CN1972678B - 延长缓释超过2个月的类固醇眼内植入物 - Google Patents
延长缓释超过2个月的类固醇眼内植入物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1972678B CN1972678B CN2005800137427A CN200580013742A CN1972678B CN 1972678 B CN1972678 B CN 1972678B CN 2005800137427 A CN2005800137427 A CN 2005800137427A CN 200580013742 A CN200580013742 A CN 200580013742A CN 1972678 B CN1972678 B CN 1972678B
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Abstract
生物相容性眼内植入物含有彼此联合的类固醇和聚合物,这有助于在超过约两个月的时间里将类固醇释放到眼内。类固醇与可生物降解的聚合物基质如两种可生物降解的聚合物的基质联合。或者,该类固醇可与聚合物包衣联合,该聚合物包衣具有一个或多个可将类固醇有效释放到外部环境中的开口。该植入物可放入眼内以治疗一种或多种眼病。类固醇从植入物释放超过约两个月,并可释放超过几年。
Description
相关申请
本申请为2004年4月30日提交的美国申请No.10/837,356的部分继续申请,该申请公开通过援引全文纳入本文。
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及治疗患者眼睛的装置和方法,更具体而言涉及眼内植入物,该眼内植入物可将治疗剂缓释到放入植入物的眼内。
背景技术
通常通过局部注射、全身注射或眼周注射类固醇以治疗葡萄膜炎,这些类固醇包括例如皮质类固醇、醋酸氟轻松(1,4-孕甾二烯-6α,9α-二氟-11β,16α,17,21-四醇-3,20-二酮16,17-缩酮,1,4-pregnadien-6α,9α-di fluoro-11β,16α,17,21-tetrol-3,20-dione 16,17-acetonide)。所有的三种送递方法都有其缺陷,如局部给予皮质类固醇不能治疗眼睛后面的疾病,全身给予皮质类固醇通常会引起许多有害副作用,而眼周注射有时会引起眼球穿孔、眼周纤维化以及上睑下垂。
可克服上述送递方法的缺陷的另一种方法是使用药物缓释送递系统。Jaffe等人在2000年报道使用包被有硅酮和聚乙烯醇的压缩型纯醋酸氟轻松丸剂作为氟轻松缓释的送递装置(Jaffe,G.J.et al.,Journalof Ophthalmology and Vision Surgery,Vol 41,No.11,October 2000)。就2-mg装置和15-mg装置而言,它们分别获得了1.9±0.25μg/天(6个月)和2.2±0.6μg/天(45天)的释放速率。2-mg装置和15-mg装置的释放持续时间分别被估计为2.7年和18.6年。美国专利No.6,217,895和6,548,078公开了用于将皮质类固醇(如醋酸氟轻松)送递到眼睛的缓释植入物。但是Control Delivery Systems公司(美国专利No.6,217,895和6,548,078的受让人)制备的醋酸氟轻松玻璃体内植入物不是很成功,导致出现白内障和眼内压升高。
在许多专利中公开了用于放入眼内的其它生物相容性植入物,如美国专利No.4,521,210、4,853,224、4,997,652、5,164,188、5,443,505、5,501,856、5,766,242、5,824,072、5,869,079、6,074,661、6,331,313、6,369,116、6,699,493和6,726,918。
2004年10月14日提交的美国专利申请No.10/966,764,2005年1月19日提交的美国专利申请11/039,192以及2004年7月12日提交的60/587,092描述了其它玻璃体内治疗方法。
最好是提供可植入眼内的药物送递系统(如眼内植入物)和使用该系统的方法,它们能以持续速率或可控速率在更长时间内并以副作用很少或没有副作用的量释放治疗剂。
发明内容
本发明提供将药物延长或持续释放到眼内的新型药物送递系统以及使用该系统的方法,例如以获得一种或多种所需治疗效果。该药物送递系统为可放入眼内的植入物或植入元件形式。本系统和方法优先提供释放时间更长的一种或多种治疗剂。因此,眼内放入植入物的患者在长时间或更长时间内获得了治疗量的药剂,而不需要另外再给予药剂。例如,在放入植入物后,患者获得基本稳定水平的治疗活性药剂,这可在相对较长一段时间(例如至少约两个月的数量级上,如介于约两个月到约六个月之间,或者甚至到约一年或约两年或更长时间)里持续治疗眼睛。该缓释时间有助于获得成功的治疗结果。
本文所公开的眼内植入物含有治疗组分和与之联合的药物缓释组分。根据本发明,治疗组分含有类固醇、基本由其组成或由其组成。药物缓释组分与治疗组分联合,以将有效治疗量的类固醇缓释到放入植入物的眼内。在植入物放入眼内后,有效治疗量的类固醇在眼内释放超过约两个月的时间。
在一个实施方案中,眼内植入物含类固醇和可生物降解的聚合物基质。该类固醇与可生物降解的聚合物基质联合,从植入物放入眼区或眼部开始,该聚合物基质以在超过约两个月的时间里有效缓释(如通过降解)有效治疗量的来自植入物的类固醇的速率释放药物。眼内植入物是可生物降解的或可生物蚀解的,它在更长一段时间(如超过两个月,例如约三个月或更长时间,高达六个月或更长时间)里将类固醇缓释到眼内。
上述植入物的可生物降解的聚合物组分可为可生物降解的聚合物的混合物,其中至少一种可生物降解的聚合物为分子量小于40千道尔顿(kD)的聚乳酸或聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)聚合物。或者,上述植入物可含有具有末端游离酸性基团的第一种可生物降解的聚合物和具有末端游离酸性基团的不同的第二种可生物降解的聚合物。另外,上述植入物可含有不同的可生物降解的聚合物的混合物,每一种聚合物的固有粘度介于约0.16分升/克(dl/g)到约0.24dl/g之间。合适的可生物降解的聚合物的实例包括乳酸、羟乙酸的聚合物及其混合物。
在另一实施方案中,眼内植入物含有含类固醇的治疗组分以及覆盖治疗组分的聚合物外层。该聚合物外层含有一个或多个孔口或开口或孔,它们在让液体进入植入物以及让类固醇离开植入物上是有效的。治疗组分在植入物的核心部位或内部,聚合物外层包裹或包被核心部位。聚合物外层可包括一个或多个可生物降解的部分。植入物可在超过约两个月、超过约一年、甚至超过约五年或约十年的时间里缓释类固醇。
本文所公开的植入物的类固醇可为皮质类固醇或有效治疗眼病的其它类固醇类。合适的类固醇的一个实例是氟轻松或醋酸氟轻松。合适的类固醇的另一实例是去炎松或醋酸去炎松。合适的类固醇的另一实例是丙酸倍氯米松或倍氯米松双丙酸酯。另外,本植入物的治疗组分可包括一种或多种有效治疗眼病的其它不同治疗剂。
植入物可放入眼部以治疗各种眼病,包括影响眼睛的前部或后部的病症。例如,植入物可用于治疗多种眼病,包括但不限于黄斑病变和视网膜变性、葡萄膜炎、视网膜炎、脉络膜炎、血管疾病和渗出性疾病、增生性病变、感染性病变、遗传性病变、肿瘤、创伤和外科手术、视网膜撕裂或视网膜裂孔等。
本发明的药盒可含有一种或多种本发明的植入物以及使用该植入物的说明书。例如,说明书会阐述如何将植入物给予患者以及可用植入物治疗的病症类型。
本文所描述的每一种特征以及两种或者多种该特征的每一种组合均包含在本发明的范围内,前提是该组合中包括的特征并不是相互矛盾的。另外,任何特征或特征的组合可能专门地被排除在本发明的任何实施方案外。
本发明的其他方面以及优点将具体结合附图说明和实施例在下面的具体实施方式以及权利要求中阐述。
附图说明
图1示出在0.9%盐水中于37摄氏度所检测的含有醋酸氟轻松的可生物降解的植入物的累积释放曲线图。
图2与图1相似,示出含有醋酸氟轻松的可生物降解的植入物(具有可生物降解的聚合物的不同组合)的累积释放曲线图。
图3与图1相似,示出含有醋酸去炎松的可生物降解的植入物的的累积释放曲线图。
图4示出含有有菌醋酸氟轻松的植入物(具有不同的孔构造)的累积释放曲线图。
图5示出图4所描述的植入物每天释放的氟轻松的量。
图6示出含有无菌醋酸氟轻松的植入物(具有不同的孔构造)的累积释放曲线图。
图7示出图6所描述的植入物每天释放的氟轻松的量。
图8示出含有有菌醋酸氟轻松的植入物(具有不同于图4所描述的孔构造)的累积释放曲线图。
图9示出图8所描述的植入物每天释放的氟轻松的量。
图10示出含有无菌醋酸氟轻松的植入物(具有与图8所描述的孔构造相似的孔构造)的累积释放曲线图。
图11示出图10所描述的植入物每天释放的氟轻松的量。
图12示出含有无菌醋酸氟轻松的植入物(具有不同孔构造)的累积释放曲线图。
图13示出图12所描述的植入物每天释放的氟轻松的量。
图14示出含有有菌醋酸氟轻松的植入物(具有不同孔构造)的累积释放曲线图。
图15示出图14所描述的植入物每天释放的氟轻松的量。
图16示出图14所描述的含有无菌醋酸氟轻松的植入物的累积释放曲线图。
图17示出图16所描述的植入物每天释放的氟轻松的量。
图18以时间函数的形式示出含有30%去炎松的植入物在磷酸盐缓冲的盐溶液中去炎松的总释放百分比。
图19以时间函数的形式示出含有50%去炎松的植入物在磷酸盐缓冲的盐溶液中去炎松的总释放百分比。
图20以时间函数的形式示出含有30%去炎松的植入物在柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲的盐溶液中去炎松的总释放百分比。
图21以时间函数的形式示出含有50%去炎松的植入物在柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲的盐溶液中去炎松的总释放百分比。
图22以时间函数的形式示出含有30%去炎松的植入物在磷酸盐缓冲的盐溶液中倍氯米松双丙酸酯的总释放百分比。
图23以时间函数的形式示出含有50%去炎松的植入物在磷酸盐缓冲的盐溶液中倍氯米松双丙酸酯的总释放百分比。
图24以时间函数的形式示出含有30%去炎松的植入物在柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲液中倍氯米松双丙酸酯的总释放百分比。
图25以时间函数的形式示出含有50%去炎松的植入物在柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲液中倍氯米松双丙酸酯的总释放百分比。
具体实施方式
如本文所述,通过使用一种或多种眼内植入物受控地和持续地给予治疗剂可改进对不受欢迎的眼病的治疗。植入物含有可药用的聚合组合物,并被制成制剂,以在更长一段时间内释放一种或多种具有药学活性的药剂,如类固醇。该植入物可有效地将治疗有效剂量的药剂直接提供到眼部以治疗一种或多种不受欢迎的眼病。因此,通过单次给药,治疗剂可出现在需要它们的位点并在更长一段时间内得以维持,无需让患者接受反复注射或自己给予滴剂,它们由于只有有限几次暴露于活性药剂而使得疗效不佳。
本文所公开的一种眼内植入物含有治疗组分和与之联合的药物缓释组分。根据本发明,治疗组分含有类固醇、基本由其组成或由其组成。药物缓释组分与治疗组分联合以将有效治疗量的类固醇缓释到放入植入物的眼内。植入物被放入眼内后,治疗量的类固醇在超过约两个月的一段时间内被释放到眼内。
定义
就本说明书的目的而言,除非该词的上下文表明该词具有不同的意思,否则我们使用在本部分所定义的下述术语。
本文所使用的“眼内植入物”指具有一定结构、大小或形状的可放入眼内的装置或元件。眼内植入物一般与眼睛的生理条件生物相容并且不会引起不良副作用。眼内植入物可被放入眼内,且不损害眼睛的视力。
本文所使用的“治疗组分”指眼内植入物的一部分,该眼内植入物包括用于治疗眼睛的医学病症的一种或多种治疗剂或治疗物。该治疗组分可为眼内植入物的独立部分,或它可均匀分布于植入物之中。治疗组分的治疗剂一般为眼科学可接受的,并且在植入物放入眼内时以不引起不良反应的形式提供。
本文所使用的“药物缓释组分”指眼内植入物的一部分,它可有效提供植入物的治疗剂的持续释放。药物缓释组分可为可生物降解的聚合物基质,或者它可为覆盖含有治疗组分的植入物的核心区域的包衣。
本文所使用的“与......联合”意味着“与......混合”、“分散在其中”、“与......偶联”、覆盖或包围。对于含有与可生物降解的聚合物基质联合的治疗组分的眼内植入物,“与......联合”特别排除在基质上或周围的可生物降解的聚合物包衣。
本文所使用的“眼部”或“眼区”一般指眼球的任何位置,包括眼睛的前段和后段,并且它通常包括但不限于眼球内的任何功能性(如视力)或结构性组织,或部分或全部位于眼球的内侧或外侧的组织或细胞层。眼部的眼球区域的具体实例包括前房、后房、玻璃体腔、脉络膜、脉络膜上腔、结膜、结膜下隙、巩膜上腔、角膜内隙(intracornealspace)、角膜上隙(epicorneal space)、巩膜、睫状环、手术引起的无血管区、黄斑和视网膜。
本文所使用的“眼病”为影响或涉及眼睛、眼睛的一部分或某个区域的疾病、微恙或病症。泛泛而言,眼睛包括眼球和构成眼球的组织和液体、眼周肌肉(如斜肌和直肌)以及在眼球内或与眼球相邻的部分视神经。
“前部眼病”指影响或涉及眼前部(即眼睛的前面)或眼区的疾病、微恙或病症,这些部位为例如眼周肌肉、眼睑或位于晶状体囊或睫状肌的后壁前端的眼球组织或液体。因此,前部眼部疾病主要影响或涉及结膜、角膜、前房、虹膜、后房(视网膜后但在晶状体囊的后壁前面)、晶状体或晶状体囊以及使眼前部或眼区血管化和神经支配的血管和神经。
因此,前部眼病可包括疾病、微恙或病症,例如无晶状体、假晶状体、散光、眼睑痉挛、白内障、结膜疾病、结膜炎、角膜疾病、角膜溃疡、干眼症、眼睑疾病、泪器疾病、泪管堵塞、近视、远视、瞳孔异常、屈光异常以及斜视。青光眼也被认为是前部眼病,这是因为治疗青光眼的临床目的可在于降低眼睛前房中的房水高压(即降低眼内压)。
后部眼病为主要影响或涉及眼后部或眼区的疾病、微恙或病症,这些部位为例如脉络膜或巩膜(位于穿过晶状体囊后壁的平面的后部)、玻璃体、玻璃体腔、视网膜、视神经(即视盘)以及使眼后部或位点血管化和神经支配的血管和神经。
因此,后部眼病包括疾病、微恙或病症,例如急性黄斑视神经视网膜病变(acute macular neuroretinopathy)、贝切特氏病、脉络膜新生血管形成、糖尿病性葡萄膜炎、组织胞浆菌病、感染(如真菌或病毒引起的感染)、黄斑变性(如急性黄斑变性、非渗出性年龄相关黄斑变性以及渗出性年龄相关黄斑变性)、水肿(如黄斑水肿、囊样黄斑水肿以及糖尿病性黄斑水肿)、多病灶脉络膜炎、眼外伤(影响到后部眼区或眼区)、眼瘤、视网膜病症(如视网膜中央静脉阻塞、糖尿病性视网膜病变(包括增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变)、增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(PVR)、视网膜动脉阻塞性疾病、视网膜剥离、葡萄膜炎视网膜病变(uveitic retinal disease))、交感性眼炎、伏格特-小柳-原田三氏(VKH)综合征、葡萄膜扩散(uveal diffusion)、由眼部激光治疗引起或受其影响的后部眼病、由下列因素引起或受其影响的后部眼病:光动力学疗法、光凝固法、放射性视网膜病变、视网膜前膜病变、视网膜分支静脉阻塞、前部缺血性视神经病、非视网膜病变糖尿病性视网膜功能障碍、色素性视网膜炎和青光眼。青光眼可被认为是后部眼病,这是因为治疗目的在于防止失明的出现或降低其出现的机率(即神经保护),该失明是由于视网膜细胞或视神经细胞受到损害或该细胞丢失引起的。
术语“可生物降解的聚合物”指体内降解的聚合物,其中该一种或多种聚合物随时间的蚀解与治疗剂的释放同时出现或出现在其后。具体而言,水凝胶(如甲基纤维素,它起通过聚合物溶胀释放药物的作用)特别被排除于术语“可生物降解的聚合物”之外。术语“可生物降解的”和“可生物蚀解的”是等价的,并在本文中可交互使用。可生物降解的聚合物可为均聚物、共聚物或含两种以上不同聚合单位的聚合物。
