimerização para preparar uma composição polimérica e composição polimérica
EP3519456A1 (en) 2016-09-30 2019-08-07 Dow Global Technologies Llc Capped multi- or dual-headed compositions useful for chain shuttling and process to prepare the same
US11174329B2 (en) 2016-09-30 2021-11-16 Dow Global Technologies Llc Multi- or dual-headed compositions useful for chain shuttling and process to prepare the same
US11193008B2 (en) 2017-04-10 2021-12-07 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Methods for making polyolefin polymer compositions
US10947329B2 (en) 2017-05-10 2021-03-16 Univation Technologies, Llc Catalyst systems and processes for using the same
CN110603092A (zh) * 2017-05-17 2019-12-20 巴塞尔聚烯烃股份有限公司 具有多个再循环气体入口喷嘴的流化床反应器
EP3418309A1 (en) * 2017-06-20 2018-12-26 Borealis AG A method, an arrangement and use of an arrangement of preparing polymer
JP6437153B1 (ja) 2018-06-26 2018-12-12 住友化学株式会社 スラリーの移送方法、ポリオレフィンの製造方法、およびその利用
EP3738984B1 (en) 2019-03-29 2021-11-24 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Method for producing heterophasic propylene polymer particles
JP7453801B2 (ja) 2020-02-14 2024-03-21 住友化学株式会社 プロピレン重合体の製造方法
WO2022010622A1 (en) 2020-07-07 2022-01-13 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Processes for making 3-d objects from blends of polyethylene and polar polymers

Family Cites Families (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2446247A (en) * 1946-11-22 1948-08-03 Standard Oil Co Exothermic catalytic reactions
US2463912A (en) * 1946-12-12 1949-03-08 Standard Oil Dev Co Synthesis of hydrocarbons
US2586818A (en) * 1947-08-21 1952-02-26 Harms Viggo Progressive classifying or treating solids in a fluidized bed thereof
US2654699A (en) * 1948-07-22 1953-10-06 Consolidation Coal Co Method of discharging solids and gases from a fluidized bed
US3607062A (en) * 1969-06-18 1971-09-21 Marathon Oil Co Process and apparatus for the fluidized calcining of coke
US4003712A (en) * 1970-07-29 1977-01-18 Union Carbide Corporation Fluidized bed reactor
CA1196482A (en) * 1981-07-28 1985-11-12 Robert G. Aronson Fluidized bed discharge process
US4427573A (en) * 1981-09-16 1984-01-24 Union Carbide Corporation Polymerization catalyst, process for preparing, and use for ethylene polymerization
US4430300A (en) * 1981-09-17 1984-02-07 Uop Inc. Fluid catalyst regeneration apparatus
FR2570381B1 (fr) * 1984-09-17 1987-05-15 Bp Chimie Sa Procede de polymerisation d'ethylene ou de copolymerisation d'ethylene et d'alpha-olefine en lit fluidise en presence de catalyseur a base d'oxyde de chrome
US4640963A (en) * 1985-02-15 1987-02-03 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Method and apparatus for recycle of entrained solids in off-gas from a gas-phase polyolefin reactor
FR2599991B1 (fr) * 1986-06-16 1993-04-02 Bp Chimie Sa Evacuation de produits presents dans un reacteur de polymerisation d'alpha-olefines en lit fluidise
US5171541A (en) * 1986-06-16 1992-12-15 Bp Chemicals Limited Fluidized bed discharge process
JPS63150305A (ja) * 1986-12-12 1988-06-23 Chisso Corp オレフインの気相重合方法及び装置
FR2618786B1 (fr) * 1987-07-31 1989-12-01 Bp Chimie Sa Procede de polymerisation d'olefines en phase gazeuse dans un reacteur a lit fluidise
US5019353A (en) * 1988-01-19 1991-05-28 Mobil Oil Corporation Reactor system for conversion of alkanes to alkenes in an external FCC catalyst cooler

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
RU1838327C (ru) 1993-08-30
DE69003120D1 (de) 1993-10-14
JPH02233708A (ja) 1990-09-17
AU621188B2 (en) 1992-03-05
EP0381364B1 (en) 1993-09-08
AU4885990A (en) 1990-08-09
FR2642429B1 (fr) 1991-04-19
FI900486A0 (fi) 1990-01-31
US5382638A (en) 1995-01-17
FR2642429A1 (fr) 1990-08-03
ATE94172T1 (de) 1993-09-15
HU900589D0 (en) 1990-05-28
NZ232318A (en) 1991-09-25
NO900422L (no) 1990-08-01
NO173875B (no) 1993-11-08
NO900422D0 (no) 1990-01-30
CA2008653A1 (en) 1990-07-31
EP0381364A1 (en) 1990-08-08
ES2058778T3 (es) 1994-11-01
NO173875C (no) 1994-02-16
HUT55258A (en) 1991-05-28
DE69003120T2 (de) 1994-01-05

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DD291769A5 (de) Verfahren und einrichtung zur polymerisation der gasphase von olefinen
DE69916895T2 (de) Verfahren und vorrichtung zur entladung eines polymerisationsreaktors
DE69814701T2 (de) Polymerisationsverfahren in der Gasphase
DE69829373T2 (de) Polymerisationsverfahren
EP1079916A1 (de) Gasphasenwirbelschichtreaktor
DE69932651T2 (de) Verfahren zur Polymerisationskontrolle
DE60210129T2 (de) Kontinuierliches gasphasenpolymerisationsverfahren
DE2623432A1 (de) Verfahren zum trockenpolymerisieren von olefinen
EP0927724B1 (de) Kontinuierliches Gasphasenpolymerisationsverfahren
DE1277823B (de) Fliessbettreaktor
EP0963786B1 (de) Gasphasenwirbelschichtreaktor
DE102010023010A1 (de) Strahlschicht/Wirbelschicht-Olefinpolymerisationsreaktor
DE69825310T2 (de) Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von polymeren
DE2660510C2 (de) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mischpolymerisaten aus Äthylen und C↓3↓- bis C↓6↓-α-Olefinen
DE102008061427A1 (de) Strahlschichtvorrichtung und Polyolefinherstellungsverfahren, das diese verwendet
DE2800907A1 (de) Verfahren zur polymerisation von aethylen in gasphase
EP1159304B1 (de) Verfahren und apparat zur gasphasenpolymerisation von alpha-olefinen
DE60109144T2 (de) Vorrichtung und verfahren zur fliessbett-gasphasenpolymerisation
DE112006001239T5 (de) Gasphasen-Wirbelschichtreaktor, Mehrgefäß-Polymerisationsreaktor und Verfahren zur Olefinpolymerherstellung
DE1795109A1 (de) Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Herstellung fester,fein zerteilter Polymerisate aus olefinisch ungesaettigten Verbindungen
DE3015089A1 (de) Verfahren zum herstellen von homopolymerisaten oder copolymerisaten des propylens
EP1142916B1 (de) Gasphasenpolymerisationsverfahren mit Direktkühlsystem
DE102004054628A1 (de) Vorrichtung zur Gasphasenpolymerisation von Olefinen, insbesondere Ethylen
DE69923304T2 (de) Polymerisationsverfahren in der gasphase
DE60012170T2 (de) Verfahren zum einspeisen einer flüssigkeit in eine wirbelschicht