本文中所使用的术语“治疗”、“正在治疗”或“治疗方法”指减轻、消除或预防眼病、眼损伤或损害,或指促进损伤或损害的眼组织的治愈。
本文中所用的“治疗有效量”是指治疗眼疾患或减轻或预防损伤或损害,而对眼或眼部区域不引起显著的负作用或不良反应的所需的药物的水平或量。
已开发出可在不同时间段内释放所负载药物的眼内植入物。这些植入物在被放入眼内如放入到眼睛的玻璃体中时,可在更长一段时间内(如约两个月或更长时间)提供治疗水平的类固醇。所公开的植入物可有效治疗眼病、如后部眼病。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,眼内植入物含有可生物降解的聚合物基质。可生物降解的聚合物基质是一类药物缓释组分。可生物降解的聚合物基质可有效形成可生物降解的眼内植入物。可生物降解的眼内植入物含有与可生物降解的聚合物基质联合的类固醇。从植入物放入诸如眼睛玻璃体的眼部或眼区开始,该基质以在超过约两个月的时间内持续释放治疗有效量的类固醇的速率降解。
植入物的类固醇可为皮质类固醇。在某些实施方案中,类固醇可为氟轻松、去炎松或氟轻松和去炎松的混合物。在一些实施方案中,植入物中的氟轻松以醋酸氟轻松的形式提供,植入物中的去炎松以醋酸去炎松的形式提供。醋酸去炎松由市售可得,其商品名为可用于本植入物中的另一种类固醇为丙酸倍氯米松或倍氯米松双丙酸酯。因此,本植入物可含有一种或多种如下组分:氟轻松、醋酸氟轻松、去炎松、醋酸去炎松、丙酸倍氯米松或倍氯米松双丙酸酯。
类固醇可为微粒或粉剂形式,被可生物降解聚合物基质所捕获。通常,类固醇胺颗粒的有效平均尺寸小于约3000纳米。在某些植入物中,该颗粒的有效平均颗粒尺寸大约为小于3000纳米的数量级。例如,颗粒的有效平均颗粒尺寸小于约500纳米。在其它植入物中,颗粒的有效平均颗粒尺寸小于约400纳米,在另外一些实施方案中,小于约200纳米尺寸。
植入物的类固醇优选以重量计占植入物的约10%到90%。更优选地,类固醇以重量计占植入物的约50%到约80%。在一优选的实施方案中,类固醇以重量计占植入物的约50%。在另一实施方案中,类固醇以重量计占植入物的约70%。
用于植入物的合适的聚合物材料或组合物包括与眼睛相容(生物相容)的材料,以不显著干扰眼睛的功能或生理。该材料优选至少部分可生物降解或可生物蚀解,更优选基本完全可生物降解或可生物蚀解。
有用的聚合物材料的实例包括但不限于诸如来源于和/或包括有机酯类和有机醚类的材料,在该材料降解时,它会产生生理上可接受的包括单体在内的降解产物。同样,来源于和/或包括酐、酰胺、原酸酯等自身或与其它单体组合的聚合物材料也可以使用。聚合物材料可为加聚物或缩聚物,优选缩聚物。聚合物材料可交联,也可不交联,例如至多轻度交联,如小于约5%或小于约1%的聚合物材料交联在一起。对于大部分聚合物,除了碳和氢还包括氧和氮中的至少一种,优选氧。氧可以含氧形式出现,如羟基或醚基、羰基,如非氧化羰基(如羧酸酯)等等。氮可以酰胺、氰基和氨基的形式存在。Heller(Heller,Biodegradable Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery,In:CRCCritical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems,Vol.1,CRCPress,Boca Raton,FL 1987,pp39-90)已就聚合物进行了阐述,他描述了用于控制药物送递的胶囊化,这可用于本发明。
另外关注的还有羟基脂肪族羧酸(hydroxyaliphatic carboxylicacid)聚合物(均聚物或共聚物)和多糖。所研究的聚酯包括D-乳酸、L-乳酸、消旋乳酸、羟乙酸、聚己内酯的聚合物及其组合。一般而言,通过采用L-乳酸盐或D-乳酸盐能得到缓慢蚀解的聚合物或聚合物材料,而消旋乳酸盐显著提高了蚀解作用。
有用的多糖包括但不限于藻酸钙以及官能化的纤维素,特别是羧甲基纤维素酯,其特征在于例如不溶于水,分子量为约5kD到500kD。
所关注的其他聚合物包括但不限于生物相容以及可生物降解和/或生物蚀解的聚乙烯醇、聚酯、聚醚及其组合。
用于本发明的聚合物或聚合物材料的某些优选特征可包括生物相容性、与治疗组分的相容性、聚合物用于制备本发明的药物送递系统的灵活性、在生理环境下的半衰期至少约6小时,优选超过约1天,不显著提高玻璃体的粘度以及在水中的不可溶性。
所包括的用于形成基质的可生物降解聚合物材料最好具有酶学不稳定性或水解不稳定性。水溶性聚合物可与可水解的或生物降解的不稳定交联物发生交联以提供有用的不溶于水的聚合物。稳定程度变化范围较大,这取决于单体的选择、使用的是均聚物还是共聚物、是否使用了聚合物的混合物,并且该聚合物是否包括末端酸性基团。
对于控制聚合物的生物降解并由此控制植入物的延长释放曲线同等重要的是植入物中所使用的聚合物组分的相对平均分子量。可将不同分子量的相同或不同聚合物组分包含在该植入物中以调节释放曲线。在某些植入物中,聚合物的相对平均分子量介于约9到约60kD之间,通常介于约10到约54kD之间,更通常介于12到约45kD之间,最通常小于40kD。
在某些植入物中,使用了羟乙酸和乳酸的共聚物,此时生物降解的速率受到羟乙酸与乳酸的比率的调节。降解最快的共聚物其羟乙酸和乳酸的量几乎相等。均聚物或比率不相等的共聚物更容易对抗降解。羟乙酸与乳酸的比率还会影响植入物的脆性,对于更大的几何形状需要更为柔韧的植入物。聚乳酸聚羟乙酸(PLGA)共聚物的聚乳酸百分比可为0-100%,优选约15-85%,更优选约35-65%。在某些植入物中使用了50/50PLGA共聚物。
眼内植入物的可生物降解的聚合物基质可含有两种或多种可生物降解的聚合物的混合物。例如,植入物可含有第一种可生物降解的聚合物和不同的第二种可生物降解的聚合物的混合物。一种或多种可生物降解的聚合物可具有末端酸性基团。在某些植入物中,基质含有具有末端酸性基团的第一种可生物降解的聚合物和具有末端酸性基团的不同的第二种可生物降解的聚合物。第一种可生物降解的聚合物可为聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)。第二种可生物降解的聚合物可为聚(D,L-丙交酯)。
药物从可蚀解聚合物释放是几种机制或其组合的结果。这些机制中的一些包括从植入物的表面解吸、溶解、通过水化聚合物的多孔通道扩散以及蚀解。蚀解可整体进行或在表面进行或两者都有。如上所述,在眼内植入物被植入眼内后,它的基质以将有效治疗量的类固醇有效缓释超过三个月的速率释放药物。在某些植入物中,植入后治疗量的类固醇释放了超过四个月。例如,植入物可含有氟轻松,并且在植入物放入眼内后,其基质以将有效治疗量的氟轻松有效缓释约三个月的速率降解。如另一个实例,植入物可含氟轻松,并且基质以将治疗有效量的氟轻松有效缓释超过三个月(如从约三个月到约六个月)的速率释放药物。
药物从本植入物的释放还与植入物中的药物的量以及植入物的聚合物的性质,如聚合物的分子量和羟乙酸与乳酸的比率有关。在本植入物的一个实施方案中,在第一时间段以第一速率释放诸如类固醇的药物,此时基本与聚合物的性质无关,在第一时间段后的第二时间段以第二速率释放该药物,此时有赖于植入物的聚合物性质。例如,植入物可含有类固醇和聚合物组分,该聚合物组分在约30天的一段时间内从植入物释放类固醇是由于类固醇的溶出度,在30天后从植入物释放类固醇主要是由于聚合物的性质。
可生物降解的眼内植入物的一个实例包括与可生物降解的聚合物基质联合的类固醇,该聚合物基质含不同的可生物降解聚合物的混合物。至少有一种可生物降解的聚合物为分子量小于40kD的聚丙交酯。植入物放入眼内后,该混合物可将治疗有效量的类固醇有效缓释超过约两个月。在某些实施方案中,聚丙交酯的分子量小于20kD。在其它实施方案中,聚丙交酯的分子量约为10kD。聚丙交酯可为聚(D,L-丙交酯),并且聚丙交酯可含有具有末端游离酸性基团的聚合物。在一个具体实施方案中,植入物的基质含有聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)和聚丙交酯的混合物。每种聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)和聚丙交酯都有末端游离酸性基团。
可生物降解的眼内植入物的另一实例含有与可生物降解的聚合物基质联合的类固醇,该聚合物基质含有不同的可生物降解的聚合物的混合物,每一种可生物降解的聚合物的固有粘度为约0.16dl/g到约0.24dl/g。例如,一种可生物降解的聚合物的固有粘度可为约0.2dl/g。或者,该混合物可含有两种不同的可生物降解的聚合物,并且每种可生物降解的聚合物的固有粘度为约0.2dl/g。上文所鉴定的固有粘度可在0.1%氯仿中于25℃测定。
其它植入物可含有可生物降解的聚合物的可生物降解的聚合物基质,至少有一种聚合物的固有粘度为约0.25dl/g到约0.35dl/g。其它植入物可含有可生物降解的聚合物的混合物,其中每一种聚合物的固有粘度为约0.5dl/g到约0.7dl/g。
类固醇从含有可生物降解的聚合物基质的眼内植入物释放包括初始突发释放,然后所释放的类固醇的量逐渐增加,或者该释放可包括初始类固醇的延滞释放,然后释放增加。植入物基本完全降解时,已被释放的类固醇的百分比为约100%。与现有的植入物相比,本文所公开的植入物直到被放入眼内约两个月后才会完全释放,或释放约100%的类固醇。因此,该植入物呈现的累积释放曲线与现有的植入物相比较,该曲线的斜率较小或释放速率较低、释放时间更长。
在至少一个实施方案中,本植入物以毒性降低(相对于没有聚合物组分的相同类固醇的快速浓注或液体注射而言)的量将类固醇释放到眼内。例如,已报道单次或反复给予20mg剂量的Kenalog40引起视网膜的显著变化,包括视网膜色素上皮细胞的改变。该剂量是液体制剂为使疗效更长久所必需的。
相比起来,本植入物可在更长时间里提供治疗有效量的类固醇,而不要求如此大的剂量。因此,本植入物含有1mg、2mg、3mg、4mg、或5mg类固醇,如醋酸去炎松或醋酸氟轻松,该类固醇随时间逐渐释放,不会引起与注射20mg液体制剂中的类固醇相关的明显眼部毒性或其它不良副作用。因此,在一个实施方案中,玻璃体内的植入物含有醋酸去炎松和与之联合的可生物降解的聚合物,该醋酸去炎松为玻璃体内植入物的形式,该植入物以与毒性降低(相对于与给予液体组合物中的醋酸去炎松相关的毒性而言)相关的量释放醋酸去炎松。
在植入物的有效期间内最好以相对稳定的速率从植入物释放类固醇。例如,在植入物的有效期间内最好是以每天约0.01μg到约2μg的量释放类固醇。但是,释放速率可能根据可生物降解的聚合物基质的配方升高或降低。另外,类固醇的释放曲线可包括一个或多个线性部分和/或一个或多个非线性部分。优选地,一旦植入物开始降解或蚀解,释放速率大于零。
植入物可为均一的(monolithic),即具有均匀分布在聚合基质中的一种或多种活性剂,或者植入物可为胶囊式的,此时活性剂的容器被聚合基质包裹。由于制作简单,通常优选均一而非胶囊式植入物。但是,由于胶囊式、容器型植入物所提供的更大可控性,在药物的治疗水平落在很窄的范围内的某些情况下是有益的。另外,包括类固醇在内的治疗组分可以非均一形式分布在基质中。例如,植入物可包括类固醇的浓度相对于植入物的第二部分更高的部分。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,眼内植入物含有包括类固醇在内的治疗组分和包括覆盖植入物的核心区域的包衣的药物缓释组分。治疗组分在核心区域。聚合物外层可不通透治疗组分和眼部液体。或者,聚合物外层开始不通透治疗组分和眼部液体,但是随着外层降解然后可通透治疗组分或眼部液体。因此,聚合物外层可含有聚合物,如聚四氟乙烯、多氟化的乙丙烯、聚乳酸、聚羟乙酸、硅酮或其混合物。
上述植入物可被理解为包括一种或多种治疗剂如类固醇的容器。在某些植入物中,类固醇可为皮质类固醇,如上述氟轻松或去炎松。美国专利No.6,331,313描述了含有治疗剂的容器的植入物的一个实例。
在某些植入物中,药物缓释组分包括包裹治疗组分的聚合物外层,该外层包括多个开口或小孔,通过这些开口或小孔,治疗组分可从药物送递系统到植入物的外部环境,如眼睛的眼部。这些小孔能让液体进入植入物的内部,并溶解在此含有的治疗剂。治疗剂从植入物释放可受到药物在液体中的溶解性、孔径大小以及孔的数目的影响。在某些植入物中,孔径大小以及孔的数目可有效提供植入物基本全部的所需释放特征。因此,其它赋形剂不是获得所需结果所必需的。但是,在其它植入物中,还要提供赋形剂以进一步增强植入物的释放特征。
各种生物相容的基本不通透的聚合物组分可用于制备植入物的外层。在选择聚合组合物中需要考虑的几个相关因子包括:聚合物与植入物的生物环境的相容性、药物与聚合物的相容性、制作简易性、在生理环境下的半衰期至少为几天、玻璃体的粘度没有显著提高以及药物释放的所需速率。根据这些特征的相对重要性,组合物可有所变化。几种这类聚合物及其制备方法为本领域所熟知。参见例如美国专利No.4,304,765、4,668,506、4,959,217、4,144,317和5,824,074,Encyclopediaof Polymer Science and Technology,Vol.3,published by IntersciencePublishers,Inc.,New York,latest edition以及Handbook of CommonPolymers by Scott,J.R.and Roff,W.J.,published by CRC Press,Cleveland,Ohio,latest edition。
所研究的聚合物可为均聚物、共聚物、直链的、支链的或交联的衍生物。一些示例性聚合物包括:聚碳酸酯或聚脲、交联的聚乙酸乙烯酯等、酯含量为4到80%的乙烯乙烯酯共聚物,如乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯(EVA)共聚物、乙烯-己酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-丙酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-丁酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-戊酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-三甲基乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-二乙基乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-3-甲基丁酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-3,3-二甲基丁酸乙烯酯共聚物以及乙烯-苯甲酸乙烯酯共聚物或其混合物。
其它实例包括聚合物,如聚异丁烯酸甲酯、聚甲基丙烯酸丁酯(poly(butylnethacrylate))、增塑聚氯乙烯、增塑聚酰胺、增塑尼龙、增塑柔性尼龙、增塑聚对苯二甲酸亚乙酯、天然橡胶、硅酮、聚异戊二烯、聚异丁烯、聚丁二烯、聚乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏二氯乙烯、聚丙烯腈、交联的聚乙烯基砒咯烷酮、氯化聚乙烯、聚三氟氯乙烯、聚(乙烯-氯三氟乙烯)、聚四氟乙烯、聚(乙烯-四氟乙烯)、聚(4,4’-异丙叉二亚苯基碳酸酯)(poly(4,4′-isopropylidene diphenylenecarbonate))、聚乌拉坦、聚全氟丙烯、聚亚乙烯基二氟、1,1-二氯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物、氯乙烯富马酸二乙酯(vinyl chloride-diethylfumarate)共聚物、硅酮、(医学级)硅酮橡胶(如医学级ETR合成橡胶Q7-4750或MDX4-4210医学级合成橡胶)以及交联的聚二甲基硅氧烷聚合物的共聚物。
聚合物的一些其它的实例包括:聚二甲亚砜基硅氧烷、乙丙橡胶、硅酮碳酸酯(silicone-carbonate)共聚物、1,1-二氯乙烯-氯化乙烯共聚物、氯化乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物、1,1-二氯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物、聚烯烃、聚(乙烯-烯烃)、聚苯乙烯、聚卤代烯烃、如聚乙酸乙烯酯形式的聚乙烯、交联的聚乙烯醇、交联的聚丁酸乙烯酯、乙烯丙烯酸乙酯共聚物、聚乙烯基丙烯酸己酯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯醇缩乙醛、增塑的乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯氯乙烯共聚物、聚乙烯酯、聚丁酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯醇缩甲醛、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚氧化物、聚酯、聚酰胺以及聚碳酸酯或其混合物。
在某些方面,具有外层包衣有孔的植入物可为生物降解的,其中,药物释放达所需时间后外层降解。可生物降解的聚合组合物可含有任何上文鉴定的可生物降解的聚合物或其组合。在某些植入物中,聚合物为聚四氟乙烯(商品名),乙基乙烯醇或亚乙基乙酸乙烯酯。
含类固醇的植入物在孔口被构造成总面积小于植入物的总表面积的1%时一般可具有所需的释放时间。基本为圆柱形的植入物具有第一末端、第二末端以及介于第一末端和第二末端之间的主体部分。一般而言,本文所公开的植入物在第一末端和第二末端处密封。在植入物的主体部分形成了一个或多个孔。通常这些孔的直径至少约250μm并小于约500μm。例如,孔的直径为约250μm、325μm、375μm或500μm。也可能在其它植入物中提供较小的孔。一般而言,在植入物外层具有两个或三个孔。对长约7mm到约10mm的植入物而言,孔间距可为约1mm到约2mm。
在一个含类固醇的植入物中,孔的总面积约为植入物的总表面积的0.311%。在另一个含类固醇的植入物中,孔的总面积约为植入物的总表面积的0.9%。可通过如下公式测定孔口或孔的面积:
面积=3.1416×r2
其中,r为孔的半径。可测定每个孔的面积并将其相加确定总的孔面积。管状植入物的表面积可通过如下公式确定:
表面积=3.1416×OD×长度+2×3.1416rod 2
其中,OD为管状植入物横截面的外径,长度为管状植入物的长度,rod 2为管状植入物横截面的半径。
在上述构造中,植入物能以每天小于2μg的浓度释放类固醇。某些植入物能以每天约0.5μg的浓度释放类固醇。这些植入物能将治疗有效量的类固醇提供到眼睛的眼部超过一年,如超过五年,甚至约13年。
美国专利No.6,331,313公开了所使用的材料的实例以及制备该植入物的方法。简而言之,在含治疗剂的核心周围形成了包衣。该核心可含有与可生物降解的基质联合的治疗剂,或可通过填充已形成的如管的包衣形成该核心。
治疗剂可以干粉、颗粒、微粒的形式或以压缩固体的形式保存在已形成的包衣中。治疗剂还可存在于溶液中。另外,核心可含有可生物降解的聚合物基质以及治疗剂的混合物,如上述含基质的植入物。含有治疗剂的基质中所使用的聚合物与身体组织以及体液生物相容,并且为可生物降解的或在体液中基本不溶。任何上述生物相容的聚合物组合物可用于制备基质。核心的聚合物的量以重量计可为约0%到80%。这些聚合物可商购,制备聚合物基质的方法为本领域所熟知,参见例如美国专利No.5,882,682。
通过将上述聚合组合物包被核心可获得生物相容的基本不通透的外层。可使用有机溶剂形成包衣,然后真空干燥从包衣除去溶剂形成干的包被层。浓度为约10%到约80%(重量百分比)的聚合物在合适的温度下溶于或悬浮于有机溶剂中,例如对聚丙交酯聚合物而言在60摄氏度到90摄氏度之间。可将所得到的混合物剪切、成形、射出成形、挤压或浇灌,或将其喷洒到已形成的核心以制成用于植入的任何形状或尺寸。喷洒可在转锅式涂布器或流化床涂布器完成,直到获得所需包被厚度。
或者,核心可浸镀或热熔涂布。该涂布类型特别用于蜡类和油类。在另一实施方案中,核心可压缩涂布,其中,可在已形成的核心上压制合适的聚合组合物。另一方面,在涂布不通透的包衣前,先将粘性包衣如虫胶或邻苯二甲酸聚乙烯醇酯(PVAP)涂于核心以提高不通透包衣对核心的黏附。这些技术为本领域所熟知。参见例如由J.R.Scott和W.J.Roff编著、CRC Press,Cleveland,Ohio于1971年出版的Handbook of Common Polymers的第64部分。
当外层射出成形或挤压形成所需形状时,外层所形成的空腔可被治疗剂组合物所填充。然后用端盖封闭末端。在装置上至少钻了一个孔。视情况在壁上钻或预形成孔,或者用破坏式拉环封孔,在使用时,该破坏式拉环可破开、切开等。
或者,例如可通过在足以吸收治疗剂的一段时间里将装置浸入含治疗剂的溶液中将治疗剂装载到没有核心的装置中。该装置可配备中空纤维,并且治疗剂可直接装载到纤维中,随后封闭该装置。填充治疗剂的装置然后可在治疗剂的活性不受到影响的条件下被干燥或部分干燥,储存备用。当所选择的治疗剂的活性对暴露于溶剂、热或者上述的常规溶剂蒸发法、成形法、挤压法或其它方法的其它方面敏感时,该方法可具有特殊用途。
可使用本领域所熟知的方法形成孔。例如可使用针或其它形式的钻孔装置如机械钻孔机或激光除去装置不通透部分的一部分而形成孔。或者,可将专门设计的冲头引入压缩装置中以在压缩点刺穿不通透部位。
通过使用机械方法或以激光为基础的方法在装置的壁上钻大小合适的孔可制备孔。在某些植入物中,数码激光标记系统被用于钻孔。该系统可同时并以适合生产剂型的速率在剂型的两面钻出一列孔。该方法使用了数码激光标记系统(例如DigiMarkTM可调标记系统,Directed Energy公司可得),以便以实际上适合剂型生产的速率在剂型的表面或包衣上生产许多孔。
激光钻孔方法采用如下步骤:数码激光标记系统聚焦于一个激光平台(laser stage);将剂型移到激光平台上,数码激光标记系统通过脉冲给予那些所需的激光管以能量,使其沿剂型的线性排列钻出所需的孔,剂型在激光平台上向前迁移,并且数码激光标记系统如所需要的那样再次脉冲,以产生其它线性排列的孔;然后将剂型移开激光平台。
美国专利No.3,845,770、3,916,899、4,063,064和4,008,864公开了孔以及形成孔的设备。美国专利No.4,200,098和4,285,987公开了通过浸沥法形成的孔。美国专利No.4,063,064和美国专利No.4,088,864公开了激光钻孔机器,该机器具有用于定位装置的成像波长检测系统。
本文所公开的眼内植入物可通过针头给予,其大小介于约5μm到约10mm之间,或介于10μm到约1mm之间,也可通过外科手术植入,其大小大于1mm或大于2mm,如3mm或最高达10mm。就针头注射式植入物而言,该植入物可具有任何合适的长度,只要植入物的直径使得植入物可以穿过针头。例如,长度为约6mm到约7mm的植入物可被注射到眼内。通过针头给予的植入物应该具有小于针头内径的直径。在某些植入物中,直径小于约500μm。人的玻璃体腔能容纳相对较大的不同几何形状的植入物,例如其长度为1到10mm。植入物可为圆柱形药片(如棒剂),大小约为2mm×0.75mm(直径)。或者植入物可为长度为约7mm到约10mm并且直径为约0.75mm到约1.5mm的圆柱形药片。
植入物至少还有少许柔韧度,这样有助于将植入物放入眼内(如玻璃体内),并有助于容纳植入物。植入物的总重量通常为约250-5000μg,更优选约500-1000μg。例如,植入物可为约500μg或约1000μg。对除人外的个体而言,植入物的大小以及总重量可更大也可更小,这取决于个体类型。例如,人的玻璃体体积约为3.8ml,而马的约为30ml,大象的约为60-100ml。因此对其它动物而言,大小适用于人的植入物可按比例放大或缩小,例如就用于马的植入物而言可放大约8倍,或者,例如就用于大象的植入物而言可放大约26倍。
因此,可以制备植入物,其中中心可为一种材料,表面可为一层或多层相同或不同组合物,并且层之间可交联,或者分子量不同、密度或孔隙率不同等等。例如,在需要快速释放初始大量药物时,中心可为聚乳酸-聚羟乙酸共聚物包被的聚乳酸,以提高初始降解速率。或者,中心可为聚乳酸包被的聚乙烯醇,这样一旦外面的聚乳酸降解,中心将溶解并快速流出眼睛。
植入物(特别是具有与可生物降解的聚合物基质联合的类固醇的植入物)可为任何几何形状,包括纤维状、片层状、薄膜状、微球状、球状、圆盘状、斑状等。植入物大小的上限可由下述因子决定:植入物的耐受性、放入的尺寸限制、操作简易性等。使用片层或薄膜时,为操作简单,它们的大小至少约为0.5mm×0.5mm,通常约为3-10mm×5-10mm,厚度约为0.1-1.0mm。使用纤维时,纤维直径一般为约0.05到3mm,并且纤维的长度一般为约0.5-10mm。球形直径为约0.5μm到4mm,并且其体积与其它形状颗粒相当。
植入物的大小以及形式还可用于控制释放速率、治疗时间以及植入位点的药物浓度。较大植入物可送递成比例增多的剂量,但是这取决于表面积与质量的比,并且该植入物可能释放速率较慢。选择特定尺寸和几何形状的植入物以适合植入位点。
类固醇、聚合物以及任何其它改性剂的比例可通过制备不同比例的几种植入物通过经验决定。USP批准的溶解或释放检验的方法可用于测量释放速率(USP23;NF18(1995)pp.1790-1798)。例如,使用无限沉降法(infinite sink method),将已知重量的植入物样本加入已知体积的溶液中(含有溶于水的0.9%NaCl),此时溶液体积可满足释放后药物浓度小于5%的饱和度。将混合物维持在37℃并缓慢搅拌保持植入物悬浮。已溶解药物的溶出的时间函数可通过本领域所熟知的方法获得,如分光光度计法、HPLC、质谱法等等,直到吸光度变得稳定或者超过90%的药物已被释放。
除了包含在本文所公开的眼内植入物的类固醇或类固醇类之外,眼内植入物还可含有一种或多种其它眼科学上可接受的治疗剂。例如,植入物可含有一种或多种抗组胺、一种或多种抗生素、一种或多种β阻断剂、一种或多种不同的皮质类固醇、一种或多种抗肿瘤药、一种或多种免疫抑制剂、一种或多种抗病毒剂、一种或多种抗氧化剂,以及它们的混合物。
可用于本系统的药理剂或治疗剂包括但不限于在美国专利NO.4,474,451第4-6栏以及NO.4,327,725第7-8栏所公开的药理剂或治疗剂。
抗组胺的实例包括但不限于氯雷他定(loradatine)、羟嗪、苯海拉明、氯苯那敏、溴苯那敏、赛庚啶、特非那定、氯马斯汀、曲普利定、氯苯吡醇胺、二苯拉林、苯茚胺、阿扎他定、曲吡那敏、右氯苯那敏、右溴苯那敏、甲吡吩嗪以及阿利吗嗪(trimprazine)、多西那敏、非尼拉敏、新安替根、chiorcyclizine、嘧啶二胺、以及它们的衍生物。
抗生素的实例包括但不限于头孢唑啉、头孢拉定、头孢克洛、头孢砒硫、头孢唑肟、头孢哌酮、头孢替坦、cefutoxime、头孢氨噻、头孢羟氨苄、头孢他啶、头孢氨苄、头孢噻吩、头孢羟唑、头孢西丁、头孢尼西、头孢雷特、头孢曲松、头孢羟氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢氨呋肟、氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林、环青霉素、氨苄青霉素、青霉素G、青霉素V钾、哌拉西林、苯唑西林、巴氨西林、氯唑西林、替卡西林、阿洛西林、羧苄西林、甲氧苯青霉素、萘夫西林、红霉素、四环素、多西环素、米诺环素、氨曲南、氯霉素、盐酸环丙沙星、克林霉素、甲硝唑、庆大霉素、林可霉素、妥布霉素、万古霉素、硫酸多粘菌素B、粘菌素M、粘菌素、阿奇霉素、奥格门汀、磺胺甲噁唑、甲氧苄啶,以及它们的衍生物。
β阻断剂的实例包括醋丁洛尔、阿替洛尔、拉贝洛尔、美托洛尔、普萘洛尔(propranolol)、噻吗洛尔,以及它们的衍生物。
类固醇的实例包括皮质类固醇,如可的松、泼尼松龙、氟甲松龙(flurometholone)、地塞米松、6α-甲-11β-羟孕酮、氯替泼诺、氟扎可特、氢化可的松、泼尼松、倍他米松、泼尼松、甲基氢化泼尼松龙、己酸丙炎松(riamcinolone hexacatonide)、醋酸对氟米松、二氟拉松、氟轻松(fluocinonide)、、以及它们的衍生物和混合物。
抗肿瘤药的实例包括阿霉素、环磷酰胺、放线菌素、博莱霉素、柔红霉素(duanorubicin)、羟基红比霉素、表阿霉素、丝裂霉素、甲氨蝶呤、氟尿嘧啶、卡铂、卡莫斯汀(BCNU)、司莫司汀、顺铂、依托泊苷、干扰素、喜树碱及其衍生物、胆甾醇对苯乙酸氮芥、紫杉醇及其衍生物、紫杉特尔及其衍生物、长春碱、长春新碱、他莫西芬、依托泊苷、哌泊舒凡、环磷酰胺和氟利坦,以及它们的衍生物。
免疫抑制剂的实例包括环孢霉素A(cyclosporine)、硫唑嘌呤、他克莫司,以及它们的衍生物。
抗病毒剂的实例包括γ干扰素、齐多夫定、盐酸金刚烷胺、利巴韦林、阿昔洛韦、伐昔洛韦(valciclovir)、二脱氧胞苷、膦甲酸(phosphonoformic acid)、更昔洛韦,以及它们的衍生物。
抗氧化剂的实例包括维生素C、维生素E、甘露醇、还原谷胱甘肽、各种类胡萝卜素、半胱氨酸、尿酸、牛磺酸、酪氨酸、超氧化歧化酶、叶黄素、玉米黄素、隐黄素(cryotpxanthin)、虾红素(astazanthin)、番茄烃、N-乙酰半胱氨酸、肌肽、γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸、槲皮素、乳铁蛋白、二氢硫辛酸、柠檬酸盐、银杏叶提取物、茶叶儿茶酸、越桔提取物、维生素E或维生素E的酯类、棕榈酸视黄酯,以及它们的衍生物。
其它治疗剂包括角鲨胺(squalamine)、碳酸酐酶抑制剂、α激动剂、前列腺酰胺、前列腺素、抗寄生虫药、抗真菌药及其衍生物。
用于植入物的活性药剂的量(分别或者其组合)随着所需要的有效剂量以及所需要的从植入物释放的速率的变化而有很大变化。通常药剂至少约为植入物的重量百分比的1%、更通常至少为约10%,并且通常不超过植入物的重量百分比的约80%,更通常不超过约40%。
除了治疗组分外,本文所公开的眼内植入物可包括有效量的缓冲剂、防腐剂等。合适的水溶性缓冲剂包括但不限于碱金属和碱土金属的碳酸盐、磷酸盐、碳酸氢盐、柠檬酸盐、硼酸盐、乙酸盐、琥珀酸盐等,如磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠、硼酸钠、乙酸钠、碳酸氢钠、碳酸钠等。这些试剂优选以足以将系统的pH维持在约2到约9(更优选在约4到约8)之间的量存在。因此,这种缓冲剂以重量计可约为植入物总重的5%。合适的水溶性防腐剂包括亚硫酸氢钠、硫酸氢钠、硫代硫酸钠、维生素C、苯扎氯胺、三氯叔丁醇、硫柳汞、乙酸苯汞、硼酸苯汞、硝酸苯汞、对羟苯甲酸酯、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、聚乙烯醇、苯甲醇、苯基乙醇等,及它们的混合物。这些药剂可以重量计0.001到约5%(优选以重量计0.01到约2%)的量存在。
在某些情况下,可利用采用相同或不同药理剂的植入物的混合物。通过这种途径,用单次给药进行两相或三相释放,就可获得混合释放的效果,此时释放模式可能有很大变化。
另外,如在美国专利No.5,869,079中所描述的释放调节剂可包含在本植入物中。所使用的释放调节剂的量取决于所需释放曲线、调节剂的活性,还取决于没有调节剂时糖皮质激素组分的释放曲线。诸如氯化钠和氯化钾的电解质也可包括在本植入物中。当缓冲剂或增强剂为亲水性时,它们还可起到释放加速剂的作用。亲水性添加剂通过加快溶解围绕在药物颗粒周围的材料起到提高释放速率的作用,这增加了所暴露的药物的表面面积,由此提高药物蚀解的速率。同样,疏水性缓冲剂或增强剂溶解更缓慢,减慢了药物颗粒的暴露,由此减慢药物蚀解的速率。
可使用各种技术生产本文所描述的植入物。有用的技术包括但不限于溶剂蒸发法、相分离法、界面法、成形法、射出成形法、挤压法、共挤压法、carver压制法、模切法(die cutting method)、热压缩法(heatcompression)、以及它们的组合等。
具体的方法在美国专利No.4,997,652中讨论。可使用挤压法避免在制造中使用溶剂。在使用挤压法时,选择在制造所需温度条件下稳定存在的聚合物和药物,所述温度通常至少为约85摄氏度。挤压法使用的温度为约25摄氏度到约150摄氏度,更优选约65摄氏度到约130摄氏度。可通过将温度设为约60摄氏度到约150摄氏度(如约130摄氏度)将药物/聚合物混合0到1小时、0到30分钟或5-15分钟,以生产植入物。例如,时间可为约10分钟,优选约0到5min。然后在温度约60摄氏度到约130摄氏度(如约75摄氏度)挤压植入物。
另外,可共挤压植入物,这样在制造植入物的过程中在核心区形成了包被层。
压缩法可用于制备植入物,通常用于生产与挤压法所生产的植入物相比具有较快释放速率的植入物。压缩法可使用的压力约为50-150psi,更优选约70-80psi,更优选约76psi,并且使用的温度为约0摄氏度到约115摄氏度,更优选约25摄氏度。
通过各种方法,包括在巩膜切一个2-3mm的切口,然后通过镊子或套针放置,本发明的植入物可放入眼内,例如可放入眼睛的玻璃体腔内。放置方法可影响治疗组分或药物释放动力学。例如,与用镊子放置相比,用套针送递植入物可使得植入物被放置到玻璃体的更深处,这使得植入物更接近玻璃体的边缘。植入物的位置可影响元件周围的治疗组分或药物的浓度梯度,由此影响释放速率(如放置到更接近玻璃体边缘的元件可减缓释放速率)。
根据本发明可被治疗或处理的疾病或病症包括但不限于如下疾病或病症:
黄斑病变/视网膜变性:非渗出性年龄相关黄斑病变(ARMD)、渗出性年龄相关黄斑变性(ARMD)、脉络膜新生血管形成、糖尿病视网膜病变、急性黄斑视神经视网膜病变、中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变、囊样黄斑水肿、糖尿病性黄斑水肿。
葡萄膜炎/视网膜炎/脉络膜炎:急性多病灶鱼鳞板状色素上皮病、贝切特病、鸟枪弹样视网膜脉络膜病变(BirdshotRetinochoroidopathy)、感染(梅毒、莱姆病、结核、弓形虫病)、中间葡萄膜炎(睫状体扁平部炎)、多病灶脉络膜炎、多发性一过性白点综合征(MEWDS)、眼部肉样瘤病、后巩膜炎、匐行性脉络膜炎、视网膜下纤维化以及葡萄膜炎综合症、伏格特-小柳-原田三氏综合征。
血管病变/渗出性病变:视网膜动脉阻塞病、视网膜中央静脉阻塞、 弥散性血管内凝血病、视网膜分支静脉阻塞、高血压眼底改变、眼缺血综合征、视网膜动脉微动脉瘤、外层渗出性视网膜病变(Coat’s病)、旁中心凹毛细血管扩张、半侧视网膜静脉阻塞、视乳头静脉炎(papillophlebitis)、视网膜中央动脉阻塞、视网膜分支动脉阻塞、颈动脉疾病(CAD)、霜样树枝状血管炎(Frosted Branch Angitis)、镰刀状红细胞视网膜病变(Sickle Cell Retinopathy)和其它血红蛋白病变、视网膜血管样条纹症(Angioid Streaks)、家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变、伊尔斯病(Eales Disease)。
创伤/外科手术:交感性眼炎、葡萄膜视网膜疾病(Uveitic RetinalDisease)、视网膜剥离、创伤、激光、PDT、光凝固法、外科手术期间血液灌流不足、辐射性视网膜病变、骨髓移植视网膜病变。
增生性病变:增生性玻璃体视网膜病变(Proliferative VitrealRetinopathy)和黄斑视网膜前膜(Epiretinal Membrane)、增生性糖尿病性视网膜病变。
感染病变:眼组织胞浆菌病、眼弓蛔虫病、可疑眼组织胞浆菌病综合征(POHS)、眼内炎、弓形虫病、与HIV感染相关视网膜疾病、与HIV感染相关脉络膜疾病、与HIV感染相关葡萄膜炎性疾病、病毒性视网膜炎、急性视网膜坏死、进行性外部视网膜坏死(ProgressiveOuter Retinal Necrosis)、真菌性视网膜疾病、眼梅毒、眼内结核、弥散性单侧亚急性视神经视网膜炎、蝇蛆病。
遗传病变:色素性视网膜炎、与视网膜营养不良相关的全身性病变(Systemic Disorders with Accosiated Retinal Dystrophies)、先天性静止性夜盲、锥体营养不良、斯塔加特(Stargardt′s)病和黄点状眼底、贝斯特病、图形样视网膜色素上皮细胞营养不良(PatternDystrophy of the Retinal Pigmented Epithelium)、X染色体连锁视网膜劈裂症(X-Linked Retinoschisis)、索斯比氏眼底营养不良、良性同心黄斑病变(Benign Concentric Maculopathy)、比蒂氏结晶型营养障碍(Bietti′s Crystalline Dystrophy)、弹性假黄色瘤。
视网膜撕裂/视网膜裂孔:视网膜剥离、黄斑裂孔、巨大视网膜撕裂。
肿瘤:与肿瘤相关的视网膜病变、先天性视网膜色素上皮细胞肥大、后葡萄膜黑色素瘤(Posterior Uveal Melanoma)、脉络膜血管瘤、脉络膜骨瘤、脉络膜转移、视网膜和视网膜色素上皮细胞的联合性错构瘤(Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal PigmentedEpithelium)、视网膜母细胞瘤、眼底血管增生肿瘤(VasoproliferativeTumors of the Ocular Fundus)、视网膜星形细胞瘤、眼内淋巴瘤。
杂症:点状内脉络膜病变、急性后极部多发性鳞状色素上皮病变,急性多发性缺血性脉络膜病变、近视性视网膜病变、急性视网膜色素上皮炎等等。
在一个实施方案中,植入物(如本文描述的植入物)可给予人或动物(优选人或动物活体)患者眼睛的后段。在至少一个实施方案中,给予植入物无需进入眼睛的视网膜下隙。例如,治疗患者的方法可包括将植入物直接放入眼睛的后房。在其它实施方案中,治疗患者的方法可包括通过下述注射方法中的至少一种将植入物给予患者:玻璃体内注射、结膜下注射、筋膜囊下(sub-tenon)注射、眼球后注射以及脉络膜上注射。
在至少一个实施方案中,治疗患者眼后部疾病的方法包括通过下述注射方法中的至少一种将一个或多个含上述类固醇组分的植入物给予患者:玻璃体内注射、结膜下注射、筋膜囊下注射、眼球后注射以及脉络膜上注射。注射器装置包括尺寸合适的针头,例如22号针头、27号针头或30号针头,它们可有效用于将组合物注射到人或动物眼睛的后段。由于类固醇组分可从植入物长期释放,通常不需要反复注射。
本植入物给需要眼部治疗的患者提供较长的疗法。如上所述,在植入物放入患者眼睛的玻璃体内后,本植入物可释放类固醇至少约2个月。在某些植入物中,类固醇和/或其它治疗剂可释放至少约1年,例如约三年。在其它的植入物中,类固醇可以治疗有效量释放超过三年,如约五年。
本发明的另一方面,提供了治疗眼睛的眼病的药盒,包括:a)含有释放时间更长的植入物的容器,该植入物含有包括类固醇如氟轻松或去炎松的治疗组分和药物缓释组分;以及b)使用说明书。说明书可包括如下步骤:如何处理植入物、如何将植入物放入眼部以及使用植入物所期望得到的结果。
关于本文的公开,可生物降解的眼内植入物的一个实施方案包括类固醇(如醋酸去炎松、醋酸氟轻松、地塞米松等)以及可生物降解的聚合物组分,并且基本没有聚乙烯醇。该植入物可用于治疗包括非感染性葡萄膜炎在内的葡萄膜炎以及其它眼病,包括黄斑水肿、年龄相关黄斑变性以及上述病变。优选地,这些植入物可放入患者眼睛的玻璃体内,可提供一种或多种疗效,并且副作用相对较小或没有副作用。例如,诸如醋酸氟轻松的类固醇可从植入物释放,患者不出现白内障、玻璃体积血、视网膜新生血管形成和/或高眼压。
在另一实施方案中,植入物可含有类固醇如醋酸氟轻松,并且植入物可具有片剂外的其它形式。例如,植入物可为棒剂、丸剂等。在某些植入物中,与压缩片剂相比,植入物为挤压元件。植入物可含有粘性组分,该组分将植入物维持在眼睛内的固定位置。例如,某些植入物如非片剂的植入物,可包括聚乙烯醇缝合线。其它植入物(包括压缩型片剂)可含有没有聚乙烯醇的粘性组分。例如,水凝胶可用于将植入物附着在患者眼内。
在其它实施方案中,植入物可含有类固醇(如醋酸氟轻松或醋酸去炎松)和降低眼内压的药剂(如α2肾上腺素能激活剂)。这些植入物特别用于防止与类固醇从植入物释放到眼睛相关的眼内压的升高。
在另一实施方案中,含有类固醇的眼内片剂可含有包被在片剂体上的聚乙烯醇,并基本没有硅酮组分。有用的包衣的一些实例包括上述的那些包衣。
实施例
下文的非限制性实施例为本领域的普通技术人员提供了本发明的范围内的具体而优选的药物送递系统、制备该系统的方法以及治疗病症的方法。下述实施例无意于限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
制备和测试含氟轻松和可生物降解的聚合物基质的植入物
将醋酸氟轻松与聚合物在不锈钢研钵中组合并使用设定为96RPM的Turbula振荡器混合15分钟。将氟轻松和聚合物的粉末从不锈钢研钵的壁上刮离,然后再混合15分钟。在110℃到160℃(取决于所使用的聚合物)将粉状混合物共加热30分钟,形成聚合物/药物熔融物。将熔融物作成颗粒状,然后将颗粒装入桶中并挤压形成纤维。最后将纤维剪成约0.5mg或约1mg大小的植入物。该植入物重约450μg到约550μg,或约900μg到约1100μg。1mg大小的植入物长度为约2mm长,直径为约0.72mm。
将每种植入物放入装有10ml0.9%盐溶液的20ml螺旋盖小瓶中。将小瓶放入37℃振荡水浴锅中。在第1、4、7天移去9ml的等份试样并换上相同体积的新鲜介质,之后每周换一次。体外释放测试在每个批次的植入物上进行,每次六个重复。
用HPLC进行药物分析,该HPLC由Waters 2690分离模块(或2696)以及Waters 2996光电二极管阵列检测器组成。VarianMicrosorb-MVTM C18柱用于分离,检测器设为254nm。流动相为(50∶50)乙腈/0.005M乙酸钠(pH=4.0)。流速为1ml/min,总运行时间为6min。通过计算在一定体积的介质中的药物随着时间变化而释放的量测定释放速率(μg/天)。
制备了总共20个醋酸氟轻松制剂(示于表1)。所使用的聚合物为Boehringer Ingelheim Resomers RG755、RG503、R202H、RG502H和RG502。固有粘度分别为约0.6、0.4、0.2、0.2和0.2dl/g。平均分子量分别为40000、28300、6500、8400和11400道尔顿。
表1.醋酸氟轻松制剂
制剂 | 批次 | FA(w/w) | 聚合物 | I.V.(dl/g) | Melt T | Extru T(core) | Nozzle | DDS Size |
1 | 453-98A | 40% | RG755 | 0.6 | 160℃ | 122℃ | 380μm | 0.5mg |
2 | 453-98B | 40% | RG755 | 0.6 | 160℃ | 122℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
3 | 453-99 | 20% | RG755 | 0.6 | 160℃ | 116℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
4 | 453-100 | 40% | RG503 | 0.4 | 150℃ | 116℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
5 | 453-101 | 20% | RG503 | 0.4 | 150℃ | 106℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
6 | 453-116 | 40% | R202H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 90℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
7 | 453-117 | 40% | RG752 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 90℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
8 | 453-118 | 40% | RG502H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 84℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
9 | 453-119 | 40% | RG502 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 92℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
10 | 453-120 | 40% | (1∶1)RG502H/R202H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 85℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
11 | 453-121 | 40% | (1∶1)RG502H/RG752 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 83℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
12 | 453-128 | 60% | (3∶1)RG502H/R202H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 95℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
13 | 453-129 | 60% | (3∶1)RG502H/RG752 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 101℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
14 | 453-130 | 60% | (3∶1)RG502H/RG502 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 101℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
15 | 453-131 | 60% | (1∶1)RG502H/R202H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 101℃ | 720μm | 0.5mg |
16 | 453-137 | 40% | (1∶2)RG502H/R202H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 88℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
17 | 453-138 | 40% | (1∶2)RG502H/RG752 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 85℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
18 | 453-139 | 40% | (1∶2)RG502H/RG502 | 0.2 | 120℃ | 85℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
19 | 453-140 | 40% | (1∶2)RG502H/RG503 | n.a. | 120℃ | 99℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
20 | 453-141 | 40% | (1∶2)RG502H/RG755 | n.a. | 120℃ | 99℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
FA=醋酸氟轻松
I.V.=固有粘度
Melt T=熔融温度
Extru T=挤压温度
Nozzle=喷嘴直径(μm)
DDS size=药物送递系统大小(即单个植入物的重量)
在所制备的20个制剂中,筛选了16个制剂用于释放测试(制剂#1-11和16-20)。最初,释放介质为10mL磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(PBS),并在每个时间点替换1ml,但是在高达三周的时间里几乎没有观察到释放。随后将释放介质改为PBS,并且每次替换9ml,但是释放并不稳定,具有不可接受的高标准差。最后,释放介质换为0.9%的盐水,并在每个时间点替换9ml。释放曲线在图1和2中示出。
大部分醋酸氟轻松制剂在约2~3个月的时间里释放了全部的载药量。在16个制剂中有11个制剂释放了约2个月,在11个制剂中有6个释放了约3个月。
特别地,用Resomer RG755(453-98A、453-98B和453-99)和RG752(453-117)制备的所有制剂在4天后几乎不释放,其释放研究在一个月后终止。
用RG503(453-100和453-101)和RG502(453-119)制备的制剂先有3-4周的延滞,然后在第49天和第56天之间100%释放。
用RG502H(453-118)制备的制剂似乎释放最快,在第49天完全释放。
用RG502H和R202H的(1∶1)混合物制备的制剂释放时间最长,高达84天。
最后,用RG502H和RG752的(1∶1)混合物制备的制剂在开始时似乎比用RG502H(453-118)制备的制剂释放慢,但是最终以在第49天完全释放结束。
基于这些数据,表明RG502H和其它较慢释放的聚合物的混合物提供了释放时间更长并且相对更接近零级动力学的制剂。一种具有所需释放特征的制剂是RG502H和R202H的1∶2混合物,该制剂使得在84天后释放了94%的氟轻松。
实施例2
制备和测试含有去炎松和可生物降解的聚合物基质的植入物将醋酸去炎松与聚合物在不锈钢研钵中组合并使用设定为96RPM的Turbula振荡器混合15分钟。将氟轻松和聚合物的粉末从不锈钢研钵的壁上刮离,然后再混合15分钟。在110℃到160℃(取决于所使用的聚合物)将粉状混合物共加热30分钟,形成聚合物/药物熔融物。将熔融物作成颗粒状,然后将颗粒装入桶中并挤压形成纤维。最后将纤维剪成约0.5mg或约1mg大小的植入物。该植入物重约450μg到约550μg,或约900μg到约1100μg。1mg大小的植入物长度为约2mm长,直径为约0.72mm。
如实施例1所述对去炎松植入物进行测试。
制备了总共16个醋酸去炎松制剂(示于表2)。所使用的聚合物为Boehringer Ingelheim Resomers RG755、RG503、R202H、RG502H和RG502。固有粘度分别为约0.6、0.4、0.2、0.2和0.2dl/g。平均分子量分别为40000、28300、6500、8400和11400道尔顿。
表1.醋酸去炎松制剂
制剂 | 批次 | TA(w/w) | 聚合物 | I.V.(dl/g) | Melt T | Extru T(core) | Nozzle | DDS Size |
1 | 453-96 | 50% | RG755 | 0.6 | 160℃ | 122℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
2 | 453-97 | 50% | RG503 | 0.4 | 150℃ | 116℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
3 | 453-112 | 50% | RG502 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 105℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
4 | 453-113 | 50% | RG502H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 90℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
5 | 453-114 | 50% | RG752 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 95℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
6 | 453-115 | 50% | R202H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 96℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
7 | 453-122 | 50% | (1∶1)RG502H/RG752 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 83℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
8 | 453-123 | 50% | (1∶1)RG502H/R202H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 85℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
9 | 453-125 | 60% | (3∶1)RG502H/RG502 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 92℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
10 | 453-126 | 60% | (3∶1)RG502H/R202H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 92℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
11 | 453-127 | 60% | (3∶1)RG502H/RG752 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 95℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
12 | 453-132 | 60% | (1∶1)RG502H/R202H | 0.2 | 110℃ | 108℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
13 | 453-133 | 50% | (1∶1)RG502H/RG502 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 99℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
14 | 453-134 | 50% | (1∶1)RG502H/RG755 | N/A | 110℃ | 110℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
15 | 453-135 | 50% | (1∶1)RG502H/RG503 | N/A | 110℃ | 110℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
16 | 453-136 | 50% | (3∶1)RG502H/RG502 | 0.2 | 110℃ | 88℃ | 720μm | 1mg |
TA=醋酸去炎松
I.V.=固有粘度
Melt T=熔融温度
Extru T=挤压温度
Nozzle=喷嘴直径(μm)
DDS size=药物送递系统大小(即单个植入物的重量)
在所制备的16个制剂中,筛选了8个制剂用于释放测试(制剂#1-8)。,释放介质面临了与氟轻松一样的问题。释放介质换为0.9%的盐水,并在每个时间点替换9ml。释放曲线在图3中示出。
某些醋酸去炎松制剂的释放时间为约4-6个月。在8个制剂中有5个制剂释放了4个月或更长时间,并且两个制剂释放超过五个月。
用RG755(453-96),RG752(453-114)和R202H(453-115)制备的制剂的释放基本为零或释放缓慢。
用RG502H(453-113)制备的制剂具有释放最快并可能最为平缓的释放曲线,并且最小延滞持续接近4个月。
用RG502(453-112)制备的制剂等速释放4个月,但是它也具有2-3个星期的延滞期。
用(453-97)制备的制剂释放时间超过4个月,但它也有四个星期的延滞期。
与实施例1的制剂相似,用RG502H and R202H lot(453-123)的(1∶1)混合物制备的制剂具有接近5到6个月的所需释放曲线。该释放曲线最线性化,时间最长(>140天)。
基于实施例1和2的数据,相比于单一聚合物,聚合物混合物似乎获得更需要的控释速率。使用降解缓慢的聚(D,L-丙交酯)如R202H,并将其与降解迅速的聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)如RG502H相混合,可有效控制氟轻松和醋酸去炎松的释放速率。
实施例3
制备和体外测试含氟轻松和聚合物包衣的植入物
将硅酮管(Specialty Silicone Fabricators,Inc,SSF-METN-755,P.N.OP-2)剪切成10mm或7mm的管以形成植入元件。在所剪切的管上钻(Photomachining,Inc)不同大小的孔。每个管的构造的特征在于孔的数目、孔径和孔间距以及管长和管的无菌性。每一个钻孔的管均用硅酮粘合剂(Nusil Silicone Technology,MED-1511)在一端粘合并在室温下干燥72小时,然后装入醋酸氟轻松。每个10mm长的管含有4到5mg氟轻松,而每个7mm长的管含有2到3mg的氟轻松。最后,粘合每个管的另一端并干燥72小时。植入物并不含有任何其它赋形剂或释放改性剂。总共检验了30个不同的管构造并描述于表3。
表3.氟轻松容器送递技术的构造
构造 | 批次# | #孔/直径/距离 | 平均药物负载(μg) | γ灭菌前后 | 管长 | 重复数 |
1 | 257-172-1 | 2hole-250μm-2mm | 4526(n=3) | BS | 1cm | 3 |
2 | 257-172-4 | 2hole-500μm-2mm | 4667(n=3) | BS | 1cm | 3 |
3 | 257-172-7 | 3hole-250μm-2mm | 4508(n=3) | BS | 1cm | 3 |
4 | 257-172-10 | 3hole-500μm-2mm | 4437(n=3) | BS | 1cm | 3 |
5 | 267-33-1 | 2hole-250μm-2mm | 4699(n=1) | AS | 1cm | 1 |
6 | 267-33-2 | 3hole-250μm-2mm | 4536(n=1) | AS | 1cm | 1 |
7 | 267-33-3 | 2hole-500μm-2mm | 4457(n=1) | AS | 1cm | 1 |
8 | 267-33-4 | 3hole-500μm-2mm | 4214(n=1) | AS | 1cm | 1 |
9 | 267-140 | 2hole-375μm-2mm | 5228(n=3) | BS | 1cm | 3 |
10 | 267-140 | 2hole-460μm-2mm | 4466(n=3) | BS | 1cm | 3 |
11 | 267-140 | 3hole-325μm-2mm | 4867(n=3) | BS | 1cm | 3 |
12 | 267-140 | 3hole-375μm-2mm | 4566(n=3) | BS | 1cm | 3 |
13 | 285-1AS | 2hole-375μm-2mm | 4663(n=3) | AS | 1cm | 3 |
14 | 285-1AS | 2hole-460μm-2mm | 4806(n=3) | AS | 1cm | 3 |
15 | 285-1AS | 3hole-325μm-2mm | 5168(n=3) | AS | 1cm | 3 |
16 | 285-1AS | 3hole-375μm-2mm | 4981(n=3) | AS | 1cm | 3 |
17 | 285-54 | 2hole-250μm-2mm | 2804(n=3) | AS | 0.7cm | 3 |
18 | 285-54 | 2hole-500μm-2mm | 2428(n=3) | AS | 0.7cm | 3 |
19 | 285-54 | 3hole-375μm-2mm | 3068(n=3) | AS | 0.7cm | 3 |
20 | 285-54 | 3hole-500μm-2mm | 2899(n=3) | AS | 0.7cm | 3 |
21 | 285-126C | 2hole-250μm-1mm | 2770(n=3) | BS | 0.7cm | 3 |
22 | 285-126C | 2hole-375μm-1mm | 2591(n=3) | BS | 0.7cm | 3 |
23 | 285-126C | 2hole-375μm-2mm | 3245(n=3) | BS | 0.7cm | 3 |
24 | 285-126C | 2hole-500μm-1mm | 2819(n=3) | BS | 0.7cm | 3 |
25 | 285-126C | 3hole-500μm-1.5mm | 2955(n=3) | BS | 0.7cm | 3 |
26 | 285-126D | 2hole-250μm-1mm | 2615(n=3) | AS | 0.7cm | 3 |
27 | 285-126D | 2hole-375μm-1mm | 2970(n=3) | AS | 0.7cm | 3 |
28 | 285-126D | 2hole-375μm-2mm | 2932(n=3) | AS | 0.7cm | 3 |
29 | 285-126D | 2hole-500μm-1mm | 2619(n=3) | AS | 0.7cm | 3 |
30 | 285-126D | 3hole-500μm-1.5mm | 2498(n=3) | AS | 0.7cm | 3 |
在37℃将30种植入物中的每一种放入装有1ml磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH7.4,PBS)的5ml离心瓶中。在第1、4、7、14、28天全部替换为相同体积的新鲜培养基,然后每周换一次。用Waters HPLC系统进行药物分析,该HPLC系统包括2690(或2696)分离模块以及2996光电二极管阵列检测器。Rainin C18、4.6×100mm柱用于分离,检测器设为254nm。流动相为(50∶50)乙腈-0.005M NaOAc/HOAc(pH=4.0),流速为1mL/min,每个样本的总运行时间为10min。通过计算在一定体积的介质中的药物随着时间变化而释放的量确定释放速率,表示为μg/天。对30种构造进行了释放测试,每种构造三个重复,除了构造#5到8,这几种构造中的每一种只有一个样本被测试。
如表3所示,所研究的植入物其孔的数目(2或3)、孔的大小(250、325、375、460或500μm),孔间距(1mm、1.5mm或2mm)、植入物的长度(1cm或0.7cm)以及γ灭菌前后有所变化。
一般而言,全部30种植入物在第一天均表现出初始的药物突发释放,然后逐渐变少,一直到第七天或更晚,并且最终在第14天后逐渐进入平衡释放的范围。如表3所示,在每一种装置中,前8种构造为长度为1cm,载药量约为4.5mg±0.2mg。构造1到4为有菌的,而构造5到8为无菌的。累积释放量(μg)的时间函数和每天释放量(μg)的时间函数在图4到图7示出。
从第14天到第487天,构造#1(2个孔-250μm)、#2(2个孔-500μm)、#3(3个孔-250μm)以及#4(3个孔-500μm)的平均释放速率分别为0.63±0.23、1.72±0.52、0.94±0.30和2.82μg/天±0.41μg/天。这些结果同其无菌配对组构造#5、#6、#7和#8相当,从第14天到第448天,这些构造的平均释放速率分别为0.88、1.10、2.48和2.84μg/天。在前四种构造中观察到某种构造的孔的数目与其每日平均释放量具有良好的相关性。例如,构造#3具有三个孔,而构造#1具有同#3相同直径的两个孔,构造#3每天释放的氟轻松是构造#1的1.5倍。在构造#4和#2中观察到了相似的结果。
在构造#5(2个孔-250μm)、#6(2个孔-500μm)、#7(3个孔-250μm)和#8(3个孔-500μm)中,我们发现在构造#7和#5之间释放速率约提高了三倍,构造#8和#6也如此。这较有菌配对组升高了两倍。构造#5(2个孔-250μm)的平均释放速率为1μg/天,而构造#7(2个孔-500μm)的平均释放速率为3μg/天。
制备了构造#9(2个孔-375μm)、#10(2个孔-460μm)、#11(3个孔-325μm)以及#12(3个孔-375μm),它们是有菌的,而构造13到16是无菌配对组。累积释放量(μg)的时间函数和每天释放量(μg)的时间函数在图8到11中示出。第14天到397天的结果表明构造9、10、11和12的平均释放速率分别为1.02±0.25、1.22±0.29、1.06±0.21和1.50±0.39μg/天。同样,构造13、14、15和16(无菌配对组)的数据表明其平均释放速率分别为1.92±0.23、2.29±0.33、1.94±0.18和3.15±0.64μg/天。每一种无菌构造的释放速率似乎为其有菌配对组的两倍。
从第14天到376天,构造#13(2个孔-375μm-间隔2mm)的平均释放速率为1.92±0.23μg/天。同样,从第14天到第376天,构造#15(3个孔-325μm-间隔2mm)平均释放速率为1.94±0.18μg/天。在同一段时间里,构造#14和#16的平均释放速率分别为2.29μg±0.33μg/天和3.15μg±0.64μg/天。另外,在376天后构造#13和#15总释放率分别为16.02%±0.78%和14.22%±1.13%。以上述释放速率为基础,构造#13和#15的预期生命周期分别为6.4和7.24年。
还制备了氟轻松的释放速率为约0.5μg/天的植入物。管状植入物的长度约为0.7cm,并填充了约2.8mg±0.34mg的药物,并被称为构造17、18、19和20。所释放的氟轻松累积量(μg)的时间函数以及每天释放量(μg)的时间函数分别在图12和13中示出。
结果表明:从第14天到第329天,构造17、18、19和20的平均释放速率分别为0.95±0.14、1.71±0.55、1.93±0.56和2.76±0.27μg/天。由于构造17、18、19和20的管长从1.0cm缩短到0.7cm,从两端各除去了约0.15cm的硅酮管。因此,孔距管的末端更近,以致在制备过程中胶几乎接触到孔的环状面。尚不清楚这是否影响到释放曲线。为解决这个可能的问题,制备了孔彼此更接近并更接近中心远离末端的构造。
最后10种构造长0.7cm,每个装置的载药量为约2.69mg±0.36mg。构造21到25未灭菌,而构造26到30为无菌的。所释放的累积量(μg)的时间函数以及每天释放量(μg)的时间函数在图14到17中示出。
第14天到第289天的结果表明构造21、22、23、23和25的平均释放速率分别为1.01±0.23、1.76±0.57、1.73±0.30、3.0±1.26和3.32±1.06μg/天。同样,构造26、27、28、29和30(无菌配对组)的数据表明:从第14天到第289天,它们的平均释放速率分别为0.48±0.03、0.85±0.09、0.82±0.08、1.19±0.15和1.97±0.69μg/天。构造#26(2个孔-250μm-间隔1mm)的平均释放速率为0.5μg/天(如从第14天到第289天为0.48±0.03μg/天)并且在289天或接近9.5个月里总释放率为5.76%±0.32%。以上述释放速率为基础,其生命周期为13.75年。一般而言,有菌构造的释放速率约为无菌配对组的两倍。
实施例4
制备和体内测试含氟轻松和聚合物包衣的眼内植入物
用实施例3中的示为构造#29的植入物进行体内测试。如实施例3所述制备植入物。构造#29的平均释放速率为1.19±0.15μg/天,并且体外测试时在289天里总释放率为14.28%±1.59%。
在四只兔种进行体内研究。含氟轻松的植入物通过外科手术植入每只兔的右眼(OD)和左眼(OS)的后段(即玻璃体)内。从前两只兔中收集房水(15-20μL)和玻璃体液(150-200μL),而剩下两只兔的样本通过采样计划测定,其中采样时间为第7、14、21、40和60、90和120天。体内研究的结果在表4中示出。
表4.兔眼的玻璃体液的醋酸氟轻松水平
后段 氟轻松(ng/ml)
天数 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 40 | 60 | 90 | 120 |
8408D | 242.00 | ||||||
8408S | 88.60 | ||||||
8399D | 9.08 | 6.84 | 3.06 | 4.56 | 10.26 | 15.18 | |
8399S | 44.00 | 74.20 | 85.80 | 83.60 | 75.60 | 44.00 | |
8407D | 105.80 | 87.20 | 135.80 | 68.60 | 57.20 | ||
8407S | 16.64 | 6.78 | 14.92 | 6.62 | 3.46 | ||
8397D | 44.00 | 42.20 | 32.40 | 24.20 | |||
8397S | 40.80 | 22.60 | 23.00 | 24.80 | |||
平均值 | 95.92 | 50.87 | 45.71 | 42.40 | 50.61 | 36.08 | 28.14 |
SD | 102.68 | 47.16 | 47.13 | 2.26 | 50.19 | 29.46 | 19.49 |
氟轻松的平均玻璃体水平在第一周相对较高,然后在第二周后维持在约30到50ng/mL之间。在任何时间点均未在全部眼睛的前房中检测到醋酸氟轻松。
因此,通过实施例3和4已开发了送递氟轻松的植入物,在更长一段时间里(如1-2年里)该植入物的释放速率基本恒定,为2μg/天或0.5μg/天。
构造#29(2个孔-500μm-1mm)被用于体内研究,并测得在120天里玻璃体内的醋酸氟轻松的浓度介于0.026μg/mL到0.096μg/mL之间,而在房水中基本没有发现醋酸氟轻松。
注意到释放曲线取决于何时将植入物灭菌。就某些构造而言,灭菌前的释放速率约为灭菌后的二倍,而在其它构造中观察到相反的结果。这可能是灭菌可改变植入物的孔径。在第120天后两只动物出现白内障。
实施例5
用含与可生物降解的聚合物基质联合的氟轻松的眼内植入物治疗
葡萄膜炎
一名48岁的女性患有后葡萄膜炎。她抱怨对光敏感和眼部疼痛。使用套针将含250μg醋酸氟轻松和250μg可生物降解的聚合物的组合物(实施例1所述的R502H和R202H,比率为1∶2)的植入物放入该妇女的双眼的玻璃体内。约2天后,该妇女开始注意到眼部疼痛减轻和对光的敏感性降低。她还注意到视力模糊的减轻、悬浮物减少。在约7天内葡萄膜炎症状显著缓解,并维持了约三个月。
实施例6
用含与聚合物包衣联合的氟轻松的眼内植入物治疗葡萄膜炎
一名62岁的男性患有后葡萄膜炎。使用套针将含250μg醋酸氟轻松、具有聚合物包衣(两个直径为500μm的孔相距1mm)的植入物放入该患者双眼的玻璃体内。患者报告说植入后一个星期内疼痛降低并且视力有所提高。该提高持续了约两年。在这段时间内没有出现白内障。
实施例7
用含类固醇的眼内植入物治疗黄斑水肿
一名53岁的男性患有黄斑水肿,通过使用具有针头的注射器将可生物降解的植入物注入患者每只眼睛的玻璃体内治疗该患者。该植入物含500μg醋酸氟轻松和500μgPLGA。患者报告说植入后一个星期内疼痛降低并且视力有所提高。该提高持续了约两年。在这段时间内没有出现白内障。
实施例8
用含类固醇的眼内植入物治疗黄斑变性
一名82岁的女性被诊断出其右眼患有黄斑变性。通过玻璃体内放入含600μg醋酸氟轻松和500μgPLGA的可生物降解的植入物治疗该患者。该植入物被放置在接近视网膜中心凹处,但不干扰患者的视力。进一步的眼科学诊断表明黄斑变性被阻止,并且患者未感受到黄斑变性相关的视力减弱。通过治疗,眼内压维持在可接受的限度内。
实施例9
聚合物性质和载药量对眼内植入物的影响
本实施例描述了聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯)(PLGA)聚合物的性质以及载药量对聚合植入物的类固醇的体外释放曲线的影响。更具体而言,本实施例描述了聚合物的分子量(MW)、丙交酯-乙交酯(LG)比率以及类固醇负载对含有醋酸去炎松(TA)或倍氯米松双丙酸酯(BD)的聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)聚合物植入物的醋酸去炎松(TA)或倍氯米松双丙酸酯(BD)的释放曲线的影响。
本发明的药物释放曲线涉及聚合物(如本实施例中的PLGA)的分子量(MW)、聚合物的丙交酯-乙交酯的比率(LG)以及植入物中的载药量或药物量。在磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH7.4;PBS)或含有0.1%十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(pH5.4,CTAB)的柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲液中检测类固醇从植入物的释放。
简而言之,通过熔融挤压法制备植入物,然后在磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH7.4)或含0.1%十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(pH5.4)的柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲液中于37℃孵育,然后通过HPLC分析类固醇从植入物的释放。去炎松从植入物的释放被监测了90天,倍氯米松双丙酸酯从植入物的释放被监测了35天。
这些试验的结果表明:两种类固醇在柠檬酸盐缓冲液中比在磷酸盐缓冲液中释放得快得多。尽管醋酸去炎松的水溶性是倍氯米松双丙酸酯的150倍,但是在最初的30天里两种类固醇的释放曲线还是非常相似。聚合物的特征在释放曲线的这段时间内(如在约最初的30天内)对释放曲线有微小的影响。在早期,释放似乎受到药物溶出度的影响。在最初的30天后或在释放曲线的第二段时间里,聚合物特征变得更为重要,这是由于聚合物的水解速率的差异变得更为重要。
从Pharmacia Upjon公司获得醋酸去炎松。从Sigma公司获得倍氯米松双丙酸酯。从Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.(德国)获得PLGA聚合物RG502、RG504、RG752和RG755。从VWRScientific获得盐溶液(0.9%NaCl)。从Aldrich获得十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)。
使用如下设备:球磨机(型号mm200;F.Kurt Retsch GmbH & Co.,德国)、涡旋振荡器(型号T2F Nr.990720,Glen Mills,Inc.,美国新泽西)、活塞式挤压机(APS Engineering,Inc.)、压紧器(型号A-1024,Jamesville Tool &Manufacturing,Inc.,Milton Wisconsin)、振荡水浴锅(型号50,Precision Scientific,Winchester,VA)、高压液相色谱(HPLC,型号Alliance 2695,配备Waters 2497双波长吸光度检测器,Waters,Inc.,Milford,MA)以及烤箱(型号1330F,VWR Scientific,Cornelius,OR)。
在本实施例中,通过挤压方法生产植入物。在具有两个不锈钢混合球的不锈钢球磨机容器中混合类固醇和聚合物。该容器在20cps的球磨机上放置五分钟。将容器从球磨机上取出并用药刀混合内容物,然后放回球磨机中。该过程重复两次或多次,每次五分钟。然后将球磨机型容积在20cps的涡旋混合器上放置五分钟。用药刀和小的不锈钢漏斗将容器中的内容物每次少量地放入填充有模具(die)的挤压机桶中。每次添加后,用设为50psi的压紧器在挤压机桶中压紧粉剂。在挤压机桶被填满时,将其转移到挤压机,然后将挤压机加热到一定的温度并实现平衡。以0.025in/min将聚合物类固醇混合物挤压通过模具,所得到的纤维被剪切成约4英寸长,并放入60mL螺旋盖小瓶中,将小瓶装在具有干燥剂包的金属薄袋中。
挤压醋酸去炎松以及倍氯米松双丙酸酯的实验条件分别在表5和表6中示出。
表5醋酸去炎松/PLGA挤压参数
聚合物 | 聚合物比率% | 药物负载% | 压紧器压力psi | 模具直径μm | 挤压速度″/min | 挤压温度℃ |
RG752 | 100 | 30 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 95 |
RG752 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 96 |
RG755 | 100 | 30 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 97 |
RG755 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 96 |
RG502 | 100 | 30 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 97 |
RG502 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 98 |
RG504 | 100 | 30 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 94 |
RG504 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 98 |
RG755 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 101 |
RG752 | 100 | 30 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 87 |
表6倍氯米松双丙酸酯/PLGA挤压参数
聚合物 | 聚合物比率% | 药物负载% | 压紧器压力psi | 模具直径μm | 挤压速度″/min | 挤压温度℃ |
RG755 | 100 | 30 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 94 |
RG755 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 99-109 |
RG752 | 100 | 30 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 95-100 |
RG752 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 96 |
RG504 | 100 | 30 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 98 |
RG504 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 104-114 |
RG502 | 100 | 30 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 89-99 |
RG502 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 95-96 |
RG755 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 95 |
RG752 | 100 | 30 | 50 | 720 | 0.0025 | 95 |
*挤压开始前将API和聚合物的混合物在90℃放置在挤压机中10分钟。
挤压得到的纤维被剪切成1-mg重的棒状植入物(棒剂)。将每种棒剂放入37℃的振荡水浴锅中的60-mL小瓶中,该小瓶装有50ml的磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH7.4)或0.1%十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(pH5.4)的柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲液。通过HPLC在每个时间点分析所释放的类固醇(n=6),并且将溶液从小瓶中除去并换上新鲜的缓冲液。在第1、4、7、14、21、28、35、48、69、77和90天测量类固醇的释放。
通过使用采用Waters Symmetry C18、4.6×75mm,3μm柱的HPLC(Waters,Milford,MA)分析从PLGA(聚(丙交酯-共-乙交酯))聚合物植入物释放的醋酸去炎松(TA)。流动相为乙腈-水(35∶65,v/v),流速为1.0mL/min,并且加样体积为20μL。TA的紫外线检测在243nm进行。总的运行时间为10分钟,TA的滞留时间为4.0min。以峰面积以及醋酸去炎松的标准化曲线为基础进行定量。
通过使用采用Discovery HS F5 C18,4.6×150mm,5μm柱的HPLC(Waters,Milford,MA)分析从PLGA聚合物植入物释放的倍氯米松双丙酸酯(BD)。流动相为乙腈-水(85∶15),v/v),流速为0.8mL/min,并且加样体积为30μL。BD的紫外线检测在240nm进行。总的运行时间为5分钟,TA的滞留时间为2.5min。以峰面积以及BD的标准曲线为基础进行定量。
在溶解期间的三个时间点即早期、中期和晚期对从该设计得到的结果进行定性分析。
醋酸去炎松的释放结果分别在表7-10以及图18到21中示出。
正如所示出的那样,TA被释放到CTAB缓冲液中的速度比它被释放到PBS缓冲液中的快。药物释放速率还受到pH以及表面活性剂的影响,它们可改变聚合物的水解速率,由此改变药物的释放速率。
在前30天里,与MW与LG比率相比,聚合物中的载药量对药物释放速率的正面影响最大。过了前30天,LG比率主要影响药物释放速率并表现出负面影响。换句话说,较高的LG比率使得释放速率降低。并不希望受到任何具体理论或作用原理所束缚,但是这些影响可能与在溶解早期较高的载药量相关,这使得在聚合植入物表面可获得更多药物。当可获得的药物减少时,药物的释放速率可受到聚合物的水解的控制,对较低LG比率的聚合物而言聚合物的水解更快。
聚合物的分子量对药物释放速率、特别是在溶解晚期具有正面的影响-观察到MW较高的聚合物释放地更快。尽管并不希望受到任何具体理论或作用原理所束缚,但是这可能出现是由于较低MW的聚合物装配地更致密,并且较高MW聚合物水解地更快。总而言之,这些数据表明早期的药物释放受到载药量调控,而在晚期药物释放速率受到聚合物水解速率的调控。
表7.30%载药量在磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH7.4)中的去炎松释放结果
总释放率(%)
755-30 | 752-30 | 504-30 | 502-30 | 752-30R | |
1 | 1.08 | 0.81 | 1.75 | 0.74 | 0.46 |
4 | 1.40 | 1.02 | 2.13 | 0.94 | 0.49 |
7 | 1.56 | 1.08 | 2.29 | 1.00 | 0.59 |
14 | 1.70 | 1.10 | 2.47 | 1.11 | 0.60 |
21 | 1.92 | 1.28 | 2.86 | 1.47 | 0.69 |
28 | 2.05 | 1.37 | 4.14 | 2.77 | 0.97 |
35 | 2.08 | 1.41 | 9.73 | 4.60 | 1.06 |
48 | 2.22 | 1.98 | 13.74 | 7.73 | 1.65 |
69 | 14.03 | 4.42 | 21.70 | 11.70 | 3.98 |
90 | 20.94 | 7.82 | 36.46 | 21.22 | 7.05 |
标准差
755-30 | 752-30 | 504-30 | 502-30 | 752-30R | |
1 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.09 |
4 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
7 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
14 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.02 |
21 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
28 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
35 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1.09 | 0.09 | 0.05 |
48 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.83 | 0.33 | 0.10 |
69 | 1.87 | 0.06 | 2.09 | 0.73 | 0.25 |
90 | 0.34 | 0.94 | 3.05 | 3.10 | 0.53 |
表8.50%载药量在磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH7.4)中的去炎松释放结果
总释放率(%)
755-50 | 752-50 | 504-50 | 502-50 | 755-50R | |
1 | 1.83 | 2.01 | 1.88 | 1.97 | 2.20 |
4 | 2.93 | 2.32 | 2.56 | 2.57 | 3.75 |
7 | 3.68 | 2.44 | 2.74 | 2.84 | 4.62 |
14 | 4.66 | 2.58 | 2.93 | 3.09 | 5.68 |
21 | 5.23 | 2.73 | 3.16 | 3.46 | 6.21 |
28 | 5.60 | 2.87 | 4.29 | 4.23 | 6.62 |
35 | 5.75 | 2.98 | 6.37 | 4.92 | 6.84 |
48 | 5.92 | 3.70 | 8.07 | 7.44 | 7.04 |
69 | 7.69 | 5.35 | 14.47 | 10.79 | 7.84 |
90 | 9.42 | 7.38 | 39.38 | 33.66 | 8.59 |
标准差
755-50 | 752-50 | 504-50 | 502-50 | 755-50R | |
1 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.72 | 0.09 | 0.16 |
4 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.32 | 0.08 | 0.14 |
7 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.16 |
14 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.11 |
21 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
28 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.56 | 0.08 | 0.05 |
35 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 1.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
48 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 1.58 | 2.65 | 0.03 |
69 | 0.79 | 0.25 | 3.75 | 2.60 | 0.08 |
90 | 0.47 | 0.37 | 2.45 | 3.63 | 0.08 |
表9.30%载药量在柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH5.4)中的去炎松释放结果
总释放率(%)
755-30 | 752-30 | 504-30 | 502-30 | 752-30R | |
1 | 1.79 | 1.93 | 2.50 | 1.07 | 0.69 |
4 | 2.18 | 1.93 | 2.85 | 1.12 | 0.74 |
7 | 2.35 | 2.22 | 3.03 | 1.13 | 0.86 |
14 | 2.61 | 3.05 | 3.23 | 1.21 | 0.94 |
21 | 3.00 | 4.62 | 4.73 | 1.59 | 0.96 |
28 | 3.45 | 12.44 | 16.60 | 7.99 | 1.00 |
35 | 3.57 | 12.59 | 45.16 | 25.70 | 1.00 |
48 | 4.05 | 12.99 | 94.39 | 77.56 | 1.46 |
69 | 18.96 | 42.24 | 95.24 | 83.21 | 45.40 |
77 | 58.09 | 83.17 | 63.83 | ||
90 | 92.97 | 96.82 | 79.93 |
标准差
755-30 | 752-30 | 504-30 | 502-30 | 752-30R | |
1 | 0.19 | 1.11 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
4 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
7 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
14 | 0.05 | 1.18 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
21 | 0.21 | 2.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
28 | 0.27 | 3.92 | 0.27 | 0.64 | 0.03 |
35 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 2.99 | 2.69 | 0.00 |
48 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 3.90 | 2.92 | 0.04 |
69 | 0.48 | 3.20 | 0.50 | 3.24 | 2.29 |
77 | 2.48 | 6.49 | 2.71 | ||
90 | 3.88 | 5.73 | 4.08 |
表10.50%载药量在柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH5.4)中的去炎松释放结果
总释放率(%)
755-50 | 752-50 | 504-50 | 502-50 | 755-50R | |
1 | 4.32 | 3.14 | 4.10 | 3.10 | 5.63 |
4 | 7.96 | 3.38 | 5.77 | 4.08 | 9.39 |
7 | 13.26 | 3.46 | 6.24 | 4.42 | 11.52 |
14 | 16.75 | 3.60 | 6.79 | 4.77 | 14.79 |
21 | 19.60 | 3.80 | 10.34 | 5.25 | 16.43 |
28 | 21.91 | 3.90 | 20.94 | 9.17 | 17.21 |
35 | 23.75 | 4.02 | 41.21 | 16.58 | 17.59 |
48 | 24.50 | 5.02 | 82.11 | 71.13 | 18.38 |
69 | 43.48 | 33.38 | 91.91 | 85.27 | 27.09 |
77 | 58.17 | 54.68 | 35.62 | ||
90 | 85.58 | 75.87 | 54.43 |
标准差
755-50 | 752-50 | 504-50 | 502-50 | 755-50R | |
1 | 1.01 | 0.63 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 1.76 |
4 | 0.76 | 0.09 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
7 | 5.93 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
14 | 1.16 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
21 | 1.23 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.12 |
28 | 2.78 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.55 | 0.11 |
35 | 2.20 | 0.03 | 1.66 | 3.08 | 0.06 |
48 | 0.34 | 0.19 | 3.58 | 13.62 | 0.10 |
69 | 8.47 | 7.52 | 4.47 | 1.67 | 1.65 |
77 | 1.78 | 7.97 | 1.13 | ||
90 | 5.86 | 11.33 | 4.57 |
倍氯米松双丙酸酯释放结果分别在表11-14以及所作的图22到25中示出。
在这些实验中,对倍氯米松双丙酸酯的释放检测了约一个月。在这段时间的早期(如在约1个月内),BD和TA的释放曲线是相似的,即使TA的溶解度约为BD的150倍。换成酸性介质后所释放的BD的量有所提高,但是不如更换相同介质时TA的释放量的提高显著。在磷酸盐缓冲液中,BD的释放并不随着载药量的升高而升高,但是在CTAB缓冲液中,其释放随着载药量的升高而升高。在第一个月里两种类固醇对LG比率升高的反应性相同。在前30天里该影响相对较小,但是LG比率的升高降低了所释放的药物的量。就两种类固醇而言MW的影响是不同的:,在两种介质中随着MW的增加去炎松的释放有所升高,而随着MW的增加倍氯米松双丙酸酯的释放在PBS中降低而在CTAB中升高。
表11.30%载药量在磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH7.4)中倍氯米松双丙酸酯的释放结果
总释放率(%)
755-30 | 752-30 | 504-30 | 502-30 | 752-30R | |
1 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 1.23 | 1.46 | 0.72 |
4 | 1.86 | 3.07 | 2.90 | 2.75 | 2.27 |
7 | 2.64 | 3.74 | 3.64 | 3.52 | 3.22 |
14 | 3.03 | 4.36 | 4.12 | 3.95 | 3.58 |
21 | 3.56 | 4.92 | 4.80 | 4.61 | 4.13 |
28 | 4.11 | 5.32 | 6.09 | 5.53 | 4.62 |
35 | 4.45 | 5.80 | 6.82 | 6.68 | 5.03 |
48 | |||||
69 | |||||
90 |
标准差
755-30 | 752-30 | 504-30 | 502-30 | 752-30R | |
1 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
4 | 0.57 | 0.28 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 0.22 |
7 | 0.12 | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.22 |
14 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.28 |
21 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.11 |
28 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 0.16 | 0.12 |
35 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.15 |
48 | |||||
69 | |||||
90 |
表12.50%载药量在磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH7.4)中的倍氯米松双丙酸酯的释放结果
总释放率(%)
755-50 | 752-50 | 504-50 | 502-50 | 755-50R | |
1 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.70 | 1.01 | 0.75 |
4 | 0.78 | 1.95 | 2.22 | 2.00 | 1.84 |
7 | 1.13 | 2.78 | 2.57 | 2.50 | 2.34 |
14 | 1.29 | 3.19 | 2.91 | 2.75 | 2.72 |
21 | 1.62 | 3.68 | 3.25 | 3.21 | 3.20 |
28 | 1.88 | 4.15 | 3.87 | 3.72 | 3.56 |
35 | 2.02 | 4.42 | 4.22 | 4.36 | 3.75 |
48 | |||||
69 | |||||
90 |
标准差
755-50 | 752-50 | 504-50 | 502-50 | 755-50R | |
1 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.07 |
4 | 0.37 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.17 |
7 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
14 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
21 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
28 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.08 |
35 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.03 |
48 | |||||
69 | |||||
90 |
表13.30%载药量在柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH5.4)中的倍氯米松双丙酸酯的释放结果
总释放率(%)
755-30 | 752-30 | 504-30 | 502-30 | 752-30R | |
1 | 0.28 | 1.20 | 2.16 | 1.28 | 1.37 |
4 | 1.44 | 1.54 | 3.16 | 1.59 | 1.50 |
7 | 2.15 | 1.87 | 3.90 | 2.04 | 1.93 |
14 | 2.62 | 2.06 | 4.53 | 2.39 | 2.27 |
21 | 3.05 | 2.35 | 7.45 | 3.68 | 2.54 |
28 | 3.32 | 2.50 | 12.51 | 7.09 | 2.82 |
标准差
755-30 | 752-30 | 504-30 | 502-30 | 752-30R | |
1 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.10 |
4 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.11 |
7 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.08 |
14 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.06 |
21 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
28 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 0.74 | 0.29 | 0.07 |
表14.50%载药量在柠檬酸盐磷酸盐缓冲盐溶液(pH5.4)中的倍氯米松双丙酸酯的释放结果
总释放率(%)
755-50 | 752-50 | 504-50 | 502-50 | 755-50R | |
1 | 2.01 | 0.47 | 3.07 | 2.16 | 3.80 |
4 | 6.26 | 1.77 | 6.01 | 3.16 | 7.64 |
7 | 9.00 | 2.55 | 7.48 | 3.98 | 10.30 |
14 | 12.40 | 3.51 | 8.45 | 4.73 | 13.49 |
21 | 14.16 | 4.06 | 10.59 | 6.04 | 15.06 |
28 | 15.07 | 4.44 | 15.31 | 9.21 | 15.95 |
标准差
755-50 | 752-50 | 504-50 | 502-50 | 755-50R | |
1 | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 0.37 | 0.42 |
4 | 0.63 | 0.24 | 0.51 | 0.27 | 0.61 |
7 | 0.54 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.58 |
14 | 0.49 | 0.66 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.65 |
21 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.22 |
28 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.79 | 0.29 | 0.08 |
基于这些结果,水溶性较低的类固醇从PLGA植入物中释放基本受限于在前30天里类固醇的溶出度而非类固醇的负载或量,或聚合物基质的特征。在溶解早期(如在药物释放曲线的第一部分),尽管两种类固醇的溶解度相当不同,但是它们的释放速率非常相似。在此期间里,药物释放速率似乎受控于类固醇的溶出度,同时聚合物的性质也有微小的影响。在溶解晚期(如在药物释放曲线的第二部分),随着聚合物的水解速率变得越来越重要,类固醇的释放更多地取决于聚合物的性质。换成pH较低、表面张力较低的介质提高了两种类固醇的释放量。
本发明还包括本文所公开的治疗剂的任何或所有可能的组合在制备药剂中的用途,所述药剂例如药物送递系统或含有该药物送递系统的组合物,用于治疗一种或多种包括上述眼病的眼病。
本文所引用的全部参考文献、文章、出版物和专利以及专利申请通过援引全文纳入本文。
尽管已就不同具体实施例和实施方案进行了描述了本发明,但是应该理解的是:本发明并不受限于此,并且可在权利要求的范围内以各种方式实施本发明。
Claims (38)
1.一种可生物降解的眼内植入物,含有:
分散于可生物降解的聚合物基质中的类固醇,在植入物放入眼部或眼区后,该基质以将治疗有效量的类固醇从植入物有效缓释超过两个月的速率释放药物,其中所述聚合物基质包括可生物降解的聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)和可生物降解的聚(D,L-丙交酯)的混合物。
2.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述类固醇为皮质类固醇。
3.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述类固醇选自氟轻松、去炎松及其混合物。
4.权利要求1的植入物,除了类固醇外,还含有眼科学可接受的治疗剂。
5.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述可生物降解的聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)和可生物降解的聚(D,L-丙交酯)具有末端酸性基团。
6.权利要求1的植入物,其中,在植入物放入眼睛的玻璃体后,所述基质以将有效治疗量的类固醇从植入物有效缓释超过三个月的速率释放药物。
7.权利要求1的植入物,其中,在植入物放入眼睛的玻璃体后,所述基质以将有效治疗量的类固醇从植入物有效缓释超过四个月的速率释放药物。
8.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述类固醇为氟轻松,并且所述基质以将有效治疗量的氟轻松有效缓释三个月的速率释放药物。
9.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述类固醇为去炎松,并且所述基质以将有效治疗量的去炎松有效缓释超过三个月的速率释放药物。
10.权利要求9的植入物,其中所述基质以将有效治疗量的去炎松有效缓释三个月到六个月的速率释放药物。
11.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述聚(D,L-丙交酯)的分子量小于40kD。
12.权利要求11的植入物,其中所述聚(D,L-丙交酯)的分子量小于20kD。
13.权利要求11的植入物,其中所述聚(D,L-丙交酯)的分子量为10kD。
14.权利要求11的植入物,其中所述聚(D,L-丙交酯)具有末端游离酸性基团。
15.权利要求11的植入物,其中所述聚(D,L-丙交酯-共-乙交酯)以及聚(D,L-丙交酯)均具有末端游离酸性基团。
16.权利要求1的植入物,其中每一种可生物降解的聚合物的固有粘度介于0.16dl/g到0.24dl/g之间。
17.权利要求16的植入物,其中每一种可生物降解的聚合物的固有粘度为0.2dl/g。
18.权利要求1的植入物,所述植入物通过挤压方法形成。
19.权利要求1的植入物,其中所述眼内植入物为放入个体的眼睛的玻璃体内的构造。
20.权利要求19的植入物,其中所述类固醇选自地塞米松、氟轻松、醋酸氟轻松、去炎松、醋酸去炎松、其盐及其混合物。
21.权利要求1的可生物降解的眼内植入物,其中所述可生物降解的聚合物基质基本不含硅酮,并且所述眼内植入物为放入患者眼睛的玻璃体内的构造。
22.权利要求21的植入物,其中所述类固醇选自地塞米松、氟轻松、醋酸氟轻松、去炎松、醋酸去炎松、其盐及其混合物。
23.权利要求21的植入物,为片剂形式。
24.权利要求21的植入物,还包括黏附成分以将植入物附着在眼睛的玻璃体内。
25.一种制备权利要求1的可生物降解的眼内植入物的方法,包括如下步骤:挤压类固醇和可生物降解的聚合物的混合物,以形成可生物降解的材料,从植入物放入眼区或眼部开始,该材料以将有效治疗量的类固醇从植入物有效缓释超过两个月的速率释放药物。
26.权利要求25的方法,其中所述类固醇为皮质类固醇。
27.权利要求25的方法,其中所述类固醇为氟轻松或去炎松。
28.权利要求25的方法,在挤压步骤前还包括将类固醇与聚合物相混合的步骤。
29.权利要求25的方法,其中所述类固醇和聚合物为粉剂形式。
30.权利要求25的方法,其中所述聚合物含有可生物降解的聚合物的混合物,至少有一种可生物降解的聚合物为分子量小于40kD的聚丙交酯。
31.权利要求25的方法,其中所述聚合物含有具有末端游离酸性基团的第一种可生物降解的聚合物以及具有末端游离酸性基团的不同的第二种可生物降解的聚合物。
32.权利要求25的方法,其中所述聚合物含有不同的可生物降解的聚合物的混合物,每一种可生物降解的聚合物的固有粘度介于0.16dl/g到0.24dl/g之间。
33.一种药剂,为权利要求1的植入物,用于通过将该植入物放入患者的眼内以在至少两个月的时间里提供给患者有效治疗量的类固醇治疗患者的眼病。
34.权利要求33的药剂,其中所述眼病为眼部炎症。
35.权利要求33的药剂,其中所述植入物放在眼睛后部。
36.权利要求33的药剂,其中所述植入物用套针放入眼内。
37.权利要求33的药剂,其中所述植入物用注射器放入眼内。
38.权利要求33的药剂,其中除了给予患者所述类固醇,还给予其他治疗剂。
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